837:. Catalan histories have tended to represent Olivares as deliberately provoking the rebellion of 1640, in order that he could crush it and thereby unify Spain, although this is considered doubtful by most historians. Instead, it appears most likely that in the face of the increased French threat and the need to raise men, money and arms to defend the Peninsula, Olivares sent his army of 9,000 men into Catalonia expecting relatively limited resistance. Chaos ensued in the form of a major revolt; Portugal followed suit later in the year in the face of Olivares' attempts to convince its nobility to serve in the war in Catalonia, with Lisbon offering Philip's throne to the
374:
280:
592:
532:, and its potential impact on the world around him. Naturally, he incorporated that interest into political expression: he promoted Philip as "The Planet King" — the Sun, traditionally the fourth planet, was a fitting emblem for the fourth Philip of Spain — taking for his own symbol the sunflower. Whilst displaying huge confidence in his own capabilities and judgment, he also felt considerable 'doubt and uneasiness' over his position as chief minister to the king.
366:
643:– ending the Twelve Years Truce and attacking Dutch fleets and applying trading embargoes. This policy would ultimately fail over the next thirty years; to some the Spanish recommencement of the war has appeared 'surprising', whilst it can also be explained as a misreading of internal Dutch politics. Whilst the strategy itself was a failure, Olivares' tactics – his attempt to combine military and economic warfare – have since been praised as a 'shrewd policy'.
850:
80:
650:, Olivares would pursue a 'Netherlands first' strategy, focusing his resources and attention on delivering success in the Netherlands first, with the hope of dealing with the other challenges facing the Spanish across Europe once this key Spanish possession had been secured. For the first fifteen years of the war, this strategy proved largely successful. Spain made considerable early advances against the Dutch, finally
822:
1943:
802:' concept, put forward in 1624. This would have involved the different elements of Philip's territories raising fixed quotas of soldiers in line with their size and population. Despite being portrayed by Olivares as a purely military plan, it reflected Olivares' desire for a more closely unified Spain – although not, it is generally argued, a completely unified kingdom.
892:, causing huge family tensions within the upper echelons of Castilian society. The King himself noted that it might be necessary to sacrifice Olivares' life in order to divert unpopularity from the royal house. The end was near, but the King parted with him reluctantly in January 1643, and only under the pressure of a court intrigue headed by
872:, the huge cost of which appeared to fly in the face of the wider austerity measures Olivares had championed in the 1630s. 1641 had seen a disastrous bout of inflation, causing economic chaos. More generally the Spanish people held his favourite responsible for the numerous misfortunes of the country in the 1640s.
436:
self-dramatisation', others, more positively, have outlined a 'determined, perceptive and ambitious' personality. Olivares' enemies saw in him a desire to acquire excessive wealth and power. He disliked sports and light-hearted entertainment, but was a good horseman, albeit hampered by his weight in later life.
763:
Each part had different taxation, privileges and military arrangements; in practice, the level of taxation in many of the more peripheral provinces was less than in
Castile, but the privileged position of the Castilian nobility at all senior levels of royal appointment was a contentious issue for the
695:
Nonetheless, French victory was far from certain in the 1630s; Olivares' invasion plan in 1635 involved four different armies and two navies, being described as 'the most ambitious military conception of early modern Europe.' Although
Spanish forces were within 16 miles of Paris at the height of
930:
The Count-Duke became, and for long remained, in the opinion of his countrymen, the accepted model of a grasping and incapable favorite, although this commonly held opinion about his personality has changed. His personal reputation has traditionally been portrayed unfavorably, especially compared
794:
Like many contemporaries, Olivares was 'haunted' by Spain's potential decline, and saw part of the solution at least in a reform of the
Spanish state. Olivares saw Catalan and the other provinces as paying less to the crown than they should, and did not really understand why the inhabitants should
775:
584:; in particular, Olivares saw the rebellious Dutch as a key enemy. Although Olivares made much of religion as a facet of Spain's foreign policy, in practice he often overruled that principle. It has also been argued that Olivares' dislike of flamboyant spending may have influenced his views of the
570:
he received from his doctors at key moments in his career. Olivares wrote extensively, although there are differences of opinion amongst modern scholars on his work: some find them 'forceful, incisive and persuasive', others consider them 'inflated and tortuous prose', wandering down 'interminable
926:
He endeavoured to satisfy his passion for work, partly by sharing in the municipal government of the town and the regulation of its commons, woods and pastures. He died, increasingly consumed by madness, in 1645. The
Olivares library was not preserved as he had instructed after his death, and his
579:
For twenty-two years
Olivares directed Spain's foreign policy. It was a period of constant war, and finally of disaster abroad and of rebellion at home. Olivares' foreign policy was based around his assessment that Philip IV was surrounded by jealous rivals across Europe, who wished to attack his
535:
Olivares was well known for his passion for work. Olivares would rise early, go to confession, wake Philip IV and discuss the day's events with him, before then working throughout the rest of the day, often until 11 o'clock at night. Initially, Olivares would meet with the King three times a day,
861:
Olivares' fall from power occurred for several reasons. The revolts in
Catalonia and Portugal proved the immediate factor, placing the stability of Spain itself in doubt, but other factors played a part. Olivares increasingly suffered from mental illness in his later years, and was no longer as
817:
of 1628 was captured by the Dutch, and Spain's ability to borrow and transfer money across Europe declined sharply. Faced by the Dutch capture of Brazil, Olivares turned to
Portugal in 1637, attempting to raise taxes to pay for a mission to reclaim the Portuguese colony. The result was a minor
805:
Olivares' 'Union of Arms' plan failed in the face of opposition from the provinces, in particular
Catalonia, leading him to offer his resignation to the King in 1626 – it was not accepted. The subsequent years were challenging financially for Spain. In 1627, Olivares attempted to deal with the
435:
Olivares' personality and appearance have attracted much comment, especially by 17th-century writers, who were generally critical of them. He possessed a strikingly 'big, heavy body and florid face'. Contemporaries described an 'extravagant, out-size personality with a gift for endless
411:
When Philip IV ascended the throne in 1621, at the age of sixteen, he showed his confidence in
Olivares by ordering that all papers requiring the royal signature should first be sent to the count-duke; despite this, Olivares, then aged 34, had no real experience of administration.
555:, tasked to implement his policies. He placed tight controls on the use of special royal favours to circumvent tight spending controls. The result was a very particular combination of centralised power in the form of Olivares, and loose government executed by small committees.
919:, and it is not impossible that Olivares might have ended in the prisons of the Holy Office, or on the scaffold, if he had not died beforehand of natural causes. His rivals felt that Loeches remained too close to the court, and he was moved onto his sister's palace at
887:
Olivares' nephew and favoured successor, along with
Olivares' daughter and young baby had all died in 1626, and in the absence of other children he chose to legitimate his bastard son, Don Enrique Felipez de Guzman in 1641. In doing so he had effectively disinherited
634:
had brought Spain closer and closer to recommencing hostilities as a means of improving Spain's negotiating position with the Dutch. Olivares' new influence was central to the decision to finally abandon the armistice in favour of renewed military action using the
795:
object to a fairer distribution of taxes. He was confident in the intellectual argument for a better defended, better ordered Spain, and never seems to have shown serious doubt that his plans would succeed, or understood the growing hatred against his rule.
764:
less favoured provinces. This loose system had successfully resisted reform and higher taxation before, resulting in Spain having had historically, up until the 1640s at least, less than the usual number of fiscal revolts for an early modern European state.
431:
by King Philip IV of Spain. He begged the King to allow him to preserve his inherited title in combination with the new honour — according to a practice almost unique in Spanish history. Accordingly, he was commonly spoken of as the count-duke.
1897:
684:, which started to pitch France against the Habsburgs in northern Italy and would ultimately result in the French invasion of Spain, has been much criticised. By 1634, France seeing the Spanish successes in Germany and the defeat of her
692:, a significant move that effectively forced a French declaration of war. By this stage in the war, Olivares' advice to the King was that this conflict with France would be for all or nothing – Spain would win or fall by the result.
491:
to the King, came to power with a desire to commit the monarchy to a 'crusade of reform', with his early recommendations being extremely radical. The heart of the problem, Olivares felt, was Spain's moral and spiritual decline.
699:
By 1639, Olivares was attempting to convince the King to compromise with the French but without success; he considered making a separate peace with the Dutch, which would have freed up resources for the war on France, but the
444:, in 1623. For himself he formed a vast collection of state papers, ancient and contemporary, which he endeavoured to protect from destruction by entailing them as an heirloom. He also formed a splendid aviary for the
392:, from one of Spain's oldest noble families, was the Spanish ambassador. His mother died young, and his father brought him up under a strict parental regime. He returned to Spain in 1599, and became student rector at
439:
Olivares did not share the King's taste for personally acquiring art and literature, although he may have helped assemble the King's own collection, and it was he who brought to Philip's attention the young artist
875:
Olivares did not let go of power readily. He attempted to use art and theatre in the 1630s to shore up his waning popularity amongst the elite but without success, although he was able to overcome the attempts of
566:. He became increasingly impatient with those who disagreed with him, flying into rages, and refusing to listen to advice proffered by his own advisers. His behaviour may also have been exacerbated by the
509:, 'purity of blood', and worried about Castilians' disinclination for manual work. For Olivares, the concept of Spain was centred on the monarchy and Philip IV as a person; unlike his French contemporary
877:
408:, a key foreign policy advisor to Phillip III, who himself had already established a significant influence over the young prince. Olivares in turn rapidly became the young prince's most trusted advisor.
279:
2024:
954:
767:
By the 1620s and '30s, however, the ability of the Spanish monarchy to extract resources from Castile was at breaking point, as illustrated by Olivares' early failure to reform the
464:
1958:
720:
Olivares approached the problem of domestic policy through the prism of foreign affairs. Spain in the early 17th century was a collection of possessions – the kingdoms of
661:
successes across northern Europe, Olivares was crucial to the creation of a fresh Spanish army in northern Italy, and the projection of that force under the leadership of
460:
500:
456:
85:
540:
austerity" himself, Olivares was skillful in using the formal and elaborate protocol of the court as a way of controlling the ambitions of Philip's enemies and rivals.
696:
their success that year, Olivares' plan had severely overstretched Spanish resources and ultimately failed, leaving Spain to face a massive counter-attack in 1637.
415:
Olivares told his uncle de Zúñiga, who was to die the following year, that he was now the dominant force at court; he had become what is known in Spain as a
423:, something more than a prime minister, the favourite and alter ego of the king. His compound title is explained by the fact that he inherited the title of
2009:
1963:
881:
704:
and the Portuguese opposition to any peace involving relinquishing their colony made this impossible. The destruction of the Spanish Atlantic fleet at the
389:
251:
2113:
712:
failed. By 1640, Olivares' foreign policy was creaking badly under pressure from an increasingly powerful France, with money increasingly tight.
2118:
2073:
688:, began raising the political stakes, taking provocative military action on a small scale. In 1635, Spain responded by intervening against the
1803:
1789:
813:
With the Genoese debt now removed, Olivares hoped to turn to indigenous bankers for renewed funds. In practice, the plan was a disaster. The
662:
551:, smaller governmental committees, to increase the speed of decision making. By the 1630s, these were increasingly packed with Olivares' own
262:
2123:
893:
567:
373:
866:– committees – packed with his own men, irritated many. Olivares was also largely blamed by contemporaries for the new royal palace of
677:
448:, which lent him comfort after the death of his daughter but which opened the door for his enemies to nickname the entire Retiro the
2108:
218:
616:
333:
to January 1643, he over-exerted Spain in foreign affairs and unsuccessfully attempted domestic reform. His policy of committing
499:, undoing the alleged decline that had occurred under the King's father, Philip III, and in particular his royal favourite, the
2078:
467:. It is possible that other portraits by Velázquez commissioned by the King were destroyed after Olivares' fall — in a copy of
862:
effective an administrator as he had once been. He had also increasingly alienated the other Castilian nobility. His use of
670:
681:
516:
Olivares was inclined to see domestic policy as a tool in support of foreign policy – a common view amongst contemporary
779:
495:
De Zúñiga and Olivares had both presented Philip IV with the concept of restoring the kingdoms to their condition under
428:
310:
2103:
2093:
685:
834:
745:
471:, his figure was painted over — though a few minor portraits made in the conde-duque's last years of power remain.
354:
17:
623:, during 1618–20, surrounding the Dutch provinces that had rebelled against Spanish rule some forty years before.
741:
257:
631:
405:
138:
2098:
709:
669:
into Germany, where the 'almost miraculous appearance' of the army defeated the Protestant alliance at the
1983:(Madrid, 1889); and Don F Silvela's introduction, much less favourable to Olivares, to his edition of the
889:
814:
627:
330:
150:
536:
although this declined over time until he met with him only once a day. Whilst living a private life of "
651:
596:
349:(1618–1648). In addition, his attempts to centralise power and increase wartime taxation led to revolts
525:
521:
611:
Olivares' first key decision came in 1621. Under Philip III, Spain had successfully intervened in the
2088:
2083:
949:
647:
612:
600:
393:
346:
342:
774:
591:
455:
Velázquez painted at least three portraits of his friend and original patron, producing the baroque
377:
A relatively youthful Olivares in 1624, three years into his time in power, dressed in robes of the
2039:
1935:
Rebels and Rulers, 1500–1660. Volume II: Provincial rebellion: Revolutionary civil wars, 1560–1660.
916:
749:
737:
733:
705:
689:
630:
had successfully held since April 1609, but in his role as foreign policy advisor, Olivares' uncle
544:
397:
880:, whose family was a traditional enemy of the Counts of Olivares, to remove him from power in the
932:
868:
853:
Olivares, 1635; tired, swollen and markedly aged at 48, 14 years since his previous portrait, by
510:
505:
496:
445:
401:
396:. By background, he was both a man of letters and well trained in arms. During the reign of King
378:
322:
126:
62:
604:
441:
382:
90:
513:, Olivares did not elaborate a concept of the 'state' as separate from the person of the king.
2016:
1799:
1785:
838:
807:
729:
708:
was another major blow, leaving a cash-strapped Spain unable to build a replacement force. An
487:
481:
424:
365:
306:
31:
2000:
944:
909:, which was perhaps written by an agent but was undeniably inspired by the fallen minister.
721:
640:
636:
202:
810:
bankers – who had proved uncooperative in recent years – by declaring a state bankruptcy.
783:
725:
581:
563:
830:
787:
350:
849:
771:
food tax in Castile, and with war continuing across Europe, new options were necessary.
1859:
The Limits of Royal Authority: Resistance and Authority in Seventeenth Century Castile.
884:. By the following year, his situation was weakening as the Catalan revolt dragged on.
757:
753:
658:
585:
559:
338:
334:
206:
79:
927:
collection of private and state papers was largely destroyed in an 18th-century fire.
2067:
1954:
1949:
1892:
799:
920:
821:
701:
666:
198:
182:
40:
854:
756:
etc. – all loosely joined through the institution of the Castile monarchy and the
1905:
Stradling, R. A. 'Olivaries and the origins of the Franco-Spanish war, 1627–1635.
1898:
The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age
673:. The scene had been set, Olivares believed, for a renewed attack on the Dutch.
1777:, Issues 28–30. London: Seeley and Co. Limited and New York: The Macmillan Co.
558:
Over time, Olivares began to suffer under his tremendous workload, developing
30:"Count-Duke of Olivares" redirects here. For other holders of this title, see
552:
529:
314:
103:
1967:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 84–85.
1784:(revised and expanded edition). New Haven: Yale University Press. (2004)
620:
418:
1761:
The Gods of Play: Baroque Festival Performances as Rhetorical Discourse.
293:
Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel, 1st Duke of Sanlúcar, 3rd Count of Olivares
1824:
The Revolt of the Catalans: A Study in the Decline of Spain, 1598–1640.
900:
326:
297:
70:
44:
537:
1845:
The Diversity of History: Essays in Honour of Sir Henry Butterfield.
829:
The final years of Olivares' rule were marked by major uprisings in
503:. Olivares was concerned that Spain was too attached to the idea of
400:, he was appointed to a post in the household of the heir apparent,
547:
of Castilian government, during the 1620s Olivares began to create
1948:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
848:
820:
773:
590:
372:
364:
178:
1831:
The Count-Duke of Olivares. The Statesman in an Age of Decline.
1782:
A Palace for a King: The Buen Retiro and the Court of Philip IV
1810:
For the Common Good: Popular Politics in Barcelona, 1580–1640.
603:
that would ultimately result in Olivares' fall from power, by
1773:
Armstrong, Walter, edited by Philip Gilbert Hamerton (1896).
528:. Like many other contemporaries, he had a keen interest in
878:
Gaspar Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, 9th Duke of Medina Sidonia
1980:
Estudios del reinado de Felipe IV. of Don Antonio Canovas
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1768:
War and Society in Europe of the Old Regime, 1618–1789.
955:
Portrait of the Count-Duke of Olivares (disambiguation)
790:
which would help seal Olivares' fate as prime minister.
313:) (6 January 1587 – 22 July 1645), was a Spanish royal
825:
Union of Arms (Unión de Armas) envisaged by Olivares.
388:
Olivares was born in Rome in 1587, where his father,
903:, where he published an apology under the title of
274:
244:
212:
188:
165:
160:
144:
132:
122:
101:
60:
18:
Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel, Count-Duke of Olivares
1986:Cartas de Sor María de Ágreda y del rey Felipe IV.
1763:Albany: State University of New York Press. (1994)
1704:
1702:
1515:
1513:
1446:
1444:
1422:
1420:
1374:
1372:
1350:
1348:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1120:
1118:
543:Determined to attempt to improve the bureaucratic
1683:
1681:
1563:
1561:
1476:
1474:
1434:
1432:
1362:
1360:
1225:
1223:
1141:
1139:
1001:
999:
980:
978:
86:Equestrian Portrait of the Count-Duke of Olivares
27:Spanish royal favourite of Philip IV and minister
1072:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
676:Olivares' strategy ultimately failed due to the
588:, known for its relatively open show of wealth.
329:on 10 April 1621, a day after the ending of the
1917:Anecdotes du Ministere du Comte-Duc d'Olivares.
51: and the second or maternal family name is
1775:The Portfolio: Monographs on Artistic Subjects
501:Francisco Gómez de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Lerma
1984:
1978:
1937:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (1992)
1861:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (1999)
1826:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (1984)
910:
904:
459:along with the standing portraits now at the
416:
8:
1843:Elliott, J. H. and H. G. Koenisburger (ed).
935:, a trend which began in the 18th century.
562:and, later in life, clearly suffering from
469:Prince Baltasar Carlos in the Riding School
1996:
798:These plans took form first in Olivares' '
118:25 January 1622 – 23 January 1643
78:
57:
1798:New Haven: Yale University Press. (1998)
1747:Parker, 1984 p. 245, noting Vallory 1722.
568:severe bloodletting and excessive purging
2055:
1852:Spain, 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict.
1847:London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. (1970)
1812:Ithaca: Cornell University Press. (2002)
1735:
1045:
899:He retired by the King's order first to
390:Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Count of Olivares
2048:
965:
1866:Seventeenth Century Europe, 1598–1700.
1819:in Elliot and Koenisburger (eds) 1970.
1780:Brown, Jonathan, and John H. Elliott.
345:while Spain was also embroiled in the
234:
1794:Brown, Jonathan, and Carmen Garrido.
7:
710:attempt to bring Poland into the war
357:, which brought about his downfall.
1796:Velazquez: The Technique of Genius.
1833:Yale University: New Haven. (1986)
615:in combination with the forces of
599:, an early Spanish success in the
479:The royal favourite, who also was
25:
1854:Harlow: Pearson Education. (2005)
657:In 1634, against the backdrop of
654:in 1624, albeit at huge expense.
1941:
617:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
278:
786:, a Spanish failure during the
230:
2114:University of Salamanca alumni
1840:Cambridge: Canto Press. (1991)
736:, the autonomous provinces of
680:into the war. His handling of
652:retaking the key city of Breda
580:position as a champion of the
369:Arms of the House of Olivares.
1:
2119:17th-century Spanish nobility
2074:Government ministers of Spain
1882:London: Pelican Books. (1985)
682:War of the Mantuan Succession
1873:Europe in Crisis, 1598–1648.
931:to his French contemporary,
404:, by his maternal uncle Don
43:, the first or paternal
2124:Court of Philip IV of Spain
1817:The Statecraft of Olivares.
1274:Elliott, 1986, pp. 177–178.
671:Battle of Nördlingen (1634)
325:and minister. Appointed as
2140:
1959:Olivares, Gaspar de Guzman
1292:Parker, 1984, pp. 232–233.
702:Dutch occupation of Brazil
663:Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
252:Enrique de Guzmán y Ribera
67:The Count-Duke of Olivares
38:
29:
2037:
2031:
2021:
2014:
2006:
1999:
1909:English Historical Review
1868:London: Macmillan. (1990)
882:Andalusian revolt in 1641
780:Battle of Montjuïc (1641)
646:For the remainder of the
429:Duke of Sanlúcar la Mayor
286:
258:María Pimentel de Fonseca
156:
111:
97:
77:
2109:Spanish royal favourites
2025:Enrique Felipe de Guzmán
341:led to a renewal of the
219:Inés de Zúñiga y Velasco
1964:Encyclopædia Britannica
1930:London: Methuen. (1981)
1915:de Vallory, Guillaime.
1902:London: Fontana. (1991)
1875:London: Fontana. (1984)
1838:Richelieu and Olivares.
1770:London: Fontana. (1988)
1537:Stradling, 1986, p. 90.
890:another nephew and heir
305:(taken by joining both
2079:Spanish Baroque people
1985:
1979:
1928:The Thirty Years' War.
1181:Elliott, 1986, p. 676.
1163:Brown, 2004, p. 59-60.
911:
905:
858:
826:
815:Spanish treasure fleet
791:
608:
417:
385:
370:
318:
303:Count-Duke of Olivares
1989:(Madrid, 1885–1886).
1887:The Thirty Years War.
1759:Aercke, Kristiaan P.
1726:Elliot, 1970, p. 119.
1717:Elliot, 1985, p. 529.
1708:Elliot, 1984, p. 528.
1657:Elliot, 1984, p. 202.
1639:Parker, 1984, p. 251.
1612:Elliot, 1984, p. 207.
1603:Parker, 1984, p. 250.
1594:Parker, 1984, p. 248.
1576:Parker, 1984, p. 256.
1555:Parker, 1984, p. 255.
1546:Parker, 1984, p. 252.
1498:Parker, 1984, p. 244.
1459:Parker, 2004, p. 219.
1438:Parker, 1985, p. 264.
1426:Parker, 1984, p. 169.
1405:Elliot, 1970, p. 128.
1396:Elliot, 1970, p. 127.
1378:Parker, 1984, p. 234.
1366:Parker, 1984, p. 235.
1354:Elliot, 1984, p. 196.
1301:Elliot, 1984, p. 194.
1283:Elliot, 1970, p. 121.
1256:Elliot, 1970, p. 132.
1247:Elliot, 1970, p. 134.
1238:Parker, 1984, p. 164.
1229:Parker, 1984, p. 233.
1217:Elliot, 1970, p. 129.
1208:Elliot, 1970, p. 126.
1190:Armstrong, pp. 63–64.
1133:Elliot, 1984, p. 195.
1112:Elliot, 1970, p. 122.
1103:Elliot, 1986, p. 293.
1076:Elliot, 1984, p. 193.
1023:Parker, 1984, p. 165.
1005:Parker, 1984, p. 232.
915:was denounced to the
852:
824:
818:Portuguese uprising.
777:
594:
376:
368:
1808:Corteguera, Luis R.
1648:Elliot, 1984, p. ix.
1585:Parker, 1984, p. 61.
1310:Elliot, 1991, p. 47.
1145:Elliot, 1991, p. 19.
993:Elliot, 1991, p. 21.
806:problem of Philip's
613:Electoral Palatinate
394:Salamanca University
107:of the King of Spain
1889:London: NEL. (1971)
1687:Polisensky, p. 224.
1567:Polisensky, p. 223.
1507:Corteguera, p. 143.
1480:Polisensky, p. 222.
1199:Corteguera, p. 134.
1154:Brown, 1998, p. 42.
984:Elliot, 1991, p. 8.
706:Battle of the Downs
545:Polysynodial System
475:Style of government
457:equestrian portrait
331:Twelve Years' Truce
2104:Philip IV of Spain
2094:Counts of Olivares
1885:Polisensky, J. V.
1878:Parker, Geoffrey.
1871:Parker, Geoffrey.
1124:Wedgewood, p. 145.
972:Elliot 1986, p. 7.
933:Cardinal Richelieu
859:
827:
792:
632:Baltasar de Zúñiga
609:
597:re-taking of Breda
560:sleeping disorders
511:Cardinal Richelieu
506:limpieza de sangre
452:, or the hencoop.
446:Buen Retiro Palace
427:, but was created
406:Baltasar de Zúñiga
386:
379:Order of Calatrava
371:
311:subsequent dukedom
139:Baltasar de Zúñiga
63:The Most Excellent
2046:
2045:
2022:Succeeded by
2017:Count of Olivares
2010:Enrique de Guzmán
1926:Wedgewood, C. V.
1880:The Dutch Revolt.
1804:978-0-300-07293-8
1790:978-0-300-10185-0
1333:Munck, pp. 52–53.
1172:Armstrong, p. 31.
950:Thirty Years' War
839:House of Braganza
716:Domestic policies
648:Eighty Years' War
601:Eighty Years' War
526:Jeronimo Zeballos
522:Sancho de Moncada
488:Caballerizo mayor
482:Sumiller de Corps
425:Count of Olivares
347:Thirty Years' War
343:Eighty Years' War
290:
289:
32:House of Olivares
16:(Redirected from
2131:
2059:
2053:
2040:Duke of Sanlúcar
2032:Preceded by
2007:Preceded by
2001:Spanish nobility
1997:
1988:
1982:
1968:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1933:Zagorin, Perez.
1766:Anderson, M. S.
1748:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1676:
1675:Aerckes, p. 141.
1673:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1528:Anderson, p. 37.
1526:
1520:
1517:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1469:
1468:Anderson, p. 42.
1466:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1439:
1436:
1427:
1424:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1367:
1364:
1355:
1352:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1065:
1062:
1049:
1043:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1003:
994:
991:
985:
982:
973:
970:
945:History of Spain
914:
908:
690:Elector of Trier
641:economic warfare
637:Army of Flanders
575:Foreign policies
422:
300:
282:
266:
238:
236:
232:
203:Crown of Castile
195:
175:
173:
161:Personal details
147:
135:
116:
82:
58:
21:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2035:
2027:
2012:
1995:
1975:
1973:Further reading
1957:, ed. (1911). "
1953:
1942:
1940:
1919:Paris. (1722) (
1864:Munck, Thomas.
1836:Elliott, J. H.
1829:Elliott, J. H.
1822:Elliott, J. H.
1815:Elliott, J. H.
1756:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1696:Aercke, p. 145.
1695:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:Zagorin, p. 35.
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:Zagorin, p. 34.
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:Schama, p. 251.
1449:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1414:Schama, p. 259.
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:Elliot, p. 293.
1386:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:Aercke, p. 140.
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:Zagorin, p. 33.
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1052:
1044:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:Aercke, p. 141.
1013:
1009:
1004:
997:
992:
988:
983:
976:
971:
967:
963:
941:
847:
845:Fall from power
784:Pandolfo Reschi
748:as well as the
718:
678:entry of France
605:Diego Velázquez
582:Catholic Church
577:
477:
442:Diego Velázquez
383:Diego Velázquez
363:
301:, known as the
296:
270:
260:
240:
228:
224:
221:
197:
193:
177:
171:
169:
145:
133:
117:
112:
93:
91:Diego Velázquez
73:
68:
65:
56:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2137:
2135:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2099:Dukes of Spain
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1993:External links
1991:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1955:Chisholm, Hugh
1938:
1931:
1924:
1913:
1903:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1857:Mackay, Ruth.
1855:
1850:Kamen, Henry.
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1792:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1698:
1689:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1342:Mackay, p. 25.
1335:
1326:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1135:
1126:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1085:Kamen, p. 214.
1078:
1066:
1050:
1025:
1016:
1007:
995:
986:
974:
964:
962:
959:
958:
957:
952:
947:
940:
937:
846:
843:
788:Catalan Revolt
760:of Philip IV.
754:Duchy of Milan
717:
714:
686:Swedish allies
586:Dutch Republic
576:
573:
564:mental illness
476:
473:
362:
359:
288:
287:
284:
283:
276:
272:
271:
269:
268:
255:
248:
246:
242:
241:
226:
222:
217:
216:
214:
210:
209:
196:(aged 58)
190:
186:
185:
176:6 January 1587
167:
163:
162:
158:
157:
154:
153:
148:
142:
141:
136:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
109:
108:
99:
98:
95:
94:
83:
75:
74:
69:
66:
61:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2136:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2058:, p. 85.
2057:
2056:Chisholm 1911
2052:
2049:
2042:
2041:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1950:public domain
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1893:Schama, Simon
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1736:Chisholm 1911
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1630:Munck, p. 55.
1627:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1519:Munck, p. 49.
1516:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1489:Mackay, p. 5.
1486:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1324:Munck, p. 53.
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1064:Munck, p. 52.
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1048:, p. 84.
1047:
1046:Chisholm 1911
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1002:
1000:
996:
990:
987:
981:
979:
975:
969:
966:
960:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
938:
936:
934:
928:
924:
922:
918:
913:
907:
902:
897:
895:
891:
885:
883:
879:
873:
871:
870:
865:
856:
851:
844:
842:
840:
836:
832:
823:
819:
816:
811:
809:
803:
801:
800:Union of Arms
796:
789:
785:
781:
776:
772:
770:
765:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
715:
713:
711:
707:
703:
697:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
606:
602:
598:
593:
589:
587:
583:
574:
572:
571:labyrinths'.
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
507:
502:
498:
493:
490:
489:
484:
483:
474:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
437:
433:
430:
426:
421:
420:
413:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
384:
380:
375:
367:
361:Rise to power
360:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
337:to recapture
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:his countship
304:
299:
294:
285:
281:
277:
273:
264:
259:
256:
253:
250:
249:
247:
243:
220:
215:
211:
208:
204:
200:
191:
187:
184:
180:
168:
164:
159:
155:
152:
149:
143:
140:
137:
131:
128:
125:
121:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:
81:
76:
72:
64:
59:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2051:
2038:
2034:New creation
2015:
1976:
1962:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1795:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1743:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1692:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1464:
1455:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1338:
1329:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1129:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1019:
1010:
989:
968:
929:
925:
898:
894:Queen Isabel
886:
874:
867:
863:
860:
828:
812:
804:
797:
793:
768:
766:
762:
719:
698:
694:
675:
667:Spanish Road
656:
645:
625:
610:
578:
557:
548:
542:
534:
517:
515:
504:
494:
486:
480:
478:
468:
454:
449:
438:
434:
414:
410:
387:
351:in Catalonia
302:
292:
291:
194:(1645-07-22)
192:22 July 1645
183:Papal States
151:Luis de Haro
146:Succeeded by
113:
102:
84:
52:
48:
41:Spanish name
36:
2089:1645 deaths
2084:1587 births
917:Inquisition
912:El Nicandro
906:El Nicandro
869:Buen Retiro
750:Netherlands
619:, a fellow
518:arbitristas
355:in Portugal
261: [
134:Preceded by
2068:Categories
1911:ci (1986).
961:References
665:along the
520:, such as
398:Philip III
317:(Spanish:
172:1587-01-06
1921:in French
855:Velázquez
831:Catalonia
746:Andalusia
742:Catalonia
628:armistice
530:astrology
497:Philip II
465:São Paulo
461:Hermitage
450:Gallinero
323:Philip IV
315:favourite
275:Signature
127:Philip IV
114:In office
1977:See the
939:See also
835:Portugal
769:millones
738:Valencia
734:Portugal
621:Habsburg
553:placemen
267:(mother)
254:(father)
53:Pimentel
39:In this
1952::
1754:Sources
901:Loeches
808:Genoese
722:Castile
659:Swedish
538:Spartan
339:Holland
327:Grandee
245:Parents
239:
227:
223:
123:Monarch
45:surname
1946:
1802:
1788:
864:juntas
758:person
730:Naples
726:Aragon
549:juntas
419:valido
402:Philip
319:valido
233:
213:Spouse
104:Valido
49:Guzmán
782:, by
335:Spain
321:) of
265:]
237:)
229:(
225:
207:Spain
1800:ISBN
1786:ISBN
921:Toro
833:and
778:The
744:and
639:and
595:The
524:and
485:and
463:and
353:and
309:and
235:1607
199:Toro
189:Died
179:Rome
166:Born
1961:".
1907:in
732:,
626:An
381:by
89:by
47:is
2070::
1895:.
1701:^
1680:^
1560:^
1512:^
1473:^
1443:^
1431:^
1419:^
1371:^
1359:^
1347:^
1315:^
1222:^
1138:^
1117:^
1069:^
1053:^
1028:^
998:^
977:^
923:.
896:.
841:.
752:,
740:,
728:,
724:,
298:GE
295:,
263:es
231:m.
205:,
201:,
181:,
71:GE
1923:)
1900:.
1738:.
857:.
607:.
174:)
170:(
55:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
