606:(sometimes spelled "Murdock") stated: "the gas obtained by distillation from coal, peat, wood and other inflammable substances burnt with great brilliancy upon being set fire to … by conducting it through tubes, it might be employed as an economical substitute for lamps and candles." Murdoch's first invention was a lantern with a gas-filled bladder attached to a jet. He would use this to walk home at night. After seeing how well this worked he decided to light his home with gas. In 1797, Murdoch installed gas lighting in his new home as well as the workshop in which he worked. “This work was of a large scale, and he next experimented to find better ways of producing, purifying, and burning the gas.” The foundation had been laid for companies to start producing gas and other inventors to start playing with ways of using the new technology.
273:
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1139:, and Covent Garden theatres were all lit by gas. Gas was brought into the building by "miles of rubber tubing from outlets in the floor called 'water joints'" which "carried the gas to border-lights and wing lights". But before it was distributed, the gas came through a central distribution point called a "gas table", which varied the brightness by regulating the gas supply, and the gas table, which allowed control of separate parts of the stage. Thus it became the first stage 'switchboard'.
1791:
773:
1743:
1652:, and can be deadly. Historically, the use of lamps of all types was of shorter duration than we are accustomed to with electric lights, and in the far more draughty buildings, it was of less concern and danger. There are suppliers of new mantle gas lamps set up for use with natural gas; and, some old homes still have fixtures installed, and some period restorations have salvaged fixtures installed, more for decoration than use.
1119:
599:
afterwards pressed gently through a small pipe into the flame of a candle, will take fire, and burn at the end of the pipe as long as the bladder is gently pressed to feed the flame, and when taken from the candle after it is so lighted, it will continue burning till there is no more air left in the bladder to supply the flame." Lowther had basically discovered the principle behind gas lighting.
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686:, an inventor, had for some time been experimenting on the nature of gas. A resident of Birmingham, his attention may have been roused by the exhibition at Soho. About 1806, he exhibited gas lights in a variety of forms and with great brilliance at the front of his factory in Birmingham. In 1808 he constructed an apparatus, applicable for several uses, for
1022:. Illuminating gas was much less toxic than other forms of coal gas, but less could be produced from a given quantity of coal. The experiments with distilling coal were described by John Clayton in 1684. George Dixon's pilot plant exploded in 1760, setting back the production of illuminating gas a few years. The first commercial application was in a
202:
410:
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827:, a Gas Light Company was founded on 15 December 1815. Under the supervision of the engineer, John Brelliat, extensive works were conducted in 1816-17 to build a gasholder, mains and street lights. Many of the principal streets in the centre of the city, as well as nearby houses, had switched to gas lighting by the end of 1817.
673:, in which he showed the mode of producing gas from coal, and the facility and advantage of its use. Dr Henry analysed the composition and investigated the properties of carburetted hydrogen gas (i.e. methane). His experiments were numerous and accurate and made upon a variety of substances; having obtained the gas from wood,
477:." Paris was first illuminated by an order issued in 1524, and, in the beginning of the 16th century, the inhabitants were ordered to keep lights burning in the windows of all houses that faced streets. In 1668, when some regulations were made for improving the streets of London, the residents were reminded to hang out their
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Gas lighting did have some disadvantages. "Several hundred theatres are said to have burned down in
America and Europe between 1800 and the introduction of electricity in the late 1800s. The increased heat was objectionable, and the border lights and wing lights had to be lighted by a long stick with
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Theatres switched to gas lighting because it was more economical than using candles and also required less labour to operate. With gas lighting, theatres would no longer need to have people tending to candles during a performance, or having to light each candle individually. "It was easier to light a
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to incorporate a company in order to accelerate the process, but the bill failed to pass. In 1810, however, the application was renewed by the same parties, and though some opposition was encountered and considerable expense incurred, the bill passed, but not without great alterations; and the London
1407:
In the 20th century, most cities with gas streetlights replaced them with new electric streetlights. For example, Baltimore, the first US city to install gas streetlights, removed nearly all of them. A sole, token gas lamp is located at N. Holliday Street and E. Baltimore Street as a monument to the
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had some of his miners working on a water pit for his mine. While digging the pit they hit a pocket of gas. Lowther took a sample of the gas and took it home to do some experiments. He noted, "The said air being put into a bladder … and tied close, may be carried away, and kept some days, and being
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The best result was the improved respect from the audience. There was no more shouting or riots. The light pushed the actors more up stage behind the proscenium, helping the audience concentrate more on the action that was taking place on stage rather than what was going on in the house. Management
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in 1816 was a great success. Baltimore was the first
American city with gas street lights; Peale's Gas Light Company of Baltimore on 7 February 1817 lit its first street lamp at Market and Lemon Streets (currently Baltimore and Holliday Streets). The first private residence in the US illuminated by
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Gas lighting also had an effect on the actors. As the stage was brighter, they could now use less make-up and their motions did not have to be as exaggerated. Half-lit stages had become fully lit stages. Production companies were so impressed with the new technology that one said, "This light is
354:
Before electricity became sufficiently widespread and economical to allow for general public use, gas lighting was prevalent for outdoor and indoor use in cities and suburbs where the infrastructure for distribution of gas was practical. At that time, the most common fuels for gas lighting were
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a flaming wad of cotton at the end. For many years, an attendant or gas boy moved along the long row of jets, lighting them individually while gas was escaping from the whole row. Both actors and audiences complained of the escaping gas, and explosions sometimes resulted from its accumulation."
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was constructed. "Its lighting system contained more than twenty-eight miles of gas piping, and its gas table had no fewer than eighty-eight stopcocks, which controlled nine hundred and sixty gas jets." The theatre that used the most gas lighting was Astley's
Equestrian Amphitheatre in London.
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Among the economic impacts of gas lighting was much longer work hours in factories. This was particularly important in Great
Britain during the winter months when nights are significantly longer. Factories could even work continuously over 24 hours, resulting in increased production. Following
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referred to coal gas as the "spirit" of coal. He discovered its flammability by an accident. The "spirit" he isolated from coal caught fire by coming in contact with a candle as it escaped from a fracture in one of his distillation vessels. He stored the coal gas in bladders, and at times he
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The first burner used was the single-jet burner, which produced a small flame. The tip of the burner was made out of lead, which absorbed heat, causing the flame to be smaller in size. It was discovered that the flame would burn brighter if the metal was mixed with other components, such as
1072:, who had seen the gas lighting of Vienna, Paris and other European cities, initiated experimental work on gas lighting for the capital, using British apparatus for obtaining gas from pit coal, and by the autumn of 1819, Russia's first gas street light was lit on one of the streets on
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caused the actors' costumes to catch fire if they got too close. These lights also caused bothersome heat that affected both audience members and actors. Again, the actors had to adapt to these changes. They started fireproofing their costumes and placing wire mesh in front of the
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of
Newcastle coal, he stated that he obtained 180 cubic inches of gas, which weighed 51 grains , being nearly one third of the whole." Hales's results garnered attention decades later as the unique chemical properties of various gases became understood through the work of
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It took many years of development and testing before gas lighting for the stage was commercially available. Gas technology was then installed in just about every major theatre in the world. But gas lighting was short-lived because the electric light bulb soon followed.
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In the early 20th century, most cities in North
America and Europe had gaslit streets, and most railway station platforms had gas lights too. However, around 1880 gas lighting for streets and train stations began giving way to high voltage (3,000–6,000 volt)
1317:
problem made DC distribution relatively expensive and gas lighting retained widespread usage with new buildings sometimes constructed with dual systems of gas piping and electrical wiring connected to each room, to diversify the power sources for lighting.
443:, nut oil, or other similar substances, which were all liquid fuels. These were the most commonly used fuels until the late 18th century. Whale oil was especially widely used for lighting in European cities such as London through the early 19th century.
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etc.) were also converted back to gas lamps, and five new gas lamps were installed in the Michle
Gasworks as a promotion. In 2018, there were 417 points (about 650 lanterns) of street gas lighting in Prague. During Advent and Christmas, lanterns on the
705:
a paper entitled "Account of the
Application of Gas from Coal to Economical Purposes" in which he described his successful application of coal gas to light the extensive establishment of Messrs. Phillips and Lea. For this paper he was awarded
640:, Cornwall in 1792. In 1798, he used gas to light the main building of the Soho Foundry and in 1802 lit the outside in a public display of gas lighting, the lights astonishing the local population. One of the employees at the Soho Foundry,
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However, gas lighting of streets has not disappeared completely from some cities, and the few municipalities that retained gas lighting now find that it provides a pleasing nostalgic effect. Gas lighting is also seeing a resurgence in the
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had more authority on what went on during the show because they could see. Gaslight was the leading cause of behaviour change in theatres. They were no longer places for mingling and orange selling, but places of respected entertainment.
2230:
Vegetable
Staticks: Or, an Account of Some Statical Experiments on the Sap in Vegetables: Being an Essay Towards a Natural History of Vegetation. Also, a Specimen of an Attempt to Analyse the Air, by a Great Variety of Chymio-statical
1730:
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In the 19th century, gas stage lighting went from a crude experiment to the most popular way of lighting theatrical stages. In 1804, Frederick Albert Winsor first demonstrated the way to use gas to light the stage in London at the
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in the 19th century fell; these included footlights, border lights, groundrows, lengths, bunch lights, conical reflector floods, and limelight spots. These mechanisms sat directly on the stage, blinding the eyes of the audience.
2120:
The Gas-consumer's Guide: A Hand-book of
Instruction on the Proper Management and Economical Use of Gas; with a Full Description of Gas-meters, and Directions for Ascertaining the Consumption by Meter; on Ventilation,
2323:(1735). "VI. A Chemical Experiment by Mr. John Maud, Serving to Illustrate the Phœnomenon of the Inflammable Air Shewn to the Royal Society by Sir James Lowther, Bart. as Described in Philosoph. Transact. Numb. 429".
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had sprung up to meet the demand for the new fuel. The brighter lighting which gas provided allowed people to read more easily and for longer. This helped to stimulate literacy and learning, speeding up the second
1264:
These problems with gas lighting led to the rapid adoption of electric lighting. By 1881, the Savoy Theatre in London was using incandescent lighting. While electric lighting was introduced to theatre stages, the
1541:, where gas lighting was introduced on 15 September 1847, had about 10,000 gas streetlamps in the 1940s. The last historic gas candelabras become electrified in 1985. However, in 2002–2014, streetlamps along the
509:. In 1667, a paper detailing the effects of these gases was entitled, "A Description of a Well and Earth in Lancashire taking Fire, by a Candle approaching to it. Imparted by Thomas Shirley, Esq an eye-witness."
1155:, "Everywhere white and gold meets the eye, and about 200,000 gas jets add to the glittering effect of the auditorium … such a blaze of light and splendour has scarcely ever been witnessed, even in dreams."
874:, three chaldrons of coal were carbonized each day, providing the gas equivalent of 9,000 Argand lamps. So 28 chaldrons of coal were carbonized daily, and 84,000 lights supplied by those two companies only.
1135:. Although the demonstration and all the lead research were being done in London, "in 1816 at the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia was the earliest gas lit theatre in world". In 1817 the Lyceum,
489:
in 1716, all housekeepers, whose houses faced any street, lane, or passage, were required to hang out, every dark night, one or more lights, to burn from six to eleven o'clock, under the penalty of one
1273:." Electric lighting slowly took over in theatres. In the 20th century, it enabled better and safer theatre productions, with no smell, relatively very little heat, and more freedom for designers.
497:
Accumulating and escaping gases were known originally among coal miners for their adverse effects rather than their useful characteristics. Coal miners described two types of gases, one called the
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of coal. Later in the 19th century, natural gas began to replace coal gas, first in the US, and then in other parts of the world. In the United Kingdom, coal gas was used until the early 1970s.
454:
made the first practical use of natural gas for lighting purposes around 500 B.C. in which they used bamboo pipelines to transport both brine and natural gas for many miles, such as the ones in
594:, was the first person to formally recognize gas as a state of matter. He would go on to identify several types of gases, including carbon dioxide. Over one hundred years later in 1733, Sir
1558:
are managed manually by a lamplighter in historic uniform. The plan to reintroduce gas lights in Old Prague was proposed in 2002, and adopted by the Municipality of Prague in January 2004.
1349:
to drop the voltage for distribution for indoor lighting. Alternating current technology overcame many of the limitations of direct current, enabling the rapid growth of reliable, low-cost
1766:
2838:"City's gaslight glow dimmed in 1957 Progress: The American gas industry was born in Baltimore in 1816, when an artist wanted a clean, smoke-free way to illuminate a roomful of paintings"
1142:
By the 1850s, gas lighting in theatres had spread practically all over the United States and Europe. Some of the largest installations of gas lighting were in large auditoriums, like the
710:'s gold medal. Murdoch's statements threw great light on the comparative advantage of gas and candles, and contained much useful information on the expenses of production and management.
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In 1801, Phillipe Lebon of Paris had also used gas lights to illuminate his house and gardens, and was considering how to light all of Paris. In 1820, Paris adopted gas street lighting.
1269:
was developed in 1885 for gas-lit theatres. "This was a beehive-shaped mesh of knitted thread impregnated with lime that, in miniature, converted the naked gas flame into in effect, a
382:, and the modular canisters on which camping lights are built, brings bright and long lasting light without complex equipment. In addition, some urban historical districts retain gas
877:
At this period the principal difficulty in gas manufacture was purification. Mr. D. Wilson, of Dublin, patented a method for purifying coal gas by means of the chemical action of
1778:
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Over the next 10 years, their numbers almost quadrupled, to reach 800. By the middle of the 19th century, the central streets and buildings of the capital were illuminated: the
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In February 1835, the Company for Gas Lighting St. Petersburg was founded; towards the end of that year, a factory for the production of lighting gas was constructed near the
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In 1806 The Philips and Lee factory and a portion of Chapel Street in Salford, Lancashire were lit by gas, thought to be the first use of gas street lighting in the world.
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1855:
2282:(1 August 1733). "III. An account of the damp air in a coal-pit of Sir James Lowther, Bart. Sunk within 20 Yards of the sea; communicated by him to the Royal Society".
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patented an apparatus for the decomposition of "oil" and other animal substances. Public attention was attracted to "oil-gas" by the display of the patent apparatus at
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1313:. Voltage in wires steadily declines as distance increases, and at this low voltage power plants needed to be within about 1 mile (1.6 km) of the lamps. This
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lights. Small portable gas lamps, connected to a portable gas cylinder, are a common item on camping trips. Mantle lamps powered by vaporized petrol, such as the
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row of gas jets than a greater quantity of candles high in the air." Theatres also no longer needed to worry about wax dripping on the actors during a show.
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detailed some properties of coal gas, including its flammability. Lowther demonstrated the principal properties of coal gas to different members of the
2138:
Domestic Life in England, from the Earliest Period to the Present Time: With Notices of Origins, Inventions, and Modern Improvements in the Social Arts
889:. G. Holworthy, in 1818, patented a method of purifying it by passing the gas, in a highly condensed state, through iron retorts heated to a dark red.
446:
Chinese records dating back 1,700 years indicate the use of natural gas in homes for lighting and heating. The natural gas was transported by means of
2160:
The introduction of a scheme for proper street lighting in the city is generally attributed to Barton, although there is no direct evidence for this.
1742:
1404:
In some cities, gas lighting is preserved or restored as a vintage nostalgic feature to support the historic atmosphere of their historic centres.
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or candles, which helped to accelerate its development and deployment. By 1859, gas lighting was to be found all over Britain and about a thousand
820:, who found the most improved way of brighter gas lighting. The parish church there was the first religious building to be lit by gas lighting.
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and some other streets in the centre were rebuilt to use gas (using replicas of the historic poles and lanterns), several historic candelabras (
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554:. He showed that the gas retained its flammability after storage for some time. The demonstration did not result in identification of utility.
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was in use along with some forms of electricity. The Welsbach was based on the idea of the Bunsen burner, still using gas. A cotton mesh with
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experimented with the actual distillation of coal, thereby obtaining a flammable liquid. He reported his results in the first volume of his
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systems. This time period also saw the development of the first electric power utility designed for indoor use. The new system by inventor
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1892:
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Commemoration of the first U.S. street gas light, at the intersection of North Holliday Street and East Baltimore Street in Baltimore
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lighting is nearly extinct. Besides producing a lot of heat, the combustion of methane tends to release significant amounts of
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In London there were about 1,500 working gas street lamps as of 2018, although there were plans to replace 299 of those in
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Perforated tubes bent into the shape of letters were used to form gas lit advertising signs, prior to the introduction of
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72:
335:. The light is produced either directly by the flame, generally by using special mixes (typically propane or butane) of
136:
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spots are similar to today's current spotlighting system. This instrument was used in scene shops, as well as the stage.
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Shirley, Thomas (1667). "A Description of a Well and Earth in Lancashire taking Fire, by a Candle approaching to it".
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in 1811; in January 1812, Sobolevsky was instructed to draw up a plan for gas street-lighting for St. Petersburg. The
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1483:, has adopted the gaslight as the symbol of the town, and uses them on nearly all streets. Dozens of other towns in
1423:. With about 23,000 lamps (2022), it holds more than half of all working gas street lamps in the world, followed by
951:, a sizeable business producing gas for several cities in mainland, Europe, including Berlin, was established, with
143:
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644:, saw the potential of this new form of lighting. Clegg left his job to set up his own gas lighting business, the
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Murdoch was the first to exploit the flammability of gas for the practical application of lighting. He worked for
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at the usual time, and, in 1690, an order was issued to hang out a light, or lamp, every night at nightfall, from
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The history of the Russian gas industry began with retired Lieutenant Pyotr Sobolevsky (1782–1841), who improved
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40:
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Lengths were constructed the same way as border lights, but mounted vertically in the rear where the wings were.
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Public illumination preceded by centuries the development and widespread adoption of gas lighting. In 1417, Sir
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Bunch lights were a cluster of burners that sat on a vertical base that was fuelled directly from the gas line.
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The fishtail burner was similar to the flat burner, but it produced a brighter flame and conducted less heat.
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Transactions of the Society, Instituted at London, for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce
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has been credited with the first house and street lighting in the United States, in either 1805 or 1806 in
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By 1823, numerous towns and cities throughout Britain were lit by gas. Gas light cost up to 75% less than
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operate in areas that have been named historic districts. Gas lights also operate in parts of the famed
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entertained his friends by demonstrating the flammability of the gas. Clayton published his findings in
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677:, different kinds of coal, oil, wax, etc., he quantified the intensity of the light from each source.
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1434:(the first city in the world lit by gas) with LED lighting by 2023, which sparked public opposition.
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Illuminating gas was used for gas lighting, as it produces a much brighter light than natural gas or
912:, reportedly one of the first such public installations of gas lighting in the region, enhanced as a
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used today. This adjustable box of light reflected a beam whose size could be altered by a barndoor.
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Throughout the 19th century and into the first decades of the 20th, the gas was manufactured by the
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2645:"Celebrating 100 Years as the Standard for Safety: The Compressed Gas Association, Inc. 1913–2013"
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lamps are still used, although the increased availability of alternative energy sources, such as
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Historic candelabrum in Prague from 1865, electrified in 1985, rebuilt back to gas light in 2012
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was designed to function similar to gas lighting. For reasons of safety and simplicity it used
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It took nearly 200 years for gas to become accessible for commercial use. A Flemish alchemist,
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2019:
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daily, producing 300,000 cubic feet (8,500 m) of gas. This supplied gas lamps equal to 75,000
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Pro Gaslicht e.V. : Association for the Preservation of the European Gas-light Culture
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Theatre, Performance and Technology: The Development of Scenography in the Twentieth Century
2815:"A bit of Engineering History: The story of the fuel gas and electrical engineering company"
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A New and Accurate History and Survey of London, Westminster, Southwark, and Places Adjacent
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https://www1.wdr.de/nachrichten/rheinland/duesseldorf-gaslaternen-bleiben-erhalten-100.html
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in Cornwall, Murdoch began experimenting with various types of gas, finally settling on
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perfect for the stage. One can obtain gradation of brightness that is really magical."
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This article is about the production of artificial light. For the human behaviour, see
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This hospital lavatory was lit by a dual gas and electric fixture. (New Orleans, 1906)
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3195:(1st ed.). Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. pp. 27–152.
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Flat burners were invented mainly to distribute gas and light evenly to the systems.
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Outdoor installation of gaslamps compared with new electric lighting (London, 1878)
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469:, ordained "Lanthornes with lights to bee hanged out on the Winter evening betwixt
462:
2814:
1087:; and 204 gas lamps were ceremonially lit in St. Petersburg on 27 September 1839.
834:
lit his factory with gas illumination from 1812 to 1813. The use of gas lights in
423:
Prior to use of gaseous fuels for lighting, the early lighting fuels consisted of
2458:
Clark, Walton (1916). "Progress of Gas Lighting Appliances During Past Century".
2398:
The Scot Who Lit The World, The Story of William Murdoch Inventor of Gas Lighting
2172:
2013:
1648:, a colourless and odourless gas that is more readily absorbed by the blood than
1523:, has a gas lamp section in which all the pavements are lit by public gas lamps.
1515:, still uses its original gas street lights that are an original feature of the
1175:
There were six types of burners, but four burners were really experimented with:
870:
each yielding the light of six candles. At the City Gas Works, in Dorset Street,
4719:
4714:
4621:
4498:
4463:
4335:
4289:
4165:
4024:
3944:
3752:
3747:
3707:
3679:
3674:
3605:
3600:
3585:
3464:
2152:
Roskell, J.S.; Clark, L.; Rawcliffe, C., eds. (1993). "Barton, Henry (d.1435)".
1860:
1680:
1571:
1474:
1431:
1346:
1147:
1118:
1026:
996:
991:. This eliminated the need for special illuminating gas (a synthetic mixture of
921:
867:
848:
800:
364:
332:
99:
33:
4702:
4692:
4687:
4677:
4626:
4279:
4145:
4140:
4029:
3992:
3975:
3907:
3902:
3877:
3572:
2958:"Plan to Change Westminster's Historic Gas Street Lights to LEDs Sparks Anger"
2630:
1676:
1668:
1532:
1524:
1484:
1462:
1326:
1266:
1234:
1230:
1206:
1023:
984:
959:
897:
878:
863:
831:
670:
629:
625:
614:
499:
482:
440:
340:
292:
277:
3237:(2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. pp. 14–17.
3072:
Technologie hlavnĂho mÄ›sta Prahy správcem plynovĂ©ho osvÄ›tlenĂ KrálovskĂ© cesty
2474:
816:, in 1816; this was due to the Preston Gaslight Company run by revolutionary
4709:
4631:
4483:
4325:
4222:
4175:
3764:
3740:
3669:
3649:
2055:
1835:
1353:
networks which finally spelled the end of widespread usage of gas lighting.
1270:
1253:
1222:
1030:
1019:
1012:
936:
917:
839:
764:
749:
666:
505:
474:
436:
424:
387:
360:
344:
312:
2617:
2429:
2338:
2297:
520:, published in 1726. From the distillation of "one hundred and fifty-eight
858:
In 1817, at the three stations of the Chartered Gas Company in London, 25
4651:
4636:
4587:
4488:
4458:
4443:
4416:
4389:
4057:
3997:
3702:
3694:
3664:
3625:
3590:
3560:
3543:
3349:
2032:
1807:
1672:
1298:
1034:
992:
932:
859:
781:
652:
633:
491:
432:
356:
328:
320:
316:
296:
1938:
1922:
1427:
with 14,000 lamps (2020), of which at least 10,000 are to be retained
339:
to increase brightness, or indirectly with other components such as the
4571:
4561:
4009:
3954:
3654:
3632:
2655:
1863: – Pressurized kerosene lamps made by the Tilley company in the UK
1712:
1656:
1202:
1084:
965:
909:
824:
695:
637:
478:
428:
386:, and gas lighting is used indoors or outdoors to create or preserve a
371:
347:, with the gas primarily functioning to heat the mantle or the lime to
304:
300:
17:
2520:"Light brigade: carrying the torch for London's last gas street lamps"
809:
successful commercialization, gas lighting spread to other countries.
740:
By 1816, Samuel Clegg obtained the patent for his horizontal rotative
409:
4566:
4478:
4433:
3637:
3595:
2559:
2544:
History (from A.D. 705 to 1883) of Preston in the County of Lancaster
1649:
1538:
1438:
1420:
1377:
1325:
power transmission systems in the 1880s and 90s by companies such as
1198:
882:
741:
586:
Satirical cartoon showing dangers of early gaslighting (London, 1813)
455:
447:
308:
281:
1838: – Type of stage lighting once used in theatres and music halls
1687:, combined with increasing efficiency of lighting products, such as
812:
In England, the first place outside London to have gas lighting was
1205:
was imbedded into the Welsbach. This source of light was named the
1015:
was also used from about 1898 for gas lighting on a smaller scale.
4320:
3684:
3610:
3058:, prahasviti.cz, 26. October 2018, according to: Ladislav Monzer:
2251:. MPRL – Studies. Max Planck Research Library. 27 September 2016.
1631:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1280:
1117:
905:
799:
787:
771:
763:
691:
581:
573:
408:
271:
3126:. Grand Rapids Historical Commission. 30 May 2007. Archived from
733:
was established. Less than two years later, on 31 December 1813,
4521:
1784:
Poster showing benefits of gaslighting and heating (Italy, 1902)
1341:
in the US solved the voltage and distance problem by using high
1008:
674:
4362:
3322:
2447:. New York: A. M. Callender & Co. 2 March 1876. p. 92.
1527:
has authentic 19th century gas lamps from Baltimore along the "
1565:
1237:. Color was added later by dying cotton, wool, and silk cloth.
1068:
delayed implementation, but St. Petersburg's Governor General
901:
885:, who patented the purification of coal gas by the use of dry
655:
was patented in 1799, while German inventor Friedrich Winzer (
195:
93:
52:
3306:
2906:"Meet the campaigners who saved London's historic gas lamps"
2683:. No. 2. Archived from the original on 22 December 2005
2598:
Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society
2058:(1908) . "Temporall government". In Kingsford, C. L. (ed.).
1748:
Reproduction of an early European exterior gaslamp (Germany)
659:) was the first person to patent coal-gas lighting in 1804.
4358:
3318:
3037:
Rozhovor: PlynovĂ© lampy majĂ v Praze svĂ© mĂsto, Ĺ™Ăká lampář
3216:(1st ed.). New York: Design Press. pp. 172–176.
2931:"Campaign fighting to save hundreds of London's gas lamps"
1663:, which under most circumstances burns more completely to
1209:; it produced three times more light than the naked flame.
3258:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 364–367.
2475:"David Melville And The First American Gas Light Patents"
2155:
The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1386-1421
1893:"Before Electricity, Streets Were Filled with Gas Lights"
1419:
The largest gas lighting network in the world is that of
1060:'s design for a "thermolamp" and presented it to Emperor
896:
had developed a gas lighting with copper apparatuses and
1511:
maintains over 450 gas street lights and the village of
804:
A lamplighter igniting a gas streetlight in Sweden, 1953
724:
In 1809, accordingly, the first application was made to
2616:
1927:
Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies
1416:
market for those in search of historical authenticity.
968:
appeared in the field as a rival of coal gas. In 1815,
219:
1810: – Artificial illuminating gas similar to propane
847:(c. 1806), as described above, or of William Henry, a
1408:
first gas lamp in America, erected at that location.
1233:, were a row of lights that hung horizontally in the
949:
English Association for Gas Lighting on the Continent
881:
gas. Another plan was devised by Reuben Phillips, of
636:
as the most effective. He first lit his own house in
3159:(1st ed.). Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 96–97.
1851:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1772:
Poster advertising Bec Auer gaslamps (France, 1890s)
665:
In 1804, Dr Henry delivered a course of lectures on
4665:
4609:
4580:
4552:
4497:
4403:
4396:
4303:
4258:
4199:
4122:
4038:
3963:
3833:
3773:
3721:
3693:
3571:
3473:
3445:
3436:
3356:
3315:
Open-air museum on gas lighting in Berlin (German).
3213:
Stage Lighting Design: The Art, The Craft, The Life
3098:"Old-Fashioned Gas Lamps Make a Comeback to Prague"
2124:. United States: Alexander Moore. 1871. p. 13.
1437:In the United States, more than 2800 gas lights in
1189:The last burner that was experimented with was the
124:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2977:"Exploring London's Gas Lights (a Walk Itinerary)"
2141:. Ireland: Thomas Tegg and Son. 1835. p. 157.
1899:. McGill University Office for Science and Society
1473:and outside historic homes throughout the city in
578:Passersby marvel at new gaslighting (London, 1809)
1675:are not readily accessible or desirable, propane
1659:(sometimes called "bottle(d) gas"), a product of
367:, although many later designs are self-igniting.
1849: – street lamp powered by burning sewer gas
1760:Gaslit school hallway (Paris, late 19th century)
1122:Diagram showing a typical limelight installation
962:, provided a brighter and more economical lamp.
3086:, Portál hlavnĂho mÄ›sta Prahy, 21 November 2017
2808:
2806:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2326:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
2285:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
2211:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
2101:Osborne, Edward Cornelius; Osborne, W. (1840).
547:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
39:"Gaslight" redirects here. For other uses, see
3309:(German). Listing of the cities with gaslight.
2681:Oil of Russia: International Quarterly Edition
2675:Yefimov, Alexander; Volkova, Lyudmila (2005).
2564:. Bristol Historical Association. p. 4-6.
2499:. Newport Historical Society. 13 December 2016
2177:. New York: Charles S. Francis. 1838. p.
1655:New fixtures are still made and available for
4374:
3334:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2462:. Progressive Age Publishing Co. p. 122.
2104:Osborne's London and Birmingham Railway Guide
843:gas has been variously identified as that of
363:. Early gas lights were ignited manually by
8:
3049:Pražské veřejné osvětlenà v letech 1918–2018
2012:James, P.; Thorpe, N.; Thorpe, I.J. (1995).
1309:(DC) at a relatively low 110 volts to light
1246:The conical reflector can be related to the
1213:Several different instruments were used for
744:, his apparatus for purifying coal gas with
3282:"The Last Days of Berlin's Gas Streetlamps"
1600:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1507:and Cherry Hill, among others. The city of
450:pipes to homes. The ancient Chinese of the
291:is the production of artificial light from
87:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4400:
4381:
4367:
4359:
3442:
3341:
3327:
3319:
3231:Sellman, Hunton; Lessley, Merrill (1982).
2670:
2668:
2086:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1961:"Jobs of Yesteryear: Obsolete Occupations"
1916:
1914:
1711:. Gas lighting is still in common use for
1667:and water vapour. In some locations where
413:An illustration of designs of lamplights,
2038:Records of the country south of Mount Kua
1827:, an outdoor gas lantern museum in Berlin
1620:Learn how and when to remove this message
1083:, using pit coal brought in by ship from
276:Gas lighting in the historical center of
260:Learn how and when to remove this message
242:Learn how and when to remove this message
184:Learn how and when to remove this message
2836:Rasmussen, Frederick (10 October 1998).
1921:Binder, Frederick Moore (October 1955).
1886:
1884:
1882:
1461:, and parts of other neighbourhoods. In
1094:, Bolshaya and Malaya Morskaya streets,
1037:led to the discovery that ethylene is a
370:Gas lighting now is frequently used for
3252:Wilson, Edwin; Goldfarb, Alvin (2006).
3120:"Lighting City Streets, 1850s to 1950s"
2723:
2721:
2234:. London: W. and J. Innys. p. 176.
1878:
1726:
2956:Sherwood, Harriet (21 November 2021).
2694:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2079:
2018:. Ballantine Books. pp. 427–428.
284:, is manually turned off and on daily.
2618:"On the Atmospheric Bude-Light"
1796:Portable gas desk lamp (c. 1900-1910)
1640:The use of natural gas (methane) for
1636:A three mantle gas lamp in modern use
987:was invented by the Austrian chemist
792:Church interior with gas torchieres (
7:
1598:adding citations to reliable sources
122:adding citations to reliable sources
3192:Theatre Lighting Before Electricity
3174:Chastain, Ben B. (8 January 2021).
2654:. 11 September 2013. Archived from
2422:"Rumford Archive Winners 1898–1800"
713:Although the history is uncertain,
3313:Gaslaternen-Freilichtmuseum Berlin
3002:"The Magic of Gas Lamps in Prague"
2575:RĂĄdhus, Ă…mĂĄls (10 February 1827).
2561:The Bristol Gas Industry 1815–1949
2518:Kennedy, Maev (25 December 2015).
1831:History of manufactured fuel gases
1825:Gaslaternen-Freilichtmuseum Berlin
1146:, built in 1862. In 1875, the new
701:In 1808, Murdoch presented to the
359:, coal gas and, in limited cases,
25:
3096:Vesela, Zuzana (9 January 2004).
2825:. The Westinghouse Club: 181–183.
1102:Arcade, Noblemen's Assembly, the
1029:in 1806. In 1901, studies of the
953:Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet
68:This article has multiple issues.
4600:
3024:PouliÄŤnĂ lampy svĂtĂ uĹľ 160 let.
2547:. Chronicle Office. p. 268.
2198:. Vol. 2. pp. 373–374.
1789:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1570:
1011:) to get bright shining flames.
512:British clergyman and scientist
494:as a fine for failing to do so.
200:
98:
57:
3858:Parabolic aluminized reflector
2904:Ellen, Tom (24 November 2022).
1959:Arsiya, Iklim (29 April 2017).
1816: – Acetylene-burning lamps
485:to Christmas. By an Act of the
109:needs additional citations for
76:or discuss these issues on the
3803:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
3074:, PraĹľskĂ˝ patriot, 21 May 2018
2033:Ch'ang Ch'ü (常璩, a geographer)
1:
4427:Underground coal gasification
3039:, Metro.cz, 15 September 2014
2870:. 2 June 2022. Archived from
2677:"Pioneers of the Methane Age"
1229:Border lights, also known as
1171:Types of lighting instruments
776:A gaslit outdoor fountain at
557:Minister and experimentalist
414:
3280:Rennie, Alex (1 June 2023).
3234:Essentials of Stage Lighting
3100:. Radio Prague International
3000:T., Lidia (1 October 2019).
2443:"Melville's Gas Apparatus".
2174:The Young Man's Evening Book
4048:Automotive light bulb types
3898:Intelligent street lighting
3153:Baugh, Christopher (2005).
3026:MF Dnes, 15. September 2007
2615:Bethell, John (1843–1844).
1987:"The Last Gas Streetlights"
1521:Manhattan Beach, California
1376:Modern gas street light in
1098:and Tsarskoselsky Avenues,
400:History of manufactured gas
4792:
3811:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide
3189:Penzel, Frederick (1978).
3176:"Jan Baptista van Helmont"
2868:"Gasbeleuchtung in Berlin"
2541:Hewitson, Anthony (1883).
2445:American Gas Light Journal
2064:. Oxford. pp. 147–187
1669:public utility electricity
1487:also retain gas lighting:
1392:in West Yorkshire, England
1388:Gas train station lamp at
1365:
926:Charles XIV John of Sweden
892:In 1820, Swedish inventor
731:Gas Light and Coke Company
698:toys, and other articles.
646:Gas Light and Coke Company
602:Later in the 18th century
564:Philosophical Transactions
397:
45:
38:
31:
4598:
4250:Stage lighting instrument
3255:Living Theatre: A History
3210:Pilbrow, Richard (1997).
2701:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2497:"Gas Lighting in Newport"
1847:Sewer gas destructor lamp
1689:compact fluorescent lamps
1066:French invasion of Russia
855:, Pennsylvania, in 1816.
851:, at 200 Lombard Street,
41:Gaslight (disambiguation)
4311:Battlefield illumination
4068:high-intensity discharge
3500:Electrochemiluminescence
2248:Cavendish: Air and Water
2041:
1481:South Orange, New Jersey
1390:Oakworth railway station
1311:incandescent light bulbs
1001:destructive distillation
958:The 1839 invention, the
592:Jan Baptista van Helmont
452:Spring and Autumn period
214:may need to be rewritten
46:Not to be confused with
27:Type of artificial light
4171:Electroluminescent wire
3181:Encyclopædia Britannica
3084:Lampář na Karlově mostě
3054:28 October 2018 at the
2396:Thomson, Janet (2003).
1321:The development of new
1193:. Around this time the
1153:Illustrated London News
1108:Peter and Paul Fortress
894:Johan Patrik Ljungström
748:, and for his rotative
657:Frederick Albert Winsor
653:gas distilled from wood
394:History of gas lighting
4642:Natural-gas processing
3853:Multifaceted reflector
2975:Fraser, Steve (2018).
2629:: 198–200 – via
2339:10.1098/rstl.1735.0057
2298:10.1098/rstl.1733.0019
2074:British History Online
1719:, are also available.
1709:Grand Rapids, Michigan
1707:, as early as 1857 in
1637:
1401:
1393:
1381:
1286:
1123:
989:Carl Auer von Welsbach
978:Taylor & Martineau
805:
797:
785:
784:, New York, 1873–1897)
769:
651:A "thermolampe" using
587:
579:
540:A 1733 publication by
420:
285:
4404:Manufactured fuel gas
4243:ellipsoidal reflector
3848:Ellipsoidal reflector
3532:Fluorescent induction
3510:field-induced polymer
2591:"President's Address"
2558:Nabb, Harold (1987).
2473:Mattausch, Daniel W.
2192:Entick, John (1766).
1842:List of light sources
1635:
1549:, Loretánská street,
1517:Frederick Law Olmsted
1509:Lake Forest, Illinois
1399:
1387:
1375:
1335:Westinghouse Electric
1284:
1121:
942:Industrial Revolution
803:
791:
775:
767:
719:Newport, Rhode Island
585:
577:
412:
374:, for which the high
275:
4080:Rear position lights
4053:Daytime running lamp
3981:Mechanically powered
3868:Aviation obstruction
3124:Grand Rapids History
2989:on 21 November 2021.
2819:The Electric Journal
2530:on 25 December 2015.
2477:. The Rushlight Club
2432:on 10 February 2008.
1594:improve this section
1499:, and some parts of
1070:Mikhail Miloradovich
955:as general manager.
862:(24 m) of coal were
690:, a manufacturer of
467:Lord Mayor of London
118:improve this article
4771:Scottish inventions
4647:Natural gas storage
3488:Electron-stimulated
3130:on 24 November 2010
2891:24 May 2020 at the
2813:Gow, A. M. (1917).
1985:Patowary, Kaushik.
1529:Main Street, U.S.A.
1519:planned community.
1513:Riverside, Illinois
1323:alternating current
1296:alternating current
1144:Théâtre du Chatelet
1104:Technical Institute
814:Preston, Lancashire
4746:English inventions
4741:Chinese inventions
4657:Pipeline transport
4617:Compressor station
4331:Luminous gemstones
3505:Electroluminescent
3483:Cathodoluminescent
3062:, FCC Public, 2003
2061:A Survey of London
2015:Ancient Inventions
1638:
1551:DraĹľickĂ©ho námÄ›stĂ
1547:HradÄŤanskĂ© námÄ›stĂ
1465:, Ohio, more than
1443:historic districts
1402:
1394:
1382:
1287:
1124:
1033:effect of leaking
999:gases produced by
806:
798:
794:Reading, Berkshire
786:
770:
735:Westminster Bridge
588:
580:
421:
286:
4728:
4727:
4596:
4595:
4439:Blast furnace gas
4422:Coal gasification
4356:
4355:
3873:Balanced-arm lamp
3829:
3828:
3713:Yablochkov candle
3581:Acetylene/Carbide
3551:Radioluminescence
3423:Luminous efficacy
3369:Color temperature
3265:978-0-07-351412-3
3244:978-0-13-289249-0
3223:978-1-85459-273-6
3202:978-0-8195-5021-7
3166:978-1-4039-1696-9
2400:. Janet Thomson.
2258:978-3-945561-06-5
2245:"Air and Water".
2025:978-0-345-40102-1
1991:AmusingPlanet.com
1891:Sweeney, Morgan.
1695:are also in use.
1630:
1629:
1622:
1531:" section of the
1343:transmission line
1151:According to the
1074:Aptekarsky Island
974:Apothecary's Hall
542:Sir James Lowther
518:Vegetable Statics
270:
269:
262:
252:
251:
244:
224:lead layout guide
194:
193:
186:
168:
91:
16:(Redirected from
4783:
4761:Industrial gases
4751:Gas technologies
4604:
4401:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4360:
4156:Christmas lights
4090:Safety reflector
4085:Reversing lights
4020:Navigation light
3971:Bicycle lighting
3861:
3814:
3806:
3780:
3539:Photoluminescent
3522:Fluorescent lamp
3495:Chemiluminescent
3443:
3411:Bi-pin lamp base
3406:Lightbulb socket
3343:
3336:
3329:
3320:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3269:
3248:
3227:
3206:
3185:
3170:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3046:
3040:
3033:
3027:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3004:. Prague Morning
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2982:. Archived from
2981:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2937:. 3 October 2022
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2910:Evening Standard
2901:
2895:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2874:on 26 June 2022.
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2844:. Archived from
2833:
2827:
2826:
2810:
2801:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2742:
2739:
2728:
2725:
2716:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2661:on 26 June 2017.
2660:
2649:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2620:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2595:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2526:. Archived from
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2428:. Archived from
2418:
2412:
2411:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2333:(442): 282–285.
2316:
2310:
2309:
2292:(429): 109–113.
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2029:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1993:. Amusing Planet
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1888:
1852:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1683:and small scale
1625:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1574:
1566:
1380:, Germany (2005)
1351:electrical power
778:Grand Army Plaza
752:and self-acting
737:was lit by gas.
729:and Westminster
684:Josiah Pemberton
570:Early technology
535:Alessandro Volta
419:
416:
388:nostalgic effect
380:hydrocarbon fuel
337:illuminating gas
265:
258:
247:
240:
236:
233:
227:
220:improve the lead
204:
203:
196:
189:
182:
178:
175:
169:
167:
126:
102:
94:
83:
61:
60:
53:
21:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4661:
4605:
4592:
4576:
4548:
4493:
4405:
4392:
4387:
4357:
4352:
4316:Bioluminescence
4299:
4268:
4254:
4211:
4195:
4134:
4118:
4034:
3959:
3883:Emergency light
3859:
3825:
3812:
3804:
3778:
3776:
3769:
3717:
3689:
3660:Magnesium torch
3567:
3469:
3438:
3432:
3389:Light pollution
3364:Accent lighting
3352:
3347:
3303:
3290:
3288:
3279:
3276:
3274:Further reading
3266:
3251:
3245:
3230:
3224:
3209:
3203:
3188:
3173:
3167:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3060:Osvětlenà Prahy
3056:Wayback Machine
3047:
3043:
3034:
3030:
3022:Robert Oppelt:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2893:Wayback Machine
2883:
2879:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2848:on 11 June 2016
2835:
2834:
2830:
2812:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2745:
2740:
2731:
2726:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2693:
2686:
2684:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2658:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2604:(5): 407. 1919.
2593:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2078:
2067:
2065:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2031:
2026:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1890:
1889:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1850:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1785:
1782:
1773:
1770:
1761:
1758:
1749:
1746:
1737:
1734:
1725:
1717:Coleman lantern
1701:
1646:carbon monoxide
1626:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1591:
1575:
1564:
1467:1100 gas lights
1441:operate in the
1370:
1364:
1359:
1339:Thomson-Houston
1279:
1191:Welsbach burner
1173:
1116:
1058:Philippe le Bon
1054:
1005:bituminous coal
836:Rembrandt Peale
762:
611:Matthew Boulton
604:William Murdoch
572:
531:Henry Cavendish
417:
407:
402:
396:
384:street lighting
325:carbon monoxide
266:
255:
254:
253:
248:
237:
231:
228:
217:
205:
201:
190:
179:
173:
170:
127:
125:
115:
103:
62:
58:
51:
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4789:
4787:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4756:Infrastructure
4753:
4748:
4743:
4733:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4610:Infrastructure
4607:
4606:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4474:Regasification
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4413:
4411:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4363:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4304:Related topics
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4095:retroreflector
4087:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4006:
4005:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3950:Track lighting
3947:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3930:
3925:
3923:Recessed light
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3893:Gooseneck lamp
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3855:
3850:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3808:
3800:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3775:High-intensity
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3544:Laser headlamp
3536:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3374:Electric light
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3310:
3302:
3301:External links
3299:
3298:
3297:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3264:
3249:
3243:
3228:
3222:
3207:
3201:
3186:
3171:
3165:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3111:
3088:
3076:
3064:
3041:
3035:Tomáš Belica:
3028:
3015:
2992:
2967:
2948:
2922:
2896:
2877:
2859:
2828:
2802:
2793:
2784:
2775:
2766:
2757:
2743:
2729:
2717:
2708:
2664:
2636:
2607:
2582:
2579:. J. Jacobson.
2567:
2550:
2533:
2510:
2488:
2465:
2450:
2435:
2413:
2406:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2321:Lowther, James
2311:
2280:Lowther, James
2271:
2257:
2237:
2225:Hales, Stephen
2216:
2201:
2184:
2164:
2144:
2128:
2110:
2107:. p. 244.
2093:
2047:
2024:
2004:
1977:
1965:DailySabah.com
1951:
1933:(4): 359–373.
1910:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1853:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1820:Carbochemistry
1817:
1811:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1700:
1697:
1665:carbon dioxide
1628:
1627:
1578:
1576:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1556:Charles Bridge
1471:French Quarter
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1345:voltages, and
1333:in Europe and
1307:direct current
1292:direct current
1278:
1275:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1227:
1215:stage lighting
1211:
1210:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1172:
1169:
1133:Lyceum Theatre
1115:
1114:Theatrical use
1112:
1053:
1050:
914:triumphal arch
845:David Melville
761:
760:Widespread use
758:
715:David Melville
688:Benjamin Cooke
571:
568:
537:, and others.
503:and the other
487:Common Council
406:
403:
398:Main article:
395:
392:
376:energy density
331:(town gas) or
268:
267:
250:
249:
209:The article's
208:
206:
199:
192:
191:
133:"Gas lighting"
106:
104:
97:
92:
66:
65:
63:
56:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4788:
4777:
4776:Types of lamp
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4673:Bunsen burner
4671:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4379:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4285:Infrared lamp
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4015:Laser pointer
4013:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3918:Pendant light
3916:
3914:
3913:Neon lighting
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3788:Mercury-vapor
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3731:Deuterium arc
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3723:Gas discharge
3720:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
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3450:
3448:
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3441:
3435:
3429:
3428:Task lighting
3426:
3424:
3421:
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3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3395:
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3390:
3387:
3385:
3384:Light fixture
3382:
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3286:Atlas Obscura
3283:
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2842:Baltimore Sun
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2698:
2697:cite magazine
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2427:
2426:Royal Society
2423:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2407:0-9530013-2-6
2403:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2386:, p. 30.
2385:
2380:
2377:
2374:, p. 29.
2373:
2368:
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2362:, p. 28.
2361:
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2105:
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2062:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2044:(in Chinese).
2040:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2005:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1966:
1962:
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1723:Image gallery
1722:
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1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1698:
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1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:wind turbines
1682:
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1579:This section
1577:
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1559:
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1552:
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1544:
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1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:Thomas Edison
1300:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1245:
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1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:Bunsen burner
1192:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1154:
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1140:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:Palace Square
1088:
1086:
1082:
1081:Obvodny Canal
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1039:plant hormone
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
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986:
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888:
884:
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875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
841:
838:'s Museum in
837:
833:
828:
826:
821:
819:
815:
810:
802:
795:
790:
783:
779:
774:
766:
759:
757:
755:
751:
747:
746:cream of lime
743:
738:
736:
732:
727:
722:
720:
716:
711:
709:
708:Count Rumford
704:
703:Royal Society
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
678:
676:
672:
668:
663:
660:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
600:
597:
596:James Lowther
593:
584:
576:
569:
567:
565:
560:
555:
553:
552:Royal Society
549:
548:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
523:
519:
515:
514:Stephen Hales
510:
508:
507:
502:
501:
495:
493:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
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438:
434:
430:
426:
411:
404:
401:
393:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
352:
350:
349:incandescence
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
283:
279:
274:
264:
261:
246:
243:
235:
225:
222:and read the
221:
215:
212:
207:
198:
197:
188:
185:
177:
166:
163:
159:
156:
152:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135: –
134:
130:
129:Find sources:
123:
119:
113:
112:
107:This article
105:
101:
96:
95:
90:
88:
81:
80:
75:
74:
69:
64:
55:
54:
49:
48:Fart lighting
42:
35:
30:
19:
4698:Gas lighting
4697:
4683:Gas cylinder
4469:Producer gas
4454:Landfill gas
4449:Gasification
4191:Strobe light
4186:Plasma globe
4161:Crackle tube
4151:Bubble light
4112:trafficators
4107:Turn signals
3933:Street light
3888:Gas lighting
3887:
3821:Sodium vapor
3793:Metal-halide
3695:Electric arc
3615:
3447:Incandescent
3416:Edison screw
3289:. Retrieved
3285:
3254:
3233:
3212:
3191:
3179:
3155:
3147:Bibliography
3132:. Retrieved
3128:the original
3123:
3114:
3102:. Retrieved
3091:
3079:
3067:
3059:
3044:
3031:
3023:
3018:
3006:. Retrieved
2995:
2984:the original
2970:
2962:The Observer
2961:
2951:
2939:. Retrieved
2934:
2925:
2913:. Retrieved
2909:
2899:
2880:
2872:the original
2862:
2850:. Retrieved
2846:the original
2841:
2831:
2822:
2818:
2796:
2787:
2778:
2769:
2760:
2711:
2685:. Retrieved
2680:
2656:the original
2651:
2639:
2626:
2622:
2610:
2601:
2597:
2585:
2576:
2570:
2560:
2553:
2543:
2536:
2528:the original
2524:The Guardian
2523:
2513:
2501:. Retrieved
2491:
2479:. Retrieved
2468:
2459:
2453:
2444:
2438:
2430:the original
2425:
2416:
2397:
2391:
2379:
2367:
2355:
2330:
2324:
2319:Maud, John;
2314:
2289:
2283:
2274:
2262:. Retrieved
2247:
2240:
2229:
2219:
2210:
2204:
2194:
2187:
2173:
2167:
2159:
2154:
2147:
2137:
2131:
2119:
2113:
2103:
2096:
2072:– via
2066:. Retrieved
2060:
2050:
2036:
2014:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1990:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1930:
1926:
1901:. Retrieved
1896:
1856:Thomas Thorp
1814:Carbide lamp
1702:
1681:solar panels
1661:oil refining
1654:
1641:
1639:
1616:
1607:
1592:Please help
1580:
1537:
1479:
1436:
1429:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1368:Street light
1357:Modern usage
1347:transformers
1320:
1315:voltage drop
1299:arc lighting
1288:
1263:
1259:
1248:Fresnel lens
1212:
1174:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1141:
1129:
1125:
1089:
1078:
1055:
1046:gasification
1043:
1017:
983:In 1891 the
982:
964:
957:
947:In 1824 the
946:
930:
891:
876:
868:Argand lamps
857:
853:Philadelphia
830:In America,
829:
822:
811:
807:
739:
723:
712:
700:
682:
679:
664:
661:
650:
642:Samuel Clegg
622:steam engine
619:Soho Foundry
608:
601:
589:
563:
559:John Clayton
556:
545:
539:
527:Joseph Black
517:
511:
504:
498:
496:
475:Candlemassee
463:Henry Barton
460:
458:salt mines.
445:
422:
369:
365:lamplighters
353:
289:Gas lighting
288:
287:
256:
238:
232:January 2024
229:
218:Please help
213:
211:lead section
180:
171:
161:
154:
147:
140:
128:
116:Please help
111:verification
108:
84:
77:
71:
70:Please help
67:
29:
4720:Pilot light
4715:Gas turbine
4622:Gas carrier
4499:Natural gas
4464:Pintsch gas
4336:Signal lamp
4290:Stroboscope
4166:DJ lighting
4102:Stop lights
4073:sealed beam
4025:Searchlight
3765:Xenon flash
3708:Klieg light
3556:Solid-state
3517:Fluorescent
3475:Luminescent
3104:20 February
3008:20 February
2741:Pilbrow 174
2460:The Gas Age
2384:Penzel 1978
2372:Penzel 1978
2360:Penzel 1978
2231:Experiments
1997:19 February
1970:19 February
1944:20 February
1923:"Gas Light"
1903:19 February
1861:Tilley lamp
1705:neon lights
1543:Royal Route
1475:New Orleans
1459:Charlestown
1455:Bay Village
1447:Beacon Hill
1432:Westminster
1414:luxury home
1231:striplights
1226:footlights.
1148:Paris Opera
1062:Alexander I
1027:cotton mill
997:hydrocarbon
970:John Taylor
922:royal visit
898:chandeliers
872:Blackfriars
849:coppersmith
818:Joseph Dunn
418: 1900
333:natural gas
34:Gaslighting
4735:Categories
4703:Gas mantle
4693:Gas heater
4688:Gas engine
4678:Gas burner
4627:Gas holder
4280:Grow light
4275:Germicidal
4265:Scientific
4262:Industrial
4218:Floodlight
4204:Theatrical
4146:Blacklight
4141:Aroma lamp
4130:Decorative
4040:Automotive
4030:Solar lamp
3993:Glow stick
3976:Flashlight
3908:Nightlight
3903:Light tube
3878:Chandelier
3835:Stationary
3777:discharge
3703:Carbon arc
3573:Combustion
3439:generation
3437:Methods of
2791:Wilson 364
2727:Sellman 15
2715:Wilson,362
2652:CGanet.com
2631:Wikisource
2068:5 November
2056:Stow, John
1868:References
1699:Other uses
1677:gas mantle
1610:April 2024
1533:theme park
1525:Disneyland
1489:Glen Ridge
1485:New Jersey
1463:Cincinnati
1425:DĂĽsseldorf
1366:See also:
1271:lime-light
1267:gas mantle
1223:Footlights
1207:gas mantle
1180:porcelain.
1137:Drury Lane
1024:Manchester
985:gas mantle
960:Bude-Light
879:ammoniacal
864:carbonized
832:Seth Bemis
796:, c. 1875)
726:Parliament
671:Manchester
630:tin mining
626:Birmingham
615:James Watt
500:choke damp
483:Michaelmas
471:Hallowtide
441:sesame oil
405:Background
341:gas mantle
293:combustion
144:newspapers
73:improve it
4710:Gas stove
4632:Gas meter
4484:Water gas
4346:Reflected
4326:Light art
4238:Spotlight
4223:Footlight
4208:Cinematic
4176:Lava lamp
3938:in the US
3843:Reflector
3760:Xenon arc
3741:Neon lamp
3670:Rushlight
3650:Limelight
3399:Hong Kong
3134:5 January
2941:18 August
2915:18 August
2800:Baugh, 24
2782:Penzel 95
2773:Penzel 89
2764:Penzel 54
2755:Penzel 69
2347:186208578
2306:186210832
2213:. London.
2082:cite book
1897:McGill.ca
1836:Limelight
1581:does not
1254:Limelight
1035:gas pipes
1031:defoliant
1020:water gas
1013:Acetylene
937:gas works
933:oil lamps
928:in 1820.
918:city gate
860:chaldrons
840:Baltimore
750:gas meter
667:chemistry
624:works in
617:at their
506:fire damp
437:whale oil
425:olive oil
361:water gas
345:limelight
313:acetylene
174:July 2024
79:talk page
4766:Lighting
4652:Odorizer
4637:Gasworks
4588:Hydrogen
4489:Wood gas
4459:Mond gas
4444:Blau gas
4417:Coal gas
4390:Fuel gas
4058:Headlamp
3998:Headlamp
3986:Tactical
3964:Portable
3945:Torchère
3626:Petromax
3621:Kerosene
3591:Campfire
3561:LED lamp
3357:Concepts
3350:Lighting
3052:Archived
2935:BBC News
2889:Archived
2577:Protocol
2503:25 March
2481:25 March
2227:(1727).
1939:27769625
1808:Blau gas
1802:See also
1673:kerosene
1505:Cape May
1497:Riverton
1451:Back Bay
1362:Outdoors
993:hydrogen
916:for the
782:Brooklyn
754:governor
634:coal gas
492:shilling
479:lanterns
433:fish oil
357:wood gas
329:coal gas
321:hydrogen
317:ethylene
299:such as
297:fuel gas
4572:Propane
4562:Autogas
4542:Bio-SNG
4408:History
4341:Sources
4295:Tanning
4181:Marquee
4126:Display
4010:Lantern
4003:outdoor
3955:Troffer
3798:ceramic
3655:Luchina
3633:Lantern
3526:compact
3524: (
3460:Halogen
3455:Regular
2852:22 June
2687:14 July
2264:14 July
2030:Citing
1713:camping
1657:propane
1602:removed
1587:sources
1562:Indoors
1493:Palmyra
1277:Decline
1203:thorium
1100:Passage
1085:Cardiff
966:Oil-gas
910:crystal
825:Bristol
694:tubes,
638:Redruth
544:in the
429:beeswax
378:of the
372:camping
343:or the
305:propane
301:methane
278:Wrocław
158:scholar
18:Gaslamp
4567:Butane
4479:Syngas
4434:Biogas
4063:hidden
3928:Sconce
3753:Sulfur
3748:Plasma
3680:Tilley
3675:Safety
3638:Fanous
3601:Carcel
3596:Candle
3586:Argand
3465:Nernst
3394:Hawaii
3291:2 June
3262:
3241:
3220:
3199:
3163:
2404:
2345:
2304:
2255:
2022:
1937:
1650:oxygen
1642:indoor
1539:Prague
1501:Orange
1439:Boston
1421:Berlin
1378:Berlin
1199:cerium
1096:Nevsky
1052:Russia
920:for a
883:Exeter
742:retort
522:grains
456:Zigong
448:bamboo
309:butane
282:Poland
160:
153:
146:
139:
131:
4581:Other
4397:Types
4321:Laser
4233:Scoop
3860:(PAR)
3813:(HQI)
3805:(HMI)
3779:(HID)
3685:Torch
3643:Paper
3611:Flare
3379:Glare
2987:(PDF)
2980:(PDF)
2659:(PDF)
2648:(PDF)
2594:(PDF)
2343:S2CID
2302:S2CID
1935:JSTOR
1873:Notes
1235:flies
976:, by
906:brass
692:brass
669:, at
295:of a
165:JSTOR
151:books
4666:Uses
4522:HCNG
4228:Gobo
3736:Neon
3606:Diya
3293:2023
3260:ISBN
3239:ISBN
3218:ISBN
3197:ISBN
3161:ISBN
3136:2011
3106:2021
3010:2021
2943:2023
2917:2023
2854:2013
2703:link
2689:2024
2505:2018
2483:2018
2402:ISBN
2266:2024
2253:ISBN
2088:link
2070:2021
2042:華陽國志
2020:ISBN
1999:2022
1972:2022
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