588:"... we find a strange mixture of capacity and caprice, of far-sighted wisdom and reckless infatuation, strenuous endeavours after a high ideal and flagrant violations of the simplest principles of justice. He cut off Paraguay from the rest of the world by stopping foreign commerce, but carefully fostered its internal industries and agriculture under his personal supervision. Dr. Francia disposed to be hospitable to strangers from other lands, and kept them prisoners for years; lived a life of republican simplicity, and severely punished the slightest want of respect. As time went on he appears to have grown more arbitrary and despotic. Deeply imbued with the principles of the French Revolution, he was a stern antagonist of the church. He abolished the Inquisition, suppressed the college of theology, did away with the tithes, and inflicted endless indignities on the priests. He kept the aristocracy in subjection and discouraged marriage both by precept and example, leaving behind him several illegitimate children. For the extravagances of his later years the plea of insanity has been put forward."
677:("hairy feet") uncovered and quickly crushed a plot by the elites and many leading independence figures to assassinate him. Juan Bogarin, the only conspirator who was still free, confessed the plot to his priest and then Francia. Almost 200 prominent Paraguayans were arrested by Francia, who executed most of them. On 9 June 1821, a letter detailing an anti-Francia conspiracy was found by two slaves and Francia's priest, who had knowledge of the plot from the confessions of a conspirator. Francia had all 200 Spaniards arrested and made them stand in the plaza while he read the letter out. They were released 18 months later only when they had paid 150,000
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troops, but in 1834, it had only 649. Francia deliberately misled foreigners into thinking that the army was over 5,000 strong, but it rarely exceeded 2,000. He maintained a large militia of 15,000 reservists. The first
Paraguayan-built warship was launched in 1815, and by the mid-1820s, a navy of 100 canoes, sloops and flatboats had been built. People had to remove their hats when meeting any soldier, and Indians who could not afford headgear wore nothing but a hat brim so that they could obey this rule. Cash could be exported only in exchange for arms and ammunition, and in 1832, 2000 muskets and sabres were imported from Brazil.
622:. He is criticized by some scholars for being entirely against the Church, he wanted only to diminish the institution's all-encompassing political control. He actually built new churches and supported religious festivals using state funds. Francia's government also took over services usually under church supervision, such as orphanages, hospitals, and homeless shelters, to manage them more efficiently. Francia and his policies were in fact very well received by the majority of Paraguayans, excluding the small ruling classes, and his neutrality in foreign affairs kept peace in a period of turmoil.
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of his purge of the power of the Church. Nevertheless, he made state education compulsory for all males in 1828, but he neither helped nor hindered private schools. However, illiteracy decreased, and the pupil-teacher ratio grew, with one teacher to 36 pupils by 1825, according to
Richard Alan White. In 1836, Francia opened Paraguay's first public library, which was stocked with books confiscated from his opponents. Books were one of the few duty-free items, munitions being another.
854:. In 1819, the bishop was persuaded to transfer authority to the vicar-general, and in 1820, friars were secularised. On 4 August 1820, all clergy were forced to swear allegiance to the state, and their clerical immunities were withdrawn. The four monasteries in the country were nationalised in 1824, with one later demolished and another becoming a parish church. The remaining two became an artillery park and barracks, and three convents also became barracks.
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lands of traitors and continued with clerics (1823), squatters (1825) and finally unused land (1828). The land was run directly by soldiers to make their own supplies, or it was leased to the peasants. By 1825, Paraguay was self-sufficient in sugarcane, and wheat was introduced. At the end of his life, Francia ruthlessly confined all cattle at Ytapua to stop a plague spreading from
Argentina until it died out.
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902:(himself no friend to democracy) found material to admire even in the publications of Francia's detractors. Carlyle wrote in an 1843 essay that "Liberty of private judgement, unless it kept its mouth shut, was at an end in Paraguay", but considered that under the social circumstances this was of little detriment to a "Gaucho population ... not yet fit for constitutional liberty."
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humiliated at the big
Cathedral Sunday Mass by being removed for wearing corsets and gold combs in their hair. In the next chapter, "Service By Edict", Francia forces the Catholic clerics he assembles to hold a third Sunday Mass before noon and give public prominence to the two women, who are allowed their corsets but not their gold hair combs:
866:, and sleep with a pistol under his pillow. Even so, a maid tried to poison him with a piece of cake. No one could come within six paces of him or even bear a cane near him. Whenever he would go out riding, he had all bushes and trees along the route uprooted so that assassins could not hide, all shutters had to be closed, and pedestrians had to
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of the post-colonial era, but he deviated from the elitist tendencies of most of his contemporaries. Instead, he attempted to reorganize
Paraguay in accordance with the wishes of the lower classes and other marginalized groups. He greatly limited the power of the Church and the landed elites in favor
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The final chapter of
Rengger & Longchamps' work published in English in 1827 describes details of his personal life. This work seems to have had great impact in the English-speaking world, for many of its claims and descriptions have been accepted and used in other works. Thus, White's fictional
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Francia abolished higher education on the grounds that it was the nation's financial priority to fund the army and that private study could be freely conducted in his library. Francia closed the country's only religious seminary in 1822, mainly because of the bishop's mental illness but also because
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In March 1814, Francia imposed a law that no
Spaniard may intermarry with another Spaniard, and that they may only wed mestizos, Amerindians, or Africans. This was done to eliminate any socioeconomic disparities along racial lines, and also to end the predominantly criollo and peninsulare influence
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and included in the five-man governing junta by
Congress meeting on 17 June 1811. On 1 August, he resigned because of the army's dominance over Congress. He retired to the countryside, where he spread rumours that the country was going to be betrayed by the incompetent government. He was one of the
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published a historical work of fiction regarding
Francia and Paraguay of the mid-1810s in 1916. The author reworks some history in a playful fashion. For example, he has an almost comedic section (Chapter XX, "Gold Combs in Church") where the protagonist helps two friends whose family members were
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In
October 1820, a plague of locusts destroyed most of the crops. Francia ordered a second harvest planted. It proved abundant and so from then on, Paraguay's farmers planted two crops a year. Throughout the decade, Francia nationalised half the land in four stages. He started by confiscating the
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should form a confederation based on equality of nations and joint defence. He created a small but well-equipped army, which was equipped largely with the confiscated Jesuit arsenal. The size of the army varied compared to the magnitude of the threat. In 1824, for example, the army had over 5,500
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On 1 October 1814, Congress named him as sole consul, with absolute powers for three years. He consolidated his power to such an extent that on 1 June 1816, another Congress voted him absolute control over the country for life. For the next 24 years, he ran the country with the aid of only three
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was so great that many foreign travelers reported that the country had no begging, hunger or conflict. The agrarian reform has allowed for a fairly equitable distribution of land. Asunción was one of the first capitals on the continent to inaugurate a railroad network. The country had a growing
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as alternate consuls for a year. Francia was given an initial term of four months. Francia's initial term was followed by a four-month term for Yegros, which was then followed by a second four-month term for Francia. Each consul controlled half of the army. On 12 October 1813 Paraguay declared
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Francia outlawed all opposition and established a secret police force. His underground prison was known as the "chamber of truth", and most of Paraguay's manufactures were made with prison labor. He abolished flogging, but his implementation of the death penalty was brutal, as he insisted all
386:, and the French Encyclopedists, Francia had the largest library in Asunción. His interest in astronomy, combined with his knowledge of French and other subjects considered arcane in Asunción, caused some superstitious Paraguayans to regard him as a wizard who could predict the future.
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in Buenos Aires, Governor Velasco convened the Congress of the province on 24 July 1810. Francia shocked the other members by saying it was irrelevant which king they had. When Paraguay's independence was declared on 15 May 1811, he was appointed secretary to the three-man ruling
356:, Francia was awarded a coveted chair of theology at the Seminary of San Carlos in Asunción in 1790. His radical views made his position as a teacher there untenable, and he soon gave up theology to study law. Eventually, he became a lawyer and learned five languages:
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Francia lived a spartan lifestyle, and apart from some books and furniture, his only possessions were a tobacco case and a pewter confectionery box. Francia left the state treasury with at least twice as much money in it as when he took office, including 36,500
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with Argentina. Francia initially abandoned it in 1815, but in 1821, he built a fort on the border, another the next year, and a third in 1832. In 1838, the army again occupied Candelaria on the grounds that Francia was protecting the native
701:("stool") under an orange tree outside his window. To avoid wasting bullets, most victims were bayoneted, and their families were not allowed to collect the corpses until they had been lying there all day to make sure that they were dead.
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Bealer, Lewis W. "Francia, Supreme Dictator of Paraguay" in South American Dictators During the First Century of Independence, edited by A. Curtis Wilgus (George Washington University Press, 1937; reissued by Russell & Russell Inc.,
458:(farm or country estate) at Ibaray near Asunción, he told countless ordinary citizens who came to visit him that their revolution had been betrayed, the change in government had only traded a Spanish-born elite for a
345:, originally in training for the Catholic priesthood, but never became a priest. On 13 April 1785, after four years studying, he became a doctor of theology and master of philosophy at the College of Monserrat at the
793:, the hero of Uruguay's independence, was given asylum in 1820, along with 200 of his men. Artigas stayed in Paraguay even after Francia's death on a pension of $ 30 a month and was pursued by
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Francia imbued Paraguay with a tradition of autocratic rule that lasted, with only a few breaks, until 1989. He is still considered a national hero, with a museum dedicated to his memory in
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in October if Bogarin was removed and resigned again on 15 December. He did not return again until 16 November 1812 and then only if he was in charge of foreign policy and half of the army.
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system promoted by the United Kingdom while entrusting their national bourgeoisie with the task of piloting wealth creation. This model, continued after Francia's death by his successors
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Francia took several precautions against assassination. He would lock the palace doors himself, unroll the cigars that his sister made to ensure there was no poison, prepare his own
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other people. According to the historian Richard Alan White, the congresses were actually very progressive for the era; all men over 23 could vote for them. From 1817, he appointed
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few men in the country with any significant education and soon became the country's real leader. Only one other Paraguayan had a doctorate: Juan Bogarin, one of the five
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account of Francia relies heavily on snippets of the work (e.g., one sentence in a footnote dealing with a tailor and cloth becomes an almost tragi-comic scene in
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727:. Francia later granted Bonpland clemency because of his value as a physician and allowed him to live in a house if he acted as a doctor to the local garrison.
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Taking the prerrogatives of the "Real Patronato" to an extreme, in mid-June 1816, Dr. Francia ordered all nighttime processions to be banned except that of
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merchants to trade in Candelaria. Francia would spend most of the state's budget on the army, but soldiers were also used for labour on public projects.
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in Paraguay. De Francia himself was not a mestizo, but feared that racial disparities would create tensions that could threaten his absolute rule.
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378:, which was imposed by Spain, and as a lawyer, he would defend the less fortunate against the affluent. A devotee of the Enlightenment and the
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The Reign of Doctor J.G.R. de Francia, in Paraguay; being an account of a six years' residence in that republic, from July, 1819 to May, 1825.
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to be given canoes and land. In 1839, a whole company of Brazilian deserters was welcomed. Many ex-slaves were also sent to guard the
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Contrary to popular belief, Paraguay was not completely isolated. Francia welcomed political refugees from various countries.
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industry and a merchant fleet made up of ships built in national shipyards, had a trade surplus and was debt-free.
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886:). The work is cited by historians to this day, as one of the few personal accounts, even if biased against him.
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Paraguayan soldiers saw action only on the outposts of the frontier, which frequently came under attack from the
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desert on the west. Upon his death, there were 606 prisoners in Paraguay's jails, who were mainly foreigners.
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He is considered to be the chief ideologue and political leader of the faction that advocated for the full
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477:). A few Indians believed that he had supernatural powers: when some saw him measuring the stars with his
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Jerry W. Cooney (Winter 1983). "Repression to Reform: Education in the Republic of Paraguay, 1811–1850".
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state in order to undertake the economic modernization of the country. Paraguay thus instituted rigorous
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271:. His official title was "Supreme and Perpetual Dictator of Paraguay", but he was popularly known as
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In 1821, Francia ordered the arrest and imprisonment of the famous French botanist and explorer
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Although he was dogged by suggestions that his father, a Brazilian tobacco exporter, was a
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in Paraguay; however, there is no evidence nor tangible proof that Dr. Francia provoked a
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https://theconversation.com/amp/from-paraguay-a-history-lesson-on-racial-equality-68655
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One Latin American scholar, Antonio de la Cova, summarised Francia's rule as follows:
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member in 1807, fiscal officer in 1808 and attained with difficulty the position of
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1646:(Thomas Hurst, Edward Chance & Co., London 1827, translated from the French).
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829:. He used this Regal Patronage in a severe way, controlling every aspect of the
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434:; Manuel Atanasio Cabañas; and the last colonial governor, Bernardo de Velasco.
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Paraguay, a history lesson in racial equality, Juan Manuel Casal, 2 Dec, 2016.
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Dr. José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia: ideólogo de la independencia del Paraguay
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1620:. The Works of Thomas Carlyle in Thirty Volumes. Vol. XXIX. New York:
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as well as his sweets box, candlestick and tobacco case. Paraguayan author
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one, and the government was incompetent and mismanaged. He returned to the
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267:(1814–1840) of Paraguay following its 1811 independence from the Spanish
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wrote an ambivalent depiction of the life of Francia, a novel entitled
548: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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He demonstrated an early interest in politics. He became a provincial
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Letters on Paraguay: comprising an account of a four years' residence
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Dr. Francia inherited the "Patronato Regio" (Regal Patronage) of the
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Francia's authoritarian regime built the foundations of a strong and
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1639:, vol. 2, pp. 607–108. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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on the banks of the Paraná, which was seen to be a threat to the
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416:, by August 1809, the highest position he could aspire to as a
1017:"Homenajes SESQUICENTENARIOS JOSE GASPAR RODRIGUEZ DE FRANCIA"
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306:. Francia's father was an officer turned tobacco planter from
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of his unspent salary, the equivalent of several years' pay.
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Paraguayans often referred to him simply as "Dr. Francia" or
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to style himself "Rodríguez de Francia y Velasco". He was of
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At the Tomb of the Inflatable Pig: Travels through Paraguay
322:. Although his father was simply García Rodríguez Francia (
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12 October 1813 – 12 February 1814
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John Gimlette, At the Tomb of the Inflatable Pig, page 161
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Reber, Vera Blinn. "José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia" in
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Pequeña Enciclopedia de Historias Minúsculas del Paraguay
1481:"Paraguayan Isolation under Dr. Francia: A Re-Evaluation"
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to establish communications with priests of the country.
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12 June 1814 – 20 September 1840
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Una Otan de la Economía. Revista Punto de Vista Número 8
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In February 1820, Francia's political police called the
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The Rise and Fall of the Paraguayan Republic, 1800–1870
1325:"Paraguayan Isolation under Dr Francia: A Reevaluation"
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The Rise and Fall of the Paraguayan Republic, 1800–1870
962:"Britain and the Paraguayan Dictatorship, c. 1820–1840"
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El Supremo: A Romance of the Great Dictator of Paraguay
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of giving peasants a way to make a living on state-run
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A history of modern Latin America: 1800 to the present
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at a time when most other countries were adopting the
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Francia aimed to found a society on the principles of
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During his studies, he was influenced by the ideas of
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El Doctor Francia visto y oido por sus contemporáneos
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He studied at the monastery school of San Francisco,
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1637:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
1596:Ensayo sobre la Ditadura de do Paraguai, 1814–1840
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743:No wars were fought, but there were disputes over
259:) (6 January 1766 – 20 September 1840) was a
898:, for one, hoped he would be overthrown, though
42: and the second or maternal family name is
484:On 1 October 1813, Congress named Francia and
398:Depiction of José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia.
2814:indicate acting, interim or provisional role.
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1054:"Paraguay – Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia"
8:
2872:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
1170:(Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex.
821:, that was originally given to the colonial
719:, who was running a private farm harvesting
681:(by comparison, the 1820 budget was 164,723
506:members, but in 1825, he decided to end the
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248:José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia y Velasco
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564:Learn how and when to remove this message
256:[xoˈseɣasˈpaɾroˈðɾiɣesðeˈfɾansia]
1406:Armies of the 19th Century: The Americas
2847:Paraguayan people of Portuguese descent
1488:The Hispanic American Historical Review
1333:The Hispanic American Historical Review
1318:
1316:
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909:. It contains portraits of him and his
284:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata
1404:Terry Hooker, "The Paraguayan War" in
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489:independence from the Spanish Empire.
371:. Francia was disgusted by Paraguay's
27:Dictator of Paraguay from 1814 to 1840
1479:Williams, John Hoyt (February 1972).
1323:Williams, John Hoyt (February 1972).
1033:
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1029:
813:Relationship with the Catholic Church
704:Many prisoners were also banished to
349:in what would soon become Argentina.
330:), the dictator inserted the article
263:lawyer and politician, and the first
254:
7:
2852:Paraguayan people of Spanish descent
894:His reputation abroad was negative:
546:adding citations to reliable sources
1624:(published 1904). pp. 261–321.
1290:; William Parish Robertson (1839).
1218:. Editorial UNED. 2 November 2015.
613:Francia in some ways resembles the
1825:Dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner
454:From his retirement in his modest
269:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
25:
2862:Paraguayan independence activists
1616:Critical and Miscellaneous Essays
1568:Critical and Miscellaneous Essays
1005:. Asunción (Paraguay): A.R. Impr.
2842:People from Paraguarí Department
2800:
2421:
1865:
1780:José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia
1694:. Asunción: Tiempo de Historia.
1666:Paraguay's Autonomous Revolution
1642:Rengger, J.R. & Longchamps.
1240:Paraguay's Autonomous Revolution
1066:
522:
2877:19th-century Paraguayan lawyers
1123:"Jose Gaspar Rodriguez Francia"
735:Francia believed the states of
697:executions be carried out at a
533:needs additional citations for
1421:History of Education Quarterly
1384:"Permanent Council of the OAS"
942:(E. P. Dutton & Co., 1916)
654:1820 uprising and police state
347:National University of Córdoba
236:National University of Córdoba
1:
382:, a keen reader of Voltaire,
1770:Governorate of New Andalusia
1042:. University of Texas Press.
1038:Williams, John Hoyt (1979).
34:, the first or paternal
1001:Romero, Roberto A. (1988).
759:. In 1823, Francia allowed
18:Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia
2893:
1692:Francia, Vol. I, 1762–1816
1594:Andrade e Silva, Raul de.
1153:Retrieved 14 November 2010
1144:War of The Triple Alliance
1125:. Latinamericanstudies.org
685:). The arch-conspirators,
412:, or head of the Asunción
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1948:
1944:
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1347:10.1215/00182168-52.1.102
979:10.1017/S0018246X21000339
870:before him as he passed.
602:and was also inspired by
241:
183:
137:
83:
69:
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55:José Rodríguez de Francia
1953:Administrative divisions
1847:2000 coup d'état attempt
1835:1996 coup d'état attempt
1467:Empress of South America
1253:Empress of South America
1089:Empress of South America
960:Middleton, Alex (2021).
647:redistribution of wealth
294:Early life and education
280:independence of Paraguay
1992:Legal system and issues
1622:Charles Scribner's Sons
1370:The American Cyclopædia
410:alcalde del primer voto
328:Garcia Rodrigues França
2857:Presidents of Paraguay
2099:Science and technology
966:The Historical Journal
670:
643:Francisco Solano López
590:
581:
399:
252:Spanish pronunciation:
1857:2017 political crisis
1852:2012 political crisis
1663:White, Richard Alan.
1656:Williams, John Hoyt.
1628:Chávez, Julio César.
1296:. J. Murray. p.
1288:John Parish Robertson
1268:(in Spanish). Wdl.org
1149:7 August 2014 at the
1056:. Library of Congress
669:and Francia's nemesis
661:
586:
579:
397:
384:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
2448:Rodríguez de Francia
2438:Rodríguez de Francia
1923:World Heritage Sites
1898:Environmental issues
1785:Carlos Antonio López
1690:Bareiro, D. (2009).
1238:Richard Alan White,
1121:Antonio de la Cova.
930:The American author
639:Carlos Antonio López
542:improve this article
432:Pedro Juan Caballero
318:to the more Spanish
304:Paraguarí Department
298:Francia was born in
125:Manuel Antonio Ortiz
2867:Presidents for life
2207:Freedom of religion
2184:List of Paraguayans
1810:February Revolution
1630:El supremo dictador
1536:16 May 2011 at the
1166:(19 January 2016).
75:Perpetual Dictator
2169:Indigenous peoples
2109:Telecommunications
1649:Vázquez, Antonio.
1367:"Bonpland, Aimé".
932:Edward Lucas White
915:Augusto Roa Bastos
725:Paraguayan economy
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1561:Thomas Carlyle, "
1465:Nigel Cawthorne,
1251:Nigel Cawthorne,
795:Francisco Ramírez
752:who lived there.
574:
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473:("great lord" in
380:French Revolution
369:French Revolution
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717:Aimé Bonpland
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531:This section
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367:and then the
366:
365:Enlightenment
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2787:Abdo Benítez
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2692:Estigarribia
2679:
2665:Eligio Ayala
2657:
2652:Eligio Ayala
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2463:Roque Alonso
2447:
2437:
2354:Bibliography
2309:Coat of arms
2144:Demographics
2086:Central Bank
2009:Human rights
2004:Constitution
1839:
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1388:. Retrieved
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803:penal colony
791:José Artigas
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540:Please help
535:verification
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247:
246:
218:(1840-09-20)
173:Succeeded by
139:
120:Succeeded by
85:
48:
43:
39:
32:Spanish name
2837:1840 deaths
2832:1766 births
2697:H. Morínigo
2535:M. Morínigo
2164:Immigration
2066:Agriculture
2031:Nationality
1668:, 1810–1840
1618:: Volume IV
1563:Dr. Francia
776:Agriculture
604:Robespierre
580:Dr. Francia
471:Karai Guasu
161:Preceded by
114:(as Consul)
107:Preceded by
77:of Paraguay
2826:Categories
2738:Stroessner
2496:Jovellanos
2473:F.S. López
2468:C.A. López
2274:Literature
2237:Mennonites
2093:(currency)
2076:Ecotourism
1999:Civil Code
1983:Presidents
1676:0826304869
1670:. (1978),
1303:8 November
1097:0434008982
947:References
884:El Supremo
864:yerba mate
799:Corrientes
745:Candelaria
721:Yerba mate
710:Gran Chaco
635:free-trade
479:theodolite
437:After the
336:Portuguese
324:Portuguese
273:El Supremo
261:Paraguayan
231:Alma mater
225:, Paraguay
208:, Paraguay
199:1766-01-06
152:1814-02-12
148:1813-10-12
98:1840-09-20
94:1814-06-12
2776:F. Franco
2743:Rodríguez
2681:R. Franco
2627:M. Franco
2541:Egusquiza
2519:Caballero
2174:Languages
2149:Education
2114:Transport
2071:Companies
1963:Elections
1876:Geography
1805:Chaco War
1450:145261845
1390:16 August
1386:. Oas.org
1353:16 August
1272:16 August
1194:cite book
1186:915135785
1129:16 August
1091:, p. 29,
988:0018-246X
868:prostrate
837:with the
827:Governors
767:Education
761:Brazilian
699:banquillo
627:dirigiste
620:estancias
615:caudillos
451:members.
338:descent.
312:Rodríguez
308:São Paulo
282:from the
140:In office
86:In office
2670:Guggiari
2622:Schaerer
2577:Ferreira
2552:Carvallo
2490:Rivarola
2478:Rivarola
2413:Paraguay
2363:Category
2199:Religion
2091:Guaraní
2014:Abortion
1973:Military
1958:Congress
1937:Politics
1749:articles
1745:Paraguay
1660:. (1979)
1653:. (1975)
1609:(1843).
1598:. (1978)
1552:, p. 161
1534:Archived
1408:, p. 171
1242:, p. 89.
1147:Archived
911:daughter
907:Yaguarón
823:Viceroys
785:Refugees
757:Guaycurú
731:Military
675:Pyraguës
665:, first
608:Napoleon
594:Rousseau
554:May 2015
514:Policies
497:Dictator
343:Asunción
300:Yaguarón
265:dictator
223:Asunción
206:Yaguarón
150: –
96: –
30:In this
2812:Italics
2792:S. Peña
2748:Wasmosy
2633:Montero
2609:P. Peña
2558:Escurra
2524:Escobar
2514:Bareiro
2508:Uriarte
2484:Machaín
2340:Outline
2321:Tourism
2299:Symbols
2269:Cuisine
2256:Culture
2227:Judaism
2128:Society
2054:Economy
1893:Climate
1757:History
1517:2512144
1508:2512144
1469:, p. 34
1373:. 1879.
1255:, p. 33
1060:3 March
508:cabildo
504:cabildo
475:Guarani
460:criollo
419:criollo
414:cabildo
405:cabildo
358:Guarani
354:mulatto
320:Francia
146: (
92: (
44:Velasco
40:Francia
36:surname
2782:Cartes
2732:Romero
2726:Chávez
2703:Frutos
2639:Gondra
2589:Gondra
2546:Aceval
2458:Medina
2443:Yegros
2433:Yegros
2368:Portal
2304:Anthem
2264:Cinema
2212:Baháʼí
2154:Health
2081:Energy
1888:Cities
1747:
1698:
1674:
1602:1963).
1565:", in
1515:
1506:
1448:
1442:368077
1440:
1222:
1184:
1174:
1095:
986:
890:Legacy
835:schism
807:Tevego
706:Tevego
456:chacra
376:system
316:Franza
2753:Cubas
2721:Molas
2715:Rolón
2687:Paiva
2659:Riart
2602:Rojas
2564:Gaona
2453:Ortiz
2347:Index
2294:Sport
2284:Music
2279:Media
2222:Islam
2189:Women
2159:Crime
1908:Flora
1903:Fauna
1513:JSTOR
1504:JSTOR
1484:(PDF)
1446:S2CID
1438:JSTOR
1328:(PDF)
1020:(PDF)
876:pesos
683:pesos
679:pesos
464:junta
449:junta
444:junta
424:White
374:casta
2770:Lugo
2595:Jara
2571:Báez
2502:Gill
2314:Flag
2179:LGBT
2019:LGBT
1696:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1392:2012
1355:2012
1305:2012
1274:2012
1220:ISBN
1200:link
1182:OCLC
1172:ISBN
1131:2012
1093:ISBN
1062:2016
984:ISSN
843:Rome
839:Pope
825:and
689:and
641:and
606:and
213:Died
193:Born
2232:LDS
1496:doi
1430:doi
1342:doi
1298:306
974:doi
927:).
805:of
596:'s
544:by
38:is
2828::
1613:.
1502:.
1492:52
1490:.
1486:.
1458:^
1444:.
1436:.
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1424:.
1338:52
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1330:.
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1196:}}
1192:{{
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