40:
367:
74:
456:
modalities have been used in GAVE patients with another underlying disease rather than SSc; they are included as they may be tried in resistant SSc-GAVE patients. Symptomatic treatment includes iron supplementation and blood transfusion for cases with severe anemia, proton pump inhibitors may ameliorate the background chronic gastritis and minute erosions that commonly co-existed in biopsy reports.
207:
492:. TIPSS-related encephalopathy occurs in about 30% of cases, with the risk being higher in those with previous episodes of encephalopathy, higher age, female sex, and liver disease due to causes other than alcohol. The patient, with their physician and family, must balance out a reduction in bleeding caused by TIPS with the significant risk of
616:
The average age of diagnosis for GAVE is 73 years of age for females, and 68 for males. Women are about twice as often diagnosed with gastric antral vascular ectasia than men. 71% of all cases of GAVE are diagnosed in females. Patients in their thirties have been found to have GAVE. It becomes more
455:
because of its low side effects and low mortality, but is "rarely curative." Treatment of GAVE can be categorized into endoscopic, surgical and pharmacologic. Surgical treatment is definitive but it is rarely done nowadays with the variety of treatment options available. Some of the discussed
248:
Most patients with GAVE suffer from liver cirrhosis, autoimmune disease, chronic kidney failure and bone marrow transplantation. The typical initial presentations range from occult bleeding causing transfusion-dependent chronic iron-deficiency anemia to severe acute gastrointestinal
450:
and electrocautery. Since endoscopy with argon photocoagulation is "usually effective", surgery is "usually not required". Coagulation therapy is well tolerated but "tends to induce oozing and bleeding." "Endoscopy with thermal ablation" is favored
1955:
1940:
488:(TIPS or TIPSS) procedure is used to treat portal hypertension when that is present as an associated condition. Unfortunately, the TIPSS, which has been used for similar conditions, may cause or exacerbate
244:, and especially the subtype known as systemic sclerosis. A full 5.7% of persons with sclerosis have GAVE, and 25% of all sclerosis patients who had a certain anti-RNA polymerase marker have GAVE. In fact:
193:
Autoimmunity may have something to do with it, as 25% of all sclerosis patients who had a certain anti-RNA marker have GAVE. RNA autoimmunity has been suspected as a cause or marker since at least 1996.
2842:
1797:
603:
1850:
Wells, C; Harrison, M; Gurudu, S; Crowell, M; Byrne, T; Depetris, G; Sharma, V (2008). "Treatment of gastric antral vascular ectasia (watermelon stomach) with endoscopic band ligation".
918:
Tuveri, Massimiliano; Borsezio, Valentina; Gabbas, Antonio; Mura, Guendalina (2007). "Gastric antral vascular ectasia—an unusual cause of gastric outlet obstruction: report of a case".
1219:
El-Gendy, Hala; Shohdy, Kyrillus S.; Maghraby, Gehad G.; Abadeer, Kerolos; Mahmoud, Moustafa (2017-02-01). "Gastric antral vascular ectasia in systemic sclerosis: Where do we stand?".
433:
from portal hypertension. In fact, cirrhosis and portal hypertension may be missing in a patient with GAVE. The differential diagnosis is important because treatments are different.
2020:
1532:
2524:
1567:
Gilliam, John H.; Geisinger, Kim R.; Wu, Wallace C.; Weidner, Noel; Richter, Joel E. (1989). "Endoscopic biopsy is diagnostic in gastric antral vascular ectasia".
485:
2119:
298:
is one of the conditions associated with GAVE, and one separate study showed that over three-fourths of the patients in the study with GAVE had some kind of
642:
Suit, PF; Petras, RE; Bauer, TW; Petrini Jr, JL (1987). "Gastric antral vascular ectasia. A histologic and morphometric study of "the watermelon stomach"".
1815:
Sherman, V; Klassen, DR; Feldman, LS; Jabbari, M; Marcus, V; Fried, GM (2003). "Laparoscopic antrectomy: a novel approach to treating watermelon stomach".
1661:
Khan S, Tudur Smith C, Williamson P, Sutton R (2006). "Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic therapy for variceal rebleeding in patients with cirrhosis".
2158:
1289:
Marie, I.; Ducrotte, P.; Antonietti, M.; Herve, S.; Levesque, H. (2008). "Watermelon stomach in systemic sclerosis: its incidence and management".
2013:
182:
The literature, from 1953 through 2010, often cited that the cause of gastric antral vascular ectasia is unknown. The causal connection between
150:
only in 1984. As of 2011, the cause and pathogenesis are still not known. However, there are several competing hypotheses as to various causes.
1272:
2386:
1617:"Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) associated with systemic sclerosis: relapse after endoscopic treatment by argon plasma coagulation"
1802:
733:"Gastric antral vascular ectasia (watermelon stomach)-an enigmatic and often-overlooked cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly"
598:
2599:
2006:
1489:
Krstić, M; Alempijević, T; Andrejević, S; Zlatanović, M; Damjanov, N; Ivanović, B; Jovanović, I; Tarabar, D; Milosavljević, T (2010).
142:
The condition was first discovered in 1952, and reported in the literature in 1953. Watermelon disease was first diagnosed by
Wheeler
3271:
3118:
3016:
1529:
3157:
2769:
2752:
2252:
2129:
1889:
Thonhofer, R; Siegel, C; Trummer, M; Gugl, A (2010). "Clinical images: Gastric antral vascular ectasia in systemic sclerosis".
426:. It is often overlooked, but can be more common in elderly patients. It has been seen in a female patient of 26 years of age.
264:
2282:
3011:
2967:
2861:
2683:
846:
Rider, JA; Klotz, AP; Kirsner, JB (1953). "Gastritis with veno-capillary ectasia as a source of massive gastric hemorrhage".
3222:
1108:"Anti-RNA polymerase III antibodies as a risk marker for early gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) in systemic sclerosis"
39:
3068:
1711:
Saab S, Nieto JM, Lewis SK, Runyon BA (2006). "TIPS versus paracentesis for cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites".
2977:
2496:
2104:
500:
of 22 studies to be effective treatment to reduce variceal bleeding, yet none have any demonstrated survival advantage.
2191:
1615:
Shibukawa, G; Irisawa, A; Sakamoto, N; Takagi, T; Wakatsuki, T; Imamura, H; Takahashi, Y; Sato, A; et al. (2007).
366:
2087:
3313:
3308:
2557:
2486:
2830:
2786:
2739:
2545:
2163:
1386:
Spahr, L; Villeneuve, J-P; Dufresne, M-P; Tasse, D; Bui, B; Willems, B; Fenyves, D; Pomier-Layrargues, G (1999).
234:
108:
87:
2856:
3176:
2491:
2449:
2262:
2137:
2124:
2065:
1970:
1440:
Spahr, L; Villeneuve, JP; Dufresne, MP; Tassé, D; Bui, B; Willems, B; Fenyves, D; Pomier-Layrargues, G (1999).
799:
447:
55:
2094:
567:, is another option. Antrectomy is "the resection, or surgical removal, of a part of the stomach known as the
274:
1050:"A nucleolar RNA helicase recognized by autoimmune antibodies from a patient with watermelon stomach disease"
3101:
2878:
2619:
2411:
2070:
533:" may be used effectively to treat the encephalopathy by removing nitrogen-producing bacteria from the gut.
309:
3181:
2905:
2888:
2298:
2272:
2148:
2099:
2060:
2038:
2030:
513:
489:
430:
299:
268:
230:
112:
3113:
3021:
2982:
2910:
1165:
Komiyama, Masae; Fu, K; Morimoto, T; Konuma, H; Yamagata, T; Izumi, Y; Miyazaki, A; Watanabe, S (2010).
3032:
2213:
1048:
Valdez, BC; Henning, D; Busch, RK; Woods, K; Flores-Rozas, H; Hurwitz, J; Perlaky, L; Busch, H (1996).
158:
Most patients who are eventually diagnosed with watermelon stomach come to a physician complaining of
3152:
3096:
2917:
2813:
2396:
2391:
2225:
2143:
2109:
1763:
Sundaram V, Shaikh OS (July 2009). "Hepatic encephalopathy: pathophysiology and emerging therapies".
1442:"Gastric antral vascular ectasia in cirrhotic patients: absence of relation with portal hypertension"
1388:"Gastric antral vascular ectasia in cirrhotic patients: absence of relation with portal hypertension"
572:
996:"Argon photocoagulation in the treatment of gastric antral vascular ectasia and radiation proctitis"
73:
3246:
3056:
2949:
2932:
2893:
2866:
2818:
2661:
2638:
2631:
2580:
2552:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2381:
1959:
419:
340:
226:
575:
is possible in some cases, and as of 2003, was a "novel approach to treating watermelon stomach".
3258:
3123:
3106:
3091:
3078:
3061:
2927:
2454:
2426:
2186:
2082:
2047:
1592:
1551:
1363:
1314:
1252:
943:
667:
355:
82:
2562:
2360:
1269:
585:
of gastric antral vascular ectasia". The experimental procedure resulted in "no complications".
620:
5.7% of all sclerosis patients (and 25% of those who had a certain anti-RNA marker) have GAVE.
3236:
3217:
2590:
1981:
1906:
1867:
1832:
1780:
1738:
1688:
1638:
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1512:
1471:
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295:
187:
62:
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2500:
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1898:
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1720:
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1628:
1576:
1502:
1461:
1453:
1407:
1399:
1345:
1334:"Gastric antral vascular ectasia in systemic sclerosis: demographics and disease predictors"
1298:
1228:
1188:
1178:
1122:
1069:
1061:
1017:
1007:
927:
855:
818:
808:
752:
744:
651:
406:
may be needed to diagnose some cases, especially if the liver or other organs are involved.
281:
135:
because streaky long red areas that are present in the stomach may resemble the markings on
67:
3241:
3171:
3037:
2972:
2937:
2808:
2673:
2609:
2511:
2430:
2421:
2371:
2311:
2196:
2173:
1536:
1276:
705:
336:
218:
1998:
617:
common in women in their eighties, rising to 4% of all such gastrointestinal conditions.
588:
Relapse is possible, even after treatment by argon plasma coagulation and progesterone.
3278:
3193:
2747:
2720:
2585:
2520:
2516:
2406:
2376:
1964:
1733:
1683:
1466:
1441:
1412:
1387:
1193:
1166:
1022:
995:
823:
794:
757:
732:
568:
493:
415:
347:
325:
313:
1828:
1074:
1049:
859:
3302:
3211:
3164:
2957:
2900:
2883:
2795:
2540:
2367:
2242:
2208:
2153:
1633:
1616:
1367:
1318:
1302:
1107:
655:
594:
552:
526:
504:
373:
showing gastric antral vascular ectasia. A large spherical, eosinophilic (i.e. pink)
1596:
1256:
947:
671:
3086:
2998:
2871:
2774:
2725:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2614:
2439:
2355:
2247:
2237:
2203:
1724:
1674:
536:
473:
469:
171:
120:
116:
388:
206:
1975:
551:
for such cases. This procedure uses a large needle, similar to the better-known
3266:
3028:
3006:
2837:
2757:
2401:
2302:
2055:
540:
351:
241:
47:
1986:
1776:
3042:
2715:
2693:
2338:
2277:
1949:
1863:
931:
497:
370:
210:
136:
1240:
50:
image of gastric antral vascular ectasia seen as a radial pattern around the
2992:
2962:
2825:
2803:
2656:
2507:
2481:
2343:
2333:
2220:
2181:
2114:
1232:
1065:
813:
530:
508:
396:
214:
183:
163:
1910:
1871:
1836:
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1359:
1310:
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1202:
1183:
1136:
1031:
939:
867:
832:
766:
1588:
1350:
1333:
1127:
1083:
1012:
663:
563:
Surgery, consisting of excision of part of the lower stomach, also called
2626:
2604:
2316:
1457:
1403:
748:
582:
522:
518:
465:
377:
1932:
1507:
1490:
2678:
2444:
2348:
2320:
1580:
548:
403:
399:
biopsy. The tell-tale watermelon stripes show up during the endoscopy.
381:
332:
288:
195:
146:
in 1979, and definitively described in four living patients by
Jabbari
131:. The dilated vessels result in intestinal bleeding. It is also called
128:
124:
51:
1902:
3144:
2762:
2648:
1944:
423:
384:
374:
329:
167:
159:
294:
The
Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) states that
1495:
Vojnosanitetski
Pregled. Military-medical and Pharmaceutical Review
581:
In 2010, a team of
Japanese surgeons performed a "novel endoscopic
16:
Intestinal bleeding due to widening of blood vessels in the stomach
2594:
2324:
1332:
Ingraham, KM; O'Brien, MS; Shenin, M; Derk, CT; Steen, VD (2010).
472:
therapy, Corticostreoids are effective, but are "limited by their
365:
205:
91:
1491:"Watermelon stomach in a patient with primary Sjögren's syndrome"
1167:"A novel endoscopic ablation of gastric antral vascular ectasia"
539:, a medical procedure involving needle drainage of fluid from a
2002:
591:
Antrectomy or other surgery is used as a last resort for GAVE.
1106:
Ceribelli, A; Cavazzana, I; Airò, P; Franceschini, F (2010).
511:
may be prescribed for hepatic encephalopathy, especially for
446:
GAVE is treated commonly by means of an endoscope, including
793:
Yildiz, Baris; Sokmensuer, Cenk; Kaynaroglu, Volkan (2010).
267:, but is not the same condition, and may be concurrent with
271:. 30% of all patients have cirrhosis associated with GAVE.
503:
If there is cirrhosis of the liver that has progressed to
225:
GAVE is associated with a number of conditions, including
217:, a condition that often precedes hepatic encephalopathy.
284:
associated with watermelon stomach was reported in 2010.
578:
A treatment used sometimes is endoscopic band ligation.
429:
Watermelon stomach has a different etiology and has a
395:
GAVE is usually diagnosed definitively by means of an
306:
including the associated condition pernicious anemia.
464:
Other medical treatments have been tried and include
166:
because he or she notices blood in the stools—either
162:
and blood loss. Sometimes, a patient may come to the
1922:
324:
GAVE is characterized by dilated capillaries in the
3257:
3143:
3136:
3077:
2991:
2948:
2794:
2785:
2738:
2692:
2647:
2533:
2420:
2310:
2297:
2172:
2046:
2037:
1926:
1540:
Genetic and Rare
Diseases Information Center (GARD)
1214:
1212:
81:
61:
29:
24:
343:, which is often apparent from clinical findings.
240:Watermelon stomach also occurs particularly with
706:Surgery Encyclopedia website page on Antrectomy
263:The endoscopic appearance of GAVE is similar to
731:Nguyen, Hien; Le, Connie; Nguyen, Hanh (2009).
414:GAVE results in intestinal bleeding similar to
277:has been associated with at least one patient.
246:
54:before (top) and after (bottom) treatment with
1552:"Watermelon Stomach and Radiiation Proctopathy
2014:
701:
486:transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
8:
2120:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
1435:
1433:
1431:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
1817:Journal of the American College of Surgeons
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1713:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1663:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1221:International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases
1171:World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
198:levels may indicate a hormonal connection.
3140:
2791:
2307:
2159:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
2043:
2021:
2007:
1999:
1923:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1291:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
795:"Chronic anemia due to watermelon stomach"
644:The American Journal of Surgical Pathology
190:disease has been suspected in some cases.
72:
38:
21:
1732:
1682:
1632:
1506:
1465:
1411:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1349:
1192:
1182:
1126:
1073:
1021:
1011:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
822:
812:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
756:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1656:
1654:
1652:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
629:
543:, may be used to remove fluid from the
496:. Various shunts have been shown in a
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
316:may occur in some patients with GAVE.
33:Watermelon stomach, watermelon disease
2387:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
1043:
1041:
637:
635:
633:
346:Research in 2010 has shown that anti-
287:Patients with GAVE may have elevated
7:
1000:Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology
115:. The condition is associated with
107:) is an uncommon cause of chronic
14:
3272:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
3119:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
1542:, National Institution of Health.
480:Treatment of co-morbid conditions
3017:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
1634:10.2169/internalmedicine.46.6203
1621:Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan)
1303:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03739.x
656:10.1097/00000478-198710000-00002
422:. The GI bleeding can result in
350:III antibodies may be used as a
186:and GAVE has not been proven. A
170:(black and tarry stools) and/or
127:, which is a distal part of the
2258:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
2253:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
2130:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
1569:Digestive Diseases and Sciences
1270:Scleroderma Association website
708:. Accessed September 29, 2010.
265:portal hypertensive gastropathy
101:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
90:in the stomach and intestines,
25:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
3012:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
2862:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
2684:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
1725:10.1002/14651858.CD004889.pub2
1675:10.1002/14651858.CD000553.pub2
1279:. Accessed September 29, 2010.
994:Rosenfeld, G; Enns, R (2009).
521:. Also, "antibiotics such as
1:
3069:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
1829:10.1016/S1072-7515(03)00600-8
860:10.1016/S0016-5085(53)80070-3
2978:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
2497:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
2105:Esophageal motility disorder
1803:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
402:Surgical exploration of the
1338:The Journal of Rheumatology
1115:The Journal of Rheumatology
3330:
2963:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
2487:Functional colonic disease
2283:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
1852:Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
1777:10.1016/j.mcna.2009.03.009
599:Excessive citations inline
380:is seen off-center right.
339:differential diagnosis is
235:collagen vascular diseases
2164:Acute esophageal necrosis
1864:10.1016/j.gie.2008.02.021
932:10.1007/s00595-006-3430-3
109:gastrointestinal bleeding
46:
37:
2263:Gastric dumping syndrome
2138:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2125:Diffuse esophageal spasm
1891:Arthritis and Rheumatism
800:Annals of Saudi Medicine
448:argon plasma coagulation
56:argon plasma coagulation
2879:Alcoholic liver disease
2412:Bile acid malabsorption
2356:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
1233:10.1111/1756-185X.13047
814:10.4103/0256-4947.60524
604:considered for deletion
310:Intestinal permeability
94:, dilated blood vessels
2889:Hepatic encephalopathy
2273:Buried bumper syndrome
2204:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
2088:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
2031:human digestive system
1184:10.4253/wjge.v2.i8.298
1054:Nucleic Acids Research
737:The Permanente Journal
490:hepatic encephalopathy
442:Traditional treatments
431:differential diagnosis
410:Differential diagnosis
392:
269:cirrhosis of the liver
261:
231:chronic kidney failure
222:
113:iron deficiency anemia
3114:Pancreatic pseudocyst
2983:Porcelain gallbladder
2095:Zenker's diverticulum
1351:10.3899/jrheum.090600
1128:10.3899/jrheum.100124
1066:10.1093/nar/24.7.1220
514:Type C encephalopathy
369:
209:
202:Associated conditions
174:(red bloody stools).
2918:Hepatorenal syndrome
2857:Budd–Chiari syndrome
2814:Autoimmune hepatitis
2639:Intestinal adhesions
2397:Short bowel syndrome
2226:Functional dyspepsia
2144:Esophageal stricture
2110:Nutcracker esophagus
1530:"Watermelon Stomach"
1458:10.1136/gut.44.5.739
1404:10.1136/gut.44.5.739
573:Laparoscopic surgery
3057:Choledocholithiasis
2928:Metabolic disorders
2894:Acute liver failure
2867:Portal hypertension
2819:Alcoholic hepatitis
2662:Radiation proctitis
2581:Mesenteric ischemia
2553:Gastroenterocolitis
2382:Blind loop syndrome
2192:Ménétrier's disease
2100:Barrett's esophagus
1765:Med. Clin. North Am
1508:10.2298/VSP1003256K
1013:10.1155/2009/374138
420:portal hypertension
341:portal hypertension
227:portal hypertension
3232:Undefined location
3223:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
3124:Pancreatic fistula
3107:Pancreatic abscess
3062:Biliary dyskinesia
3033:Mirizzi's syndrome
2534:Large and/or small
2214:Dieulafoy's lesion
2083:Boerhaave syndrome
1771:(4): 819–36, vii.
1581:10.1007/BF01540274
1535:2012-01-01 at the
1275:2015-05-07 at the
749:10.7812/TPP/09-055
393:
356:systemic sclerosis
280:The first case of
275:Sjögren's syndrome
223:
154:Signs and symptoms
133:watermelon stomach
3314:Diseases of liver
3309:Stomach disorders
3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3132:
3131:
2734:
2733:
2591:Bowel obstruction
2293:
2292:
1996:
1995:
1903:10.1002/art.27185
1227:(12): 2133–2139.
545:peritoneal cavity
453:medical treatment
296:pernicious anemia
188:connective tissue
98:
97:
19:Medical condition
3321:
3284:Pneumoperitoneum
3141:
3051:Common bile duct
2933:Wilson's disease
2923:Peliosis hepatis
2792:
2669:Proctalgia fugax
2576:Abdominal angina
2501:Ogilvie syndrome
2450:Pseudomembranous
2308:
2268:Gastric volvulus
2233:Pyloric stenosis
2044:
2029:Diseases of the
2023:
2016:
2009:
2000:
1924:
1914:
1876:
1875:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1812:
1806:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1760:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1708:
1697:
1696:
1686:
1658:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1612:
1601:
1600:
1564:
1558:
1557:, August 1, 2011
1549:
1543:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1510:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1437:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1383:
1372:
1371:
1353:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1286:
1280:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1196:
1186:
1162:
1141:
1140:
1130:
1112:
1103:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1015:
991:
952:
951:
915:
872:
871:
848:Gastroenterology
843:
837:
836:
826:
816:
790:
771:
770:
760:
728:
709:
703:
676:
675:
639:
607:
337:histomorphologic
282:ectopic pancreas
259:
254:Masae Komiyama,
77:
76:
68:Gastroenterology
42:
22:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3288:
3253:
3242:Internal hernia
3128:
3073:
3038:Biliary fistula
2996:
2987:
2973:Adenomyomatosis
2968:Cholesterolosis
2944:
2938:Hemochromatosis
2809:Viral hepatitis
2781:
2730:
2688:
2674:Rectal prolapse
2643:
2610:Fecal impaction
2600:Intussusception
2563:Crohn's disease
2529:
2512:Toxic megacolon
2424:
2422:Large intestine
2416:
2361:Curling's ulcer
2314:
2312:Small intestine
2301:
2289:
2197:Gastroenteritis
2168:
2033:
2027:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1935:
1921:
1888:
1885:
1883:Further reading
1880:
1879:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1796:
1792:
1762:
1761:
1750:
1719:(4): CD004889.
1710:
1709:
1700:
1669:(4): CD000553.
1660:
1659:
1650:
1614:
1613:
1604:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1550:
1546:
1537:Wayback Machine
1528:
1524:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1439:
1438:
1429:
1385:
1384:
1375:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1277:Wayback Machine
1268:
1264:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1164:
1163:
1144:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1091:
1047:
1046:
1039:
993:
992:
955:
917:
916:
875:
845:
844:
840:
792:
791:
774:
730:
729:
712:
704:
679:
641:
640:
631:
626:
614:
592:
561:
482:
462:
444:
439:
416:duodenal ulcers
412:
364:
322:
303:
260:
253:
219:Trichrome stain
204:
180:
156:
125:gastric antrum
71:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3327:
3325:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3279:Hemoperitoneum
3276:
3275:
3274:
3263:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3149:
3147:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3083:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3003:
3001:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2800:
2798:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2750:
2748:Blood in stool
2744:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2721:Anal dysplasia
2718:
2713:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2653:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2588:
2586:Angiodysplasia
2583:
2578:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2521:Diverticulosis
2517:Diverticulitis
2514:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2494:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2407:Milroy disease
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2377:Tropical sprue
2374:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2330:
2328:
2305:
2299:Lower GI tract
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2178:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2039:Upper GI tract
2035:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1978:
1967:
1952:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:Classification
1920:
1919:External links
1917:
1916:
1915:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1842:
1807:
1798:"paracentesis"
1790:
1748:
1698:
1648:
1602:
1559:
1555:CCS Publishing
1544:
1522:
1481:
1427:
1373:
1324:
1297:(4): 412–421.
1281:
1262:
1208:
1177:(8): 298–300.
1142:
1089:
1037:
953:
873:
838:
772:
710:
677:
628:
627:
625:
622:
613:
610:
560:
557:
494:encephalopathy
481:
478:
461:
458:
443:
440:
438:
435:
411:
408:
363:
360:
348:RNA polymerase
326:lamina propria
321:
318:
314:diverticulitis
301:
251:
213:showing liver
203:
200:
179:
176:
155:
152:
96:
95:
85:
79:
78:
65:
59:
58:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3326:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3153:Diaphragmatic
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:Cholecystitis
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2901:Liver abscess
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2884:Liver failure
2882:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2541:Enterocolitis
2539:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2368:Malabsorption
2366:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:Gastroparesis
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:Cushing ulcer
2207:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2154:Megaesophagus
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1627:(6): 279–83.
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1452:(5): 739–42.
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1398:(5): 739–42.
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:(7): 1220–4.
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1006:(12): 801–4.
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:Surgery Today
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
874:
869:
865:
861:
857:
854:(1): 118–23.
853:
849:
842:
839:
834:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
806:
802:
801:
796:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
773:
768:
764:
759:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
678:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
650:(10): 750–7.
649:
645:
638:
636:
634:
630:
623:
621:
618:
611:
609:
605:
601:
600:
596:
589:
586:
584:
579:
576:
574:
570:
566:
558:
556:
554:
553:amniocentesis
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
532:
528:
527:metronidazole
524:
520:
516:
515:
510:
506:
505:liver failure
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
479:
477:
475:
471:
467:
459:
457:
454:
449:
441:
436:
434:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
409:
407:
405:
400:
398:
390:
389:H&E stain
386:
383:
379:
376:
372:
368:
361:
359:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
331:
327:
319:
317:
315:
311:
307:
305:
297:
292:
290:
285:
283:
278:
276:
272:
270:
266:
257:
250:
245:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
220:
216:
212:
208:
201:
199:
197:
191:
189:
185:
177:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
153:
151:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:blood vessels
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
93:
89:
86:
84:
80:
75:
69:
66:
64:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
3231:
3210:
3087:Pancreatitis
3049:
2999:biliary tree
2872:Nutmeg liver
2849:
2775:Hematochezia
2726:Pruritus ani
2711:Anal abscess
2706:Anal fistula
2702:Anal fissure
2615:Constipation
2569:
2440:Appendicitis
2257:
2248:Gastroptosis
2238:Achlorhydria
2077:
2066:Eosinophilic
1980:
1969:
1954:
1939:
1894:
1890:
1858:(2): 231–6.
1855:
1851:
1845:
1823:(5): 864–7.
1820:
1816:
1810:
1801:
1793:
1768:
1764:
1716:
1712:
1666:
1662:
1624:
1620:
1575:(6): 885–8.
1572:
1568:
1562:
1554:
1547:
1539:
1525:
1501:(3): 256–8.
1498:
1494:
1484:
1449:
1445:
1395:
1391:
1344:(3): 603–7.
1341:
1337:
1327:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1265:
1224:
1220:
1174:
1170:
1118:
1114:
1057:
1053:
1003:
999:
926:(6): 503–5.
923:
919:
851:
847:
841:
807:(2): 156–8.
804:
798:
740:
736:
647:
643:
619:
615:
612:Epidemiology
597:
590:
587:
580:
577:
564:
562:
537:Paracentesis
535:
512:
502:
483:
474:side effects
470:progesterone
463:
445:
428:
413:
401:
394:
354:for GAVE in
345:
335:. The main
323:
320:Pathogenesis
308:
293:
286:
279:
273:
262:
255:
247:
239:
224:
192:
181:
172:hematochezia
157:
147:
143:
141:
132:
104:
100:
99:
3267:Peritonitis
3029:Cholestasis
3007:Cholangitis
2950:Gallbladder
2838:Fatty liver
2758:Hematemesis
2740:GI bleeding
2546:Necrotizing
2475:Lymphocytic
2470:Collagenous
2465:Microscopic
2402:Steatorrhea
2303:Enteropathy
2149:Inlet patch
2071:Herpetiform
2056:Esophagitis
1121:(7): 1544.
743:(4): 46–9.
541:body cavity
460:Medications
352:risk marker
242:scleroderma
30:Other names
3303:Categories
3259:Peritoneal
3237:Incisional
3158:Congenital
3102:Hereditary
3079:Pancreatic
3043:Haemobilia
2716:Hemorrhoid
2694:Anal canal
2632:Infectious
2620:Functional
2455:Ulcerative
2339:Duodenitis
2278:Gastrinoma
1982:DiseasesDB
1897:(1): 290.
624:References
565:antrectomy
498:meta-study
397:endoscopic
371:Micrograph
358:patients.
304:deficiency
211:Micrograph
137:watermelon
48:Endoscopic
3247:Richter's
3204:Spigelian
3199:Obturator
3189:Umbilical
3022:Ascending
2993:Bile duct
2826:Cirrhosis
2804:Hepatitis
2787:Accessory
2657:Proctitis
2508:Megacolon
2482:Dysentery
2392:Whipple's
2344:Jejunitis
2334:Enteritis
2221:Dyspepsia
2182:Gastritis
2115:Achalasia
2048:Esophagus
1368:207603440
1319:205244678
1241:1756-185X
602:is being
531:rifaximin
509:lactulose
437:Treatment
362:Diagnosis
300:vitamin B
249:bleeding.
215:cirrhosis
184:cirrhosis
164:physician
63:Specialty
3177:Indirect
3172:Inguinal
2906:Pyogenic
2851:Vascular
2627:Diarrhea
2605:Volvulus
2571:Vascular
2510: /
2499: /
2460:Ischemic
2427:Appendix
2317:Duodenum
2187:Atrophic
2061:Candidal
1911:20039398
1872:18533150
1837:14585429
1785:19577116
1743:17054221
1693:17054131
1643:17379994
1597:25328326
1533:Archived
1517:20361704
1476:10205216
1422:10205216
1360:20080908
1311:18498445
1273:Archived
1257:24009655
1249:28217887
1203:21160630
1137:20595295
1032:20011731
948:25727751
940:17522771
868:13052170
833:20220268
767:20740102
672:36333766
595:template
583:ablation
523:neomycin
519:diabetes
466:estrogen
378:thrombus
291:levels.
252:—
88:Bleeding
83:Symptoms
3218:Petit's
3194:Femoral
3097:Chronic
2911:Amoebic
2679:Anismus
2445:Colitis
2372:Coeliac
2349:Ileitis
2321:Jejunum
2174:Stomach
2078:Rupture
1976:D020252
1734:8855742
1684:7045742
1589:2721320
1467:1727493
1413:1727493
1194:2999147
1084:8614622
1023:2805515
824:2855069
758:2911825
664:3499091
608:
559:Surgery
549:abdomen
547:in the
507:, then
404:abdomen
382:Stomach
333:thrombi
289:gastrin
258:, 2010.
196:Gastrin
129:stomach
123:in the
117:dilated
52:pylorus
3212:Lumbar
3182:Direct
3165:Hiatus
3145:Hernia
2997:Other
2763:Melena
2649:Rectum
2132:(GERD)
1965:537.82
1909:
1870:
1835:
1783:
1741:
1731:
1691:
1681:
1641:
1595:
1587:
1515:
1474:
1464:
1420:
1410:
1366:
1358:
1317:
1309:
1255:
1247:
1239:
1201:
1191:
1135:
1082:
1075:145780
1072:
1030:
1020:
946:
938:
866:
831:
821:
765:
755:
670:
662:
569:antrum
529:, and
424:anemia
385:biopsy
375:fibrin
330:fibrin
256:et al.
233:, and
168:melena
160:anemia
148:et al.
144:et al.
119:small
70:
3137:Other
3092:Acute
2843:MASLD
2796:Liver
2770:Lower
2753:Upper
2595:Ileus
2431:Colon
2325:Ileum
2140:(LPR)
1987:29505
1950:K31.8
1593:S2CID
1364:S2CID
1315:S2CID
1253:S2CID
1111:(PDF)
944:S2CID
668:S2CID
593:‹The
517:with
328:with
178:Cause
92:edema
2525:SCAD
1971:MeSH
1960:9-CM
1907:PMID
1868:PMID
1833:PMID
1781:PMID
1739:PMID
1717:2010
1689:PMID
1667:2006
1639:PMID
1585:PMID
1513:PMID
1472:PMID
1418:PMID
1356:PMID
1307:PMID
1245:PMID
1237:ISSN
1199:PMID
1133:PMID
1080:PMID
1028:PMID
936:PMID
864:PMID
829:PMID
763:PMID
660:PMID
468:and
418:and
312:and
105:GAVE
2831:PBC
2558:IBD
2492:IBS
1956:ICD
1941:ICD
1899:doi
1860:doi
1825:doi
1821:197
1800:at
1773:doi
1729:PMC
1721:doi
1679:PMC
1671:doi
1629:doi
1577:doi
1503:doi
1462:PMC
1454:doi
1446:Gut
1408:PMC
1400:doi
1392:Gut
1346:doi
1299:doi
1229:doi
1189:PMC
1179:doi
1123:doi
1070:PMC
1062:doi
1018:PMC
1008:doi
928:doi
856:doi
819:PMC
809:doi
753:PMC
745:doi
652:doi
571:".
476:."
111:or
3305::
2995:/
2593::
2574::
2370::
1985::
1974::
1963::
1948::
1945:10
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1866:.
1856:68
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1831:.
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1769:93
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1933:D
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