686:
583:
their hind limbs. They can also call the female while sitting on a bank, or on rainy nights while buried in the damp sand with only their head and vocal sac exposed. If they are reproducing in ephemeral aquatic habitats, the male toad calling will position himself to be completely underwater with only his head exposed. The males will also utilize any type of vegetation in its surroundings in order to hide while calling. If alarmed, the male will dive deep into the water then re-emerge after several minutes.
313:
565:
77:
631:
the skin. A lateral white stripe extends from the body to the tail, and a single spiracle is visible from the anus. They lack beak-like mandibles and the specialized labial tooth generally associated with most tadpoles. The newly transformed toads range from 7–12 mm (0.3-0.5 in) in body length. They are found to share the same habitat as adults, and the older stages of the tadpoles are also toxic to many
52:
734:). This particular toad species avoids predators by burrowing, seeking cover, and/or nocturnal activity patterns. Chemically, they are also capable of producing mucus that produces a violent burning sensation and irritates membranes. The toxins secreted from their skin deter predators, but they also plays a role in inhibiting ant attacks when individuals forage near ant mounds.
33:
578:
reproduces in aquatic habitats, and may breed in either temporary or permanent waters. The toad species will breed in deep water only if it is covered with a dense mat of floating vegetation or debris. They may also breed in ephemeral aquatic habitats such as temporary ponds, roadside ditches, borrow
630:
The tadpoles' heads are pointed with lateral eyes, and they appear dorsolaterally flattened when viewed from above. Their bodies are dark in color (almost jet black), and are flecked with blue. Their bellies are marked with lateral whitish blotches, and the intestinal coil is not transparent through
534:
Adults range from 22 to 35 mm (0.9–1.4 inches) in body length; females usually attain larger sizes than males and exceed a little over 1.25 inches. Adult males are at an inch or less in length. A male can be distinguished from a female during breeding season due to the visibility of a
582:
The male toads call for mating at reproductive maturity. They generally call from the edge of the water when concealed by plant debris. Though more rare, they have also been observed to call while floating in the water with their fore limbs resting on stem or twig. Many times, they will also extend
320:
The eastern narrow-mouthed toad is relatively small, growing to a maximum length of 53 mm (2.1 in). It has an oval-shaped body and a narrow head with a pointed snout. On the back of their head, they have a fold of skin that is capable of covering their eyes. They vary in color from brown
737:
These toads are accomplished burrowers, and are seldom seen on the surface. Though they may be present in large numbers, their existence is hardly suspected. Though they are not known to establish territories, their mating calling positions can be as close as 2 cm, or as distant as several
676:
has been observed using irritating and noxious integumentary secretions as a defense mechanism to discourage predators when caught. In a study on the unpalatability of their skin, eastern narrowmouth toads were refused by predator species significantly more often than the study's control frog
447:
Although they live in a broad range of habitats and are rather ubiquitous, their most important environmental variables must include moisture and shelter. They reside in either freshwater or terrestrial systems, and are able to use both temporary and permanent waters, as well as man-modified
948:
Frost, D. R.; Grant, T.; Faivovich, J. N.; Bain, R. H.; Haas, A.; Haddad, C. L. F. B.; De Sá, R. O.; Channing, A.; Wilkinson, M.; Donnellan, S. C.; Raxworthy, C. J.; Campbell, J. A.; Blotto, B. L.; Moler, P.; Drewes, R. C.; Nussbaum, R. A.; Lynch, J. D.; Green, D. M.; Wheeler, W. C. (2006).
548:
618:
The female spawns clear marble-like eggs on the surface of the water, which is deposited as a mosaic structure. The egg mass is round or squarish, with 10 to 150 eggs deposited as clusters in each mass. The female deposits over 800 tiny eggs that hatch within 1.5 to 3.0 days.
336:
is smooth and without ridges or warts. Yet, the skin is extremely tough, which most likely protects them from the ants upon which they feed. Directly behind the eyes, resting on the toad's neck, is a distinctive skin fold evolved for protection from ant bites while feeding.
448:
habitats. The members of this species tend to discount dry areas and mountains, though some may live in near desert-like conditions. Adults of this species are tolerant of brackish water so they have been able to inhabit barrier islands and coastal marshes.
643:
Eastern narrow-mouthed toads are ant specialists, so 95% of their prey items are of various ant species. A study in 2013 identified 4,859 individual ants retrieved from stomachs of 146 eastern narrow-mouthed toads in
Florida scrub. These toads also feed on
610:
the female, special glands in the sternal region of males secretes a sticky substance to allow adhesion of breeding pairs, and also presumably to help him resist other males’ attempts to dislodge him. Breeding grasp (amplexus) for the toad species is
700:
toads are weak jumpers, thus either run or move by short and rapid hops. In general, the males move more than the females. These toads are mainly nocturnal, and generally remain under ground or hidden in debris during the day.
664:. Eastern narrow-mouth toads have a distinct skin fold on their upper neck, directly behind their eyes, that folds over to cover their eyes. This is hypothesized to be a protective mechanism against ant bites while feeding.
1716:
Baber, Matthew J.; Babbitt, Kimberly J. (February 2004). "Influence of
Habitat Complexity on Predator–Prey Interactions between the Fish (Gambusia holbrooki) and Tadpoles of Hyla squirella and Gastrophryne carolinensis".
1261:
552:
555:
554:
550:
549:
556:
1629:
Deyrup, M., Deyrup, L., & Carrel, J. (2013). Ant
Species in the Diet of a Florida Population of Eastern Narrow-Mouthed Toads, Gastrophryne carolinensis. Southeastern Naturalist (Steuben, Me.), 12(2), 367–378.
303:
belongs to one of the largest anuran families, the microhylids. No subspecies are currently recognized. The eastern narrowmouth toad is one of only three microhylids that currently live in the United States.
597:
In the south, April to
October rains initiate their breeding season, or midsummer in areas farther to the north. They congregate to breeding ponds depending on the heavy spring and early summer rains. The
1474:
Dodd Jr, C. K. (1995). The ecology of a sandhills population of the eastern narrow-mouthed toad, Gastrophryne carolinensis, during a drought. Bulletin of the
Florida Museum of Natural History, 38(1-9),
1620:
Deyrup, M., Deyrup, L., & Carrel, J. (2013). Ant species in the diet of a
Florida population of eastern narrow-mouthed toads, Gastrophryne carolinensis. Southeastern Naturalist, 12(2), 367-378.
579:
pits, deep wheel ruts in roads, and shallow drainage ditches. These variable breeding locations indicate that this species exhibits opportunistic breeding behaviors when choosing a breeding site.
553:
1644:
1196:
685:
1484:
Baber, M. J., & Babbitt, K. J. (2003). The relative impacts of native and introduced predatory fish on a temporary wetland tadpole assemblage. Oecologia, 136(2), 289–295.
344:
is dark and broad with various light or dark spots, mottling, or patches that cover the light strip along its middorsal area. Its abdomen is generally highly mottled, but its
1258:
590:
sounds like a high-pitched, penetrating, nasal, sheep-like bleat. It may also have a buzzing quality, and lasts for 1.0 to 1.5 seconds. Unlike other frog and toad species,
416:
is only one of three species belonging to the family
Microhylidae native to the United States. The species resides in the southeastern quarter of the US, extending from
1951:
2003:
2080:
672:
The eastern narrowmouth toad is preyed upon by a variety of organisms. Their first reaction is to burrow out of sight or find a hiding area nearby. However,
551:
1865:
1075:"Relation of Temperature and Rainfall to Movements and Reproduction of the Eastern Narrowmouth Toad (Gastrophryne Carolinensis) in South-Central Florida"
931:
1685:
Garton, Jilda Diehl; Mushinsky, Henry R. (1979). "Integumentary
Toxicity and Unpalatability as an Antipredator Mechanism in the Narrow Mouthed Toad,
1912:
786:
is listed as a species of least concern due to its presumed large population, wide distribution, and ability to adapt to various habitats. Thus, no
1964:
704:
As a tadpole, fish are their main predator, primarily mosquito fish, while as adults, their predator list is reported to include the copperhead (
325:
toads have a typical teardrop-shaped body that is characteristic of members of the family
Microhylidae. Though its morphology lacks a tympanum (
758:
are very distinctive and different from other small anurans. Based on observances of the different developmental features of the ilium between
1585:
Trauth, Stanley E.; Walter, E. Meshaka Jr.; Cox, Robert L. (1999). "Post-metamorphic growth and reproduction in the eastern narrowmouth toad (
2090:
1502:
Hopkins, William
Alexander; DuRant, Sarah Elizabeth; Staub, Brandon Patrick; Rowe, Christopher Lee; Jackson, Bruab Ogukkuo (2006).
340:
The color of the toad can change depending on its activities and environment. The colors on its sides are generally faded, but its
321:
and grey to green, often with black and white spotting. Usually there will be a dark brown stripe seen on both sides of the body.
1925:
1165:
1860:
1969:
1750:. Maryland Wildlife and Heritage Service, Natural Heritage Program, Maryland Department of Natural Resources. November 2023
1825:
1028:"A Striking Lack of Genetic Diversity across the Wide-Ranging Amphibian Gastrophryne Carolinensis (Anura: Microhylidae)"
76:
1873:
1430:"Lethal and Sublethal Measures of Chronic Copper Toxicity in the Eastern Narrowmouth Toad, Gastrophryne Carolinensis"
1345:
Makowsky, R; Chesser, J; Rissler, LJ (2009). "A striking lack of genetic diversity across the wide-ranging amphibian
656:. These various arthropods make up to 75% of their diet, though other prey may include small snails, spiders, mites,
1852:
2008:
268:, their distinguishable squat body shape, and the unique fold of skin superior to their eyes. It is found in the
967:
950:
374:. The color of the throat region for males is dark and highly pigmented, while the female's throat is lighter.
1771:
402:
The narrow-mouthed toad can reach elevations up to 550 m (1,800 ft). They are generally absent from most
1285:
635:. The males reach sexual maturity in a year, while the females reach sexual maturity in at 1–2 years of age.
359:
Its legs are generally stubby, short, and heavy, and the tips of the toes are round and tapered. As with the
1645:"Ant Species in the Diet of a Florida Population of Eastern Narrow-Mouthed Toads, Gastrophryne Carolinensis"
1197:"Ant Species in the Diet of a Florida Population of Eastern Narrow-Mouthed Toads, Gastrophryne Carolinensis"
928:
1776:
312:
1787:
1608:
724:
706:
1878:
1298:
2085:
2042:
531:
effect in the past, its succeeding expansion has allowed its current population trend to remain stable.
528:
407:
188:
171:
1136:
1112:
790:
actions are currently needed, though the population in Maryland is protected as an endangered species.
363:, the toes are absent of webbing or toe pads. However, the heels on the back feet have one "spade" or
1899:
787:
403:
837:
712:
41:
1995:
1744:
1429:
564:
1664:
1457:
1374:
1216:
1178:
1094:
1055:
980:
265:
197:
71:
627:
Tadpoles transform in about 23–67 days, and unlike other anurans, they filter-feed on plankton.
2047:
1956:
2029:
1886:
1537:
1449:
1366:
1086:
1047:
1027:
860:
371:
356:
are generally unmarked, or virtually so, while those of eastern toads are strongly pigmented.
2034:
1504:"Reproduction, embryonic development, and maternal transfer of contaminants in the amphibian
1288:, University of Texas College of Natural Sciences and the Texas Memorial Museum, 25 Nov. 1998
1726:
1698:
1656:
1527:
1519:
1441:
1397:
Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History
1358:
1208:
1039:
972:
962:
832:
390:
341:
2057:
1982:
32:
2016:
1265:
935:
718:
519:
The species' population is currently large throughout most of its range, and also in many
370:
The sex of the eastern narrow-mouthed toad can easily be determined by the characteristic
360:
527:
is equally abundant. Though this particular species of microhylids experienced a severe
1611:, USGS National Wetlands Research Center, U.S. Department of the Interior, 23 Oct. 2009
1532:
1503:
441:
1428:
Flynn, Wesley; Scott, David; Kuhne, Wendy; Soteropoulus, Diana; Lance, Stacey (2015).
814:
2074:
1977:
823:
779:
747:
730:
661:
269:
61:
56:
1668:
1461:
1378:
1220:
1059:
984:
1930:
1891:
751:
524:
429:
353:
277:
257:
238:
148:
138:
1597:. Florida: Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University: 120–124.
1990:
1938:
1834:
1819:
587:
1810:
1362:
1043:
657:
653:
329:), the subgular vocal sac is clearly visible. The toes are long and unwebbed.
1772:
University of Texas College of Natural Sciences and the Texas Memorial Museum
1090:
535:
dark-pigmented vocal sac on his throat. Breeding males also exhibit enlarged
1485:
603:
536:
264:), and other anurans by their moist, smooth skin, their lack of eardrums or
253:
245:
118:
88:
1541:
1453:
1370:
1268:, Kansas Herpetofaunal Atlas, Sterberg Museum of Natural History, 1999-2010
1051:
2021:
1804:
1660:
1212:
645:
632:
520:
425:
417:
364:
281:
273:
256:, and feeds primarily on ants. These North American microhylids (Family:
249:
108:
1730:
1098:
1074:
938:, Illinois Natural History Survey – University of Illinois, 28 Oct. 2008
1917:
1839:
1631:
767:
649:
437:
349:
345:
326:
234:
1943:
1847:
1523:
1445:
976:
612:
607:
385:
98:
1781:
1702:
1325:
Amphibian Declines: the Conservation Status of United States Species
684:
563:
546:
539:
on the chin, as well as a visible anterior edge of the lower jaw.
421:
381:
311:
285:
869:
Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0
433:
289:
241:
128:
1904:
1785:
594:
does not exhibit the typical trill sound in their mating call.
1745:"List of Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Animals of Maryland"
1301:. Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources. 4 December 2015
929:"Gastrophryne Carolinensis, Illinois Natural History Survey"
766:, the two species could have differentiated from the early
1026:
Makowsky, Robert; Chesser, Jason; Rissler, Leslie (2008).
968:
10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2
716:). Other known predators include the glossy watersnakes (
436:. Many have also been introduced to the little and great
1609:"Eastern Narrow-mouthed Toad, Gastrophryne Carolinensis"
1557:
Life Histories of the Frogs of Okefinokee Swamp, Georgia
1572:
The Amphibians of Great Smoky Mountains National Park
1794:
523:locations. Additionally, the species introduced to
1643:Deyrup, Mark; Deyrup, Leif; Carrel, James (2013).
1195:Deyrup, Mark; Deyrup, Leif; Carrel, James (2013).
955:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
602:species is particularly successful at breeding in
380:has a call that is said to sound like a bleating
1182:A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians
1073:Meshaka, Walter E.; Woolfenden, Glen E. (1999).
915:A Field Guide to Texas Reptiles & Amphibians
1390:
1388:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
908:
906:
838:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T57813A177497637.en
1497:
1495:
1493:
1395:Schwartz, Albert; Henderson, Robert W (1991).
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
1680:
1678:
808:
806:
804:
802:
292:, it is so called because it is terrestrial.
8:
813:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2021).
491:Near ponds with fallen logs and other debris
260:) are distinguished from true toads (genus
1782:
1591:Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science
1299:"Frog Friday: Eastern Narrow-mouthed Toad"
50:
31:
20:
1531:
1486:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-003-1251-2
1408:
1406:
1318:
1316:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
966:
836:
348:surface is nearly light or unmarked. The
1280:
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1276:
1274:
1245:A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians
1160:
1158:
1156:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
913:Bartlett, Richard D. and Patricia Pope.
388:; it is somewhat similar to the call of
1415:Fossil Frogs and Toads of North America
798:
352:of certain narrow-mouthed toads in the
1777:USGS National Wetlands Research Center
1434:Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
432:, as well as in an isolated colony in
244:. It is a relatively small, toad-like
1559:. Comstock Pub. Associates. p. .
1327:. University of California, Berkeley.
1168:, Animal Diversity Web, 24 Sept. 2010
7:
1632:https://doi.org/10.1656/058.012.0210
1574:. University of Tennessee. p. .
871:. American Museum of Natural History
2081:IUCN Red List least concern species
824:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
479:Coastal secondary dune scrub forest
1399:. University of Florida. p. .
1015:. University of Georgia. p. .
1013:Amphibians and Reptiles of Georgia
14:
1512:Environmental Health Perspectives
750:have been found in Florida. The
710:) and the common garter snakes (
75:
1589:) from Northeastern Arkansas".
746:A few fossils belonging to the
606:bodies of water. When the male
451:General habitat types include:
1:
1247:. Houghton Mifflin. p. .
1184:. Houghton Mifflin. p. .
1137:"Eastern Narrow-mouthed Toad"
1113:"Eastern Narrow-mouthed Toad"
1038:(2). Springer Link: 169–183.
917:. Houghton Mifflin. p. .
470:Sandy woodlands and hillsides
2091:Amphibians described in 1835
951:"The amphibian tree of life"
722:), the eastern cottonmouth (
689:Eastern Narrow-mouth Toad, (
1691:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1286:"Gastrophryne carolinensis"
1259:"Gastrophryne carolinensis"
1166:"Gastrophryne carolinensis"
508:Sandy soils around the lawn
505:Suburban habitats such as:
231:eastern narrow-mouthed toad
2107:
1323:Lannoo, Michael J (2005).
698:Gastrophyryne carolinensis
414:Gastrophyryne carolinensis
1866:Gastrophryne-carolinensis
1853:gastrophryne-carolinensis
1826:Gastrophryne carolinensis
1796:Gastrophryne carolinensis
1687:Gastrophryne carolinensis
1587:Gastrophryne carolinensis
1506:Gastrophryne carolinensis
1363:10.1007/s10709-008-9267-5
1347:Gastrophryne carolinensis
1044:10.1007/s10709-008-9267-5
863:Gastrophryne carolinensis
859:Frost, Darrel R. (2016).
817:Gastrophryne carolinensis
784:Gastrophryne carolinensis
728:), and the cattle egret (
691:Gastrophryne carolinensis
681:Life history and behavior
674:Gastrophryne carolinensis
576:Gastrophryne carolinensis
323:Gastrophryne carolinensis
301:Gastrophryne carolinensis
226:Gastrophryne carolinensis
203:
196:
181:Gastrophryne carolinensis
177:
170:
72:Scientific classification
70:
48:
39:
30:
25:Gastrophryne carolinensis
23:
1413:Holman, J. Alan (2003).
1349:(Anura: Microhylidae)".
693:) Liberty Co. Texas, USA
615:(behind the forelimbs).
494:Urban habitats such as:
252:. The species is highly
216:Duméril and Bibron, 1841
1649:Southeastern Naturalist
1417:. Indiana UP. p. .
1201:Southeastern Naturalist
1141:ufwildlife.ifas.ufl.edu
1117:ufwildlife.ifas.ufl.edu
782:category and criteria,
560:Video of a male calling
1555:Wright, Albert Hazen.
831:: e.T57813A177497637.
725:Agkistrodon piscivorus
707:Agkistrodon contortrix
694:
572:
561:
317:
2043:Paleobiology Database
688:
567:
559:
529:population bottleneck
408:Appalachian Mountains
315:
248:found in damp, shady
206:Engystoma carolinense
1661:10.1656/058.012.0210
1213:10.1656/058.012.0210
652:, and other various
461:Bottomland hardwoods
404:Blue Ridge Mountains
163:G. carolinensis
16:Species of amphibian
1731:10.1643/CE-03-056R1
1179:Stebbins, Robert C.
774:Conservation status
713:Thamnophis sirtalis
288:. While not a true
42:Conservation status
1570:Dodd, C. Kenneth.
1264:2011-07-17 at the
934:2010-08-15 at the
695:
668:Defensive behavior
573:
562:
458:Cypress-gum swamps
424:and from southern
318:
2068:
2067:
2030:Open Tree of Life
1788:Taxon identifiers
1697:(10): 1965–1973.
1079:Florida Scientist
865:(Holbrook, 1835)"
778:According to the
557:
455:Borders of swamps
440:, as well as the
372:sexual dimorphism
222:
221:
217:
213:Engystoma rugosum
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1085:(3/4): 213–221.
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1011:Jensen, John B.
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639:Feeding behavior
558:
482:Maritime forests
467:Pine-oak uplands
391:Anaxyrus fowleri
272:, from southern
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2017:Observation.org
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592:G. carolinensis
569:G. carolinensis
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464:Live-oak ridges
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384:or an electric
378:G. carolinensis
361:Leptodactylidae
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1752:. Retrieved
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1303:. Retrieved
1293:
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1140:
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1120:. Retrieved
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1035:
1031:
1021:
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958:
954:
943:
923:
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873:. Retrieved
868:
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842:. Retrieved
828:
822:
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788:conservation
783:
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756:Gastrophryne
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518:
488:Beneath logs
476:Pine forests
450:
446:
430:Florida Keys
420:and eastern
413:
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389:
377:
376:
369:
358:
354:Great Plains
339:
333:
332:The skin of
331:
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278:Florida Keys
261:
258:Microhylidae
230:
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162:
161:
150:Gastrophryne
149:
139:Microhylidae
24:
18:
1991:NatureServe
1939:iNaturalist
1835:AmphibiaWeb
1820:Wikispecies
1284:Anonymous,
1257:Anonymous,
927:Anonymous,
764:G. olivacea
588:mating call
308:Description
2075:Categories
1607:Anonymous,
1164:Kalis, D.,
1146:2023-04-22
1122:2023-04-22
794:References
654:arthropods
515:Population
473:Open woods
280:, west to
239:microhylid
1091:0098-4590
977:2246/5781
961:: 1–291.
677:species.
633:predators
604:ephemeral
537:tubercles
254:fossorial
246:amphibian
157:Species:
95:Kingdom:
89:Eukaryota
1996:2.102651
1957:11090813
1811:Q2181155
1805:Wikidata
1754:18 March
1669:84287496
1542:16675417
1462:24215889
1454:25475581
1379:25464041
1371:18392940
1351:Genetica
1262:Archived
1221:84287496
1099:24321000
1060:25464041
1052:18392940
1032:Genetica
985:86140137
932:Archived
875:27 March
648:, small
646:termites
613:axillary
608:amplexes
543:Breeding
521:suburban
426:Maryland
418:Missouri
406:and the
365:tubercle
296:Taxonomy
282:Missouri
274:Maryland
250:habitats
198:Synonyms
189:Holbrook
135:Family:
119:Amphibia
109:Chordata
105:Phylum:
99:Animalia
85:Domain:
62:IUCN 3.1
2035:1062222
1918:2421766
1533:1459916
768:Miocene
650:beetles
438:Bahamas
428:to the
350:venters
346:ventral
327:eardrum
276:to the
266:tympana
235:species
233:, is a
191:, 1835)
145:Genus:
125:Order:
115:Class:
60: (
2055:uBio:
2022:202686
1970:173467
1905:333379
1879:103288
1848:ARKive
1719:Copeia
1667:
1540:
1530:
1475:11-41.
1460:
1452:
1377:
1369:
1305:25 May
1219:
1097:
1089:
1058:
1050:
983:
844:12 May
660:, and
386:buzzer
342:dorsum
229:, the
2058:26041
2048:53089
1983:57813
1952:IRMNG
1944:25078
1892:3FDVS
1748:(PDF)
1665:S2CID
1458:S2CID
1375:S2CID
1217:S2CID
1095:JSTOR
1056:S2CID
981:S2CID
422:Texas
398:Range
382:sheep
286:Texas
129:Anura
2009:8429
2004:NCBI
1978:IUCN
1965:ITIS
1931:1788
1926:GISD
1913:GBIF
1874:BOLD
1840:2122
1756:2024
1723:2004
1538:PMID
1450:PMID
1367:PMID
1307:2021
1087:ISSN
1048:PMID
877:2016
846:2023
829:2021
762:and
752:ilia
586:The
571:eggs
434:Iowa
290:toad
284:and
262:Bufo
242:frog
1900:EoL
1887:CoL
1861:ASW
1727:doi
1699:doi
1689:".
1657:doi
1528:PMC
1520:doi
1516:114
1442:doi
1359:doi
1355:135
1209:doi
1040:doi
1036:135
973:hdl
963:doi
959:297
833:doi
754:of
237:of
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187:(
64:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
