1658:
823:
4914:
2415:
2413:
242:
31:
2361:
2359:
1025:
1023:
1021:
2462:
2460:
1108:, p. 60: "These two original centres of Rus were Staraja Ladoga and Rurikovo Gorodishche, two points on the ends of an axis, the Volkhov, a river running for 200 km between two lakes, from the Ilmen in the south to the Ladoga in the north. This was the territory that most probably was originally called by the Norsemen
2847:: "If our sources enable us to do it, we can examine the evolution of place-names in the process of land development. Since the Old Norse-Icelandic material is incomparable from this point of view, we can observe in it the formation of secondary place-names on the basis of the original ones (like
1126:
1124:
1122:
2919:, p. 194: "Und so entstand in der isländischen Kunstprosa der Ausdruck Garðaríki, nach dem Vorbild von Danaríki, Svíaríki (woraus Sverige) Hringaríki, Raumaríki u. a. m. Volkstümlich war das Wort ursprünglich nicht und ist es auch später nur auf Island durch die Sagaliteratur geworden".
1373:
to refer to the ninth-century settlement at Lake Ilmen, it is likely that prior to the 920s it is Gorodišce that is meant). Settlement seems to have shifted gradually from the latter island fortress, which after a century of abandonment was later reoccupied as the seat of the prince of
2381:
2379:
1317:, p. 72: "однако уже с середины IX в. в нескольких километрах от будущего детинца города на высоком берегу Волхова существовал крупный центр, где располагался скандинавский военный контингент и который получил название Городища под Новгородом (ныне в черте г. Новгорода). "
2372:
has the following meanings: 1) a fence of any kind, a fortification; 2) a yard (an enclosed space); 3) a court-yard, court and premises; 4) a separated farm (in
Iceland); 5) a house or building in a country or village (especially in Norway, Denmark and
251:
according to R. Cleasby & G. Vigfússon, R. Derksen, J. de Vries, P. Durkin, T. Jackson, M. L. Jøndal, J. T. Koch, G. Kroonen, J. P. Mallory & D. Q. Adams, E. Melnikova, E. Nosov, V. Orel, O. Pritsak, H. Rix & M. Kümmel, F. Wachler, and G.
2275:
2273:
1003:, p. 87: "I de gamle norrøne kildene blir det reelle riket Rus beskrevet som Gardarike. Rus besto av flere riker løst knyttet til hverandre. Geografisk er det snakk om hovedsakelig Novgorod-området i dagens Russland og byer rundt Dvina elven. "
2632:
2630:
2674:
2672:
1329:, p. 265: "The settlement established in the ninth century has been known since the 12th century as Gorodišce, a name meaning “deserted fortress” and coined with respect to its successor (“Novgorod” means “new fortress”);"
3403:, p.438: "In ea parte orbis, quæ Europa appellatur, Svethia Magna orienti proxima est, quo ad religionem Christianam propagandam Philippus apostolus venit. Hujus regni pars est Russia, quam nos Gardarikiam appellamus".
1305:, p. 70: "The localities in Russia, or Garðaríki, which are mentioned in the Sagas are more particularly those grouped nearest round the Gulf of Finland which were evidently constantly frequented by the Scandinavians."
2388:, p. 39: "The Old Russian word, in its turn, has the following meanings: 1) a fence; 2) a fortified place, town walls, a fortification; 3) a field defensive work; 4) a settlement, an administrative and trade center".
2396:
2394:
324:
referred to 1) a fence; 2) a fortification; 3) a field defensive work; 4) a settlement. Since there is an overlapping meaning among the ones these related words once had ("a fence, a fortified place"), both
3224:, p. 40: "Thus, the Scandinavians, who set on their way from Ladoga down the Volkhov into other Slavonic territories, came across a chain of fortified settlements, that were called by the local population
3180:
are related words and they have, among other meanings, a common one, 'a fence, a fortified place', it is natural to conclude that, at a certain chronological stage, they were identical in their meaning".
2781:
2779:
832:, p. 40–41: "Old Norse sources have preserved the names of the twelve towns that are considered by the medieval authors, as well as by their modern publishers, to have been Old Russian towns. These are
1822:, p. 170: "Weit auffallender ist, daß nach den sǫgur das ganze politische Leben Rußlands sich in Novgorod (Hólmgarðr) konzentriert: es wird überall und immer als Hauptstadt des Reiches aufgefaßt ".
1281:, p. 264: "The initial focus of the Scandinavian presence in European Russia seems to have been the Volkhov river, which they had reached from the Gulf of Finland via the Neva and Lake Ladoga."
3260:
3258:
1645:
1643:
1406:, p. 73: "During the existence of the Old Russian state Gorodishche served as the residence of Novgorodian princes who were squeezed out of the city by the developing republican system."
306:
poems, runic inscriptions and early sagas up to the twelfth century to refer to the lands to the east of
Scandinavia populated by the Rus' people, primarily to Novgorodian Rus'.
4092:
Runeninschriften als
Quellen interdisziplinär Forschung. Abhandlungen des Vierten Internationalen Symposiums über Runen und Runeninschriften in Göttingen vom 4.-9. August 1995
4097:
Runic inscriptions as sources for interdisciplinary research. Proceedings of the Fourth
International Symposium on Runes and Runic Inscriptions in Göttingen, 4-9 August 1995
1798:, p. 175: "в сознании авторов и их слушателей Хольмгард на всем протяжении сложения и записи саг оставался столицей лежащей за Балтийским морем страны Гарды/Гардарики ".
2800:
2798:
2160:, section Inscription, English: "Þorsteinn made (the stone) in memory of Erinmundr, his son, and bought this estate and earned (wealth) in the east in Garðar (Russia)."
2100:, p. 204: "HOLMGARD, eller GARDARIKE, egenteligen så kalladt, tillföll Jarislaf, och utgjorde Novogorod, Ladoga, Bielo-Osero, Rostov och angränsande orter dess område".
2252:
2250:
3491:"Die nordeuropäischen Verkehrswege im frühen Mittelalter und die Bedeutung der Wikinger für die Entwicklung des europäischen Handels und der europäischen Schiffahrt"
596:. Although its Old Norse name was then transferred to Novgorod, Gorodische later regained some of its importance and served as the residence of Novgorodian princes.
4698:
Wachler, Ferdinand (1851). "GARDHARIKI". In Ersch, Johann Samuel; Gruber, Johann
Gottfried; Hassel, G.; Müller, Wilhelm; Hoffmann, A. G.; Leskien, August (eds.).
4089:
Melnikova, Elena A. (1998). "Runic
Inscriptions as a Source for Relation of Northern and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages". In Düwel, Klaus; Nowak, Sean (eds.).
3379:, p.216: "Swithiod the Great, or the Cold, is the ancient Sarmatia; and is also called Godheim in the mythological sagas, or the home of Odin and the other gods".
4613:
3303:, p. 57: "Ívarr hinn víðfaðmi lagði þá undir sik allt Svíaveldi; hann vann ok Danaveldi ok Kúrland, Saxland ok Eystland, ok öll Austrríki allt til Garðaríkis".
2136:, section Inscription, English: "Þjóðulfr (and) Búi, they raised this stone in memory of Farulfr, their father. He met his end in the east in Garðar (Russia)."
2184:, section Inscription, English: "Herþrúðr raised this stone in memory of her son Smiðr, a good valiant man. Halfborinn, his brother, sits in Garðar (Russia)."
2212:, p. 396: "Þōrstæinn must have spent a long time in Rus' since he managed to accumulate a sizable fortune there (as witnessed by his huge monument, Sö 338)".
3493:[Northern European Communication Ways in Early Middle Ages and the Importance of Vikings for the Development of the European Trade and Navigation].
2519:
2517:
1810:, p. 71: "для скандинавов Северо-Западная Русь всегда представлялась центральной и главной частью Древнерусского государства, а Новгород - столицей Руси ".
1293:, p. 80: "Письменные источники и археологические материалы рисуют нам сложную и многообразную картину славяно-скандинавских отношений в Северной Руси. "
2124:, section Inscription, English: "Engli raised this stone in memory of Þóraldr, his son, who died in Vitaholmr - between Ustaholmr and Garðar (Russia)."
4926:
3490:
4260:. Nordiske oldskrifter (in Icelandic and Danish). Vol. 3. Translated by Thorarensen, Gísli. Copenhagen: Printing House of Brothers Berling.
1686:: "Hon segir Jarizleifi konungi at hann skal bafua hinn æzsla hlut Gardarikis en þat er Holmgard… Jarizleifr konungr skal vera yfir Gardariki ".
1418:, p. 85: "Novgorod which sprang into existence some time later in the locality and was called Holmgård by the Scandinavians received this name."
793:
1894:, the Russian (Old-)Ladoga, standing on the little river Volkhov, at some distance from its fall into lake Ladoga, called by the Scandinavians
1546:, p. 16: "Hólmgarðr ist die stadt Nowgorod, die hauptstadt des im 9. jh. von schwedischen eroberern gestifteten reiches Garðaríki (Russland). "
1133:, p. 366: "In the older sources, such as the scaldic poetry and the King's sagas, the usual ON name for Rus' (especially Novgorodian Rus') was
895:, the Russian (Old-)Ladoga, standing on the little river Volkhov, at some distance from its fall into lake Ladoga, called by the Scandinavians
4787:
3578:
220:
2302:
2300:
5099:
2792:: "GARDHARIKI (mittlere Geographie), ist gebildet aus Gardha, Genitiv der Mehrzahl (Nominativ der Mehrzahl Gardhar), und aus riki, Reich ".
836:. The first eight of them are practically unanimously associated with Novgorod, Ladoga, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov."
320:
which referred to 1) a fence; 2) a fortification; 3) a yard; 4) a court; 5) a farm; 6) a village house, while the related Old
Russian word
3843:
Jackson, Tatjana (2009), "Ways on the "Mental Map" of
Medieval Scandinavians", in Heizmann, Wilhelm; Böldl, Klaus; Beck, Heinrich (eds.),
3568:
2172:, section Inscription, English: "Ǫlvé had this stone raised in memory of Arnfastr, his son. He travelled to the east to Garðar (Russia)."
4814:
1834:, p. 204: "Holmgard eller Holmgardaborg, en stad, som af fremlingar mycket besöktes, var deruti hufvudstad och Gardarikes Konungasäte ".
991:, p. 72: "Gardarike, or “the cities”, an umbrella term for the multi-ethnic trading and craft centres located along the Russian rivers."
442:
5094:
572:
4127:]. The Earliest Sources on History of Eastern Europe (in Russian). Moscow: "Vostochnaya literatura", Russian Academy of Sciences.
3735:
3554:
2148:, section Inscription, English: "He fell in battle in the east in Garðar (Russia), commander of the retinue, the best of landholders."
903:, probably because it stood on a holm situated at the point where the Volkhov issues from lake Ilmen. The Old Norse name of Kiev was
4544:
4374:
4325:
4284:
4236:
4215:
4132:
4104:
4079:
4051:
3911:
3858:
3804:
3764:
3664:
3643:
3331:: "Sva byrjar þessa frásögu, at Hreggviðr er konúngr nefndr; hann átti at ráða fyrir Hólmgarðaríki, er sumir menn kalla Garðaríki…".
2659:
2657:
1369:, p. 268: "The beginnings of Novgorod can be dated archaeologically to the early tenth century (even though the name is used in the
3922:
806:
Some scholars linked Svíþjóð hin kalda or "Sweden the Cold" to the ancient
Sarmatia and assumed that Gardariki was located there.
2967:, p. 37: "In the skaldic poetry of the tenth through the twelfth century, Old Rus is called only by its earliest Old Norse name
4913:
4030:
3774:
1652:, chpt. 22: "Hertnið konungr, er í þann tíma stýrði Rúzilandi ...Hólmgarð, er höfuðstaðr er fyrir borgum Hertniðs konungs ".
3415:, chpt. 48. Dauði Haralds konungs grenska: "Hit sama kveld kom þar annarr konungr, sá hét Vissavaldr, austan or Garðaríki".
3267:, p. 4: "Konungr hèt Sigrlami, svá er sagt, at hann væri sun Óðins. Hánum fèkk Óðinn þat ríki, sem nú er kallat Garðaríki".
1746:, p. 36r-36v: "i holmg(ar)ða b(or)g er mest(r) atset(r) garða k(onun)gs þ(at) er nu allt kallat nog(ar)ðar ok ruðzala(n)d".
834:
Hólmgarðr, Aldeigjuborg, Kœnugarðr, Súrdalar, Pallteskia, Smaleskia, Móramar, Rostofa, Sýrnes, Gaðar, Alaborg, Danparstaðir
3638:. The Northern World. North Europe and the Baltic c. 400-1700 AD. Peoples, Economies and Cultures. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
1670:, p. 27: "Eitt sumar sendi hann menn austr í Hólmgarða, at bjóða Hrollaugi konungi barnfóstr, er þá var ríkastr konúngr ".
502:
216:
3477:
3279:, p. 27: "Eitt sumar sendi hann menn austr í Hólmgarða, at bjóða Hrollaugi konungi barnfóstr, er þá var ríkastr konúngr".
561:, in Swedish, Norwegian and Icelandic sources, including runic inscriptions, poetry of skalds and sagas, was the toponym
4567:
4559:
3156:, a stronghold, a town, which occurs in all Slavonic languages and cannot therefore well be borrowed from the Old Norse
372:
4255:
592:, an important administrative and trade center of the 9th century, which was originally known by the Scandinavians as
40:
mentioned in Old
Scandinavian sources, according to T. Jackson, E. Melnikova, K. Müllenhoff, V. Thomsen, and A. Bugge.
2596:, p. 329: "The traditional and still majority view is that in the word for ʻkingʼ we have an agent noun derived from
1357:, p. 76: "The Ryurik Gorodishche existed, undoubtedly, in the mid-9th century and was probably founded even earlier."
3600:
4680:
3596:
3517:
1257:, these terms indicating presumably the same area, probably relied on old oral tradition. In the beginning of the
1394:
designated the Gorodishche settlement and was transferred to Novgorod after it gained superiority in the region."
1205:, не раз употреблялось для обозначения Новгородской Руси, и в сагах о древних временах появляется даже композит
4998:
205:
2044:, p. 250: "Rußland selbst und mehrere russische Städte tragen in den isländischen Sagas nordische Namen, z.B.
1462:, p. 301: "Hilmir, sonr Sturlaugs, mun stýra Hólmgarði ...The prince, son of Sturlaugr, will govern Novgorod;"
923:, p. 250: "Rußland selbst und mehrere russische Städte tragen in den isländischen Sagas nordische Namen, z.B.
3625:'The others' in the Sagas of the Ancient Time. Investigations of the Icelandic Late Medieval Mental Worldview
1633:, p. 70: "Another town which is extremely often mentioned is Novgorod, which was called by the Scandinavians
5109:
4807:
458:
81:
4701:
Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste in alphabetischer Folge von genannten Schriftstellern
4627:
4353:
3958:"Rock art and Celto-Germanic vocabulary. Shared iconography and words as reflections of Bronze Age contact"
3343:, chpt. 1. Frá Sörla ok ætt hans: "Í þann tíma, sem Hálfdan konungr Brönufóstri stýrði Svíþjóð inni köldu".
4517:
4296:"Novgorod, Kiev and their Satellites: The City-State Model and the Viking Age Polities of European Russia"
2325:, section 4.2: "Their common ancestor can be reconstructed fairly certainly as a proto-Germanic adjective
3549:. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. Vol. 8. Turnhout: Brepols N.V. pp. 298, 301.
4498:
4479:
4460:
4441:
4422:
4403:
4384:
3730:. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. Vol. 2. Turnhout: Brepols N.V. pp. 279–280.
3538:
3438:
848:, p. 38: "Полоцк, Полтеск — Pallteskja, Смоленск — Smaleskja ... Móramar (Муром) и Súrdalar (Суздаль) "
4888:
4299:
4197:[The first Scandinavians in Northern Rus']. In Hedman, Anders; Kirpichnikov, Anatoly (eds.).
3446:
1734:, p. 54v: "holmg(ar)ða b(or)g e(r) mest(r) atset(r) g(ar)ða k(onung)s þ(at) er nu kallað nog(ar)ðar".
899:. Another town which is extremely often mentioned is Novgorod, which was called by the Scandinavians
480:
212:
4558:
3620:'De andre' i fornaldersagaene. Undersøkelser av den islandske senmiddelalderens mentale verdensbilde
5004:
4349:
4335:
589:
4623:
3212:, p. 196: "Garðar bedeutet also die Gesamtheit der slavisch-russischen Städte mit ihren Bezirken".
5114:
4800:
4684:
4125:
Scandinavian Runic Inscriptions: New Findings and Interpretations; Texts, Translation, Commentary
3957:
3678:
4142:
4117:
Skandinavskie runicheskie nadpisi: novye nakhodki i interpretatsii; teksty, perevod, kommentarii
518:
296:
could be translated into English as "the kingdom of Garðar" or "the empire of Garðar". The name
138:
mentioned in the sagas that have generally been identified with well known historical towns are
3723:
2407:
Old Russian, common noun, occurs 322 times in the corpus ... English: city ... Russian: город".
1502:: "Holmgarðir being the Old Norse name for Novgorod, a term well understood in Viking Sweden."
1096:, p. 279: "Garðar or Garðaríki is Novgorod (Hólmgarðr) and its territory in north-west Russia."
4850:
4783:
4650:
4642:
4540:
4370:
4321:
4295:
4280:
4261:
4232:
4211:
4181:
4128:
4100:
4075:
4047:
4043:
In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication across the Baltic Sea
4026:
3968:
3907:
3854:
3800:
3760:
3731:
3660:
3639:
3584:
3574:
3550:
3356:
3328:
2932:
2844:
2789:
1999:
1971:
1927:
1759:
1719:
1683:
1559:
1499:
1475:
1387:
1242:
1048:, is the old Scandin. name of the Scandinavian-Russian kingdom of the 10th and 11th centuries"
876:
533:
274:(an empire, realm, kingdom) according to the common Scandinavian pattern for state formations
241:
4120:Скандинавские рунические надписи: новые находки и интерпретации; тексты, перевод, комментарии
4005:
2088:, p. 1: "Í austanverþri Europa er Garðavelldi, þar er Hólmgarðr ok Pallteskja ok Smálenskja".
1699:
1431:
1222:
971:
according to the Byzantines of mid-tenth century—was called in the medieval Norse literature
434:
5104:
4579:
4554:
4355:
Antiquités Russes d'après les monuments historiques des Islandais et des anciens Scandinaves
3880:
3759:. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series. Vol. 11. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
637:. Hervarar saga mentions King Hrollaug, the most powerful king of that time, who resided in
262:, which first appeared in Icelandic sagas in the twelfth century, could stem from the words
4735:
4074:]. The Earliest Sources on History of Peoples of the USSR (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka.
3061:
fence, enclosure, courtyard, dwelling, region, corr., with variation of declension, to OS.
856:
854:
30:
4902:
4882:
4609:
4583:
4311:
3513:
3315:, chpt. 2. Vélræði Ívars konungs: "…Garðaríki. Þar réð fyrir sá konungr, er Raðbarðr hét".
348:
123:
4615:
The Relations between Ancient Russia and Scandinavia, and the Origin of the Russian State
3818:. Vol. III: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins. London: Guild Publishing.
1161:, a poem composed in 996 by the Icelandic skald Hallfreðr Vandræðaskáld (died ca. 1007)."
3944:
5063:
5048:
4988:
4982:
4876:
4865:
4208:
Vikings and Slavs. Scientists, Politicians, Diplomats on Russian-Scandinavian Relations
4200:
Vikingi i slavyane. Uchyonye, politiki, diplomaty o russko-skandinavskikh otnosheniyakh
3851:
Analecta Septentrionalia: Contributions on North Germanic Cultural and Literary History
3846:
Analecta Septentrionalia: Beiträge zur nordgermanischen Kultur- und Literaturgeschichte
3674:
344:
339:
as a collective name for Old Rus' towns encountered by Scandinavians on their way from
224:
145:
76:
5088:
4922:
4846:
3868:
3521:
558:
418:
316:
94:
4521:
2831:
was created by those Icelanders who wrote down sagas from the late twelfth century".
2337:
which forms adjectives. The same suffix could also form nouns, and a noun formation
1774:, p. 92: "All of the minor kings are liege lords of the King of Hólmgarður himself".
4706:
Universal Encyclopaedia of Sciences and Arts in Alphabetical Order by Authors Named
4536:
The Wolf Age: The Vikings, the Anglo-Saxons and the Battle for the North Sea Empire
4366:
LIV, Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben: die Wurzeln und ihre Primärstammbildungen
3745:
3564:
3473:
3430:
270:
4505:(in Swedish and English). Department of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala University
4486:(in Swedish and English). Department of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala University
4467:(in Swedish and English). Department of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala University
4448:(in Swedish and English). Department of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala University
4429:(in Swedish and English). Department of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala University
4410:(in Swedish and English). Department of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala University
4391:(in Swedish and English). Department of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala University
3885:
2224:, p. 396: "Þōrstæinn, then, was a commander (forungi) of a retinue (lið) in Rus' (
1514:, p. 173: "Лучше других городов источникам известен отождествляемый с Новгородом
4699:
4688:
4534:
4364:
4339:
4315:
4274:
4226:
4198:
4146:
4115:
4090:
4062:
4041:
4020:
3901:
3869:"Garðaríki and Its Capital: Novgorod on the Mental Map of Medieval Scandinavians"
3844:
3794:
3754:
3682:
3654:
3633:
4947:
4203:Викинги и Славяне. Ученые, политики, дипломаты о русско-скандинавских отношениях
3450:
1878:, p. 31: "Aldeigjuborg (Old Ladoga), the oldest civic center in Eastern Europe".
105:, and these names were used interchangeably in several other Old Norse stories.
72:
4064:
Drevne-skandinavskie geograficheskiye sochineniya: teksty, perevod, kommentariy
1486:
as the Vikings called the town, was founded on an island in the River Volkhov."
333:
could mean the same at one time in the past. Thus, some researches interpreted
5053:
5033:
4975:
4969:
4593:
4571:
3478:"Das historische Russland im nordischen Schrifttum des X. — XIV. Jahrhunderts"
1450:, p. 298: "Ingigerðr, daughter of King Hreggviðr of Hólmgarðaríki (Novgorod)."
538:
109:
4265:
4185:
3972:
3588:
1722:: "...hann átti at ráða fyrir Hólmgarðaríki, er sumir menn kalla Garðaríki ".
1617:, das heutige Nowgorod am Ilmensee, das in den skandinavischen quellen meist
1562:: "so kann Holmgarðr vernünftigerweise doch nichts anders als Novgorod sein "
699:). Þjalar-Jóns saga represents all minor kings as liege lords of the King of
4837:
4721:
4663:
4601:
3618:
3542:
3252:, p. 7: "In Scandinavian sources, Rus is called Gardariki, a land of towns."
2112:, section Inscription, English: "...in Garðir/Garde, he was with Vivi(?)..."
1762:: "í Hólmgarðaborg er mest atsetr Garðakonúngs, þat er nú kallat Nógarðar ".
1112:, a name that long after Viking Age was given much wider content and become
382:
68:
4246:
4654:
4641:. Translated by Sdobnikov, Y. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House.
4570:. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans (published 1844) – via
4067:Древне-скандинавские географичесие сочинения: тексты, перевод, комментарий
3116:‘ограда, забор’ ... ‘укрепление, крепость, город’ ... ‘защита, надежда’ ".
979:, a term originally restricted to the non-Slav territory of Ladoga-Ilmen."
604:
is generally identified with Novgorod in literature and research articles.
5073:
5038:
5015:
5010:
4940:
4895:
2955:
was used for the designation of Old Rus all over Scandinavian Peninsula".
2345:‘kingdom’ and by a similar range of congnates, including Old High German
175:
17:
4726:: The Icelandic Text with an English Translation, Introduction and Notes
4170:
2666:, p. 78-79: "Вся же Русь стала называться Gardariki - «страна гардов» ".
5068:
5058:
4934:
4870:
4859:
4193:
Nosov, Evgueny Nikolaevich (1998). "Pervye skandinavy v Severnoy Rusi"
340:
165:
3853:] (in German, English, French, and Icelandic), Walter de Gruyter,
3635:
Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe
1786:, p. 91: "Allir smákonungar eru lýðskyldir sjálfum Hólmgarðskonungi ".
5020:
1578:
has traditionally been considered to be the designation of Novgorod."
185:
3981:
3461:] (in Icelandic and Danish). Reykjavík: Prentsmiðjan Gutendsberg
752:
721:
4304:
A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation
3824:
1594:) whose name is attested with certainty in Swedish inscriptions is
1341:, p. 265: "It was probably Gorodišce that the Norse referred to as
4993:
4766:
4588:(in Icelandic). Vol. 1. Uppsala: W. Schultz (published 1870).
4306:, Copenhagen: Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, pp. 263–275
879:: "Kœnugarðr (Kiew), Palteskia (Polotzk) und Smaleskia (Smolensk)"
303:
195:
4317:
The Origin of Rus': Old Scandinavian Sources Other than the Sagas
4072:
Old Scandinavian Geographic Works: Texts, Translation, Commentary
2971:. In the runic inscriptions of the eleventh century, the toponym
5043:
4953:
4646:
4210:] (in Russian and English). St. Petersburg: Dmitry Bulanin.
4149:[Testimonies and Excursions to the German Heroic Tale].
3291:, p. 553: "...und Hrollaug, den König in Gardariki (Novogorod)".
3196:
war vielleicht eine zusammenfassende Bezeichnung von russischen
1890:, p. 70: "Thus mention is often made of the old commercial town
891:, p. 70: "Thus mention is often made of the old commercial town
758:
727:
366:
155:
113:
4796:
3484:(in German), Halle an der Saale: Max Niemeyer, pp. 150–196
643:. Eymundar saga tells of King Jarizleifr as a king residing in
4358:(in French, Latin, and Icelandic). Copenhague: Frères Berling.
227:, U 636, and Öl 28, refer to Scandinavian men who had been in
4524:, in Gederschiöld, Gustaf; Gering, Hugo; Eugen, Mogk (eds.),
4099:] (in German and English). Göttingen: Walter de Gruyter.
3947:, in Gederschiöld, Gustaf; Gering, Hugo; Eugen, Mogk (eds.),
1157:, as a designation of Rus, is found in the second strophe of
4792:
1390:: "It seems justifiable to suppose that originally the name
357:
could mean "the realm of towns", or "the country of towns".
4276:
Vikings and Goths: A History of Ancient and Medieval Sweden
3703:
1084:
n. npr. Navn paa den gamle nordisk-russiske Stat; Rusland."
3781:(in German). Göttingen: Dieterich. 1787-04-07. p. 553
3691:] (in Danish). Christiania: Den Norske forlagsforening
2951:, p. 37: "...in the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries,
1229:, n. det til Holmgarðr som dets Hovedstad hørende Rige. "
557:
The original name for the lands of Rus', particularly of
3495:
Vierteljahrschrift für Social- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte
1706:, n. det til Holmgarðr som dets Hovedstad hørende Rige "
3728:
Poetry from the Kings' Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300
3570:
Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon
763:("courtyard, enclosure") go back to the Proto-Germanic
4594:"Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum í Dana ok Svíaveldi"
4561:
The Heimskringla; or, Chronicle of the Kings of Norway
4320:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2939:(generally thought to have been the name of Old Rus)".
4626:, ed. (1951). "Vilkinus skattgildir Hertnið konung".
3288:
2085:
1012:
4618:. Oxford, London: Paul Bondarovski (published 2017).
4014:] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Zacharias Haeggström.
3684:
Ordbog over det gamle norske sprog. Andet Bind. Hl-P
3573:. Leiden-Boston: Koninklijke Brill NV. p. 178.
1261:
it was specified that King Hreggvidr reigned in "...
112:
dealt mainly with the northern lands of Rus', their
4962:
4921:
4845:
4708:] (in German). Vol. 52. Leipzig: Brockhaus
4539:. Translated by McCullough, Alison. Pushkin Press.
967:, p. 1: "The state of the Eastern Slavs—Russia, or
4687:, eds. (1862). "Þáttr Eymundar ok Ólafs konúngs".
4632:(in Icelandic). Reykjavík: Íslendingasagnaútgáfan.
4171:"New Data on the Ryurik Gorodishche near Novgorod"
3982:"Þjalar-Jóns saga: A Translation and Introduction"
2568:ʻgirdʼ which, as a verb, exists only in Germanic".
4762:Gardariki. Ein Stufenbuch aus dem russischen Raum
4341:Fornaldar sögur Nordrlanda eptir gömlum handritum
4180:(IV). Ekenäs: Archaeological Society of Finland.
3753:Kroonen, Guus (2013). Lubotsky, Alexander (ed.).
3656:Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English
4637:Tikhomirov, Mikhail (1959). Skvirsky, D. (ed.).
4169:Nosov, E. N. (1987). Taavitsainen, J.-P. (ed.).
4147:"Zeugnisse und Excurse zur deutschen Heldensage"
4019:Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q., eds. (1997).
2564:) ʻfence, hedge; enclosure, pen, foldʼ ... From
2422:, p. 90: "KINGDOM, REIGN, REALM. Proto-Germanic
2256:
1743:
1731:
1029:
4675:] (in Russian). Vol. 7. Moscow: Nauka.
4673:Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Languages
3724:"Arnórr jarlaskáld Þórðarson, Haraldsdrápa 17'"
3627:] (MSc) (in Norwegian). University of Oslo.
746:
715:
700:
694:
688:
682:
676:
662:
656:
650:
644:
638:
632:
626:
620:
614:
562:
516:
510:
500:
494:
488:
478:
472:
466:
456:
450:
440:
432:
424:
416:
408:
402:
396:
388:
380:
370:
352:
351:into other Slavonic lands. The younger toponym
334:
309:
297:
291:
285:
279:
263:
257:
246:
228:
199:
189:
179:
169:
159:
149:
139:
133:
127:
117:
99:
87:
61:
45:
35:
3825:"The Image of Old Rus in Old Norse Literature"
3722:Gade, Kari Ellen; Whaley, Diana, eds. (2009).
3367:, the kingdom of (fortified) towns or steads".
1245:: "Several other stories of the components of
1116:, a denomination for whole Old Russian State."
757:("garden, enclosure"), as well as Old English
631:paid tribute to King Kvillánus who resided in
613:Þiðreks saga mentions King Hertnid, who ruled
4808:
4665:Etimologicheskiy slovar' slavyanskikh yazykov
4528:(in German), Halle an der Saale: Max Niemeyer
4369:(in German). Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert.
3951:(in German), Halle an der Saale: Max Niemeyer
3799:. Oxford, Philadelphia: Casemate Publishers.
3605:(in German). Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 156
2244:... He fell in action east in Garðar (Rus')".
975:, or in the earlier, Viking-age sources just
681:. Two versions of Göngu-Hrólfs saga speak of
625:. Örvar-Odds saga says that all the kings of
8:
4770:
4760:
4693:(in Icelandic). Christiania: P. T. Mallings.
3967:. Scandinavian Society for Prehistoric Art.
3038:
2647:в форме род. п. мн. ч. дополняется термином
2613:
2593:
2577:
2543:
1459:
1447:
4582:(1230). Linder, N.; Haggson, H. A. (eds.).
3906:. Leiden, Boston: Oxford University Press.
3526:. London: Oxford University Press Warehouse
3148:, p. 70: "This word is akin to the Russian
2875:, p. 404: "From the same Gmc. stem are OE.
1471:
4815:
4801:
4793:
3779:Göttingische Anzeigen von gelehrten Sachen
3359:: "Norse sources call geographical Russia
3249:
3125:
3109:
1995:
1967:
1923:
1555:
1093:
872:
4668:Этимологический словарь славянских языков
4279:. Jefferson (North Carolina): McFarland.
3884:
3756:Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic
3412:
2760:
2742:
2636:
2097:
2023:
2011:
1983:
1942:, p. 38: "Полоцк, Полтеск — Pallteskja ".
1939:
1910:, p. 70: "The Old Norse name of Kiev was
1846:, p. 264: "Ladoga, known to the Norse as
1831:
1807:
1679:
1383:
1314:
1194:
860:
845:
693:, equating it to Novgorod of their time (
575:in 996. The toponym is based on the root
3689:Dictionary of the Old Norwegian Language
3480:, in Karg-Gasterstädt, Elisabeth (ed.),
3300:
3276:
3264:
3189:
3172:, p. 39: "Proceeding from the fact that
3000:
2984:
2306:
2145:
2133:
1771:
1695:
1667:
1649:
1610:
1495:
1427:
1218:
1170:
1068:'name des Wikingerreiches in Russland'."
1057:
240:
29:
4114:Melnikova, Elena Aleksandrovna (2001).
4061:Melnikova, Elena Aleksandrovna (1986).
3816:The Oxford Library of Words and Phrases
3602:Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
3237:
3221:
3169:
3145:
3016:
2964:
2948:
2928:
2840:
2827:, p. 37: "According to Braun, the name
2824:
2785:
2523:
2494:
2466:
2400:
2385:
2365:
2286:m. o (c) ‘fortification, town’ ... OCS
2279:
2237:
2221:
2209:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2157:
2109:
1951:
1907:
1887:
1875:
1859:
1795:
1630:
1587:
1571:
1511:
1302:
1182:
1150:
1130:
1077:
888:
829:
819:
550:
314:is a plural form of the Old Norse word
4254:Petersen, Niels Matthias, ed. (1847).
2322:
2121:
1105:
964:
4737:A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic
4585:Heimskringla. Saga Ólafs Tryggvasonar
4025:. London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn.
4022:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
4007:Skandinaviska Fornålderns Hjeltesagor
3439:"AM 736 I 4to. Geographical Treatise"
3376:
3352:
3209:
2916:
2804:
2663:
2041:
1843:
1819:
1783:
1543:
1527:
1415:
1403:
1366:
1354:
1338:
1326:
1290:
1278:
988:
920:
7:
4363:Rix, Helmut; Kümmel, Martin (2001).
4344:(in Icelandic). Kaupmannahöfn: Popp.
3400:
3391:, p.438: "Svethiæ Magnæ (Sarmatiæ)".
3388:
3324:
3312:
3054:
2872:
2718:
2702:
2678:
2419:
1755:
1715:
1238:
1000:
675:as its capital) as another name for
588:Today's Veliky Novgorod encompasses
4769:). 2 Volumes, Berlin 1943. Reprint
4338:, ed. (1830). "Gaungu-Hrólf Saga".
4157:. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung
3793:Hjardar, Kim; Vike, Vegard (2016).
3659:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2290:‘wall, town, city, garden’ ... Ru.
1590:, p. 369: "The Old Rusʼian “town” (
1574:, p. 45: "The Old Norse place-name
1345:, the “settlement on the islands”."
1153:, p. 37: "The earliest fixation of
4780:The Varangians: In God’s Holy Fire
1201:, особенно во множественном числе
25:
4740:. Oxford: Oxford University Press
4612:(1877). Bondarovski, Paul (ed.).
4257:Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks konungs
4195:Первые скандинавы в Северной Руси
3921:Jøhndal, Marius L. (2018-09-20).
3340:
2773:, ʻgerade richten, ausstreckenʼ".
2454:'ruling, kingship, sovereignty'".
1986:, p. 38: "Смоленск — Smaleskja ".
4912:
4228:A Handbook of Germanic Etymology
4004:Liljegren, Johan Gustaf (1818).
2313:n. ‘macht, herrschaft; reich’ ".
2242:han fial i urustu austr i garþum
687:as the main seat of the king of
4662:Trubachyov, O. N., ed. (1980).
4012:Ancient Scandinavian Hero Tales
3523:An Icelandic-English Dictionary
2604:ʻstretch out the arm; directʼ".
2014:, p. 38: "Súrdalar (Суздаль) ".
1249:, or narratives where the name
736:meaning "kingdom, reign, realm"
661:. Göngu-Hrólfs saga represents
4522:"Hálfdanar saga Eysteinssonar"
4046:. Leiden: Brill. p. 512.
3085:enclosure, stall :- Gmc.
2198:R i karþum aR. uaR uiue meR::h
1253:was used interchangeably with
797:meaning "fortification, town".
792:
579:with a wide range of meanings.
1:
4729:(MSc). University of Iceland.
4566:. Vol. 1. Translated by
3886:10.31168/2305-6754.2015.4.1.9
3482:Eugen Mogk zum 70. Geburtstag
2689:‘house, family, court’ (<
2584:(pl.) ʻfence, hedgeʼ, court".
1954:, p. 70: "Polotsk was called
732:stem from the Proto-Germanic
4782:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2020),
4772:Faksimile Verlag Bremen 1981
4526:Altnordische Saga-Bibliothek
4273:Peterson, Gary Dean (2016).
3992:. Leeds: University of Leeds
3949:Altnordische Saga-Bibliothek
3617:Dølo, Maria Johnson (2017).
3501:. Berlin, Stuttgart, Leipzig
3192:, p. 156: "…der ältere Name
2481:-stem derived from the root
2341:is reflected by Old English
2257:Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874
2026:, p. 38: "Móramar (Муром) ".
1030:Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874
863:, p. 43: "Rostofa - Ростов "
655:, and ruling over the whole
132:. Other important places of
5100:Viking Age populated places
3459:Icelandic-Danish Dictionary
2751:- ʻumschließen, umgürtenʼ".
791:stem from the Proto-Slavic
671:, the kingdom belonging to
5131:
4178:Fennoscandia Archaeologica
3710:(in Norwegian). 2020-10-07
3632:Duczko, Wladyslaw (2004).
3289:Göttingische Anzeigen 1787
2991:1 m. 'zaun, hof, garten’".
2807:, p. 195: "GARÐAR, m. pl.
2086:Geographical Treatise 1325
1013:Store Norske Leksikon 2020
511:
495:
489:
473:
467:
451:
433:
417:
403:
397:
381:
5029:
4910:
4830:
4771:
4231:. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
3980:Lavender, Philip (2015).
3867:Jackson, Tatjana (2015).
3823:Jackson, Tatjana (2003).
3814:Hoad, T. F., ed. (1988).
3489:Bugge, Alexander (1906).
3003:, p. 156: "Gewöhnlich zu
2811:; GARÐA-RÍKI, -VELDI, n.
2002:: "Smaleskia (Smolensk)".
1478:: "The trading centre of
1371:Russian Primary Chronicle
1265:, which some people call
567:. First seen in the poem
290:, therefore the compound
122:(usually identified with
93:(also used as a name for
4667:
4639:The Towns of Ancient Rus
4202:
4194:
4119:
4066:
3986:Leeds Studies in English
3943:Kahle, Bernhard (1905),
3924:
3903:A History of the Vikings
3547:Poetry in fornaldarsögur
3363:, Sweden the Great, and
3039:Mallory & Adams 1997
2614:Mallory & Adams 1997
2594:Mallory & Adams 1997
2578:Mallory & Adams 1997
2544:Mallory & Adams 1997
1974:: "Palteskia (Polotzk)".
284:is the genitive form of
4734:Zoëga, Geir T. (1910).
4720:White, Cecilia (2016).
4225:Orel, Vladimir (2003).
4143:Müllenhoff, Karl Viktor
3746:"GKS 2845 4to. Sögubók"
3653:Durkin, Philip (2014).
3431:"AM 589 f 4to. Sögubók"
2733:‘power, might, empire’.
2729:‘realm, authority’, ON
2530:n. ʻreign, realmʼ <
2200:... he was in Garðar".
1472:Hjardar & Vike 2016
1197:, p. 72: "наименование
759:
753:
747:
728:
722:
716:
701:
695:
689:
683:
677:
663:
657:
651:
645:
639:
633:
627:
621:
615:
573:Hallfreðr Vandræðaskáld
563:
517:
503:Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar
501:
479:
457:
441:
425:
409:
389:
371:
353:
335:
315:
310:
298:
292:
286:
280:
269:
264:
258:
247:
229:
200:
190:
180:
170:
160:
150:
140:
134:
128:
119:Hólmgarðr/Hólmgarðaborg
118:
100:
88:
62:
46:
36:
27:Old Norse name for Rus'
5095:History of Kievan Rus'
4840:names are not recorded
4836:are settlements whose
4761:
3956:Koch, John T. (2019).
3539:Clunies Ross, Margaret
3025:m. ‘courtyard’ ... OE
2907:kingdom, royal power".
1601:, “(Great) Novgorod.”"
1094:Gade & Whaley 2009
619:and whose capital was
253:
211:At least seven of the
97:) was synonymous with
41:
4681:Vigfússon, Guðbrandur
4300:Hansen, Mogens Herman
4040:Mägi, Marika (2018).
3748:(in Icelandic). 1450.
3708:Store Norske Leksikon
3518:Vigfússon, Guðbrandur
3455:Íslensk-dönsk orðabók
3441:(in Icelandic). 1325.
3433:(in Icelandic). 1450.
3130:*gordъ/*gorda/*gordь:
3112:, p. 37: "др.-русск.
2761:Rix & Kümmel 2001
2743:Rix & Kümmel 2001
2503:s.v. ʻto girdʼ - Go.
2473:m. ʻenclosureʼ =>
1930:: "Kœnugarðr (Kiew)".
1744:AM 589 f Sögubók 1450
1732:GKS 2845 Sögubók 1450
1530:, p. 244: "Nowgorod (
1137:, the plural form of
907:, Polotsk was called
244:
161:Pallteskja/Pallteskia
141:Aldeigja/Aldeigjuborg
33:
4778:Jakobsson, Sverrir,
4629:Þiðreks saga af Bern
4533:Skeie, Tore (2021).
4518:Schröder, Franz Rolf
4350:Rafn, Carl Christian
4336:Rafn, Carl Christian
4294:Price, Neil (2000),
3900:Jones, Gwyn (2001).
3096:city, garden (Russ.
3065:, (Du. gaard), OHG.
2975:is used nine times".
2693:), ON garðr ‘yard’".
2643:, где первая основа
2368:, p. 39: "Old Norse
2349:(> modern German
1046:the empire of Garðar
783:, Old Church Slavic
213:Varangian runestones
126:) as the capital of
5005:Rurikovo Gorodische
4927:Dnieper trade route
4602:"Sörla saga sterka"
4151:Deutsches Alterthum
3543:"Gǫngu-Hrólfs saga"
1259:Saga of Göngu-Hrólf
1036:m. pl. (í Görðum),
667:(i.e. the realm of
649:, the best part of
515:(king of Ruziland,
468:Hálfdan Brönufostri
302:itself was used in
171:Smaleskja/Smaleskia
151:Kœnugarðr/Kænugarðr
116:regard the city of
4685:Unger, Carl Rikard
3879:(1). Moscow: 172.
3679:Unger, Carl Rikard
3361:Svíþjóð hinn mikla
3240:, p. 172–173.
2813:the Russian empire
2620:ʻtown, cityʼ, Rus
2442:, Old High German
2265:an empire, kingdom
1438:, f. = Holmgarðr."
751:, Old High German
726:, and Old English
720:, Old High German
254:
42:
5082:
5081:
4851:Volga trade route
4788:978-3-030-53796-8
4580:Sturluson, Snorri
4555:Sturluson, Snorri
4247:"Örvar-Odds Saga"
3580:978-90-04-15504-6
3045:enclosure, yard".
2507:s.v. ʻid.ʼ =>
2329:, showing a root
1460:Clunies Ross 2017
1448:Clunies Ross 2017
481:Sörla saga sterka
474:Svíþjóð hin kalda
459:Göngu-Hrólfs saga
82:Göngu-Hrólfs saga
75:for the lands of
71:term used in the
16:(Redirected from
5122:
4916:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4794:
4774:
4773:
4764:
4759:Brandt, Dagmar:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4730:
4724:Þjalar-Jóns saga
4716:
4714:
4713:
4694:
4676:
4658:
4633:
4619:
4610:Thomsen, Vilhelm
4605:
4597:
4589:
4575:
4565:
4550:
4529:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4380:
4359:
4345:
4331:
4312:Pritsak, Omeljan
4307:
4290:
4269:
4250:
4242:
4221:
4189:
4175:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4138:
4110:
4085:
4057:
4036:
4015:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3976:
3962:
3952:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3928:[City].
3917:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3863:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3829:Middelalderforum
3819:
3810:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3770:
3749:
3741:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3670:
3649:
3628:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3592:
3560:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3514:Cleasby, Richard
3509:
3507:
3506:
3485:
3476:(24 July 1924),
3474:Braun, Friedrich
3469:
3467:
3466:
3442:
3434:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3200:oder 'städte'…".
3187:
3181:
3167:
3161:
3143:
3137:
3123:
3117:
3107:
3101:
3052:
3046:
3036:
3030:
3014:
3008:
3007:‘hof, festung’".
2998:
2992:
2982:
2976:
2962:
2956:
2946:
2940:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2870:
2864:
2838:
2832:
2822:
2816:
2802:
2793:
2783:
2774:
2758:
2752:
2740:
2734:
2716:
2710:
2705:, p. 126: "Slav
2700:
2694:
2676:
2667:
2661:
2652:
2651:«государство» ".
2634:
2625:
2611:
2605:
2591:
2585:
2575:
2569:
2541:
2535:
2521:
2512:
2492:
2486:
2464:
2455:
2417:
2408:
2398:
2389:
2383:
2374:
2363:
2354:
2320:
2314:
2304:
2295:
2277:
2268:
2254:
2245:
2235:
2229:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1965:
1959:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1921:
1915:
1905:
1899:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1857:
1851:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1713:
1707:
1693:
1687:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1638:
1628:
1622:
1608:
1602:
1585:
1579:
1569:
1563:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1525:
1519:
1509:
1503:
1493:
1487:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1381:
1375:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1236:
1230:
1216:
1210:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1148:
1142:
1128:
1117:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1075:
1069:
1055:
1049:
1027:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
962:
956:
918:
912:
886:
880:
870:
864:
858:
849:
843:
837:
827:
807:
804:
798:
796:
777:
771:
762:
756:
750:
743:
737:
731:
725:
719:
712:
706:
704:
698:
692:
686:
680:
666:
660:
654:
648:
642:
636:
630:
624:
618:
611:
605:
586:
580:
566:
559:Novgorodian Rus'
555:
522:
514:
513:
506:
498:
497:
492:
491:
484:
476:
475:
470:
469:
462:
454:
453:
446:
438:
437:
428:
422:
421:
412:
406:
405:
400:
399:
392:
386:
385:
376:
356:
338:
313:
301:
295:
289:
283:
267:
261:
250:
232:
219:, N 62, Sö 148,
203:
193:
183:
173:
163:
153:
143:
137:
131:
121:
103:
95:Novgorodian Rus'
91:
65:
49:
39:
21:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5025:
4963:Other locations
4958:
4917:
4908:
4841:
4826:
4821:
4756:
4751:
4743:
4741:
4733:
4719:
4711:
4709:
4697:
4679:
4669:
4661:
4636:
4622:
4608:
4604:(in Icelandic).
4600:
4596:(in Icelandic).
4592:
4578:
4553:
4547:
4532:
4516:
4508:
4506:
4497:
4489:
4487:
4478:
4470:
4468:
4459:
4451:
4449:
4440:
4432:
4430:
4421:
4413:
4411:
4402:
4394:
4392:
4383:
4377:
4362:
4348:
4334:
4328:
4310:
4293:
4287:
4272:
4253:
4249:(in Icelandic).
4245:
4239:
4224:
4218:
4204:
4196:
4192:
4173:
4168:
4160:
4158:
4141:
4135:
4121:
4113:
4107:
4088:
4082:
4068:
4060:
4054:
4039:
4033:
4018:
4003:
3995:
3993:
3979:
3960:
3955:
3942:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3899:
3891:
3889:
3866:
3861:
3842:
3834:
3832:
3831:(1–2). Oslo: 40
3822:
3813:
3807:
3792:
3784:
3782:
3773:
3767:
3752:
3744:
3738:
3721:
3713:
3711:
3702:
3694:
3692:
3675:Fritzner, Johan
3673:
3667:
3652:
3646:
3631:
3616:
3608:
3606:
3595:
3581:
3563:
3557:
3537:
3529:
3527:
3512:
3504:
3502:
3488:
3472:
3464:
3462:
3447:Blöndal, Sigfús
3445:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3411:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3256:
3250:Tikhomirov 1959
3248:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3188:
3184:
3168:
3164:
3152:, Old Slavonic
3144:
3140:
3126:Trubachyov 1980
3124:
3120:
3110:Trubachyov 1980
3108:
3104:
3057:, p. 548: "OE.
3053:
3049:
3037:
3033:
3015:
3011:
2999:
2995:
2983:
2979:
2963:
2959:
2947:
2943:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2871:
2867:
2839:
2835:
2823:
2819:
2803:
2796:
2784:
2777:
2769:
2759:
2755:
2741:
2737:
2717:
2713:
2709:‘fence, town’".
2701:
2697:
2677:
2670:
2662:
2655:
2635:
2628:
2616:, p. 199: "OCS
2612:
2608:
2601:
2592:
2588:
2576:
2572:
2542:
2538:
2526:, p. 413: "OHG
2522:
2515:
2493:
2489:
2469:, p. 169: "OHG
2465:
2458:
2446:; Proto-Celtic
2418:
2411:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2377:
2364:
2357:
2321:
2317:
2305:
2298:
2278:
2271:
2255:
2248:
2236:
2232:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:″Smolensk″ und
2040:
2036:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1996:Müllenhoff 1865
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1968:Müllenhoff 1865
1966:
1962:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1924:Müllenhoff 1865
1922:
1918:
1906:
1902:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1858:
1854:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1714:
1710:
1694:
1690:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1648:
1641:
1629:
1625:
1609:
1605:
1586:
1582:
1570:
1566:
1556:Müllenhoff 1865
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1526:
1522:
1510:
1506:
1494:
1490:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1382:
1378:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1237:
1233:
1217:
1213:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1149:
1145:
1129:
1120:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1076:
1072:
1056:
1052:
1028:
1019:
1011:
1007:
999:
995:
987:
983:
963:
959:
951:″Smolensk″ und
919:
915:
887:
883:
873:Müllenhoff 1865
871:
867:
859:
852:
844:
840:
828:
821:
816:
811:
810:
805:
801:
778:
774:
744:
740:
713:
709:
612:
608:
587:
583:
556:
552:
547:
530:
363:
361:Legendary kings
239:
79:. According to
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5128:
5126:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5110:Saga locations
5107:
5102:
5097:
5087:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4931:
4929:
4919:
4918:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4880:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4855:
4853:
4843:
4842:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4776:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4731:
4717:
4695:
4677:
4659:
4634:
4624:Jónsson, Guðni
4620:
4606:
4598:
4590:
4576:
4551:
4545:
4530:
4514:
4495:
4476:
4457:
4438:
4419:
4400:
4381:
4375:
4360:
4346:
4332:
4326:
4308:
4291:
4285:
4270:
4251:
4243:
4237:
4222:
4216:
4190:
4166:
4139:
4133:
4111:
4105:
4086:
4080:
4058:
4052:
4037:
4031:
4016:
4001:
3977:
3953:
3940:
3918:
3912:
3897:
3875:(in Russian).
3864:
3859:
3840:
3820:
3811:
3805:
3796:Vikings at War
3790:
3771:
3765:
3750:
3742:
3737:978-2503518978
3736:
3719:
3700:
3671:
3665:
3650:
3644:
3629:
3614:
3593:
3579:
3561:
3556:978-2503519005
3555:
3541:, ed. (2017).
3535:
3510:
3486:
3470:
3443:
3435:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3413:Sturluson 1230
3405:
3393:
3381:
3369:
3345:
3333:
3317:
3305:
3293:
3281:
3269:
3254:
3242:
3230:
3214:
3202:
3182:
3162:
3138:
3118:
3102:
3047:
3041:, p. 199: "OE
3031:
3009:
2993:
2977:
2957:
2941:
2921:
2909:
2865:
2833:
2817:
2794:
2775:
2767:
2753:
2735:
2711:
2695:
2668:
2653:
2637:Melnikova 2001
2626:
2624:ʻtown, cityʼ".
2606:
2599:
2586:
2580:, p. 199: "ON
2570:
2536:
2513:
2487:
2456:
2434:, Old English
2409:
2403:, section 1: "
2390:
2375:
2355:
2315:
2296:
2294:‘town, city’".
2269:
2246:
2230:
2214:
2202:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2138:
2126:
2114:
2102:
2098:Liljegren 1818
2090:
2078:
2034:
2028:
2024:Melnikova 1986
2016:
2012:Melnikova 1986
2004:
1988:
1984:Melnikova 1986
1976:
1960:
1944:
1940:Melnikova 1986
1932:
1916:
1900:
1880:
1868:
1852:
1836:
1832:Liljegren 1818
1824:
1812:
1808:Melnikova 2001
1800:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1708:
1688:
1680:Vigfússon 1862
1672:
1660:
1654:
1639:
1623:
1603:
1580:
1564:
1548:
1536:
1520:
1504:
1488:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1384:Melnikova 1998
1376:
1359:
1347:
1331:
1319:
1315:Melnikova 2001
1307:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1231:
1211:
1195:Melnikova 2001
1187:
1175:
1163:
1143:
1118:
1098:
1086:
1070:
1050:
1017:
1005:
993:
981:
957:
913:
881:
865:
861:Melnikova 1986
850:
846:Melnikova 1986
838:
818:
817:
815:
812:
809:
808:
799:
787:, and Russian
772:
738:
707:
606:
581:
549:
548:
546:
543:
542:
541:
536:
534:Rus' Khaganate
529:
526:
525:
524:
508:
486:
464:
448:
430:
414:
394:
378:
362:
359:
238:
235:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5127:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4915:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4825:
4818:
4813:
4811:
4806:
4804:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4739:
4738:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4568:Laing, Samuel
4564:
4562:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4546:9781782276487
4542:
4538:
4537:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4376:9783895002199
4372:
4368:
4367:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4327:0-674-64465-4
4323:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4286:9781476624341
4282:
4278:
4277:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4238:9789004128750
4234:
4230:
4229:
4223:
4219:
4217:9785860070950
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4167:
4156:
4153:(in German).
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4134:9785020180826
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4108:
4106:9783110154559
4102:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4087:
4083:
4081:9785020180826
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4055:
4053:9789004363816
4049:
4045:
4044:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4002:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3945:"Kristnisaga"
3941:
3931:
3927:
3919:
3915:
3913:9780192801340
3909:
3905:
3904:
3898:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3862:
3860:9783110218701
3856:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3841:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3806:9781612004549
3802:
3798:
3797:
3791:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3766:9789004183407
3762:
3758:
3757:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3666:9780191667077
3662:
3658:
3657:
3651:
3647:
3645:9789004138742
3641:
3637:
3636:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3615:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3597:de Vries, Jan
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3565:Derksen, Rick
3562:
3558:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3500:
3497:(in German).
3496:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3301:Petersen 1847
3297:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3277:Petersen 1847
3273:
3270:
3266:
3265:Petersen 1847
3261:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3190:de Vries 1977
3186:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3092:rel. to OSl.
3091:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3073:garden), ON.
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3002:
3001:de Vries 1977
2997:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2985:de Vries 1977
2981:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2762:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2333:and a suffix
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2307:de Vries 1977
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2060:″Altladoga″,
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1772:Lavender 2015
1768:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1704:holmgarðaríki
1701:
1697:
1696:Fritzner 1891
1692:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1668:Petersen 1847
1664:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1611:Schröder 1917
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:Peterson 2016
1492:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:holmgarðaborg
1433:
1429:
1428:Fritzner 1891
1424:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:Holmgarðaríki
1260:
1256:
1255:Holmgarðaríki
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:holmgarðaríki
1224:
1220:
1219:Fritzner 1891
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:Holmgarđaríki
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:de Vries 1977
1167:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:de Vries 1977
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1002:
997:
994:
990:
985:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
939:″Altladoga″,
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
882:
878:
874:
869:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
842:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
813:
803:
800:
795:
790:
786:
782:
776:
773:
770:
766:
761:
755:
749:
742:
739:
735:
730:
724:
718:
711:
708:
703:
697:
691:
685:
684:Hólmgarðaborg
679:
674:
670:
665:
664:Hólmgarðaríki
659:
653:
647:
641:
635:
629:
623:
617:
610:
607:
603:
602:Hólmgarðaborg
599:
595:
591:
585:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
560:
554:
551:
544:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
527:
521:
520:
509:
505:
504:
487:
483:
482:
465:
461:
460:
449:
445:
444:
436:
431:
427:
426:Hervarar saga
420:
419:Ivar Vidfamne
415:
411:
410:Hervarar saga
395:
391:
390:Hervarar saga
384:
379:
375:
374:
373:Hervarar saga
368:
365:
364:
360:
358:
355:
350:
349:Volkhov River
346:
342:
337:
332:
328:
323:
319:
318:
312:
307:
305:
300:
294:
288:
282:
277:
273:
272:
266:
260:
249:
245:Etymology of
243:
236:
234:
231:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
136:
130:
125:
120:
115:
111:
106:
104:
102:
96:
92:
90:
89:Hólmgarðaríki
84:
83:
78:
74:
70:
66:
64:
58:
54:
50:
48:
38:
32:
19:
5003:
4983:White Shores
4981:
4974:
4946:
4939:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4875:
4858:
4833:
4823:
4779:
4742:. Retrieved
4736:
4725:
4722:
4710:. Retrieved
4705:
4700:
4690:Flateyjarbók
4689:
4672:
4664:
4638:
4628:
4614:
4584:
4560:
4535:
4525:
4507:. Retrieved
4502:
4488:. Retrieved
4483:
4469:. Retrieved
4464:
4450:. Retrieved
4445:
4431:. Retrieved
4426:
4412:. Retrieved
4407:
4393:. Retrieved
4388:
4365:
4354:
4340:
4316:
4303:
4275:
4256:
4227:
4207:
4199:
4177:
4159:. Retrieved
4154:
4150:
4124:
4116:
4096:
4091:
4071:
4063:
4042:
4021:
4011:
4006:
3994:. Retrieved
3989:
3985:
3964:
3948:
3933:. Retrieved
3929:
3902:
3890:. Retrieved
3876:
3872:
3850:
3845:
3833:. Retrieved
3828:
3815:
3795:
3783:. Retrieved
3778:
3775:"Kopenhagen"
3755:
3727:
3712:. Retrieved
3707:
3693:. Retrieved
3688:
3683:
3655:
3634:
3624:
3619:
3607:. Retrieved
3601:
3569:
3546:
3528:. Retrieved
3522:
3503:. Retrieved
3498:
3494:
3481:
3463:. Retrieved
3458:
3454:
3408:
3396:
3384:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3320:
3308:
3296:
3284:
3272:
3245:
3238:Jackson 2015
3233:
3225:
3222:Jackson 2003
3217:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3170:Jackson 2003
3165:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3146:Thomsen 1877
3141:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3017:Kroonen 2013
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2965:Jackson 2003
2960:
2952:
2949:Jackson 2003
2944:
2936:
2929:Jackson 2009
2924:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2883:, MLG. MDu.
2880:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2857:Aldeigjuborg
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:Jackson 2009
2836:
2828:
2825:Jackson 2003
2820:
2812:
2808:
2786:Wachler 1851
2765:
2764:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2725:sb.n.: Goth
2722:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2685:sb.m.: Goth
2682:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2524:Kroonen 2013
2508:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2495:Kroonen 2013
2490:
2482:
2478:
2477:(IE) ... An
2474:
2470:
2467:Kroonen 2013
2451:
2450:: Old Irish
2447:
2443:
2439:
2438:, Old Saxon
2435:
2431:
2430:, Old Norse
2427:
2423:
2404:
2401:Jøhndal 2018
2386:Jackson 2003
2369:
2366:Jackson 2003
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2280:Derksen 2008
2264:
2263:, n. ... 2.
2260:
2241:
2238:Pritsak 1981
2233:
2225:
2222:Pritsak 1981
2217:
2210:Pritsak 1981
2205:
2197:
2194:Pritsak 1981
2189:
2177:
2165:
2153:
2146:Runor Sö 338
2141:
2134:Runor Sö 148
2129:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2058:Aldeigjuborg
2057:
2056:″Nowgorod″,
2053:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1991:
1979:
1963:
1955:
1952:Thomsen 1877
1947:
1935:
1919:
1911:
1908:Thomsen 1877
1903:
1895:
1891:
1888:Thomsen 1877
1883:
1876:Pritsak 1981
1871:
1863:
1860:Pritsak 1981
1855:
1848:Aldeigjuborg
1847:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1796:Jackson 2015
1791:
1779:
1767:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1711:
1703:
1691:
1675:
1663:
1657:
1650:Þiðreks saga
1634:
1631:Thomsen 1877
1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:Pritsak 1981
1583:
1575:
1572:Jackson 2003
1567:
1551:
1539:
1531:
1523:
1515:
1512:Jackson 2015
1507:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1391:
1379:
1370:
1362:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1303:Thomsen 1877
1298:
1286:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1234:
1226:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1183:Jackson 2003
1178:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1151:Jackson 2003
1146:
1138:
1134:
1131:Pritsak 1981
1113:
1109:
1101:
1089:
1081:
1078:Blöndal 1924
1073:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1042:Garða-veldi,
1041:
1037:
1033:
1008:
996:
984:
976:
972:
968:
960:
952:
948:
944:
940:
937:Aldeigjuborg
936:
935:″Nowgorod″,
932:
928:
924:
916:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
889:Thomsen 1877
884:
868:
841:
833:
830:Jackson 2003
802:
788:
784:
780:
779:Old Russian
775:
768:
764:
741:
733:
710:
672:
668:
609:
601:
597:
593:
584:
576:
571:composed by
568:
553:
519:Þiðreks saga
330:
326:
321:
308:
275:
255:
210:
107:
98:
86:
80:
60:
56:
52:
51:(anglicized
44:
43:
3930:Syntacticus
3704:"Gardarike"
3451:"Garðaríki"
3019:, p. 169: "
2987:, p. 156: "
2763:, p. 304: "
2745:, p. 197: "
2681:, p. 126: "
2546:, p. 199: "
2497:, p. 175: "
2323:Durkin 2014
2309:, p. 446: "
2282:, p. 178: "
2259:, p. 499: "
2240:, p. 396: "
2196:, p. 346: "
2182:Runor Öl 28
2170:Runor U 636
2158:Runor U 209
2110:Runor G 114
2052:″Rußland″,
1892:Aldegjuborg
1862:, p. 299: "
1613:, p. 134: "
1106:Duczko 2004
1080:, p. 240: "
1064:älter auch
1060:, p. 156: "
1032:, p. 192: "
965:Duczko 2004
931:″Rußland″,
893:Aldegjuborg
590:Gorodishche
493:(king from
85:, the name
73:Middle Ages
5089:Categories
5034:Varangians
4989:Miklagarðr
4970:Bjarmaland
4935:Pallteskja
4754:Literature
4744:2023-05-06
4712:2023-05-06
4572:Wikisource
4509:2023-09-30
4490:2023-09-30
4471:2023-09-12
4452:2023-09-12
4433:2023-09-30
4414:2023-09-30
4395:2023-09-12
4161:2023-04-10
4032:1884964982
3996:2023-05-13
3935:2023-07-10
3892:2022-06-24
3835:2022-06-19
3785:2023-03-28
3714:2022-08-05
3695:2023-04-23
3609:2022-06-24
3530:2023-05-06
3505:2023-04-07
3465:2023-04-10
3423:References
3377:Laing 1844
3353:Jones 2001
3210:Braun 1924
3132:ст.-слав,
3128:, p. 37: "
2917:Braun 1924
2805:Zoëga 1910
2721:, p. 305:
2664:Nosov 1998
2639:, p. 70: "
2122:Runor N 62
2070:Smalenskia
2068:″Susdal″,
2042:Bugge 1906
1844:Price 2000
1820:Braun 1924
1784:White 2016
1544:Kahle 1905
1528:Bugge 1906
1416:Nosov 1987
1404:Nosov 1987
1374:Novgorod."
1367:Price 2000
1355:Nosov 1987
1339:Price 2000
1327:Price 2000
1291:Nosov 1998
1279:Price 2000
1203:Holmgarđar
1159:Óláfsdrápa
1062:Garðaríki,
1038:Garða-ríki
989:Skeie 2021
949:Smalenskia
947:″Susdal″,
921:Bugge 1906
745:Old Norse
714:Old Norse
569:Óláfsdrápa
539:Kievan Rus
110:Varangians
63:Garðaveldi
5115:Old Norse
5016:Smaleskja
4976:Khortitsa
4954:Kænugarðr
4948:Chernigov
4883:Hólmgarðr
4832:Names in
4824:Garðaríki
4266:162978576
4186:0781-7126
3973:0349-8808
3965:Adoranten
3589:1574-3586
3401:Rafn 1852
3389:Rafn 1852
3365:Garðaríki
3325:Rafn 1830
3055:Hoad 1988
2873:Hoad 1988
2849:Garðaríki
2829:Garðaríki
2719:Orel 2003
2703:Orel 2003
2679:Orel 2003
2641:Garđaríki
2561:*góhrdhos
2555:*góhrthos
2549:*góhrdhos
2505:-gairdan*
2426:: Gothic
2420:Koch 2019
2373:Sweden)".
2074:Palteskia
2062:Kœnugarđr
2054:Holmgarđr
2050:Garđaríki
1956:Palteskja
1912:Kœnugarðr
1756:Rafn 1830
1716:Rafn 1830
1635:Hólmgarðr
1619:Hólmgarðr
1599:Hōlmgarðr
1576:Hólmgarðr
1532:Holmgarđr
1516:Hólmgarðr
1392:Hólmgarðr
1343:Hólmgarðr
1267:Garðaríki
1251:Garðaríki
1247:Garðaríki
1239:Mägi 2018
1199:Holmgarđr
1173:, p. 156.
1114:Gardariki
1082:Garðaríki
1001:Dølo 2017
973:Gardariki
953:Palteskia
941:Kœnugarđr
933:Holmgarđr
929:Garđaríki
909:Palteskja
905:Kœnugarðr
901:Hólmgarðr
814:Citations
702:Hólmgarðr
678:Garðaríki
673:Hólmgarðr
669:Hólmgarðr
658:Garðaríki
652:Garðaríki
646:Hólmgarðr
640:Hólmgarðr
634:Hólmgarðr
628:Garðaríki
622:Hólmgarðr
598:Holmgarðr
594:Hólmgarðr
496:Garðaríki
490:Vissavald
471:(king of
452:Hreggviðr
404:Hrollaugr
354:Garðaríki
347:down the
293:Garðaríki
259:Garðaríki
256:The word
248:Garðaríki
237:Etymology
135:Garðaríki
129:Garðaríki
101:Garðaríki
69:Old Norse
57:Gardarike
53:Gardariki
47:Garðaríki
37:Garðaríki
34:Towns of
18:Gardarike
5074:Blakumen
5039:Kylfings
5021:Súrdalar
5011:Særkland
4941:Gnezdovo
4896:Timerevo
4877:Duboviki
4866:Aldeigja
4647:61037475
4557:(1225).
4520:(1917),
4442:"Sö 338"
4423:"Sö 148"
4352:(1852).
4314:(1981).
4145:(1865).
3923:"Gorod"
3677:(1891).
3599:(1977).
3567:(2008).
3520:(1874).
3449:(1924).
3313:Sögubrot
3090:*ʒarðan-
3077:, Goth.
2903:, Goth.
2891:), OHG.
2861:Aldeigja
2566:*gherdh-
2509:*gérd-e-
2500:*gerdan-
2475:*gord-o-
2339:*rīk-ja-
2226:i garþum
2066:Surdalar
2064:″Kiew″,
1866:Ladoga".
1864:Aldeigja
1615:Nógarðar
1596:hulmkarþ
1484:Holmgard
1480:Novgorod
1185:, p. 39.
945:Surdalar
943:″Kiew″,
696:Nógarðar
616:Ruziland
528:See also
443:Sögubrot
435:Ráðbarðr
398:Rollaugr
383:Sigrlami
181:Súrdalar
176:Smolensk
124:Novgorod
67:was the
5105:Exonyms
5069:Khazars
5064:Bulgars
4999:Rostofa
4994:Móramar
4903:Balymer
4889:Sarskoe
4871:Álaborg
4860:Lyubsha
4847:Volkhov
4834:italics
4499:"Öl 28"
4480:"U 636"
4461:"U 209"
4385:"G 114"
4302:(ed.),
3873:Slověne
3681:(ed.).
3100:town)".
3087:*ʒarðaz
3081:house,
3067:gart(o)
3029:‘id.’".
3022:*garda-
2899:), ON.
2723:*rīkjan
2691:*ʒarđiz
2683:*ʒarđaz
2532:*rīkja-
2448:*rīgyom
2424:*rīkja-
2327:*rīkja-
1896:Aldegja
1621:heißt "
1034:Garðar,
911:, etc."
897:Aldegja
769:*ʒarðaz
765:*gardaz
754:gart(o)
734:*rīkja-
512:Hertnið
341:Lyubsha
304:skaldic
201:Rostofa
198:), and
191:Móramar
166:Polotsk
108:As the
5044:Chudes
4786:
4655:405762
4653:
4645:
4563:
4543:
4404:"N 62"
4373:
4324:
4283:
4264:
4235:
4214:
4184:
4131:
4103:
4078:
4050:
4029:
3971:
3925:городъ
3910:
3857:
3803:
3763:
3734:
3663:
3642:
3587:
3577:
3553:
3357:p. 248
3329:p. 237
3226:города
3194:Garðar
3178:городъ
3150:gorod’
3114:городъ
3071:garten
2973:Garðar
2969:Garðar
2953:Garðar
2937:Garðar
2933:p. 217
2879:= OS.
2853:Garðar
2845:p. 217
2809:Russia
2790:p. 442
2707:*gordъ
2645:Garđa-
2582:garðar
2511:(IE)".
2483:*gerd-
2405:городъ
2284:*gȏrdъ
2046:Garđar
2000:p. 346
1972:p. 346
1928:p. 346
1760:p. 362
1720:p. 237
1684:p. 133
1560:p. 346
1500:p. 223
1476:p. 119
1388:p. 654
1243:p. 158
1155:Garðar
1135:Garðar
1110:Gardar
1066:Garðar
977:Gardar
969:Rhosia
925:Garđar
877:p. 346
794:*gȏrdъ
781:городъ
690:Garðar
564:Garðar
345:Ladoga
336:Garðar
331:городъ
322:городъ
311:Garðar
299:Garðar
287:Garðar
276:X+ríki
265:Garðar
252:Zoëga.
230:Garðar
221:Sö 338
206:Rostov
186:Suzdal
146:Ladoga
5059:Merya
5054:Slavs
4923:Dvina
4838:Norse
4767:novel
4704:[
4671:[
4503:Runor
4484:Runor
4465:Runor
4446:Runor
4427:Runor
4408:Runor
4389:Runor
4298:, in
4206:[
4174:(PDF)
4123:[
4095:[
4070:[
4010:[
3961:(PDF)
3849:[
3687:[
3623:[
3457:[
3341:Sörla
3198:grady
3174:garðr
3158:garðr
3154:grad’
3134:градъ
3098:górod
3094:gradŭ
3083:garda
3079:gards
3075:garðr
3063:gardo
3059:ġeard
3043:geard
3027:geard
3005:garðr
2989:garðr
2905:reiki
2897:reich
2893:rīhhi
2887:(Du.
2859:from
2855:, or
2851:from
2727:reiki
2687:gards
2622:górod
2618:gradŭ
2528:rīhhi
2444:rīhhi
2428:reiki
2370:garðr
2351:Reich
2347:rīhhi
2335:*-ja-
2331:*rīk-
2292:górod
2288:gradъ
2048:oder
1700:p. 37
1592:gorod
1482:, or
1432:p. 37
1223:p. 37
1139:Garðr
927:oder
789:город
785:градъ
760:ġeard
748:garðr
723:rīhhi
577:garð-
545:Notes
327:garðr
317:garðr
281:Garða
225:U 209
217:G 114
196:Murom
114:sagas
59:) or
5049:Rus'
4784:ISBN
4651:OCLC
4643:LCCN
4541:ISBN
4371:ISBN
4322:ISBN
4281:ISBN
4262:OCLC
4233:ISBN
4212:ISBN
4182:ISSN
4129:ISBN
4101:ISBN
4076:ISBN
4048:ISBN
4027:ISBN
3990:XLVI
3969:ISSN
3908:ISBN
3855:ISBN
3801:ISBN
3761:ISBN
3732:ISBN
3661:ISBN
3640:ISBN
3585:ISSN
3575:ISBN
3551:ISBN
3176:and
3069:(G.
2901:ríki
2895:(G.
2889:rijk
2885:rīke
2881:rīki
2877:rīce
2770:reĝ-
2748:gerd
2731:ríki
2649:ríki
2602:reĝ-
2471:gart
2452:ríge
2440:rīki
2436:rīce
2432:ríki
2343:rīce
2311:ríki
2261:RÍKI
729:rīce
717:ríki
367:Odin
343:and
329:and
271:ríki
268:and
156:Kiev
77:Rus'
3881:doi
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2863:)".
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2228:)".
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