1085:) made from grated cassava root, yuca. The process of making "ereba" is arguably the most important tradition practiced by the Garifuna people. Cassava is so closely tied to the Garifuna culture that the very name Garifuna draws its origin from the Caribs who were originally called "Karifuna" of the cassava clan. They later adopted the name "Garifuna", which literally means cassava-eating people. Making "ereba" is a long and arduous process that involves a large group of Garinagu women and children for the most part. Cassava is mostly grown on the farms of the garinagu. When it is ready be harvested, it is mostly done in large quantities (usually several dozen pounds of the cassava root) and taken to the village. The root is then washed peeled and grated over small sharp stones affixed to wooden boards. The grating is difficult and time-consuming, and the women would sing songs to break the monotony of the work. The grated cassava is then placed into a large cylindrical woven bag called a "ruguma". The "ruguma" is hung from a tree and weighted at the bottom with heavy rocks in order to squeeze out and remove the poisonous liquid and starch from the grated pulp. The counterweight is sometimes provided by piercing the bottom of the "ruguma" with a tree branch and having one or two women sit on the branch. Whatever the manner in which the weight is provided, the result is the same. The cassava is then ready to be made into flour. The remaining pulp is dried overnight and later sieved through flat rounded baskets (
795:, the Caribs successfully defended the windward side of the island against a military survey expedition in 1769, and rebuffed repeated demands that they sell their land to representatives of the British colonial government. The effective defense of the Caribs, the British ignorance of the region and London opposition to the war made this be halted. With military matters at a stalemate, a peace agreement was signed in 1773 that delineated boundaries between British and Carib areas of the island. The treaty delimited the area inhabited by the Caribs, and demanded repayment of the British and French plantations of runaway enslaved people who took refuge in St. Vincent. This last clause, and the prohibition of trade with neighbouring islands, so little endeared the Caribs. Three years later, the French supported American independence (1776-1783); the Caribs aligned against the British. Apparently, in 1779 the Caribs inspired such terror to the British that surrender to the French was preferable than facing the Caribs in battle.
776:
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their communities (this also occurred in islands such as
Dominica). After the African rebellion against the Caribs, and their escape to the mountains, over time, according to Itarala, Africans would come down from the mountains to have sexual intercourse with Amerindian women - perhaps because most Africans were men - or to search for other kinds of food. The sexual activity did not necessarily lead to marriage. On the other hand, if the Maroons abducted Arauaco-Caribbean women or married them, is another of the contradictions between the French documents and the oral history of the Garinagu.
643:. There, the Caribs enslaved them and brought them to Saint Vincent. However, according to Young, the enslaved people were too independent of "spirit", prompting the Caribs to make plans to kill all the African male children. When Africans heard about the Caribs' plan, they rebelled and killed all the Caribs they could find, then headed to the mountains, where they settled and lived with other enslaved people who had taken refuge there before them. From the mountains, the former enslaved people attacked and killed the Caribs continually, reducing them in number.
1228:
first because the production helped bring an income to the local communities, but as business declined these large companies sold the land and it has become inhabited by mestizo farmers. Since this time the
Garifuna people have been forced to travel and find jobs with foreign companies. The Garifuna people mainly rely on export businesses for steady jobs; however, women are highly discriminated against and are usually unable to get these jobs. Men generally work for foreign-owned companies collecting timber and chicle to be exported, or work as fishermen.
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806:, which was saved from direct assault on several occasions by the timely arrival of British reinforcements. British efforts to penetrate and control the interior and windward areas of the island were repeatedly frustrated by incompetence, disease, and effective Carib defences, which were eventually supplemented by the arrival of some French troops. A major military expedition by General
5624:
822:. Meanwhile, the Black Caribs with higher Amerindian traits were allowed to remain on the island. More than 5,000 Black Caribs were deported, but when the deportees landed on Roatan on April 12, 1797, only about 2,500 had survived the trip to the islands. After settling in the Honduras, they expanded along the Caribbean coast of Central America, coming to
619:, noted in another report, addressed to the British Crown, that the island was populated by Black enslaved people from two Spanish slave ships that had sunk near the island of San Vincent in 1635 (although, according to other authors such as Idiáquez, the two slave ships wrecked between 1664 and 1670). The slave ships were destined to the
787:
the island, William Young, complained that the Black Caribs had the best land and they had no right to live there. Moreover, the friendship of the French settlers with the Black Caribs, drove them, even though they had also tried to stay with San
Vicente, tried to support them in their struggle. All this caused the "War Caribbean". The
1313:
In this way, the anthropologist and
Garifuna historian Belizean Sebastian R. Cayetano says African ancestors of the Garifuna are ethnically West African "specifically of the Yoruba, Ibo, and Ashanti tribes, in what is now Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone, to mention only a few." To Roger Bastide, the
1239:
Although men can be away at work for large amounts of time they still believe that there is a strong connection between men and their newborn sons. Garifunas believe that a baby boy and his father have a special bond, and they are attached spiritually. It is important for a son's father to take care
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numbered 16 men, 9 women, and 20 children, although others remained on the island in hiding after the deportations of 1797. The 1844 census of Saint
Vincent listed 273 "Black Caribs". The 1960 census listed 1,265 "Black Caribs" in Saint Vincent. In 1984, anthropologist Michael Crawford estimated that
659:
Several modern researchers have rejected the theory espoused by Young. According to them, most of the enslaved people who arrived in Saint
Vincent actually came from other Caribbean islands, and had settled in Saint Vincent in order to escape slavery, therefore Maroons came from plantations on nearby
1165:
In contemporary Belize there has been a resurgence of
Garifuna music, popularized by musicians such as Andy Palacio, Mohobub Flores, and Aurelio Martinez. These musicians have taken many aspects from traditional Garifuna music forms and fused them with more modern sounds. Described as a mixture of
708:
and Ghana). The Bajans and Saint
Lucians arrived on the island before 1735. Later, after 1775, most of the enslaved people who arrived from other islands were Saint Lucians and Grenadians. After arriving on the island, they were taken in by the Caribs, who offered them protection, enslaved them and,
1248:
According to one genetic study the ancestry of the
Garifuna people on average, is 76% African, 20% Arawak/Carib and 4% European. The admixture levels vary greatly between island and Central American Garinagu Communities with Stann Creek, Belize Garinagu having 79.9% African, 2.7% European and 17.4%
1235:
society, but the women are forced to rely on men for a steady income in order to support their families, because the few jobs that are available, housework and selling homemade goods, do not create enough of an income to survive on. Although women have power within their homes, they rely heavily on
1227:
Gender roles within the
Garifuna communities are significantly defined by the job opportunities available to everyone. The Garifuna people have relied on farming for a steady income in the past, but much of this land was taken by fruit companies in the 20th century. These companies were welcomed at
1129:(sticky sweet rice), as well as a coconut rice made with red beans. Nigerians also make "eba", "gari" and "fufu" from dried, grated cassava flour and similar accompanying dishes such as "efo-riro" (made from spinach leaves) or egusi" (made with grounded melon seeds) soup. An alcoholic drink called
786:
When in 1627 the English began to claim the St. Vincent island, they opposed the French settlements (which had started around 1610 by cultivating plots) and its partnerships with the Caribs. Over time, tensions began to arise between the Caribs and the Europeans. The governor of the English part of
590:
retaliated with war against them. Many were killed; those who survived were taken captive and expelled from the island. On Martinique, the French colonists signed a peace treaty with the few remaining Carib. Some Carib had fled to Dominica and Saint Vincent, where the French agreed to leave them at
813:
After the war was concluded and the Caribs surrendered, the British authorities decided to deport the Caribs of St. Vincent. This was done to avoid the Caribs causing more slave revolts in St. Vincent. In 1797, the Caribs with African features were chosen to be deported as they were considered the
712:
In addition to the African refugees, the Caribs captured enslaved people from neighboring islands (although they also had white people and their fellow Caribs as enslaved people), while they were fighting against the British and the French. Many of the captured enslaved people were integrated into
2070:
The fact that the Island Carib rather than the Afro-Carib were the victims of the French attack suggests that the Afro-Carib had already formed communities in the island's interior. If this was in fact the case, the Afro-Carib would in all likelihood have, by 1654, begun to refer to themselves as
747:
sent a military force to occupy it, but was repulsed by the Carib inhabitants. A British attempt in 1723 was likewise repelled. In 1748, Britain and France agreed to put aside their claims and declared Saint Vincent to be a neutral island, under no European sovereignty. Throughout this period,
725:
some Caribs mixed peacefully with the Maroons and some not, creating two factions, that of the Black Caribs and that of the Yellow Caribs, who fought on more than one occasion in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. According to Itarala, many intermarried between indigenous and
953:
by the Garifuna people. It is an Arawakan language with French, English, Dutch, African, and Spanish influences, reflecting their long interaction with various colonial peoples. Garifuna has a vocabulary featuring some terms used by women and others used primarily by men. This may derive from
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and Angola), obtained in the coastal regions of West and Central Africa by Spanish and Portuguese traders of enslaved people. These enslaved people were trafficked to other Caribbean islands, from where emigrated or were captured (they or their descendants) to Saint Vincent.
1214:
is the head of all Garifuna traditional practices. The spiritual practices of the Garinagu have qualities similar to the voodoo (as the Europeans put it) rituals performed by other tribes of African descent. Mystical practices and participation such as in the
905:. There is no information regarding Garifuna from Nicaragua having migrated to either coast of the United States. The Nicaraguan Garifuna population is quite small. Community leaders are attempting to resurrect the Garifuna language and cultural traditions.
1337:
At the beginning of the 18th century, the population in Saint Vincent was already mostly black and although during this century there were extensive mixtures and black people and Carib Indians, a less admixed Carib group, which was called
742:
Britain and France both made conflicting claims on Saint Vincent from the late seventeenth century onward. French pioneers began informally cultivating plots on the island around 1710. In 1719 the governor of the French colony of
1318:-Ashanti and Kongo fugitives. These African origins are true at least in the masculine gender. For the female gender, the origins comes from the union of black enslaved people with Caribs. Based on 18th-century English documents,
748:
however, unofficial, mostly French settlement took place on the island, especially on the Leeward side. African escapees continued to reach Saint Vincent, and a mixed-race population developed through unions with the Carib.
570:, who became governor. He held this position until his death in 1658. His widow Mme. du Parquet took over control of the island from France. As more French colonists arrived, they were attracted to the fertile area known as
2083:
Cayetano, Sebastian (1990). "The linguistic history of the Garifuna peoples (black Caribs) and surrounding areas in Central America and the Caribbean from 1220 A.D. to the present". In Cayetano, Sebastian (ed.).
885:), and the United States. As a result of extensive emigration from Central America, the United States has the second-largest population of Garifuna outside Central America. New York City, specifically in
442:(1795), has been described in modern historiography as framing the majority of the indigenous St. Vincent population as "mere interlopers from Africa" who lacked claims to land possession in St. Vincent.
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agreed that whichever order arrived there first, would get all future parishes in that part of the island. The Jesuits came by sea and the Dominicans by land, with the Dominicans' ultimately prevailing.
3903:
3318:
5334:
3723:
1893:
Crawford, MH; Gonzalez, NL; Schanfield, MS; Dykes, DD; Skradski, K; Polesky, HF (February 1981). "The Black Caribs (Garifuna) of Livingston, Guatemala: Genetic Markers and Admixture Estimates".
893:, Guatemala and Belize. Los Angeles ranks second with Belizean Garifuna being the most populous, followed by those from Honduras and Guatemala. There are also growing Garifuna populations in
1062:
3187:
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of him, which means that he must give up some of his duties in order to spend time with his child. During this time women gain more responsibility and authority within the household.
1203:
since the community's historical encounters with the Jesuits, Dominicans, and various Catholic colonial powers (namely the French and Spanish) in the West Indies and Central America.
873:, it operated it for roughly a generation on the island, creating a legacy different from on other Caribbean islands. Elsewhere, slavery had been institutionalized for much longer.
3621:
1020:
In 2011, Garifuna organisations in the United States estimated that the Garifuna population consisted of roughly 400,000 people, mostly living in Honduras and the United States.
1206:
A complex set of practices exist in their traditional religion for individuals and groups to show respect for their ancestors and Bungiu (God) or Sunti Gabafu (All Powerful). A
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574:(leeward side). The French had pushed the remaining Carib people to this northeastern coast and the Caravalle Peninsula, but the colonists wanted the additional land. The
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David K. Fieldhouse. Los imperios coloniales desde el siglo XVIII (in Spanish: Colonial Empires since the 18th century). Mexico: Siglo XXI, 1984, page 36.
318:. The founding population of the Central American diaspora, estimated at 2,500 to 5,000 persons, were transplanted to the Central American coast from the
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Marshall, Bernard (December 1973). "The Black Caribs — Native Resistance to British Penetration Into the Windward Side of St. Vincent 1763-1773".
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In the 21st century, the Garifuna population is estimated to be around 600,000 in total, taking together its people in Central America, Yurumein (
869:
Large-scale sugar production and chattel slavery were not established on Saint Vincent until the British assumed control. As the United Kingdom
767:. Through the rest of the century, the Carib-African natives mounted a series of Carib Wars, which were encouraged and supported by the French.
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The anthropological genetics of the black The anthropological genetics of the Black Caribs (Garifuna) of Central America and the Caribbean
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802:. Despite the odds being against them, the Caribs successfully gained control of most of the island except for the immediate area around
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5719:
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4707:
2144:
Hulme, Peter (2003). "Black, Yellow, and White on St. Vincent: Moreau de Jonnès's Carib Ethnography". In Nussbaum, Felicity A. (ed.).
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4800:
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2239:
Sweeney, James L. (2007). "Caribs, Maroons, Jacobins, Brigands, and Sugar Barons: The Last Stand of the Black Caribs on St. Vincent"
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2015:
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284:
250:
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to differentiate, with some ambiguity, two groups with a similar culture by their skin color. The British colonial use of the term
3125:
334:. Small Garifuna communities still live in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The Garifuna diaspora abroad includes communities in
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to the Caribbean circa 1200, according to carbon dating of artifacts. They largely displaced, exterminated and assimilated the
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2007:
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Griffin, Wendy and Comité de Emergencia de Garifuna Honduras. San Pedro Sula: Comité de Emergencia de Garifuna Honduras, 2005.
973:. They generally speak the official languages of the countries they reside in, such as Spanish or English, most commonly as a
954:
historical Carib practices: in the colonial era, the Carib of both sexes spoke Island Carib. Men additionally used a distinct
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Agudelo, Carlos (2011). "Los garifunas, identidades y reivindicaciones de un pueblo afrodescendiente de América Central".
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states that "...whatever the case, the Caribs never consented to give their daughters in marriage to blacks". Conversely,
511:
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Based on oral traditions, according to some authors, the Garifuna are descendants of Caribbeans with the African origins
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Religious education and theological praxis in a context of colonization: Garifuna spirituality as a means of resistance.
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Mendisco, F.; Pemonge, M. H.; Leblay, E.; Romon, T.; Richard, G.; Courtaud, P.; Deguilloux, M. F. (19 January 2015).
1710:
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A Critical and Cultural Analysis of an African People in the Americas: Africanisms in the Garifuna Culture of Belize
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respectively. The terms may have been used by the Garifuna to refer to themselves as early as the mid-17th century.
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2847:. Bibliothèque linguistique américaine, no. 3 (1635 original MS. republication ed.). Paris: Maisonneuve.
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argues that "Africans were married with women Caribs of the islands, giving birth to the Garifuna". According to
31:
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Examining the impact of changing livelihood strategies upon Garifuna Cultural Identity, Cayos Cochinos, Honduras
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By 1981, around 65,000 Garifuna were living in fifty-four fishing villages in Guatemala, Belize, and Nicaragua.
763:, fought in Europe, Asia and North America. It also took over all French territory in North America east of the
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Kim, Julie Chun (2013). "The Caribs of St. Vincent and Indigenous Resistance during the Age of Revolutions".
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2264:, Martinique Official site, French Government (translation by Maryanne Dassonville). Retrieved 26 April 2007
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Amerindian and Sandy Bay, St. Vincent Garinagu having 41.1% African, 16.7% European and 42.2% Amerindian.
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cause of the revolt, and originally exported to Jamaica, and then they were transported to the island of
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Gullick, C. J. M. R. (1984). "The changing Vincentian Carib population". In Crawford, Michael H. (ed.).
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Crawford, Michael H. (1984). "Problems and Hypotheses: An Introduction". In Crawford, Michael H. (ed.).
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until 1653. He took ethnographic and linguistic notes on the native peoples of these islands, including
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The 21st Century Battle fought by Honduras Indigenous to know their history and maintain their identity
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Garifuna almost inaccessible fortress of Northeast Saint Vincent integrated constantly to Yoruba, Fon,
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Instrumentos musicales autóctonos de Honduras (in Spanish: Indigenous musical instruments of Honduras)
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Symbolic Inaction in Rituals of Gender and Procreation among the Garifuna (Black Caribs) of Honduras.
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Symbolic Inaction in Rituals of Gender and Procreation among the Garifuna (Black Caribs) of Honduras
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in 1804. The French lost thousands of troops in an attempt to take back the island in 1803, many to
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319:
2528:"The anthropological genetics of the Black Caribs "Garifuna" of Central America and the Caribbean"
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977:. Many also speak Garifuna, mostly as a cultural language, as a part of their families' heritage.
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1981:
1902:
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1176:, both of which were released on the Belizean record label, Stonetree Records. Canadian musician
843:
834:. Over time, the Black Caribs would denominate in the mainland of Central America as "Garifuna".
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339:
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2935:. The Ripley P. Bullen series. Organized by the Virgin Islands Humanities Council. Gainesville:
2731:
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Foster, Byron (1987). "Celebrating autonomy: the development of Garifuna ritual on St Vincent".
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607:, noting that St. Vincent was populated by Caribs and a small number of Blacks from two Spanish
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Later, in 1795, the Caribs again rebelled against British control of the island, causing the
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2175:"Where are the Caribs? Ancient DNA from ceramic period human remains in the Lesser Antilles"
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1973:
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1069:, Nicaragua, with the participation of the government of other Central American countries.
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Garífunas Confront Their Own Decline by Michael Deibert, Inter Press Service, Oct 6, 2008
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Through traditional dance and music, musicians have come together to raise awareness of
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When Afro Becomes (like) Indigenous: Garifuna and Afro-Indigenous Politics in Honduras.
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Biocultural adaptation to disease in the Caribbean: Case study of a migrant population
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Garifuna, history, language, and culture of Belize, Central America and the Caribbean
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1109:) often made with a fish soup called "Hudut". Other accompanying dishes may include:
1082:
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2741:. Journal of Caribbean Studies. Health and Disease in the Caribbean. 12(1): 141–155.
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3165:
2890:. PhD Thesis, Temple University. UMI Dissertation Services (151–152). OCLC 37128913
2803:
Roger Bastide. African Civilizations in the New World. Londres: Hurst, 1971, p. 77.
2340:
2057:
1541:
1496:
1446:
1416:
1376:
1371:
1356:
1331:
1315:
1298:
1274:
1177:
1066:
970:
855:
850:, which ultimately led to the enslaved people creating the independent republic of
693:
612:
600:
2845:
Grammaire caraibe, composée par le p. Raymond Breton, suivie du Catéchisme caraibe
1065:
in Nicaragua, Honduras, and Belize. In 2005 the First Garifuna Summit was held in
908:
By 2014 more Garifuna were leaving Honduras and immigrating to the United States.
738:
Depiction of the 1773 treaty negotiations between the British and the Black Caribs
2493:
5558:
5400:
5224:
5187:
5177:
5150:
4765:
4677:
4386:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3771:
3766:
3756:
3398:
3393:
3383:
3368:
3348:
1712:
Afrodescendencia: Aproximaciones contemporáneas desde América Latina y el Caribe
1627:
1536:
1258:
902:
632:
620:
5526:
5197:
5137:
4855:
4462:
4186:
3418:
2896:
The Sojourners of the Caribbean: Ethnogenesis and Ethnohistory of the Garifuna
2574:
2280:
2071:
Garifuna - an African modification of Karifuna, the Island Carib term for them
1760:
1491:
1471:
1266:
1262:
1122:
1077:
There is a wide variety of Garifuna dishes, including the more commonly known
744:
608:
556:
519:
480:
2985:
Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance
2662:
Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance
2198:
862:
were killed in the revolution. Europeans throughout the Caribbean and in the
4795:
4721:
3923:
3499:
3338:
3225:
3196:
3152:
3091:
3058:
3027:
2958:
2917:
2546:
2527:
1807:
966:
950:
946:
886:
831:
827:
803:
726:
African people, which was that which caused the origin of the Black Caribs.
673:
604:
167:
109:
99:
2852:
2216:
2190:
2025:
2114:
1914:
1719:
1166:
punta rock and paranda, this music is exemplified in Andy Palacio's album
631:). According to Young's report, after the wreck, enslaved people from the
514:, in which he was a shareholder. Later the company was reorganized as the
494:
In 1635 the Carib were overwhelmed by French forces led by the adventurer
418:
in the 17th century. In the 18th century, English accounts used the terms
4946:
4899:
4845:
4662:
4516:
4391:
4181:
4171:
4146:
4094:
3534:
2880:
Ph.D. Dissertation, Garrett/Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.
1590:
1306:
1188:
1158:
938:
890:
819:
661:
628:
541:
plantations which the French began to develop in the Caribbean, in 1636,
534:
484:
460:
379:
refers to an individual person, the culture, and the language. The terms
359:
335:
311:
200:
188:
66:
3130:
3081:
2992:
Sexual Magic and Money: Miskitu women’s Strategies in Northern Honduras.
2348:
2122:
2065:
1906:
17:
5588:
5578:
4450:
4072:
3854:
3844:
3659:
3504:
3068:
The Black Carib Wars: Freedom, Survival, and the Making of the Garifuna
1985:
1961:
1411:
1327:
1172:
1136:
898:
894:
697:
685:
677:
665:
636:
624:
575:
552:
369:
3002:
Sex Roles and Social Change in Native Lower Central American Societies
2698:
Sex Roles and Social Change in Native Lower Central American Societies
2686:
Sex Roles and Social Change in Native Lower Central American Societies
2179:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2004:
The Black Carib Wars: Freedom, Survival and the Making of the Garifuna
4872:
4790:
4748:
4423:
3539:
3260:
1797:
1207:
1131:
1089:) to form flour that is baked into pancakes on a large iron griddle (
1058:
955:
942:
823:
815:
810:
was eventually successful in defeating the Carib opposition in 1796.
782:, the chief of the Black Caribs in St. Vincent, in an 1801 engraving.
701:
681:
640:
523:
464:
343:
307:
89:
2881:
2565:. Black Caribs A Case Study in Biocultural Adaptation. Vol. 3.
1977:
1751:. Black Caribs A Case Study in Biocultural Adaptation. Vol. 3.
615:
on its shores. Later, in 1795, the British governor of St. Vincent,
4283:
3096:
5265:
4889:
4136:
3751:
3664:
3509:
3086:
2388:
Charles Gullick, "Ethnic interaction and carib language", page. 4.
2292:"Escala de intensidad de los africanos en el Nuevo Mundo", p. 136.
1632:
1622:
1617:
1286:
1270:
1152:
1048:
851:
774:
733:
669:
664:(most of the enslaved people of this island were from present-day
650:
184:
537:
resisted working as laborers to build and maintain the sugar and
2443:
Garifuna: The Young Black Latino Exodus You’ve Never Heard About
1294:
4287:
4045:
3885:
3705:
3300:
3169:
3156:
1061:
proclaimed the language, dance, and music of the Garifuna as a
3147:
2622:
2361:
Charles Gullick, Myths of a minority, Assen: Van Gorcum, 1985.
984:
586:
When the Carib revolted against French rule in 1660, Governor
227:
555:
from sub-Saharan Africa and their transportation as labor to
236:
1053:
Garifuna parade on San Isidro Day, in Livingston (Guatemala)
322:
island of Saint Vincent, which was known to the Garinagu as
224:
2619:"World Cafe Next: Danny Michel And The Garifuna Collective"
1962:"Ethnicity, Modernity, and Retention in the Garifuna Punta"
1063:
Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
242:
4041:
2871:
Neither Enemies Nor Friends: Latinos, Blacks, Afro-Latinos
2773:. Editorial guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. p. 47.
2710:
2708:
2706:
2674:
Neither Enemies Nor Friends: Latinos, Blacks, Afro-Latinos
755:, Britain gained control over Saint Vincent following its
3142:
2836:
12.2 (2007): 384–413. AnthroSource. Web. 20 January 2010.
889:, has the largest population, dominated by Garifuna from
599:
After the arrival of the English to St. Vincent in 1667,
221:
2754:. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology. 26: 161-192 (1983).
2441:
Garsd, Jasmine. " VIVA LA LIBRE CIRCULACIÓN DE PERSONAS
660:
islands. Although most of the enslaved people came from
603:
officer John Scott wrote a report on the island for the
2866:
19.1 (1991): 52–67. AnthroSource. Web. 13 January 2010.
1001:
791:
began in 1769. Led primarily by Black Carib chieftain
566:
In 1650, the company liquidated, selling Martinique to
1888:
1886:
1849:
Remembering How Anthony Bourdain Advocated for Latinos
3012:
Women of Belize: Gender and Change in Central America
2088:. Benque Viejo, Belize: BRC Printing. pp. 14–63.
479:
arrived in the Lesser Antilles in 1635, and lived in
251:
239:
233:
218:
3000:
Loveland, Christine A., and Frank O. Loveland, eds.
2834:
Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology
676:(where enslaved people likely came from what is now
402:
The Garifuna were historically known by the exonyms
287:
ancestry that originated in the Caribbean island of
5497:
5467:
5421:
5358:
5347:
5327:
5223:
5136:
4971:
4821:
4606:
4532:
4342:
4328:
4321:
4204:
4079:
3975:
3930:
3785:
3739:
3673:
3645:
3614:
3569:
3548:
3482:
3355:
3243:
3203:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
230:
178:
156:
128:
118:
108:
98:
88:
75:
65:
60:
47:
3037:The Making of Belize: Globalization in the Margins
2926:
2605:Sletto, Jacqueline W. "ANCESTRAL TIES THAT BIND."
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1028:In 1805, the remaining Garifuna in Morne Ronde on
3022:. Belize City: Glessima Research & Services.
2983:Griffith, Marie, and Darbara Dianne Savage, eds.
2794:Garifuna History, language, and Culture, page 32.
2636:"The Forgotten: HIV and the Garifuna of Honduras"
1931:The Routledge Companion to Inter-American Studies
2563:Current Developments in Anthropological Genetics
1749:Current Developments in Anthropological Genetics
1638:Atlantic voyage of the predecessor of Mansa Musa
3070:. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi.
2455:. June 4, 2014. Retrieved on September 7, 2015.
1851:Published June 8, 2018, retrieved June 15, 2018
1742:
1740:
1033:1,100–2,000 Garifuna resided in Saint Vincent.
306:The Garifuna are the descendants of indigenous
3020:The First Primer on the People Called Garifuna
1866:Haurholm-Larsen, Steffen (22 September 2016).
1219:and chugu are also widespread among Garifuna.
551:. This authorized the capture and purchase of
467:who were resident on the islands at the time.
4299:
4057:
3897:
3717:
3312:
3181:
375:refers to the people as a whole and the term
8:
2869:Dzizzienyo, Anani, and Suzanne Oboler, eds.
1718:(in Spanish). pp. 59–66. Archived from
933:The Garifuna language is an offshoot of the
688:(where there were many enslaved people from
526:missionaries arrived to convert them to the
42:
2997:46.2 (2006): 143–159. Web. 13 January 2010.
2762:
2760:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
1184:, with a collective of Garifuna musicians.
414:. European explorers began to use the term
387:originated as African modifications of the
5355:
4339:
4325:
4306:
4292:
4284:
4064:
4050:
4042:
3904:
3890:
3882:
3724:
3710:
3702:
3319:
3305:
3297:
3188:
3174:
3166:
3153:
3126:ONECA (Organización Negra Centroamericana)
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
1135:is commonly made at home; it is rum-based
672:), but they also came from places such as
639:, escaped and reached the small island of
41:
3082:Garifuna Heritage Foundation – St Vincent
2545:
2533:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2281:Garifuna reach: Historia de los garífunas
2206:
1997:
1995:
3131:Vacation in Hopkins a Garifuna Community
3014:. 1996. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 2000.
2283:. Posted by Itarala. Retrieved 19:30 pm.
2037:
2035:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1265:(Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea),
1861:
1859:
1857:
1686:
1650:
2933:The Indigenous People of the Caribbean
5710:Indigenous peoples of Central America
2463:
2461:
2255:"Institutional History of Martinique"
2245:, March 2007, retrieved 26 April 2007
1934:. Taylor & Francis. p. 390.
1928:Raussert, Wilfried (6 January 2017).
1173:Umalali: The Garifuna Women's Project
266:
7:
5623:
2243:African Diaspora Archaeology Network
61:Regions with significant populations
5715:Multiracial affairs in the Americas
5705:Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean
3570:Descendants of Europeans (white or
2925:Gonzalez, Nancie L. Solien (1997).
2894:Gonzalez, Nancie L. Solien (1988).
2641:Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting
1199:The majority of Garinagu have been
1139:, made by soaking roots and herbs.
858:epidemics. Thousands of whites and
842:This was also in the period of the
655:Black Carib family in Saint Vincent
5725:Slavery in the British West Indies
3733:Ancestry and ethnicity in Honduras
2494:"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"
2370:R. G. de Andrade Coelho, page. 37.
1334:"and other West African regions".
25:
5730:Central America and the Caribbean
5660:African–Native American relations
2928:"The Garifuna of Central America"
1322:suggests that came from Nigeria,
510:of France gave the island to the
5680:Ethnic groups in Central America
5622:
5613:
5612:
4495:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3913:
3866:
3328:
3197:Ancestry and ethnicity in Belize
1157:Traditional Garifuna dancers in
988:
883:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
516:Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique
455:The Carib people migrated from
214:
2008:University Press of Mississippi
1182:Black Birds Are Dancing Over Me
830:to the north, and the south to
518:. The French colonists imposed
27:Ethnic group in Central America
5675:Ethnic groups in the Caribbean
2931:. In Wilson, Samuel M. (ed.).
2814:Los negros caribes de Honduras
2812:Ruy Galvão de Andrade Coelho.
2341:10.1080/00086495.1973.11829167
2302:A Brief History of St. Vincent
2150:Johns Hopkins University Press
2058:10.1080/00086495.1987.11671718
1827:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1659:Central American Island Caribs
1261:(Nigeria-Cameroon residents),
1236:the income of their husbands.
635:ethnic group from what is now
1:
3148:– "We are free" Mali Cayetano
2432:Rafael Leiva Vivas, page. 139
2146:The Global Eighteenth Century
866:feared future slave revolts.
512:Compagnie de Saint-Christophe
440:Account of the Black Charaibs
279:) are a people of mixed free
81:
53:
4220:British and French Caribbean
3092:Garifuna Heritage Foundation
3066:Taylor, Christopher (2012).
2900:University of Illinois Press
2876:Flores, Barbara A.T. (2001)
2006:. Caribbean Studies Series.
2002:Taylor, Christopher (2012).
1966:Black Music Research Journal
1320:Ruy Galvão de Andrade Coelho
1180:has also recorded an album,
709:eventually mixed with them.
491:, which he visited briefly.
3097:Warasa Garifuna Drum School
3087:Garifuna Research Institute
2937:University Press of Florida
2767:Jesús Muñoz Tábora (2003).
1342:to differentiate them from
5746:
5700:Ethnic groups in Guatemala
5685:Ethnic groups in Nicaragua
5665:African diaspora in Belize
5507:African diaspora religions
4631:Indigenous Black Canadians
4225:Spanish New World colonies
2609:43.1 (1991): 20–28. Print.
1960:Greene, Oliver N. (2002).
1231:Garifuna people live in a
1146:
922:The Garifuna people speak
915:
588:Charles Houël du Petit Pré
353:
170:, and minorities of other
29:
5720:People of African descent
5690:Ethnic groups in Honduras
5608:
5482:African Hebrew Israelites
5258:Afro-Asians in South Asia
4028:
3863:
3345:
3163:
3158:Links to related articles
3035:Sutherland, Anne (1998).
2886:Franzone, Dorothy (1995)
2575:10.1007/978-1-4613-2649-6
1761:10.1007/978-1-4613-2649-6
871:abolished slavery in 1833
356:Kalina people § Name
183:
161:
133:
52:
32:Garifuna (disambiguation)
4524:Turks and Caicos Islands
3356:Guatemalan native groups
3347:Ancestral background of
3018:Palacio, Myrtle (1993).
1467:Bernard Martínez Valerio
1103:green and ripe plantains
965:Almost all Garinagu are
846:in the French colony of
522:on the inhabitants, and
496:Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc
5695:Ethnic groups in Belize
3256:Americans (Confederate)
2990:Herlihy, Laura Hobson.
2737:5 November 2012 at the
2547:10.1002/ajpa.1330260508
2473:Encyclopedia Britannica
1804:Oxford University Press
1522:Teodoro Palacios Flores
1105:) or alone with gravy (
958:based on the unrelated
877:20th and 21st centuries
568:Jacques Dyel du Parquet
559:and other parts of the
500:Jacques Dyel du Parquet
172:Christian denominations
5670:Bay Islands Department
5512:Anti-African sentiment
4271:Quilombola territories
4266:Quilombola communities
3920:Ancestry and ethnicity
3335:Ancestry and ethnicity
3116:NationalGeographic.com
2191:10.1098/rstb.2013.0388
2102:Early American Studies
1608:Lebeha Drumming Center
1346:, continued to exist.
1297:, Benin, Nigeria) and
1244:Genetics and ancestors
1162:
1054:
937:, and it is spoken in
864:Southern United States
783:
739:
656:
595:William Young's report
594:
475:The French missionary
264:Spanish pronunciation:
5564:Civil rights movement
5452:Afro-Caribbean people
4761:Chestnut Ridge people
4683:African-American Jews
4485:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3615:Descendants of Asians
2260:25 March 2010 at the
2115:10.1353/eam.2013.0007
1869:A Grammar of Garifuna
1800:UK English Dictionary
1156:
1052:
778:
737:
719:Sebastian R. Cayetano
654:
647:Modern historiography
316:Afro-Caribbean people
193:Afro-Caribbean people
179:Related ethnic groups
5522:Atlantic slave trade
5210:United Arab Emirates
3276:Germans (mennonites)
3136:22 June 2022 at the
2750:Crawford, M.H. 1983
2730:Crawford, M.H. 1997
2524:Crawford, Michael H.
2152:. pp. 182–194.
1673:until the late 1970s
1661:; formerly known as
1532:Thomas Vincent Ramos
1477:Eugenio Dolmo Flores
1097:is eaten with fish,
860:free people of color
543:Louis XIII of France
504:French colonial rule
360:Kalinago § Name
340:in the United States
314:(Island Carib), and
197:Afro-Latin Americans
30:For other uses, see
5411:Sierra Leone Creole
5262:India and Pakistan
4507:Trinidad and Tobago
4357:Antigua and Barbuda
4211:History of slavery
3873:Honduras portal
3349:Guatemalan citizens
3041:Bergin & Garvey
2977:, November 7, 2013.
2859:Chernela, Janet M.
2721:19.1 (1991): 52–67.
2714:Chernela, Janet M.
2469:"Garífuna language"
2329:Caribbean Quarterly
2045:Caribbean Quarterly
1810:on 1 February 2020.
1487:Rakeem Nuñez-Roches
1269:(residents between
548:La Traité des Noirs
320:British West Indies
268:[ɡa'ɾifuna]
44:
5554:Black Lives Matter
5161:Ethiopian Israelis
4811:African immigrants
4786:Louisiana Redbones
4722:Chickasaw freedmen
4651:African immigrants
4419:Dominican Republic
4261:Haitian Revolution
4102:Great Dismal Swamp
3549:Guatemalan mestizo
3483:Former and extinct
3281:Hispanic and Latin
2569:. pp. 37–50.
2307:2013-04-04 at the
1877:University of Bern
1163:
1055:
1000:. You can help by
844:Haitian Revolution
784:
740:
657:
561:French West Indies
508:Cardinal Richelieu
434:, particularly in
124:1,100–2,000 (1984)
5642:
5641:
5636:
5635:
5604:
5603:
5517:Anti-Black racism
5457:British Jamaicans
5447:African Americans
5432:African Americans
5386:Americo-Liberians
5371:African Americans
5343:
5342:
5166:Sudanese refugees
4967:
4966:
4737:Seminole freedmen
4717:Cherokee freedmen
4698:Black Southerners
4673:African Americans
4621:African Americans
4281:
4280:
4039:
4038:
3879:
3878:
3699:
3698:
3294:
3293:
3050:978-0-89789-579-8
2965:Griffin, Wendy. "
2950:978-0-8130-1531-6
2909:978-0-252-01453-6
2676:, page 105, 2005.
2584:978-1-4613-2649-6
1941:978-1-317-29065-0
1830:. Merriam-Webster
1770:978-1-4613-2649-6
1725:on 18 August 2016
1597:Garifuna in Peril
1527:Guillermo Ramírez
1018:
1017:
962:of the mainland.
928:Vincentian Creole
918:Garifuna language
765:Mississippi River
366:Garifuna language
301:Vincentian Creole
297:Arawakan language
206:
205:
139:Vincentian Creole
16:(Redirected from
5737:
5626:
5625:
5616:
5615:
5356:
4744:Creoles of color
4727:Choctaw freedmen
4693:Black Mennonites
4626:Black Mennonites
4473:Jamaican Maroons
4429:Samaná Americans
4340:
4326:
4315:African diaspora
4308:
4301:
4294:
4285:
4240:colonial history
4066:
4059:
4052:
4043:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3883:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3703:
3647:Afro-descendants
3333:
3332:
3331:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3298:
3261:British (Baymen)
3190:
3183:
3176:
3167:
3154:
3071:
3062:
3039:. Westport, CT:
3031:
2962:
2930:
2921:
2856:
2829:Anderson, Mark.
2817:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2764:
2755:
2748:
2742:
2728:
2722:
2712:
2701:
2700:, page 25, 1982.
2695:
2689:
2688:, page 24, 1982.
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2664:, page 51, 2006.
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2632:
2626:
2616:
2610:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2520:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2465:
2456:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2415:
2408:
2402:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2324:
2311:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2265:
2252:
2246:
2236:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2039:
2030:
2029:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1957:
1946:
1945:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1863:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1806:. Archived from
1789:
1783:
1782:
1755:. pp. 1–9.
1744:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1717:
1706:
1674:
1655:
1586:British Honduras
1462:Aurelio Martínez
1457:Abe Laboriel Jr.
1452:Abraham Laboriel
1397:Victor Bernardez
1367:Carlos Bernárdez
1113:(a green banana
1013:
1010:
992:
985:
808:Ralph Abercromby
800:Second Carib War
761:Seven Years' War
757:defeat of France
451:Carib background
328:Windward Islands
270:
265:
258:
254:
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
83:
55:
48:Total population
45:
21:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5600:
5574:Genetic history
5499:
5493:
5469:
5463:
5443:United Kingdom
5417:
5396:Afro-Brazilians
5351:
5349:
5339:
5323:
5228:
5219:
5132:
4975:
4963:
4823:
4817:
4688:Alabama Creoles
4608:
4602:
4534:
4528:
4333:
4317:
4312:
4282:
4277:
4249:Slave rebellion
4200:
4090:Black Seminoles
4075:
4070:
4040:
4035:
4024:
3971:
3926:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3880:
3875:
3867:
3865:
3859:
3781:
3735:
3730:
3700:
3695:
3669:
3641:
3610:
3565:
3544:
3478:
3357:
3351:
3341:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3295:
3290:
3239:
3199:
3194:
3159:
3138:Wayback Machine
3078:
3065:
3051:
3034:
3017:
3008:McClaurin, Irma
2973:, reprinted by
2971:Honduras Weekly
2951:
2924:
2910:
2893:
2841:Breton, Raymond
2839:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:Second Edition.
2781:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2749:
2745:
2739:Wayback Machine
2729:
2725:
2713:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2625:, 15 July 2013.
2617:
2613:
2604:
2600:
2585:
2567:Springer-Verlag
2560:
2559:
2555:
2540:(S1): 161–192.
2522:
2521:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2409:
2405:
2399:Black Charaibs,
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2326:
2325:
2314:
2309:Wayback Machine
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2268:
2262:Wayback Machine
2253:
2249:
2237:
2224:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2018:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1978:10.2307/1519956
1959:
1958:
1949:
1942:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1872:
1865:
1864:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1771:
1753:Springer-Verlag
1746:
1745:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1707:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1603:Happy Land fire
1581:Black Seminoles
1576:
1571:
1517:Wilson Palacios
1512:Johnny Palacios
1442:Maynor Figueroa
1437:Wilmer Crisanto
1407:Joseph Chatoyer
1392:Rosita Baltazar
1387:Theodore Aranda
1352:
1255:
1253:African origins
1246:
1225:
1197:
1151:
1145:
1075:
1047:
1039:
1037:Central America
1026:
1014:
1008:
1005:
998:needs expansion
983:
935:Arawak language
920:
914:
879:
840:
793:Joseph Chatoyer
789:First Carib War
780:Joseph Chatoyer
773:
753:Treaty of Paris
751:In 1763 by the
732:
723:Charles Gullick
649:
597:
553:enslaved people
528:Catholic Church
502:. They imposed
498:and his nephew
473:
453:
448:
362:
352:
332:Lesser Antilles
263:
256:
252:
217:
213:
210:Garifuna people
147:Belizean Creole
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5743:
5741:
5733:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5647:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5620:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5586:
5584:Pan-Africanism
5581:
5576:
5571:
5569:Creole peoples
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5503:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5473:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5364:
5362:
5353:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5285:Black Dutchmen
5277:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5260:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5238:
5232:
5230:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5153:
5148:
5142:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5101:United Kingdom
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5026:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4981:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4882:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4865:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4838:
4833:
4827:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4732:Creek freedmen
4729:
4724:
4719:
4705:
4703:Black Hispanic
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4669:United States
4667:
4666:
4665:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4612:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4574:Miskito people
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4538:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4384:
4382:Cayman Islands
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4337:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4288:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4263:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4208:
4206:
4205:Related topics
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4179:
4174:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4111:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4086:United States
4083:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4046:
4037:
4036:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3976:Non-Indigenous
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3886:
3877:
3876:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3786:Non-Indigenous
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3706:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3515:Lakandon Chʼol
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3353:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3244:Non-Indigenous
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3218:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3076:External links
3074:
3073:
3072:
3063:
3049:
3032:
3015:
3005:
2998:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2963:
2949:
2922:
2908:
2891:
2884:
2874:
2867:
2857:
2837:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2805:
2796:
2787:
2779:
2756:
2743:
2723:
2702:
2690:
2678:
2666:
2654:
2627:
2611:
2598:
2583:
2553:
2510:
2498:Ethnologue.com
2485:
2457:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2412:Black Charaibs
2403:
2390:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2312:
2294:
2285:
2266:
2247:
2222:
2165:
2158:
2136:
2109:(1): 117–132.
2091:
2075:
2052:(3/4): 75–83.
2031:
2016:
1991:
1972:(2): 189–216.
1947:
1940:
1920:
1882:
1853:
1841:
1813:
1784:
1769:
1736:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1657:also known as
1649:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1613:Miskito people
1610:
1605:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1567:Jorge Benguché
1564:
1562:Jerry Bengtson
1559:
1554:
1552:Henry Figueroa
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1507:Jerry Palacios
1504:
1502:Joseph Palacio
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1432:Félix Crisanto
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1382:Dionisia Amaya
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1350:Notable people
1348:
1283:Ashanti Region
1254:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1224:
1221:
1196:
1193:
1149:Garifuna music
1147:Main article:
1144:
1141:
1074:
1071:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1009:September 2021
995:
993:
982:
979:
975:first language
960:Carib language
916:Main article:
913:
910:
878:
875:
848:Saint-Domingue
839:
836:
772:
769:
731:
728:
715:Andrade Coelho
648:
645:
596:
593:
477:Raymond Breton
472:
469:
452:
449:
447:
444:
351:
348:
204:
203:
181:
180:
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164:Roman Catholic
159:
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154:
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126:
125:
122:
116:
115:
112:
106:
105:
102:
96:
95:
92:
86:
85:
84:200,000 (2011)
79:
73:
72:
71:200,000 (2003)
69:
63:
62:
58:
57:
56:400,000 (2011)
50:
49:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5742:
5731:
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5726:
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5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
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5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
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5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
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5652:
5650:
5629:
5621:
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5611:
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5607:
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5513:
5510:
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5504:
5502:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5466:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5407:Sierra Leone
5406:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5350:Afro-American
5346:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
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5288:
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5283:
5282:
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5278:
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5269:
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5264:
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5259:
5256:
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5247:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5226:
5222:
5216:
5213:
5211:
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5047:
5044:
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5035:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5008:
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5000:
4998:
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4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
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4960:
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4955:
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4948:
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4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
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4928:
4925:
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4923:
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4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4885:French Guiana
4883:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4852:
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4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4820:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4801:Somali Bantus
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
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4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
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4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4708:Black Indians
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4678:Affrilachians
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4636:New Brunswick
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
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4622:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4605:
4597:
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4592:
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4584:
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4579:Miskito Sambu
4577:
4576:
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4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
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4544:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:Dougla people
4510:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4496:
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4491:
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4486:
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4427:
4425:
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4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4402:Ganga-Longoba
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
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4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4335:Latin America
4331:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4309:
4304:
4302:
4297:
4295:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4254:United States
4252:
4251:
4250:
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4241:
4238:
4236:
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4232:
4231:
4230:United States
4228:
4226:
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4218:
4216:
4213:
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4209:
4207:
4203:
4197:
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4107:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:Ethnic groups
4078:
4074:
4067:
4062:
4060:
4055:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4034:
4033:
4027:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
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4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
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3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3803:Arab-Honduran
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:Afro-Honduran
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
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3775:
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3141:
3139:
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3025:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
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2979:
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2929:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2905:
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2897:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2882:OCLC 47773227
2879:
2875:
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2865:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
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2828:
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2815:
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2806:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2782:
2780:9789992633069
2776:
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2747:
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2740:
2736:
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2426:
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2394:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2379:Ibidem, p. 66
2376:
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2169:
2166:
2161:
2159:9780801868658
2155:
2151:
2148:. Baltimore:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
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2059:
2055:
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2038:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2017:9781617033100
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1901:(1): 87–103.
1900:
1896:
1895:Human Biology
1889:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
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1705:
1703:
1701:
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1693:
1691:
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1680:
1672:
1671:Island Caribs
1668:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
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1578:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1557:Romell Quioto
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1547:Édgar Álvarez
1545:
1543:
1540:
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1453:
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1448:
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1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:Teofilo Colon
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
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1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1362:Boniek García
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1293:(resident in
1292:
1288:
1285:, in central
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1217:Dugu ceremony
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1160:
1155:
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1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:cassava bread
1080:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:Saint Vincent
1024:Saint Vincent
1023:
1021:
1012:
1003:
999:
996:This section
994:
991:
987:
986:
980:
978:
976:
972:
968:
963:
961:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
929:
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919:
911:
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904:
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888:
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837:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
811:
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796:
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790:
781:
777:
770:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
746:
736:
729:
727:
724:
720:
716:
710:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
653:
646:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:William Young
614:
610:
606:
605:English crown
602:
592:
589:
584:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
470:
468:
466:
462:
458:
457:South America
450:
445:
443:
441:
437:
436:William Young
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:Island Caribs
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
371:
367:
361:
357:
349:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:Saint Vincent
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
261:
260:
247:
211:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
123:
121:
120:Saint Vincent
117:
113:
111:
107:
103:
101:
97:
94:15,000 (2003)
93:
91:
87:
80:
78:
77:United States
74:
70:
68:
64:
59:
51:
46:
37:
33:
19:
5335:Saint Helena
5271:in Karnataka
5188:Saudi Arabia
4756:Brass Ankles
4546:
4499:
4397:Cape Verdean
4116:
4030:
3966:
3812:
3654:
3520:Manche Chʼol
3270:
3216:Manche Ch'ol
3143:Pen Cayetano
3121:Garifuna.org
3112:The Garifuna
3067:
3036:
3019:
3011:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2984:
2975:Latina Lista
2974:
2970:
2932:
2895:
2887:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2844:
2833:
2830:
2824:Bibliography
2808:
2799:
2790:
2769:
2746:
2726:
2718:
2715:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2645:. Retrieved
2639:
2630:
2614:
2606:
2601:
2562:
2556:
2537:
2531:
2501:. Retrieved
2497:
2488:
2476:. Retrieved
2472:
2450:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2411:
2406:
2398:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2332:
2328:
2297:
2288:
2250:
2242:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2145:
2139:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2085:
2078:
2069:
2049:
2043:
2003:
1969:
1965:
1930:
1923:
1898:
1894:
1879:. p. 6.
1868:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1825:
1816:
1808:the original
1796:
1787:
1748:
1727:. Retrieved
1720:the original
1711:
1670:
1667:Black Caribs
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1595:
1542:Deiby Flores
1497:Andy Palacio
1482:Tomás Róchez
1447:O.T. Genasis
1422:Mirtha Colón
1417:Osman Chavez
1402:Sofía Blanco
1377:Marvin Avila
1372:Edwin Solano
1357:Alberth Elis
1344:Black Caribs
1343:
1339:
1336:
1312:
1273:- Nigeria),
1256:
1247:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1211:
1205:
1198:
1195:Spirituality
1186:
1181:
1178:Danny Michel
1171:
1167:
1164:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1076:
1067:Corn Islands
1056:
1040:
1027:
1019:
1006:
1002:adding to it
997:
981:Demographics
971:multilingual
964:
932:
921:
907:
880:
868:
856:yellow fever
841:
838:19th century
812:
797:
785:
750:
741:
730:18th century
711:
694:Sierra Leone
658:
601:English Army
598:
585:
571:
565:
546:
535:Carib people
533:Because the
532:
493:
474:
471:17th century
454:
439:
431:
427:
423:
420:Black Caribs
419:
416:Black Caribs
415:
411:
408:Black Caribs
407:
403:
401:
396:
392:
384:
380:
376:
372:
363:
323:
305:
272:
209:
207:
114:2,000 (2003)
104:5,000 (2003)
39:Ethnic group
36:
5594:Reparations
5559:Black power
5307:New Zealand
5138:Middle East
5091:Switzerland
5051:Netherlands
4766:Dominickers
4641:Nova Scotia
4559:El Salvador
4490:Saint Lucia
4480:Puerto Rico
4018:Palestinian
3960:Awas Tingni
3691:Salvadorans
3490:Acala Chʼol
3454:Sipakapense
3362:and others)
2939:. pp.
2335:(4): 4–19.
2026:j.ctt24hxr2
1628:Sambo Creek
1537:David Suazo
1210:known as a
903:New Orleans
680:, Nigeria,
621:West Indies
609:slave ships
545:proclaimed
489:St. Vincent
432:Black Carib
5649:Categories
5527:Coromantee
4942:Paramaccan
4856:Quilombola
4796:Melungeons
4554:Costa Rica
4463:Coromantee
4187:Quilombola
4162:Paramaccan
3932:Indigenous
3740:Indigenous
3449:Sakapultek
3439:Qʼanjobʼal
3204:Indigenous
2898:. Urbana:
2816:, page. 36
2647:19 October
2401:pp. 12–13.
1822:"Garifuna"
1793:"Garifuna"
1681:References
1492:Paul Nabor
1472:Paul Nabor
1340:Red Caribs
1324:Gold Coast
1263:Ibo (Igbo)
1233:matrilocal
1127:bimecacule
1123:breadfruit
771:Carib wars
745:Martinique
611:which had
580:Dominicans
572:Cabesterre
557:Martinique
520:French Law
481:Guadeloupe
428:Red Caribs
354:See also:
291:and speak
285:Amerindian
162:Primarily
5348:Secondary
5312:Sri Lanka
5290:Mardijker
5280:Indonesia
5251:Hong Kong
5246:Guangzhou
5236:Australia
5183:Palestine
5111:Liverpool
5106:Cambridge
4959:Venezuela
4831:Argentina
4586:Nicaragua
4564:Guatemala
4344:Caribbean
4322:Geography
4196:Mauritius
4113:Honduras
3924:Nicaragua
3823:Bulgarian
3798:Americans
3681:Americans
3530:Tojolabal
3500:Chinamita
3495:Alaguilac
3464:Tzʼutujil
3434:Poqomchiʼ
3409:Kaqchikel
3339:Guatemala
3226:Chinamita
2995:Ethnology
2843:(1877) .
2503:30 August
2199:0962-8436
2131:144195511
1834:22 August
1101:(pounded
967:bilingual
951:Nicaragua
947:Guatemala
887:the Bronx
832:Nicaragua
828:Guatemala
804:Kingstown
674:St. Lucia
342:, and in
326:, in the
168:Rastafari
129:Languages
110:Nicaragua
100:Guatemala
5655:Garifuna
5618:Category
5468:Asia and
5437:Haitians
5392:Nigeria
5382:Liberia
5352:diaspora
5328:Atlantic
5302:Malaysia
5203:Africans
5121:Scotland
5066:Portugal
4987:Abkhazia
4947:Saramaka
4922:Suriname
4912:Paraguay
4900:Saramaka
4868:Colombia
4846:Kalungas
4776:Garifuna
4712:Freedmen
4663:Mascogos
4596:Cimarrón
4569:Honduras
4547:Garifuna
4517:Merikins
4500:Garifuna
4414:Dominica
4372:Barbados
4352:Anguilla
4330:Americas
4182:Quilombo
4172:Kalungas
4147:Saramaka
4132:Suriname
4128:Guianas
4117:Garifuna
4095:Mascogos
3967:Garifuna
3850:Mexicans
3833:Italians
3813:Garifuna
3747:Chʼortiʼ
3686:Mexicans
3674:Americas
3655:Garifuna
3632:Lebanese
3535:Toquegua
3469:Uspantek
3459:Tektitek
3444:Qʼeqchiʼ
3404:Jakaltek
3389:Chʼortiʼ
3379:Awakatek
3271:Garifuna
3251:Africans
3233:Qʼeqchiʼ
3134:Archived
3059:38024169
3028:30746656
2959:36817335
2918:15519873
2735:Archived
2593:46373360
2526:(1983).
2349:23050239
2305:Archived
2258:Archived
2217:25487339
2185:(1660).
2123:23546705
2066:40654135
1907:41464596
1779:46373360
1591:Dangriga
1574:See also
1307:DR Congo
1201:Catholic
1189:HIV/AIDS
1161:, Belize
1159:Dangriga
1057:In 2001
939:Honduras
924:Garifuna
912:Language
891:Honduras
820:Honduras
662:Barbados
629:Antilles
578:and the
485:Dominica
397:Kalinago
393:Karifuna
389:Kalinago
385:Garínagu
381:Garífuna
377:Garífuna
373:Garínagu
336:Honduras
324:Yurumein
312:Kalinago
293:Garifuna
277:Garifuna
273:Garínagu
189:Kalinago
157:Religion
135:Garifuna
67:Honduras
43:Garinagu
18:Garífuna
5628:Commons
5589:Slavery
5579:Maroons
5498:Related
5470:Oceania
5428:France
5317:Kaffirs
5229:Oceania
5096:Ukraine
5071:Romania
5041:Ireland
5024:Germany
5007:Finland
5002:Denmark
4997:Belgium
4992:Austria
4954:Uruguay
4932:Matawai
4880:Ecuador
4851:Macombo
4836:Bolivia
4824:America
4646:Ontario
4609:America
4535:America
4533:Central
4458:Jamaica
4446:Marabou
4436:Grenada
4409:Curaçao
4377:Bermuda
4367:Bahamas
4177:Macombo
4168:Brazil
4157:Matawai
4109:Jamaica
4073:Maroons
4003:English
3988:Chinese
3983:African
3945:Nicarao
3940:Miskito
3855:Mulatto
3845:Mestizo
3828:Spanish
3808:Chinese
3777:Tolupan
3762:Miskito
3660:Mulatto
3601:Spanish
3596:Russian
3591:Italian
3572:Criollo
3556:Mestizo
3505:Kejache
3429:Poqomam
3414:Kʼicheʼ
3286:Indians
3266:Chinese
2987:. 2006.
2941:197–205
2873:. 2005.
2853:8046575
2607:America
2447:Archive
2414:, p. 4.
2410:Young,
2397:Young,
2208:4275895
1986:1519956
1915:7239494
1875:(PhD).
1729:1 March
1412:Duvalle
1328:Dahomey
1279:Ashanti
1223:Society
1170:and in
1168:Watina,
1137:bitters
1125:), and
1119:mazapan
1111:bundiga
1099:machuca
1045:Culture
899:Atlanta
895:Houston
759:in the
698:Nigeria
686:Grenada
678:Senegal
666:Nigeria
637:Nigeria
625:Bahamas
613:wrecked
591:peace.
576:Jesuits
446:History
370:endonym
364:In the
330:of the
281:African
151:English
143:Spanish
5547:Yoruba
5500:topics
5477:Israel
5422:Europe
5367:Ghana
5360:Africa
5198:Turkey
5173:Jordan
5156:Israel
5116:London
5086:Sweden
5076:Russia
5061:Poland
5056:Norway
5034:Blacks
5029:Greece
5012:France
4978:Blacks
4973:Europe
4937:Ndyuka
4927:Kwinti
4907:Guyana
4895:Ndyuka
4873:Raizal
4841:Brazil
4806:Yoruba
4791:Lumbee
4771:Fulani
4749:Gullah
4658:Mexico
4616:Canada
4591:Panama
4542:Belize
4451:Marron
4424:Cocolo
4215:Brazil
4152:Kwinti
4142:Ndyuka
4124:Panama
4032:Portal
4013:Jewish
4008:German
3637:Romani
3627:Korean
3622:Jewish
3586:German
3581:French
3561:Ladino
3540:Yalain
3374:Akatek
3057:
3047:
3026:
2957:
2947:
2916:
2906:
2851:
2777:
2591:
2581:
2478:4 July
2452:Fusion
2347:
2215:
2205:
2197:
2156:
2129:
2121:
2064:
2024:
2014:
1984:
1938:
1913:
1905:
1798:Lexico
1777:
1767:
1663:Caribs
1291:Yoruba
1281:(from
1208:shaman
1132:gifiti
1115:lasusu
1107:lasusu
1087:hibise
1059:UNESCO
956:pidgin
949:, and
943:Belize
901:, and
824:Belize
816:Roatan
702:Angola
690:Guinea
684:) and
682:Angola
641:Bequia
524:Jesuit
465:Igneri
424:Yellow
410:, and
404:Caribs
391:terms
368:, the
358:, and
344:Belize
308:Arawak
299:, and
271:; pl.
90:Belize
5542:Tikar
5537:Kongo
5489:Japan
5376:Tabom
5297:Japan
5266:Siddi
5241:China
5215:Yemen
5193:Syria
5126:Wales
5081:Spain
5046:Italy
5017:Paris
4890:Aluku
4863:Chile
4822:South
4781:Igbos
4607:North
4468:Igbos
4441:Haiti
4392:Arará
4362:Aruba
4235:Trade
4137:Aluku
3998:White
3818:White
3752:Lenca
3665:Zambo
3606:Swiss
3525:Pipil
3510:Kowoj
3474:Xinca
3424:Mopan
3221:Mopan
2864:Ethos
2719:Ethos
2589:S2CID
2345:JSTOR
2127:S2CID
2119:JSTOR
2062:JSTOR
2022:JSTOR
1982:JSTOR
1903:JSTOR
1873:(PDF)
1775:S2CID
1723:(PDF)
1716:(PDF)
1669:, or
1645:Notes
1633:Zambo
1623:Punta
1618:Obeah
1332:Congo
1316:Fanti
1303:Congo
1299:Kongo
1287:Ghana
1275:Fante
1271:Benin
1212:buyei
1143:Music
1095:Ereba
1091:Comal
1079:ereba
852:Haiti
706:Kongo
670:Ghana
539:cocoa
461:Taíno
295:, an
201:Taíno
185:Pardo
5532:Igbo
5401:Saro
5225:Asia
5178:Oman
5151:Iraq
5146:Iran
4917:Peru
4387:Cuba
3993:Roma
3955:Sumo
3950:Rama
3838:Jews
3772:Sumo
3767:Pech
3757:Maya
3399:Ixil
3394:Itza
3384:Chuj
3369:Achi
3360:Maya
3211:Maya
3055:OCLC
3045:ISBN
3024:OCLC
2955:OCLC
2945:ISBN
2914:OCLC
2904:ISBN
2849:OCLC
2775:ISBN
2649:2015
2579:ISBN
2505:2017
2480:2021
2213:PMID
2195:ISSN
2154:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1911:PMID
1836:2018
1765:ISBN
1731:2021
1295:Togo
1277:and
1267:Fons
1259:Efik
1073:Food
926:and
826:and
668:and
633:Igbo
627:and
483:and
422:and
395:and
383:and
350:Name
283:and
255:-ee-
208:The
5227:and
3922:in
3419:Mam
3337:in
3114:on
2969:,"
2623:NPR
2571:doi
2542:doi
2449:).
2445:" (
2337:doi
2203:PMC
2187:doi
2183:370
2111:doi
2054:doi
1974:doi
1757:doi
1289:),
1117:),
1093:).
1004:.
969:or
818:in
463:or
438:'s
426:or
275:in
262:or
259:-nə
257:FOO
253:GAR
225:ɑːr
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3053:.
3043:.
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2943:.
2912:.
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2331:.
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2105:.
2068:.
2060:.
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2010:.
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1970:22
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