993:, and led to the first application of organoids for personalised treatment. Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that is caused by gene mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene that encodes an epithelial ion channel necessary for healthy epithelial surface fluids. Studies by the laboratory of Jeffrey Beekman (Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands) described in 2013 that stimulation of colorectal organoids with cAMP-raising agonists such as forskolin or cholera toxin induced rapid swelling of organoids in a fully CFTR dependent manner. Whereas organoids from non-cystic fibrosis subjects swell in response to forskolin as a consequence of fluid transport into the organoids' lumens, this is severely reduced or absent in organoids derived from people with cystic fibrosis. Swelling could be restored by therapeutics that repair the CFTR protein (CFTR modulators), indicating that individual responses to CFTR modulating therapy could be quantitated in a preclinical laboratory setting. Schwank et al. also demonstrated that the intestinal cystic fibrosis organoid phenotype could be repaired by CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in 2013.
997:
function. In addition, the authors demonstrated that CFTR modulator responses in intestinal organoids with specific CFTR mutations correlated with published clinical trial data of these treatments. This led to preclinical studies where organoids from patients with extremely rare CFTR mutations for who no treatment was registered were found to respond strongly to a clinically available CFTR modulator. The suggested clinical benefit of treatment for these subjects based on the preclinical organoid test was subsequently confirmed upon clinical introduction of treatment by members of the clinical CF center under supervision of Kors van der Ent (Department of
Paediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands). These studies show for the first time that organoids can be used for the individual tailoring of therapy or
883:. These CRISPR-modified pluripotent stem cells were subsequently grown into human kidney organoids, which exhibited disease-specific phenotypes. Kidney organoids from stem cells with polycystic kidney disease mutations formed large, translucent cyst structures from kidney tubules. When cultured in the absence of adherent cues (in suspension), these cysts reached sizes of 1 cm in diameter over several months. Kidney organoids with mutations in a gene linked to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis developed junctional defects between podocytes, the filtering cells affected in that disease. Importantly, these disease phenotypes were absent in control organoids of identical genetic background, but lacking the CRISPR mutations. Comparison of these organoid phenotypes to diseased tissues from mice and humans suggested similarities to defects in early development.
812:
transporters, and drug efflux pumps, and can therefore be used to model drug transport across the BBB. Also, they can serve as a model for evaluating the interactions between the BBB and adjacent brain tissue and provide a platform for understanding the combined abilities of a new drug to overcome the BBB and its effect on brain tissue. In addition, such models are highly scalable and easier to manufacture and operate than microfluidic devices. However, they have limited ability to reconstruct the morphology and physiology of the BBB and are unable to simulate physiological flow and
521:
40:
491:
established colon organoids as tools for high-throughput drug screening, toxicity testing, and oral drug development. Or recently, Sakib, S., and Zou, S. developed graphene oxide nanoparticles for delivering siRNA regulating expression of tumor necrosis factor-Ξ±, that aimed to treat intestinal organoids exhibiting an inflammatory phenotype. Intestinal organoids also recapitulate the
409:. They propose that further evolution of the technique needs to be subject to a rigorous oversight procedure. In 2023, researchers have built a hybrid biocomputer that combines laboratory-grown human brain organoids with conventional circuits, and can complete tasks such as voice recognition. Cerebral Organoids are currently being used to research and develop
357:
microenvironments that are close to their counterparts, physiologically. Vasculature systems that can facilitate oxygen or nutrients to the inner mass of organoids can be achieved through microfluidic systems, vascular endothelial growth factor delivery systems, and endothelial cell-coated modules. With patient-derived
890:(iPSC) can also be reprogrammed from patient skin fibroblasts. These stem cells carry the exact genetic background of the patient including any genetic mutations which might contribute to the development of human disease. Differentiation of these cells into kidney organoids has been performed from patients with
1044:
using 2D cultures. These advancements in PSC fate direction, coupled with the advancements in 3D culturing techniques allowed for the creation of organoids that recapitulate the properties of various specific subregions of a multitude of organs. The use of these organoids has thus greatly contributed
1009:
The self-renewal and regenerative properties of intestinal organoids make them promising candidates for transplantation therapies, particularly for disease involving epithelial barrier disruption. Notably, transplantation of organoids into the duodenum of mice has been shown to aid in the recovery of
829:
culture makes this system easy to manipulate and facilitates their monitoring. While organs are difficult to culture because their size limits the penetration of nutrients, the small size of organoids limits this problem. On the other hand, they do not exhibit all organ features and interactions with
504:
has in maintaining in intestinal stem cells, along with demonstrating the roles of other cell types like neurons and fibroblasts in maintenance of intestinal stem cells. In the field of infection biology, different intestinal organoid-based model systems have been explored. On one hand, organoids can
404:
and develop over the course of months. The procedure has potential applications in the study of brain development, physiology and function. Cerebral organoids may experience "simple sensations" in response to external stimulation and neuroscientists are among those expressing concern that such organs
271:
demonstrated that single Lgr5+ cells from damaged mouse liver can be clonally expanded as liver organoids in Rspo1-based culture medium over several months. In 2014, Artem
Shkumatov et al. at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign demonstrated that cardiovascular organoids can be formed from
163:
types. The advent of the field of organoids, started with a shift from culturing and differentiating stem cells in two dimensional (2D) media, to three dimensional (3D) media to allow for the development of the complex 3-dimensional structures of organs. Utilization of 3D media culture media methods
1053:
development, for example, organoids have contributed to our understanding of the physical forces that underlie retinal cup formation. More recent work has extended cortical organoid growth periods extensively and at nearly a year under specific differentiation conditions, the organoids persist and
930:
control, which can be performed simultaneously with iPSC reprogramming. Comparison of a patient iPSC derived organoid against an isogenic control is the current gold standard in the field as it permits isolation of the mutation of interest as the only variable within the experimental model. In one
495:
structure to such a high degree of fidelity that they have been successfully transplanted to mouse intestines, and are hence highly regarded as a valuable model for research. One of the fields of research that intestinal organoids have been utilized is that of stem cell niche. Intestinal organoids
229:
demonstrated the production of renal organoids from murine fetus-derived renogenic stem cells. In 2014, Qun Wang and co-workers engineered collagen-I and laminin based gels and synthetic foam biomaterials for the culture and delivery of intestinal organoids and encapsulated DNA-functionalized gold
480:
signaling pathways as they have been demonstrated to promote posterior gut fate. Intestinal organoids have also been generated from intestinal stem cells, extracted from adult tissue and cultured in 3D media. These adult stem cell-derived organoids are often referred to as enteroids or colonoids,
332:
in a 3D medium. Stem cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell subtypes, and they enable understanding the processes of development and disease progression. Therefore organoids derived from stem cells enable studying biology and physiology at the organ level. The 3D
996:
Follow-up studies by
Dekkers et al. in 2016 revealed that quantitative differences in forskolin-induced swelling between intestinal organoids derived from people with cystic fibrosis associate with known diagnostic and prognostic markers such as CFTR gene mutations or in vivo biomarkers of CFTR
485:
cells surrounding a central lumen. As such, recapitulate the crypt-villus structure of the intestine, by recapitulating its function, physiology and organization, and maintaining all the cell types found normally in the structure including intestinal stem cells. Thus, intestinal organoids are a
373:
A multitude of organ structures have been recapitulated using organoids. This section aims to outline the state of the field as of now through providing an abridged list of the organoids that have been successfully created, along with a brief outline based on the most recent literature for each
172:
and colleagues showed that a laminin rich gel can be used as a basement membrane for differentiation and morphogenesis in cell cultures of mammary epithelial cells. Since 1987, researchers have devised different methods for 3D culturing, and were able to utilize different types of stem cells to
490:
and nanomedicine, incretin hormone secretion, and infection by various enteropathogens. For example, Qun Wang's team rationally designed artificial virus nanoparticles as oral drug delivery vehicles (ODDVs) with gut organoid-derived mucosal models and demonstrated a new concept of using newly
811:
Self-assembled cell aggregates consisting of BMECs, astrocytes, and pericytes are emerging as a potential alternative to transwell and microfluidic models for certain applications. These organoides can generate many features of the BBB, such as the expression of tight junctions, molecular
356:
Biochemical cues have been incorporated in 3D organoid cultures and with exposure of morphogenes, morphogen inhibitors, or growth factors, organoid models can be developed using embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or adult stem cells (ASCs). Vascularization techniques can be utilized to embody
722:
Recent advances in cell repellent microtiter plates has allowed rapid, cost-effective screening of large small molecule drug like libraries against 3D models of pancreas cancer. These models are consistent in phenotype and expression profiles with those found in the lab of Dr.
604:
gene mutated. To further assess the role of TGFBR2 in the metastasis, the investigators created organoids where TGFBR2 expression is knocked down, through which they were able to demonstrate that reduced TGFBR2 activity leads to invasion and metastasis of cancerous tumors both
866:
Organoids provide an opportunity to create cellular models of human disease, which can be studied in the laboratory to better understand the causes of disease and identify possible treatments. The power of organoids in this regard was first shown for a genetic form of
875:, which were smaller and showed abnormalities in early generation of neurons. In another example, the genome editing system called CRISPR was applied to human pluripotent stem cells to introduce targeted mutations in genes relevant to two different kidney diseases,
953:
morphology consistent with existing animal models which was rescued to wild type morphology in the gene corrected organoids. Comparative transcriptional profiling of epithelial cells purified from patient and control organoids highlighted pathways involved in
353:. Those embryoid bodies are then pharmacologically treated with patterning factors to drive the formation of the desired organoid identity. Organoids have also been created using adult stem cells extracted from the target organ, and cultured in 3D media.
788:
3D organoid models of brain cancer derived from either patient derived explants (PDX) or direct from cancer tissue is now easily achievable and affords high-throughput screening of these tumors against the current panel of approved drugs form around the
687:, which is a lymphoid organ where T cells mature. Thymic organoids have been generated through the seeding of thymic stromal cells in 3-dimensional culture. Thymic organoids seem to successfully recapitulate the thymus' function, as co-culturing human
467:
Intestinal organoids have thus far been among the gut organoids generated directly from intestinal tissues or pluripotent stem cells. One way human pluripotent stem cells can be driven to form intestinal organoids is through first the application of
173:
generate organoids resembling a multitude of organs. In the 1990s, in addition to their role in physical support, the role of ECM components in gene expression by their interaction with integrin-based focal adhesion pathways was reported. In 2006,
284:
Lancaster and
Knoblich define an organoid as a collection of organ-specific cell types that develops from stem cells or organ progenitors, self-organizes through cell sorting and spatially restricted lineage commitment in a manner similar to
6371:
Dekkers JF, Berkers G, Kruisselbrink E, Vonk A, de Jonge HR, Janssens HM, et al. (June 2016). "Characterizing responses to CFTR-modulating drugs using rectal organoids derived from subjects with cystic fibrosis".
898:
mutations. This report compared kidney organoids differentiated from patient iPSC to unrelated control iPSC and demonstrated an inability of patient kidney cells to mobilise transcription factor SIX2 from the
118:
demonstrated that mechanically dissociated sponge cells can reaggregate and self-organize to generate a whole organism. In the subsequent decades, multiple labs were able to generate different types of organs
3269:
Davoudi Z, Atherly T, Borcherding DC, Jergens AE, Wannemuehler M, Barrett TA, et al. (December 2023). "Study
Transportation of Drugs within Newly Established Murine Colon Organoid Systems".
517:
and cultured as 2D monolayers in order to make both the apical and basolateral sides of the epithelium more easily accessible. Intestinal organoids have also demonstrated therapeutic potential.
6325:
Dekkers JF, Wiegerinck CL, de Jonge HR, Bronsveld I, Janssens HM, de Winter-de Groot KM, et al. (July 2013). "A functional CFTR assay using primary cystic fibrosis intestinal organoids".
230:
nanoparticles into intestinal organoids to form an intestinal Trojan horse for drug delivery and gene therapy. Subsequent reports showed significant physiological function of these organoids
5224:
Beccari L, Moris N, Girgin M, Turner DA, Baillie-Johnson P, Cossy AC, et al. (October 2018). "Multi-axial self-organization properties of mouse embryonic stem cells into gastruloids".
1740:
Sato T, Vries RG, Snippert HJ, van de
Wetering M, Barker N, Stange DE, et al. (May 2009). "Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche".
429:, which during development forms a tube that can be divided in three distinct regions, which give rise to, along with other organs, the following sections of the gastrointestinal tract:
4912:
Takasato M, Er PX, Chiu HS, Maier B, Baillie GJ, Ferguson C, et al. (October 2015). "Kidney organoids from human iPS cells contain multiple lineages and model human nephrogenesis".
131:
and 3T3 fibroblasts. The phenomena of mechanically dissociated cells aggregating and reorganizing to reform the tissue they were obtained from subsequently led to the development of the
2011:
Yui S, Nakamura T, Sato T, Nemoto Y, Mizutani T, Zheng X, et al. (March 2012). "Functional engraftment of colon epithelium expanded in vitro from a single adult Lgr5βΊ stem cell".
966:
assembly, some of which had been implicated for other genotypes within the phenotypic family of renal ciliopathies. Another report utilising an isogenic control demonstrated abnormal
5982:
Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, et al. (November 2007). "Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors".
4812:
Barker N, van Es JH, Kuipers J, Kujala P, van den Born M, Cozijnsen M, et al. (October 2007). "Identification of stem cells in small intestine and colon by marker gene Lgr5".
365:-based genome editing technologies, genome-edited or mutated pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) with altered signaling cues can be generated to control intrinsic cues within organoids.
653:-expressing taste stem/progenitor cells. and indirectly, through the isolation, digestion, and subsequent culturing of CV tissue containing Lgr5+ or CD44+ stem/progenitor cells.
838:
and regulation of stemness was the first field of application of intestinal organoids, they are now also used to study e.g. uptake of nutrients, drug transport and secretion of
481:
depending on their segment of origin, and have been established from both the human and murine intestine. Intestinal organoids consist of a single layer of polarized intestinal
6533:
Watanabe S, Kobayashi S, Ogasawara N, Okamoto R, Nakamura T, Watanabe M, et al. (March 2022). "Transplantation of intestinal organoids into a mouse model of colitis".
345:-rich extracellular matrix that is secreted by the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm tumor line. Organoid bodies can then be made through embedding stem cells in the 3D medium. When
5276:
5174:"Anteroposterior polarity and elongation in the absence of extra-embryonic tissues and of spatially localised signalling in gastruloids: mammalian embryonic organoids"
276:
through modulation of the substrate stiffness, to which they adhere. Physiological stiffness promoted three-dimensionality of EBs and cardiomyogenic differentiation.
1665:
Nahmias Y, Schwartz RE, Hu WS, Verfaillie CM, Odde DJ (June 2006). "Endothelium-mediated hepatocyte recruitment in the establishment of liver-like tissue in vitro".
641:, as these cells do not arise from Bmi1 expressing epithelial stem cells. Lingual taste bud organoids containing taste cells, however, have been created using the
2693:
Jung P, Sato T, Merlos-SuΓ‘rez A, Barriga FM, Iglesias M, Rossell D, et al. (September 2011). "Isolation and in vitro expansion of human colonic stem cells".
97:, for drug discovery and development in industry, personalized diagnostics and medicine, gene and cell therapies, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.
825:
Organoids enable to study how cells interact together in an organ, their interaction with their environment, how diseases affect them and the effect of drugs.
4219:"From Pluripotent Stem Cells to Organoids and Bioprinting: Recent Advances in Dental Epithelium and Ameloblast Models to Study Tooth Biology and Regeneration"
2366:"Three-Dimensional Gastrointestinal Organoid Culture in Combination with Nerves or Fibroblasts: A Method to Characterize the Gastrointestinal Stem Cell Niche"
5312:
Rivron NC, Frias-Aldeguer J, Vrij EJ, Boisset JC, Korving J, ViviΓ© J, et al. (May 2018). "Blastocyst-like structures generated solely from stem cells".
621:
Lingual organoids are organoids that recapitulate, at least partly, aspects of the tongue physiology. Epithelial lingual organoids have been generated using
649:+ stem/progenitor cells of circumvallate (CV) papilla tissue. These taste bud organoids have been successfully created both directly from isolated Lgr5- or
4043:"Establishment of a novel lingual organoid culture system: generation of organoids having mature keratinized epithelium from adult epithelial stem cells"
3488:
Dutta D, Heo I, O'Connor R (September 2019). "Studying
Cryptosporidium Infection in 3D Tissue-derived Human Organoid Culture Systems by Microinjection".
3128:
Rahmani S, Breyner NM, Su HM, Verdu EF, Didar TF (February 2019). "Intestinal organoids: A new paradigm for engineering intestinal epithelium in vitro".
123:
through the dissociation and reaggregation of organ tissues obtained from amphibians and embryonic chicks. The formation of first tissue-like colonies
2415:
Takahashi K, Yamanaka S (August 2006). "Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors".
2572:
1835:
Peng H, Poovaiah N, Forrester M, Cochran E, Wang Q (December 2014). "Ex Vivo
Culture of Primary Intestinal Stem Cells in Collagen Gels and Foams".
2551:
6157:"Patient-iPSC-Derived Kidney Organoids Show Functional Validation of a Ciliopathic Renal Phenotype and Reveal Underlying Pathogenetic Mechanisms"
3310:"Attenuation of Chronic Inflammation in Intestinal Organoids with Graphene Oxide-Mediated Tumor Necrosis Factor-Ξ±_Small Interfering RNA Delivery"
5412:
Lee EJ, Kim DE, Azeloglu EU, Costa KD (February 2008). "Engineered cardiac organoid chambers: toward a functional biological model ventricle".
6458:"Organoids transplantation attenuates intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice through L-Malic acid-mediated M2 macrophage polarization"
5721:"Druggable growth dependencies and tumor evolution analysis in patient-derived organoids of neuroendocrine neoplasms from multiple body sites"
4370:
2302:"Influence of a reconstituted basement membrane and its components on casein gene expression and secretion in mouse mammary epithelial cells"
1510:"Influence of a reconstituted basement membrane and its components on casein gene expression and secretion in mouse mammary epithelial cells"
93:
named it one of the biggest scientific advancements of 2013. Scientists and engineers use organoids to study development and disease in the
248:
6042:"Kidney-differentiated cells derived from Lowe Syndrome patient's iPSCs show ciliogenesis defects and Six2 retention at the Golgi complex"
4264:
Martin A, Barbesino G, Davies TF (1999). "T-cell receptors and autoimmune thyroid disease--signposts for T-cell-antigen driven diseases".
1405:
Rheinwald JG, Green H (November 1975). "Formation of a keratinizing epithelium in culture by a cloned cell line derived from a teratoma".
59:
in three dimensions that mimics the key functional, structural, and biological complexity of that organ. It is derived from one or a few
6510:
6209:"Organoids from Nephrotic Disease-Derived iPSCs Identify Impaired NEPHRIN Localization and Slit Diaphragm Formation in Kidney Podocytes"
3020:"Organoids to Study Intestinal Nutrient Transport, Drug Uptake and Metabolism - Update to the Human Model and Expansion of Applications"
880:
596:
along with human disease and development. For example, one study investigated the underlying genetic alterations behind a patient's
1142:
989:
Intestinal organoids grown from rectal biopsies using culture protocols established by the
Clevers group have been used to model
132:
1907:"Transport of organic anions and cations in murine embryonic kidney development and in serially-reaggregated engineered kidneys"
1237:
Lancaster MA, Knoblich JA (July 2014). "Organogenesis in a dish: modeling development and disease using organoid technologies".
4543:"Recapitulating hepatitis E virus-host interactions and facilitating antiviral drug discovery in human liver-derived organoids"
3439:
Geiser P, Di
Martino ML, Samperio Ventayol P, Eriksson J, Sima E, Al-Saffar AK, et al. (January 2021). Sperandio V (ed.).
708:
Hepatic organoid. A recent study showed the usefulness of the technology for identifying novel medication for the treatment of
2842:"Intestinal organoids containing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases"
6725:
5448:
513:
is required. In addition, the polarity of intestinal organoids can be inverted, and they can even be dissociated into single
1704:
949:
variant giving rise to a non-viable mRNA transcript was corrected by CRISPR. Patient kidney organoids demonstrated abnormal
509:
of interest. However, to model infection via a more natural route starting from the intestinal lumen, microinjection of the
3622:"A primary human macrophage-enteroid co-culture model to investigate mucosal gut physiology and host-pathogen interactions"
3785:"Bioengineered Human Organ-on-Chip Reveals Intestinal Microenvironment and Mechanical Forces Impacting Shigella Infection"
3441:"Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Exploits Cycling through Epithelial Cells To Colonize Human and Murine Enteroids"
975:
887:
762:
Cardiac organoid β In 2018 hollow cardiac organoids were made to beat, and to respond to stimuli to beat faster or slower.
358:
72:
5529:
Zilova L, Weinhardt V, Tavhelidse T, Schlagheck C, Thumberger T, Wittbrodt J (July 2021). Arias AM, Stainier DY (eds.).
252:
5074:
van den Brink SC, Baillie-Johnson P, Balayo T, Hadjantonakis AK, Nowotschin S, Turner DA, et al. (November 2014).
1348:"Reconstitution of Complete Organs From Single-Cell Suspensions of Chick Embryos in Advanced Stages of Differentiation"
6892:
1569:"Functional differentiation and alveolar morphogenesis of primary mammary cultures on reconstituted basement membrane"
564:. Gastric organoids have been generated directly from pluripotent stem cells through the temporal manipulation of the
5474:"cGMP production of patient-specific iPSCs and photoreceptor precursor cells to treat retinal degenerative blindness"
926:
Other studies have used CRISPR gene editing to correct the patient's mutation in the patient iPSC cells to create an
6505:
919:) could be related to alteration in nephron patterning arising from nephron progenitor cells lacking this important
5172:
Turner DA, Girgin M, Alonso-Crisostomo L, Trivedi V, Baillie-Johnson P, Glodowski CR, et al. (November 2017).
2980:
891:
573:
349:
stem cells are used for the creation of the organoid, the cells are usually, but not all the time, allowed to form
2654:"Long-term expansion of epithelial organoids from human colon, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, and Barrett's epithelium"
876:
6298:
5076:"Symmetry breaking, germ layer specification and axial organisation in aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells"
4970:"Modelling kidney disease with CRISPR-mutant kidney organoids derived from human pluripotent epiblast spheroids"
4667:"Advanced Development of Primary Pancreatic Organoid Tumor Models for High-Throughput Phenotypic Drug Screening"
3989:"Metastatic tumor evolution and organoid modeling implicate TGFBR2 as a cancer driver in diffuse gastric cancer"
2218:"Differentiation of embryonic stem cells to clinically relevant populations: lessons from embryonic development"
5531:"Fish primary embryonic pluripotent cells assemble into retinal tissue mirroring in vivo early eye development"
1709:
1147:
1038:
565:
156:
89:
84:
4865:"Lung stem cell differentiation in mice directed by endothelial cells via a BMP4-NFATc1-thrombospondin-1 axis"
4765:"A microenvironment-inspired synthetic three-dimensional model for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma organoids"
584:
signalling pathways in three-dimensional culture conditions. Gastric organoids have also been generated using
3736:"Human Colon-on-a-Chip Enables Continuous In Vitro Analysis of Colon Mucus Layer Accumulation and Physiology"
2891:"Gut Organoid as a New Platform to Study Alginate and Chitosan Mediated PLGA Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery"
2840:
Davoudi Z, Peroutka-Bigus N, Bellaire B, Wannemuehler M, Barrett TA, Narasimhan B, et al. (April 2018).
932:
688:
626:
581:
115:
2592:
Cai H, Ao Z, Tian C, et al. (2023). "Brain organoid reservoir computing for artificial intelligence".
1050:
422:
6417:"Functional repair of CFTR by CRISPR/Cas9 in intestinal stem cell organoids of cystic fibrosis patients"
3837:
McCracken KW, CatΓ‘ EM, Crawford CM, Sinagoga KL, Schumacher M, Rockich BE, et al. (December 2014).
2787:
Qi Y, Lohman J, Bratlie KM, Peroutka-Bigus N, Bellaire B, Wannemuehler M, et al. (September 2019).
1073:
1030:
1014:
998:
936:
630:
569:
410:
5672:"A Cytotoxic Three-Dimensional-Spheroid, High-Throughput Assay Using Patient-Derived Glioma Stem Cells"
5873:"Organoid cystogenesis reveals a critical role of microenvironment in human polycystic kidney disease"
4618:"Unlimited in vitro expansion of adult bi-potent pancreas progenitors through the Lgr5/R-spondin axis"
4103:"Characterization of stem/progenitor cell cycle using murine circumvallate papilla taste bud organoid"
3392:"Salmonella-infected crypt-derived intestinal organoid culture system for host-bacterial interactions"
6828:
6053:
5884:
5822:
5485:
5321:
5233:
4981:
4921:
4821:
4554:
4171:
4114:
4054:
3850:
3690:
3633:
3082:
2313:
2170:
2064:
1918:
1749:
1521:
1464:
1359:
1293:
794:
625:
expressing epithelial stem cells in three-dimensional culture conditions through the manipulation of
472:
A to drive the cells into a mesoendodermal identity, followed by the pharmacological upregulation of
165:
6866:
3896:"Lgr5(+ve) stem cells drive self-renewal in the stomach and build long-lived gastric units in vitro"
1616:
Streuli CH, Schmidhauser C, Bailey N, Yurchenco P, Skubitz AP, Roskelley C, et al. (May 1995).
6887:
6739:"Vascularized and Complex Organ Buds from Diverse Tissues via Mesenchymal Cell-Driven Condensation"
3894:
Barker N, Huch M, Kujala P, van de Wetering M, Snippert HJ, van Es JH, et al. (January 2010).
3734:
Sontheimer-Phelps A, Chou DB, Tovaglieri A, Ferrante TC, Duckworth T, Fadel C, et al. (2020).
3578:"Transport of artificial virus-like nanocarriers through intestinal monolayers via microfold cells"
2051:
Lancaster MA, Renner M, Martin CA, Wenzel D, Bicknell LS, Hurles ME, et al. (September 2013).
1870:
Peng H, Wang C, Xu X, Yu C, Wang Q (January 2015). "An intestinal Trojan horse for gene delivery".
1796:"Dissociation of embryonic kidneys followed by reaggregation allows the formation of renal tissues"
1034:
971:
753:
273:
68:
5719:
Dayton TL, Alcala N, Moonen L, den Hartigh L, Geurts V, Mangiante L, et al. (December 2023).
5472:
Wiley LA, Burnight ER, DeLuca AP, Anfinson KR, Cranston CM, Kaalberg EE, et al. (July 2016).
4158:
Ren W, Lewandowski BC, Watson J, Aihara E, Iwatsuki K, Bachmanov AA, et al. (November 2014).
3783:
Grassart A, MalardΓ© V, Gobaa S, Sartori-Rupp A, Kerns J, Karalis K, et al. (September 2019).
2652:
Sato T, Stange DE, Ferrante M, Vries RG, Van Es JH, Van den Brink S, et al. (November 2011).
6558:
6397:
6350:
6017:
5621:
van de Wetering M, Francies HE, Francis JM, Bounova G, Iorio F, Pronk A, et al. (May 2015).
5345:
5257:
5027:"Nephron organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells model kidney development and injury"
4945:
4845:
4598:
3814:
3509:
3153:
2718:
2282:
1773:
1430:
1262:
1018:
872:
851:
663:
600:, and identified that unlike the patient's primary tumor, the metastasis had both alleles of the
297:
264:
244:
206:
6207:
Tanigawa S, Islam M, Sharmin S, Naganuma H, Yoshimura Y, Haque F, et al. (September 2018).
87:
capacities. The technique for growing organoids has rapidly improved since the early 2010s, and
5871:
Cruz NM, Song X, Czerniecki SM, Gulieva RE, Churchill AJ, Kim YK, et al. (November 2017).
4616:
Huch M, Bonfanti P, Boj SF, Sato T, Loomans CJ, van de Wetering M, et al. (October 2013).
4492:
Huch M, Gehart H, van Boxtel R, Hamer K, Blokzijl F, Verstegen MM, et al. (January 2015).
4394:
Sakib S, Uchida A, Valenzuela-Leon P, Yu Y, Valli-Pulaski H, Orwig K, et al. (June 2019).
2940:
Qi Y, Shi E, Peroutka-Bigus N, Bellaire B, Wannemuehler M, Jergens A, et al. (May 2018). "
911:, the authors concluded that renal disease frequently seen in Lowe Syndrome (global failure of
6846:
6803:
6760:
6702:
6653:
6602:
6550:
6487:
6438:
6389:
6342:
6279:
6238:
6186:
6130:
6081:
6009:
5964:
5910:
5848:
5791:
5742:
5701:
5652:
5603:
5562:
5511:
5429:
5394:
5337:
5277:"Blastoid: The backstory of the formation of blastocyst-like structure solely from stem cells"
5249:
5203:
5154:
5105:
5056:
5007:
4937:
4894:
4837:
4794:
4745:
4696:
4647:
4590:
4523:
4474:
4425:
4376:
4366:
4330:
4299:
Bredenkamp N, Ulyanchenko S, O'Neill KE, Manley NR, Vaidya HJ, Blackburn CC (September 2014).
4281:
4246:
4199:
4160:"Single Lgr5- or Lgr6-expressing taste stem/progenitor cells generate taste bud cells ex vivo"
4140:
4080:
4020:
3966:
3917:
3876:
3806:
3765:
3716:
3659:
3599:
3558:
3501:
3470:
3421:
3339:
3290:
3251:
3202:
3145:
3110:
3051:
3000:
2961:
2922:
2871:
2822:
2769:
2710:
2675:
2532:
2491:
2442:
2397:
2341:
2274:
2239:
2198:
2139:
2090:
2028:
1993:
1962:
Xinaris C, Benedetti V, Rizzo P, Abbate M, Corna D, Azzollini N, et al. (November 2012).
1944:
1887:
1852:
1817:
1765:
1682:
1647:
1598:
1549:
1490:
1422:
1387:
1309:
1254:
1186:
1123:
855:
774:
383:
256:
136:
76:
3987:
Nadauld LD, Garcia S, Natsoulis G, Bell JM, Miotke L, Hopmans ES, et al. (August 2014).
3173:"TNFΞ± regulates intestinal organoids from mice with both defined and conventional microbiota"
2108:
Huch M, Dorrell C, Boj SF, van Es JH, Li VS, van de Wetering M, et al. (February 2013).
6836:
6793:
6785:
6750:
6726:"Orchestrating Organoids. A guide to crafting tissues in a dish that reprise in vivo organs"
6692:
6684:
6643:
6633:
6594:
6542:
6477:
6469:
6428:
6381:
6334:
6269:
6228:
6220:
6176:
6168:
6120:
6112:
6071:
6061:
5999:
5991:
5954:
5946:
5900:
5892:
5838:
5830:
5781:
5773:
5732:
5691:
5683:
5642:
5634:
5593:
5552:
5542:
5501:
5493:
5421:
5384:
5376:
5329:
5241:
5193:
5185:
5144:
5136:
5095:
5087:
5046:
5038:
4997:
4989:
4929:
4884:
4876:
4829:
4784:
4776:
4735:
4727:
4686:
4678:
4637:
4629:
4580:
4570:
4562:
4513:
4505:
4464:
4456:
4415:
4407:
4358:
4320:
4312:
4273:
4236:
4226:
4189:
4179:
4130:
4122:
4070:
4062:
4010:
4000:
3956:
3948:
3907:
3866:
3858:
3839:"Modelling human development and disease in pluripotent stem-cell-derived gastric organoids"
3796:
3755:
3747:
3706:
3698:
3649:
3641:
3620:
Noel G, Baetz NW, Staab JF, Donowitz M, Kovbasnjuk O, Pasetti MF, et al. (March 2017).
3589:
3548:
3540:
3493:
3460:
3452:
3411:
3403:
3370:
3329:
3321:
3286:
3278:
3241:
3233:
3192:
3184:
3137:
3100:
3090:
3041:
3031:
2992:
2953:
2912:
2902:
2861:
2853:
2812:
2804:
2759:
2749:
2702:
2665:
2632:
2601:
2522:
2481:
2473:
2432:
2424:
2387:
2377:
2331:
2321:
2266:
2229:
2188:
2178:
2129:
2121:
2080:
2072:
2020:
1983:
1975:
1934:
1926:
1879:
1844:
1807:
1757:
1674:
1637:
1629:
1588:
1580:
1539:
1529:
1480:
1472:
1414:
1377:
1367:
1301:
1246:
1178:
1113:
1105:
1063:
916:
492:
329:
160:
64:
6415:
Schwank G, Koo BK, Sasselli V, Dekkers JF, Heo I, Demircan T, et al. (December 2013).
3679:"FOXO1 inhibition yields functional insulin-producing cells in human gut organoid cultures"
2619:
Smirnova L, Caffo BS, Gracias DH, Huang Q, Morales Pantoja IE, Tang B, et al. (2023).
6673:"Long-term maturation of human cortical organoids matches key early postnatal transitions"
5933:
Kim YK, Refaeli I, Brooks CR, Jing P, Gulieva RE, Hughes MR, et al. (December 2017).
4443:
Drost J, Karthaus WR, Gao D, Driehuis E, Sawyers CL, Chen Y, et al. (February 2016).
4101:
Aihara E, Mahe MM, Schumacher MA, Matthis AL, Feng R, Ren W, et al. (November 2015).
3937:"Oncogenic transformation of diverse gastrointestinal tissues in primary organoid culture"
3357:
Lindemans C, Mertelsmann A, Dudakov JA, Velardi E, Hua G, O'Connor M, et al. (2014).
3171:
Sun L, Rollins D, Qi Y, Fredericks J, Mansell TJ, Jergens A, et al. (December 2020).
990:
912:
900:
680:
589:
537:
497:
226:
106:
52:
6155:
Forbes TA, Howden SE, Lawlor K, Phipson B, Maksimovic J, Hale L, et al. (May 2018).
5935:"Gene-Edited Human Kidney Organoids Reveal Mechanisms of Disease in Podocyte Development"
5580:
Sachs N, de Ligt J, Kopper O, Gogola E, Bounova G, Weeber F, et al. (January 2018).
4968:
Freedman BS, Brooks CR, Lam AQ, Fu H, Morizane R, Agrawal V, et al. (October 2015).
4665:
Hou S, Tiriac H, Sridharan BP, Scampavia L, Madoux F, Seldin J, et al. (July 2018).
3576:
Tong T, Qi Y, Bussiere LD, Wannemuehler M, Miller CL, Wang Q, et al. (August 2020).
3018:
Zietek T, Giesbertz P, Ewers M, Reichart F, WeinmΓΌller M, Urbauer E, et al. (2020).
2621:"Organoid intelligence (OI): the new frontier in biocomputing and intelligence-in-a-dish"
1964:"In vivo maturation of functional renal organoids formed from embryonic cell suspensions"
6832:
6671:
Gordon A, Yoon SJ, Tran SS, Makinson CD, Park JY, Andersen J, et al. (March 2021).
6482:
6457:
6057:
5888:
5826:
5489:
5325:
5237:
4985:
4925:
4825:
4714:
Wolff RA, Wang-Gillam A, Alvarez H, Tiriac H, Engle D, Hou S, et al. (March 2018).
4558:
4241:
4218:
4175:
4118:
4058:
3854:
3694:
3637:
3529:"Controlling Epithelial Polarity: A Human Enteroid Model for Host-Pathogen Interactions"
3527:
Co JY, Margalef-CatalΓ M, Li X, Mah AT, Kuo CJ, Monack DM, et al. (February 2019).
3334:
3309:
3246:
3221:
3086:
2364:
PastuΕa A, Middelhoff M, Brandtner A, Tobiasch M, HΓΆhl B, Nuber AH, et al. (2016).
2317:
2174:
2110:"In vitro expansion of single Lgr5+ liver stem cells induced by Wnt-driven regeneration"
2068:
1922:
1753:
1525:
1468:
1363:
1297:
1118:
1093:
459:
Organoids have been created for the following structures of the gastrointestinal tract:
6798:
6773:
6697:
6672:
6648:
6621:
6233:
6208:
6181:
6156:
6125:
6100:
6076:
6041:
5959:
5934:
5905:
5872:
5843:
5811:"Intestinal organoids for assessing nutrient transport, sensing and incretin secretion"
5810:
5786:
5761:
5696:
5671:
5647:
5622:
5557:
5530:
5506:
5473:
5389:
5364:
5198:
5173:
5149:
5124:
5100:
5075:
5051:
5026:
5002:
4969:
4889:
4864:
4789:
4764:
4740:
4715:
4691:
4666:
4642:
4617:
4585:
4542:
4518:
4493:
4469:
4444:
4420:
4395:
4325:
4300:
4194:
4159:
4135:
4102:
4075:
4042:
4015:
3988:
3961:
3936:
3871:
3838:
3760:
3735:
3711:
3678:
3654:
3621:
3553:
3528:
3465:
3440:
3416:
3391:
3197:
3172:
3141:
3105:
3071:"Intestinal organoids for assessing nutrient transport, sensing and incretin secretion"
3070:
3046:
3019:
2917:
2890:
2889:
Davoudi Z, Peroutka-Bigus N, Bellaire B, Jergens A, Wannemuehler M, Wang Q (May 2021).
2866:
2841:
2817:
2788:
2764:
2737:
2486:
2461:
2392:
2365:
2193:
2158:
2134:
2109:
2085:
2052:
1988:
1963:
1939:
1906:
1642:
1617:
1593:
1568:
1485:
1452:
950:
746:(embryonic organoid) β Generates all embryonic axes and fully implements the collinear
638:
514:
506:
501:
260:
174:
60:
4863:
Lee JH, Bhang DH, Beede A, Huang TL, Stripp BR, Bloch KD, et al. (January 2014).
4763:
Below CR, Kelly J, Brown A, Humphries JD, Hutton C, Xu J, et al. (January 2022).
4353:
Vianello F, Poznansky MC (2007). "Generation of a tissue-engineered thymic organoid".
3220:
Tong T, Qi Y, Rollins D, Bussiere LD, Dhar D, Miller CL, et al. (December 2023).
2336:
2301:
1544:
1509:
1382:
1347:
6881:
6737:
Takebe T, Enomura M, Yoshizawa E, Kimura M, Koike H, Ueno Y, et al. (May 2015).
6562:
5025:
Morizane R, Lam AQ, Freedman BS, Kishi S, Valerius MT, Bonventre JV (November 2015).
4602:
4041:
Hisha H, Tanaka T, Kanno S, Tokuyama Y, Komai Y, Ohe S, et al. (November 2013).
3818:
3677:
Bouchi R, Foo KS, Hua H, Tsuchiya K, Ohmura Y, Sandoval PR, et al. (June 2014).
3513:
3222:"Rational design of oral drugs targeting mucosa delivery with gut organoid platforms"
2722:
2556:
2286:
1418:
1068:
1046:
959:
955:
927:
843:
768:
724:
577:
487:
486:
valuable model to study intestinal nutrient transport, drug absorption and delivery,
350:
186:
152:
6401:
6258:"Best Practices for Translational Disease Modeling Using Human iPSC-Derived Neurons"
5349:
5261:
3237:
3157:
1434:
1266:
6354:
6021:
5623:"Prospective derivation of a living organoid biobank of colorectal cancer patients"
4949:
4849:
3188:
2577:
1777:
868:
813:
780:
545:
533:
520:
202:
169:
128:
39:
4301:"An organized and functional thymus generated from FOXN1-reprogrammed fibroblasts"
3935:
Li X, Nadauld L, Ootani A, Corney DC, Pai RK, Gevaert O, et al. (July 2014).
2527:
2510:
2159:"Matrix rigidity-modulated cardiovascular organoid formation from embryoid bodies"
1327:
Holtfreter J (1944). "Experimental studies on the development of the pronephros".
421:
Gastrointestinal organoids refer to organoids that recapitulate structures of the
6385:
6274:
6257:
6224:
6066:
3544:
3325:
2754:
2670:
2653:
2270:
2183:
6456:
Zhang FL, Hu Z, Wang YF, Zhang WJ, Zhou BW, Sun QS, et al. (October 2023).
5737:
5720:
5670:
Quereda V, Hou S, Madoux F, Scampavia L, Spicer TP, Duckett D (September 2018).
4362:
3751:
2979:
Reding B, Carter P, Qi Y, Li Z, Wu Y, Wannemuehler M, et al. (April 2021).
709:
549:
541:
346:
268:
222:
210:
17:
6755:
6738:
6688:
6585:
Ader M, Tanaka EM (December 2014). "Modeling human development in 3D culture".
6546:
6473:
6433:
6416:
6172:
5995:
5638:
5598:
5581:
4880:
4780:
4509:
4494:"Long-term culture of genome-stable bipotent stem cells from adult human liver"
4231:
4217:
Hermans F, Hasevoets S, Vankelecom H, Bronckaers A, Lambrichts I (March 2024).
4164:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3912:
3895:
3801:
3784:
3375:
3358:
2605:
2428:
2306:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2257:
Choudhury D, Ashok A, Naing MW (March 2020). "Commercialization of Organoids".
2234:
2217:
1514:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1352:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1305:
1182:
1109:
524:
An intestinal organoid (Minigut) grows up in 7 days. The scale bars are 200 ΞΌm.
6598:
6506:"World's first mini organ transportation to a patient with ulcerative colitis"
5333:
5245:
4731:
4277:
4005:
3036:
2738:"Effects of six common dietary nutrients on murine intestinal organoid growth"
2637:
2620:
908:
743:
597:
482:
401:
325:
194:
94:
6774:"Organoids and the genetically encoded self-assembly of embryonic stem cells"
6638:
5777:
5687:
5125:"Organoids and the genetically encoded self-assembly of embryonic stem cells"
4682:
2300:
Li ML, Aggeler J, Farson DA, Hatier C, Hassell J, Bissell MJ (January 1987).
1678:
1508:
Li ML, Aggeler J, Farson DA, Hatier C, Hassell J, Bissell MJ (January 1987).
5582:"A Living Biobank of Breast Cancer Organoids Captures Disease Heterogeneity"
5294:
4411:
4184:
1250:
1092:
Zhao Z, Chen X, Dowbaj AM, Sljukic A, Bratlie K, Lin L, et al. (2022).
835:
800:
406:
397:
315:
its cells are grouped together and spatially organized, similar to an organ.
309:
305:
201:
cells that self-organize into distinctive layers. In 2009 the Laboratory of
140:
80:
6850:
6807:
6789:
6764:
6706:
6657:
6606:
6554:
6491:
6442:
6393:
6346:
6283:
6242:
6190:
6134:
6116:
6085:
6013:
5968:
5914:
5852:
5795:
5746:
5705:
5656:
5607:
5566:
5515:
5433:
5398:
5341:
5253:
5207:
5158:
5140:
5109:
5060:
5011:
4941:
4898:
4841:
4798:
4749:
4700:
4651:
4633:
4594:
4566:
4527:
4478:
4460:
4429:
4380:
4334:
4285:
4250:
4203:
4144:
4084:
4024:
3970:
3921:
3880:
3810:
3769:
3720:
3663:
3603:
3562:
3505:
3474:
3425:
3343:
3294:
3282:
3255:
3206:
3149:
3114:
3055:
3004:
2965:
2926:
2875:
2826:
2773:
2714:
2679:
2536:
2495:
2477:
2446:
2401:
2382:
2278:
2243:
2202:
2143:
2094:
2032:
1997:
1979:
1948:
1891:
1856:
1821:
1769:
1686:
1494:
1476:
1391:
1372:
1313:
1258:
1190:
1127:
217:-expressing intestinal stem cells self-organize to crypt-villus structures
114:
started with one of the first dissociation-reaggregation experiments where
5425:
4541:
Li P, Li Y, Wang Y, Liu J, Lavrijsen M, Li Y, et al. (January 2022).
3456:
2957:
2345:
2326:
1651:
1633:
1602:
1584:
1553:
1534:
1426:
296:
it is capable of recapitulating some specific function of the organ (e.g.
164:
for the structural organization was made possible with the development of
159:
can organize into different structures resembling those found in multiple
4575:
2460:
Ran FA, Hsu PD, Wright J, Agarwala V, Scott DA, Zhang F (November 2013).
839:
634:
510:
426:
388:
338:
334:
225:
niche, making them the first organoids. In 2010, Mathieu Unbekandt &
148:
110:
56:
5547:
5380:
4933:
4833:
3862:
3407:
2996:
2857:
2808:
2125:
2076:
1812:
1795:
1761:
255:
established a protocol starting from pluripotent stem cells to generate
5189:
5091:
4993:
3702:
3594:
3577:
2907:
2437:
1883:
1700:
1618:"Laminin mediates tissue-specific gene expression in mammary epithelia"
967:
847:
561:
529:
469:
450:
436:
342:
236:
6004:
5950:
5834:
5497:
4126:
4066:
3645:
3095:
1930:
1848:
1281:
907:
is a well characterised marker of nephron progenitor cells in the cap
5896:
5042:
4396:"Formation of organotypic testicular organoids in microwell cultureβ "
963:
941:
692:
684:
601:
593:
560:
Gastric organoids recapitulate at least partly the physiology of the
443:
362:
301:
198:
147:
was realized early on with the observation that when stem cells form
6841:
6816:
6338:
4445:"Organoid culture systems for prostate epithelial and cancer tissue"
4316:
3952:
2706:
2573:"Scientists 'may have crossed ethical line' in growing human brains"
2024:
2736:
Cai T, Qi Y, Jergens A, Wannemuehler M, Barrett TA, Wang Q (2018).
2552:"Miniature brains grown in the lab have human-like neural activity"
2053:"Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly"
712:
as it allows to allows to recapitulate the entire viral life cycle.
679:
Thymic organoids recapitulate at least partly the architecture and
6101:"Simultaneous reprogramming and gene editing of human fibroblasts"
3497:
1567:
Barcellos-Hoff MH, Aggeler J, Ram TG, Bissell MJ (February 1989).
931:
such report, kidney organoids derived from iPSC of a patient with
540:
models combine intestinal organoids with other cell types such as
519:
473:
393:
190:
178:
38:
33:
2981:"Manipulate intestinal organoids with niobium carbide nanosheets"
2511:"Cerebral organoids: ethical issues and consciousness assessment"
1451:
Yi SA, Zhang Y, Rathnam C, Pongkulapa T, Lee KB (November 2021).
1021:
whose cells were used for the organoid, was carried out in 2022.
6772:
Turner DA, Baillie-Johnson P, Martinez Arias A (February 2016).
5449:"These Beating Mini-Hearts Could Save Big BucksβAnd Maybe Lives"
5123:
Turner DA, Baillie-Johnson P, Martinez Arias A (February 2016).
4357:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 380. pp. 163β70.
650:
646:
642:
622:
585:
477:
374:
organoid, and examples of how it has been utilized in research.
214:
6622:"Coordinated Morphogenetic Mechanisms Shape the Vertebrate Eye"
3359:"IL-22 Administration Protects Intestinal Stem Cells from Gvhd"
259:
that mimic the developing human brain's cellular organization.
6817:"The boom in mini stomachs, brains, breasts, kidneys and more"
1453:"Bioengineering Approaches for the Advanced Organoid Research"
5365:"Organoids to model the endometrium: implantation and beyond"
592:. Gastric organoids have been used as model for the study of
500:, and research done with them demonstrated the positive role
6040:
Hsieh WC, Ramadesikan S, Fekete D, Aguilar RC (2018-02-14).
5762:"Astrocytes and human artificial blood-brain barrier models"
4716:"Dynamic changes during the treatment of pancreatic cancer"
1010:
mucosal damages on mice with ischemia-reperfusion injury.
981:
Things such as epithelial metabolism can also be modelled.
5363:
Rawlings TM, Makwana K, Tryfonos M, Lucas ES (July 2021).
1282:"A New Method by Which Sponges May Be Artificially Reared"
1169:
Mullard A (March 2023). "Mini-organs attract big pharma".
1029:
Organoids offer researchers an exceptional model to study
945:
were compared to an isogenic control organoid in which an
691:
with mouse thymic organoids resulted in the production of
446:
gives rise to the small intestines and the ascending colon
3832:
3830:
3828:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
750:
gene expression patterns along the anteroposterior axis.
6620:
Martinez-Morales JR, Cavodeassi F, Bovolenta P (2017).
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
842:
hormones. This is of great relevance in the context of
528:
In order to more accurately recapitulate the intestine
243:
Other significant early advancements included in 2013,
5809:
Zietek T, Rath E, Haller D, Daniel H (November 2015).
3982:
3980:
3740:
Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology
3069:
Zietek T, Rath E, Haller D, Daniel H (November 2015).
1054:
have some features of human fetal development stages.
886:
As first developed by Takahashi and Yamanaka in 2007,
1789:
1787:
396:. Cerebral organoids are created by culturing human
324:
Organoid formation generally requires culturing the
177:
and David Odde showed the self-assembly of vascular
143:
biology, the potential of stem cells to form organs
5760:ZidariΔ T, GradiΕ‘nik L, Velnar T (September 2022).
2793:
as new biomaterials to alter intestinal stem cells"
2359:
2357:
2355:
1045:to expanding our understanding of the processes of
505:be infected in bulk by simply mixing them with the
4096:
4094:
3177:International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
974:of kidney organoids generated from a patient with
453:gives rise to the rectum and the rest of the colon
400:in a three-dimensional structure using rotational
6202:
6200:
4036:
4034:
2462:"Genome engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system"
333:medium can be made using an extracellular matrix
4348:
4346:
4344:
2985:Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A
2846:Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A
2797:Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A
127:was observed for the first time by co-culturing
32:For Organoids appearing in an anime series, see
6256:Engle SJ, Blaha L, Kleiman RJ (November 2018).
6150:
6148:
6146:
6144:
5219:
5217:
3390:Zhang YG, Wu S, Xia Y, Sun J (September 2014).
1905:Lawrence ML, Chang CH, Davies JA (March 2015).
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
846:diseases as well as metabolic diseases such as
51:is a miniaturised and simplified version of an
43:Intestinal organoid grown from Lgr5+ stem cells
27:Miniaturized and simplified version of an organ
6366:
6364:
6320:
6318:
6035:
6033:
6031:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5866:
5864:
5862:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6099:Howden SE, Thomson JA, Little MH (May 2018).
4963:
4961:
4959:
3024:Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
1968:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
1049:, and the field of developmental biology. In
439:gives rise to the oral cavity and the stomach
425:. The gastrointestinal tract arises from the
8:
3615:
3613:
2046:
2044:
2042:
1017:of an organoid into a human, a patient with
79:in three-dimensional culture owing to their
3363:Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation
2944:Study of Telluride Nanowires in Minigut".
2157:Shkumatov A, Baek K, Kong H (April 2014).
1837:ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering
532:, co-cultures of intestinal organoids and
293:it has multiple organ-specific cell types;
289:, and exhibits the following properties:
6840:
6797:
6754:
6696:
6647:
6637:
6481:
6432:
6273:
6232:
6180:
6124:
6075:
6065:
6003:
5958:
5904:
5842:
5785:
5766:Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
5736:
5695:
5646:
5597:
5556:
5546:
5505:
5388:
5197:
5148:
5099:
5050:
5001:
4888:
4788:
4739:
4690:
4641:
4584:
4574:
4517:
4468:
4419:
4324:
4240:
4230:
4193:
4183:
4134:
4074:
4014:
4004:
3960:
3911:
3870:
3800:
3759:
3710:
3653:
3593:
3552:
3464:
3415:
3374:
3333:
3245:
3196:
3104:
3094:
3045:
3035:
2916:
2906:
2865:
2816:
2763:
2753:
2669:
2636:
2526:
2509:Lavazza A, Massimini M (September 2018).
2485:
2436:
2391:
2381:
2335:
2325:
2233:
2192:
2182:
2133:
2084:
1987:
1938:
1811:
1641:
1592:
1543:
1533:
1484:
1446:
1444:
1381:
1371:
1117:
637:. This organoid culture, however, lacks
6303:Special Issue of the Metabolites Journal
1037:, there have been great advancements in
871:, where patient cells were used to make
1084:
689:hematopoietic or bone marrow stem cells
6867:"Organoid-based regenerative medicine"
1794:Unbekandt M, Davies JA (March 2010).
1346:Weiss P, Taylor AC (September 1960).
1039:directing pluripotent stem cells fate
496:were used to study the nature of the
181:organoid maintained for over 50 days
7:
2946:Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology
2216:Murry CE, Keller G (February 2008).
1025:As a model for developmental biology
249:Institute of Molecular Biotechnology
6511:Tokyo Medical and Dental University
4266:International Reviews of Immunology
830:other organs are not recapitulated
6161:American Journal of Human Genetics
3142:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.12.006
881:focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
806:Blood-brain barrier (BBB) organoid
536:have been developed. Furthermore,
392:, miniature organs resembling the
213:, Netherlands, showed that single
139:. With the advent of the field of
25:
3490:Journal of Visualized Experiments
269:University Medical Center Utrecht
211:University Medical Center Utrecht
5283:. The Company of Biologists Ltd.
3308:Sakib S, Zou S (February 2024).
1143:"2013's Big Advances in Science"
133:differential adhesion hypothesis
6587:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
3238:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.07.014
1098:Nature Reviews. Methods Primers
6374:Science Translational Medicine
6297:Rath E, Chamaillard M (eds.).
3189:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.176
1171:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
1033:. Since the identification of
888:induced pluripotent stem cells
662:Tooth organoid (TO) (see also
386:describes artificially grown,
359:induced pluripotent stem cells
73:induced pluripotent stem cells
1:
4223:Stem Cell Reviews and Reports
2528:10.1136/medethics-2017-104555
1141:Grens K (December 24, 2013).
976:congenital nephrotic syndrome
6386:10.1126/scitranslmed.aad8278
6275:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.033
6225:10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.08.003
6067:10.1371/journal.pone.0192635
5369:Reproduction & Fertility
3545:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.108
3326:10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02741
2755:10.1371/journal.pone.0191517
2671:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.07.050
2571:Sample I (21 October 2019).
2271:10.1016/j.molmed.2019.12.002
2259:Trends in Molecular Medicine
2184:10.1371/journal.pone.0094764
1419:10.1016/0092-8674(75)90183-x
253:Austrian Academy of Sciences
197:can be coaxed into balls of
193:institute demonstrated that
5738:10.1016/j.ccell.2023.11.007
4363:10.1007/978-1-59745-395-0_9
3752:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.11.008
1622:The Journal of Cell Biology
598:metastatic tumor population
341:or Cultrex BME, which is a
6909:
6756:10.1016/j.stem.2015.03.004
6689:10.1038/s41593-021-00802-y
6547:10.1038/s41596-021-00658-3
6474:10.1038/s41467-023-42502-0
6434:10.1016/j.stem.2013.11.002
6173:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.03.014
5996:10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019
5639:10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.053
5599:10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.010
5414:Tissue Engineering. Part A
4881:10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.039
4781:10.1038/s41563-021-01085-1
4510:10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.050
4232:10.1007/s12015-024-10702-w
3913:10.1016/j.stem.2009.11.013
3802:10.1016/j.chom.2019.08.007
3376:10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.12.056
2606:10.1038/s41928-023-01069-w
2429:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024
2235:10.1016/j.cell.2008.02.008
1306:10.1126/science.25.649.912
1183:10.1038/d41573-023-00030-y
1110:10.1038/s43586-022-00174-y
756:(blastocyst-like organoid)
498:intestinal stem cell niche
411:Organoid Intelligence (OI)
168:(ECM). In the late 1980s,
31:
6724:Chi KR (September 2015).
6626:Frontiers in Neuroscience
6599:10.1016/j.ceb.2014.06.013
5334:10.1038/s41586-018-0051-0
5275:Rivron N (27 June 2018).
5246:10.1038/s41586-018-0578-0
4732:10.18632/oncotarget.24483
4278:10.3109/08830189909043021
4006:10.1186/s13059-014-0428-9
3037:10.3389/fbioe.2020.577656
2638:10.3389/fsci.2023.1017235
2550:Scully RP (6 July 2019).
2515:Journal of Medical Ethics
877:polycystic kidney disease
417:Gastrointestinal organoid
6815:Willyard C (July 2015).
6639:10.3389/fnins.2017.00721
5778:10.17305/bjbms.2021.6943
5688:10.1177/2472555218775055
5447:Molteni M (2018-06-27).
4683:10.1177/2472555218766842
2370:Stem Cells International
1705:"Lab-Grown Model Brains"
1679:10.1089/ten.2006.12.1627
933:Mainzer-Saldino Syndrome
4400:Biology of Reproduction
4355:Immunological Tolerance
4185:10.1073/pnas.1409064111
3789:Cell Host & Microbe
1280:Wilson HV (June 1907).
1251:10.1126/science.1247125
308:secretion, filtration,
221:without necessity of a
116:Henry Van Peters Wilson
6790:10.1002/bies.201500111
6117:10.1038/nprot.2018.007
5141:10.1002/bies.201500111
4634:10.1038/emboj.2013.204
4567:10.1126/sciadv.abj5908
4461:10.1038/nprot.2016.006
3283:10.1002/adbi.202300103
2478:10.1038/nprot.2013.143
1980:10.1681/ASN.2012050505
1477:10.1002/adma.202007949
1373:10.1073/pnas.46.9.1177
1051:central nervous system
1035:pluripotent stem cells
915:reabsorption or renal
818:
791:
525:
423:gastrointestinal tract
398:pluripotent stem cells
166:extracellular matrices
44:
34:Zoids Β§ Organoids
6513:via medicalxpress.com
6462:Nature Communications
5426:10.1089/tea.2007.0351
4974:Nature Communications
4412:10.1093/biolre/ioz053
3683:Nature Communications
3457:10.1128/mBio.02684-20
3396:Physiological Reports
2958:10.1166/jbn.2018.2578
2327:10.1073/pnas.84.1.136
1634:10.1083/jcb.129.3.591
1585:10.1242/dev.105.2.223
1535:10.1073/pnas.84.1.136
1074:Regenerative medicine
1031:developmental biology
1013:The first successful
999:personalised medicine
985:Personalised medicine
937:compound heterozygous
809:
786:
683:functionality of the
523:
263:and Craig Dorrell at
42:
5731:(12): 2083β2099.e9.
5592:(1β2): 373β386.e10.
5031:Nature Biotechnology
2383:10.1155/2016/3710836
1800:Kidney International
1005:Organoid transplants
970:localisation in the
834:. While research on
795:Neuroendocrine tumor
759:Endometrial organoid
157:differentiated cells
69:embryonic stem cells
6833:2015Natur.523..520W
6677:Nature Neuroscience
6058:2018PLoSO..1392635H
5889:2017NatMa..16.1112C
5827:2015NatSR...516831Z
5548:10.7554/eLife.66998
5490:2016NatSR...630742W
5381:10.1530/RAF-21-0023
5326:2018Natur.557..106R
5238:2018Natur.562..272B
4986:2015NatCo...6.8715F
4934:10.1038/nature15695
4926:2015Natur.526..564T
4834:10.1038/nature06196
4826:2007Natur.449.1003B
4820:(7165): 1003β1007.
4726:(19): 14764β14790.
4559:2022SciA....8.5908L
4305:Nature Cell Biology
4176:2014PNAS..11116401R
4170:(46): 16401β16406.
4119:2015NatSR...517185A
4059:2013NatSR...3E3224H
3863:10.1038/nature13863
3855:2014Natur.516..400M
3695:2014NatCo...5.4242B
3638:2017NatSR...745270N
3588:(30): 16339β16347.
3539:(9): 2509β2520.e4.
3408:10.14814/phy2.12147
3226:Bioactive Materials
3087:2015NatSR...516831Z
2997:10.1002/jbm.a.37032
2858:10.1002/jbm.a.36305
2809:10.1002/jbm.a.36715
2318:1987PNAS...84..136L
2175:2014PLoSO...994764S
2126:10.1038/nature11826
2077:10.1038/nature12517
2069:2013Natur.501..373L
1923:2015NatSR...5E9092L
1813:10.1038/ki.2009.482
1762:10.1038/nature07935
1754:2009Natur.459..262S
1703:(August 28, 2013).
1526:1987PNAS...84..136L
1469:2021AdM....3307949Y
1364:1960PNAS...46.1177W
1298:1907Sci....25..912W
960:cell-cell junctions
734:Epithelial organoid
715:Pancreatic organoid
702:Testicular organoid
588:expressing stomach
463:Intestinal organoid
105:Attempts to create
6893:Tissue engineering
5815:Scientific Reports
5478:Scientific Reports
5299:Nicolas Rivron Lab
5190:10.1242/dev.150391
5092:10.1242/dev.113001
4994:10.1038/ncomms9715
4107:Scientific Reports
4047:Scientific Reports
3703:10.1038/ncomms5242
3626:Scientific Reports
3595:10.1039/d0nr03680c
3075:Scientific Reports
2908:10.3390/md19050282
1911:Scientific Reports
1884:10.1039/c4nr06377e
1667:Tissue Engineering
1457:Advanced Materials
1019:ulcerative colitis
873:cerebral organoids
852:insulin resistance
664:tooth regeneration
526:
265:Hubrecht Institute
257:cerebral organoids
245:Madeline Lancaster
207:Hubrecht Institute
45:
6827:(7562): 520β522.
6213:Stem Cell Reports
5951:10.1002/stem.2707
5945:(12): 2366β2378.
5883:(11): 1112β1119.
5835:10.1038/srep16831
5498:10.1038/srep30742
5320:(7703): 106β111.
5232:(7726): 272β276.
5184:(21): 3894β3906.
5086:(22): 4231β4242.
5037:(11): 1193β1200.
4920:(7574): 564β568.
4628:(20): 2708β2721.
4372:978-1-59745-395-0
4127:10.1038/srep17185
4067:10.1038/srep03224
3849:(7531): 400β404.
3795:(3): 435β444.e4.
3646:10.1038/srep45270
3096:10.1038/srep16831
2701:(10): 1225β1227.
2600:(12): 1032β1039.
2472:(11): 2281β2308.
2120:(7436): 247β250.
2063:(7467): 373β379.
1974:(11): 1857β1868.
1931:10.1038/srep09092
1878:(10): 4354β4360.
1849:10.1021/ab500041d
1748:(7244): 262β265.
1245:(6194): 1247125.
923:gene expression.
862:Models of disease
803:(Myelin organoid)
775:Colorectal cancer
705:Prostate organoid
384:cerebral organoid
378:Cerebral organoid
137:Malcolm Steinberg
16:(Redirected from
6900:
6874:
6873:. 30 March 2024.
6854:
6844:
6811:
6801:
6768:
6758:
6733:
6711:
6710:
6700:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6651:
6641:
6617:
6611:
6610:
6582:
6567:
6566:
6535:Nature Protocols
6530:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6502:
6496:
6495:
6485:
6453:
6447:
6446:
6436:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6380:(344): 344ra84.
6368:
6359:
6358:
6322:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6294:
6288:
6287:
6277:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6236:
6204:
6195:
6194:
6184:
6152:
6139:
6138:
6128:
6105:Nature Protocols
6096:
6090:
6089:
6079:
6069:
6037:
6026:
6025:
6007:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5962:
5930:
5919:
5918:
5908:
5897:10.1038/nmat4994
5877:Nature Materials
5868:
5857:
5856:
5846:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5789:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5740:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5699:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5650:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5601:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5560:
5550:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5509:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5392:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5221:
5212:
5211:
5201:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5152:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5103:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5054:
5043:10.1038/nbt.3392
5022:
5016:
5015:
5005:
4965:
4954:
4953:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4892:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4792:
4769:Nature Materials
4760:
4754:
4753:
4743:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4694:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4645:
4622:The EMBO Journal
4613:
4607:
4606:
4588:
4578:
4547:Science Advances
4538:
4532:
4531:
4521:
4504:(1β2): 299β312.
4489:
4483:
4482:
4472:
4449:Nature Protocols
4440:
4434:
4433:
4423:
4406:(6): 1648β1660.
4391:
4385:
4384:
4350:
4339:
4338:
4328:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4272:(1β2): 111β140.
4261:
4255:
4254:
4244:
4234:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4197:
4187:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4138:
4098:
4089:
4088:
4078:
4038:
4029:
4028:
4018:
4008:
3984:
3975:
3974:
3964:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3915:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3874:
3834:
3823:
3822:
3804:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3714:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3657:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3597:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3556:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3468:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3337:
3320:(7): 3402β3413.
3305:
3299:
3298:
3289: 10840714.
3277:(12): e2300103.
3271:Advanced Biology
3266:
3260:
3259:
3249:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3108:
3098:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3049:
3039:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2920:
2910:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2803:(9): 1886β1897.
2789:"Vitamin C and B
2784:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2757:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2664:(5): 1762β1772.
2658:Gastroenterology
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2560:. No. 3237.
2547:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2489:
2466:Nature Protocols
2457:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2395:
2385:
2361:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2329:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2186:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2048:
2037:
2036:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1737:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1673:(6): 1627β1638.
1662:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1537:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1463:(45): e2007949.
1448:
1439:
1438:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1385:
1375:
1358:(9): 1177β1185.
1343:
1337:
1336:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1292:(649): 912β915.
1277:
1271:
1270:
1234:
1195:
1194:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1089:
1064:Artificial organ
917:Fanconi syndrome
765:Retinal organoid
669:Thyroid organoid
617:Lingual organoid
590:adult stem cells
556:Gastric organoid
330:progenitor cells
189:and his team at
21:
18:Gastric organoid
6908:
6907:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6897:
6878:
6877:
6865:
6862:
6857:
6842:10.1038/523520a
6814:
6771:
6736:
6723:
6719:
6717:Further reading
6714:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6584:
6583:
6570:
6532:
6531:
6527:
6517:
6515:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6455:
6454:
6450:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6370:
6369:
6362:
6339:10.1038/nm.3201
6327:Nature Medicine
6324:
6323:
6316:
6307:
6305:
6296:
6295:
6291:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6206:
6205:
6198:
6154:
6153:
6142:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6052:(2): e0192635.
6039:
6038:
6029:
5981:
5980:
5976:
5932:
5931:
5922:
5870:
5869:
5860:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5457:
5455:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5375:(3): R85βR101.
5362:
5361:
5357:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5223:
5222:
5215:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5024:
5023:
5019:
4967:
4966:
4957:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4553:(3): eabj5908.
4540:
4539:
4535:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4373:
4352:
4351:
4342:
4317:10.1038/ncb3023
4298:
4297:
4293:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4100:
4099:
4092:
4040:
4039:
4032:
3986:
3985:
3978:
3953:10.1038/nm.3585
3941:Nature Medicine
3934:
3933:
3929:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3836:
3835:
3826:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3619:
3618:
3611:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3017:
3016:
3012:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2748:(2): e0191517.
2735:
2734:
2730:
2707:10.1038/nm.2470
2695:Nature Medicine
2692:
2691:
2687:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2363:
2362:
2353:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2050:
2049:
2040:
2025:10.1038/nm.2695
2013:Nature Medicine
2010:
2009:
2005:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1739:
1738:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1236:
1235:
1198:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1060:
1027:
1015:transplantation
1007:
991:cystic fibrosis
987:
913:proximal tubule
864:
823:
740:Kidney organoid
681:stem-cell niche
672:Thymic organoid
659:
639:taste receptors
619:
558:
538:organ-on-a-chip
465:
419:
380:
371:
351:embryoid bodies
322:
282:
227:Jamie A. Davies
153:embryoid bodies
103:
85:differentiation
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6906:
6904:
6896:
6895:
6890:
6880:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6871:Longevity Wiki
6861:
6860:External links
6858:
6856:
6855:
6812:
6784:(2): 181β191.
6769:
6749:(5): 556β565.
6743:Cell Stem Cell
6734:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6712:
6683:(3): 331β342.
6663:
6612:
6568:
6541:(3): 649β671.
6525:
6497:
6448:
6427:(6): 653β658.
6421:Cell Stem Cell
6407:
6360:
6333:(7): 939β945.
6314:
6289:
6268:(4): 783β797.
6248:
6219:(3): 727β740.
6196:
6167:(5): 816β831.
6140:
6111:(5): 875β898.
6091:
6027:
5990:(5): 861β872.
5974:
5920:
5858:
5801:
5772:(5): 651β672.
5752:
5711:
5682:(8): 842β849.
5676:SLAS Discovery
5662:
5633:(4): 933β945.
5613:
5572:
5521:
5464:
5439:
5420:(2): 215β225.
5404:
5355:
5304:
5301:. Netherlands.
5286:
5267:
5213:
5164:
5135:(2): 181β191.
5115:
5066:
5017:
4955:
4904:
4875:(3): 440β455.
4855:
4804:
4775:(1): 110β119.
4755:
4706:
4677:(6): 574β584.
4671:SLAS Discovery
4657:
4608:
4533:
4484:
4455:(2): 347β358.
4435:
4386:
4371:
4340:
4311:(9): 902β908.
4291:
4256:
4209:
4150:
4090:
4030:
3993:Genome Biology
3976:
3947:(7): 769β777.
3927:
3900:Cell Stem Cell
3886:
3824:
3775:
3746:(3): 507β526.
3726:
3669:
3609:
3568:
3519:
3492:(151): 59610.
3480:
3431:
3382:
3369:(2): S53βS54.
3349:
3300:
3261:
3212:
3163:
3120:
3061:
3010:
2991:(4): 479β487.
2971:
2952:(5): 978β986.
2932:
2881:
2852:(4): 876β886.
2832:
2790:
2779:
2728:
2685:
2644:
2611:
2584:
2563:
2542:
2521:(9): 606β610.
2501:
2452:
2423:(4): 663β676.
2407:
2351:
2312:(1): 136β140.
2292:
2265:(3): 245β249.
2249:
2228:(4): 661β680.
2208:
2149:
2100:
2038:
2019:(4): 618β623.
2003:
1954:
1897:
1862:
1827:
1806:(5): 407β416.
1783:
1723:
1692:
1657:
1628:(3): 591β603.
1608:
1579:(2): 223β235.
1559:
1520:(1): 136β140.
1500:
1440:
1413:(3): 317β330.
1397:
1338:
1329:Rev. Can. Biol
1319:
1272:
1196:
1177:(3): 175β176.
1161:
1133:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1026:
1023:
1006:
1003:
986:
983:
863:
860:
822:
821:Basic research
819:
808:
807:
804:
798:
785:
784:
778:
772:
766:
763:
760:
757:
751:
741:
738:
735:
731:
730:
729:
728:
717:
716:
713:
706:
703:
699:
698:
697:
696:
674:
673:
670:
667:
658:
655:
618:
615:
557:
554:
507:enteropathogen
464:
461:
457:
456:
455:
454:
447:
440:
418:
415:
413:technologies.
405:could develop
379:
376:
370:
367:
321:
318:
317:
316:
313:
294:
281:
278:
261:Meritxell Huch
175:Yaakov Nahmias
102:
99:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6905:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6863:
6859:
6852:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6735:
6731:
6730:The Scientist
6727:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6708:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6667:
6664:
6659:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6616:
6613:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6529:
6526:
6514:
6512:
6507:
6501:
6498:
6493:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6452:
6449:
6444:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6411:
6408:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6304:
6300:
6299:"Metabolites"
6293:
6290:
6285:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6252:
6249:
6244:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6192:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6141:
6136:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6095:
6092:
6087:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5978:
5975:
5970:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5916:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5854:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5805:
5802:
5797:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5756:
5753:
5748:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5715:
5712:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5666:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5617:
5614:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5576:
5573:
5568:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5525:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5468:
5465:
5454:
5450:
5443:
5440:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5408:
5405:
5400:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5359:
5356:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5308:
5305:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5287:
5282:
5278:
5271:
5268:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5209:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5165:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5119:
5116:
5111:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5070:
5067:
5062:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5021:
5018:
5013:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4905:
4900:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4808:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4707:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4658:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4576:11250/3047921
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4537:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4390:
4387:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4295:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4260:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
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4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3901:
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3887:
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3878:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
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3680:
3673:
3670:
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3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
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3627:
3623:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3601:
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3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3498:10.3791/59610
3495:
3491:
3484:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3402:(9): e12147.
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3383:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3262:
3257:
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3248:
3243:
3239:
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3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3190:
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3182:
3178:
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3159:
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3151:
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3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3053:
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2581:. p. 15.
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2169:(4): e94764.
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1710:The Scientist
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1148:The Scientist
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1103:
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1069:Organ culture
1067:
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1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:organogenesis
1043:
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1022:
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1016:
1011:
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1002:
1000:
994:
992:
984:
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979:
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973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:cell polarity
952:
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943:
939:mutations in
938:
934:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
901:golgi complex
897:
893:
892:Lowe Syndrome
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
861:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:malabsorption
841:
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770:
769:Breast cancer
767:
764:
761:
758:
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752:
749:
745:
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739:
737:Lung organoid
736:
733:
732:
726:
725:David Tuveson
721:
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575:
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196:
192:
188:
187:Yoshiki Sasai
184:
180:
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154:
150:
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142:
138:
134:
130:
129:keratinocytes
126:
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112:
108:
100:
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96:
92:
91:
90:The Scientist
86:
82:
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77:self-organize
74:
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6676:
6666:
6629:
6625:
6615:
6590:
6586:
6538:
6534:
6528:
6518:18 September
6516:. Retrieved
6509:
6500:
6465:
6461:
6451:
6424:
6420:
6410:
6377:
6373:
6330:
6326:
6306:. Retrieved
6302:
6292:
6265:
6261:
6251:
6216:
6212:
6164:
6160:
6108:
6104:
6094:
6049:
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5626:
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5589:
5585:
5575:
5538:
5534:
5524:
5481:
5477:
5467:
5456:. Retrieved
5452:
5442:
5417:
5413:
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5372:
5368:
5358:
5317:
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5298:
5289:
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4163:
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4050:
4046:
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3940:
3930:
3906:(1): 25β36.
3903:
3899:
3889:
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3686:
3682:
3672:
3632:(1): 45270.
3629:
3625:
3585:
3581:
3571:
3536:
3533:Cell Reports
3532:
3522:
3489:
3483:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3366:
3362:
3352:
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3303:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3229:
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3166:
3133:
3130:Biomaterials
3129:
3123:
3081:(1): 16831.
3078:
3074:
3064:
3027:
3023:
3013:
2988:
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2974:
2949:
2945:
2941:
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2895:Marine Drugs
2894:
2884:
2849:
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2835:
2800:
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2741:
2731:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2661:
2657:
2647:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2597:
2594:Nat Electron
2593:
2587:
2578:The Guardian
2576:
2566:
2555:
2545:
2518:
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2016:
2012:
2006:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1843:(1): 37β42.
1840:
1836:
1830:
1803:
1799:
1745:
1741:
1714:. Retrieved
1708:
1695:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1517:
1513:
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1332:
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1285:
1275:
1242:
1238:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1152:. Retrieved
1146:
1136:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1041:
1028:
1012:
1008:
995:
988:
980:
964:dynein motor
946:
940:
925:
920:
904:
895:
885:
869:microcephaly
865:
831:
826:
824:
814:shear stress
810:
787:
781:Glioblastoma
747:
620:
610:
606:
559:
546:immune cells
534:immune cells
527:
493:crypt-Villus
466:
458:
420:
387:
381:
372:
361:(iPSCs) and
355:
323:
286:
283:
242:
235:
231:
218:
203:Hans Clevers
182:
144:
124:
120:
109:
104:
88:
81:self-renewal
75:, which can
48:
46:
29:
6468:(1): 6779.
5725:Cancer Cell
5178:Development
5080:Development
3232:: 116β128.
3183:: 548β556.
3136:: 195β214.
2631:: 1017235.
2438:2433/159777
2376:: 3710836.
1716:26 December
1573:Development
1154:26 December
1094:"Organoids"
710:hepatitis E
550:peristaltic
548:as well as
542:endothelial
347:pluripotent
298:contraction
223:mesenchymal
185:. In 2008,
6888:Stem cells
6882:Categories
6308:2022-10-16
6005:2433/49782
5939:Stem Cells
5541:: e66998.
5458:2018-06-30
5295:"Blastoid"
4720:Oncotarget
3999:(8): 428.
3030:: 577656.
2901:(5): 282.
1335:: 220β250.
1080:References
909:mesenchyme
903:. Because
836:stem cells
744:Gastruloid
483:epithelial
402:bioreactor
363:CRISPR/Cas
326:stem cells
304:activity,
280:Properties
195:stem cells
95:laboratory
6778:BioEssays
6593:: 23β28.
6563:246488596
5821:: 16831.
5484:: 30742.
5129:BioEssays
4603:246069868
4113:: 17185.
3819:201868491
3582:Nanoscale
3514:203377662
2723:205388154
2625:Front Sci
2287:210922708
1872:Nanoscale
972:glomeruli
801:Myelinoid
407:sentience
310:excretion
306:endocrine
149:teratomas
141:stem cell
55:produced
6851:26223610
6808:26666846
6765:25891906
6707:33619405
6658:29326547
6607:25033469
6555:35110738
6492:37880227
6483:10600233
6443:24315439
6402:19462535
6394:27334259
6347:23727931
6284:30465765
6243:30174315
6191:29706353
6135:29622803
6086:29444177
6046:PLoS One
6014:18035408
5969:28905451
5915:28967916
5853:26582215
5796:35366791
5747:38086335
5706:29750582
5657:25957691
5608:29224780
5567:34252023
5516:27471043
5434:18333774
5399:35118399
5350:13749109
5342:29720634
5281:The Node
5262:52915553
5254:30283134
5208:28951435
5159:26666846
5110:25371360
5061:26458176
5012:26493500
4980:: 8715.
4942:26444236
4899:24485453
4842:17934449
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4750:29599906
4701:29673279
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4595:35044825
4528:25533785
4479:26797458
4430:30927418
4381:17876092
4335:25150981
4286:10614741
4251:38498295
4242:11222197
4204:25368147
4145:26597788
4085:24232854
4053:: 3224.
4025:25315765
3971:24859528
3922:20085740
3881:25363776
3811:31492657
3770:31778828
3721:24979718
3689:: 4242.
3664:28345602
3604:32725029
3563:30811997
3506:31566619
3475:33436434
3426:25214524
3344:38325360
3335:10883062
3314:Langmuir
3295:37607116
3256:37560199
3247:10406959
3207:32693143
3158:58603850
3150:30612006
3115:26582215
3056:33015026
3005:32506610
2966:29883567
2927:34065505
2876:29226615
2827:31071241
2774:29389993
2742:PLoS One
2715:21892181
2680:21889923
2537:29491041
2496:24157548
2447:16904174
2402:26697073
2279:31982341
2244:18295582
2203:24732893
2163:PLoS One
2144:23354049
2095:23995685
2033:22406745
1998:23085631
1949:25766625
1917:: 9092.
1892:25619169
1857:33435081
1822:20016472
1770:19329995
1687:16846358
1495:34561899
1435:28185779
1392:16590731
1314:17842577
1267:16105729
1259:25035496
1191:36797431
1128:37325195
1119:10270325
1058:See also
1042:in vitro
928:isogenic
856:diabetes
840:incretin
832:in vitro
827:In vitro
797:organoid
783:organoid
777:organoid
771:organoid
754:Blastoid
607:in vitro
511:pathogen
427:endoderm
389:in vitro
339:Matrigel
337:such as
335:hydrogel
274:ES cells
232:in vitro
219:in vitro
183:in vitro
145:in vitro
125:in vitro
121:in vitro
111:in vitro
57:in vitro
49:organoid
6829:Bibcode
6799:4737349
6698:8109149
6649:5742352
6632:: 721.
6355:5369669
6234:6135868
6182:5986969
6126:5997775
6077:5812626
6054:Bibcode
6022:8531539
5960:5742857
5906:5936694
5885:Bibcode
5844:4652176
5823:Bibcode
5787:9519155
5697:6102052
5648:6428276
5558:8275126
5507:4965859
5486:Bibcode
5390:8801025
5322:Bibcode
5234:Bibcode
5199:5702072
5150:4737349
5101:4302915
5052:4747858
5003:4620584
4982:Bibcode
4950:4443766
4922:Bibcode
4890:3951122
4850:4349637
4822:Bibcode
4790:7612137
4741:5871077
4692:6013403
4643:3801438
4586:8769558
4555:Bibcode
4519:4313365
4470:4793718
4421:7302515
4326:4153409
4195:4246268
4172:Bibcode
4136:4665766
4115:Bibcode
4076:3828633
4055:Bibcode
4016:4145231
3962:4087144
3872:4270898
3851:Bibcode
3761:7036549
3712:4083475
3691:Bibcode
3655:5366908
3634:Bibcode
3554:6391775
3466:7844539
3417:4270227
3198:7657954
3106:4652176
3083:Bibcode
3047:7516017
2942:Ex Vivo
2918:8161322
2867:5826879
2818:6626554
2765:5794098
2487:3969860
2393:4677245
2346:3467345
2314:Bibcode
2194:3986240
2171:Bibcode
2135:3634804
2086:3817409
2065:Bibcode
1989:3482737
1940:4357899
1919:Bibcode
1778:4373784
1750:Bibcode
1652:7730398
1643:2120432
1603:2806122
1594:2948482
1554:3467345
1522:Bibcode
1486:8682947
1465:Bibcode
1427:1052770
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