Knowledge (XXG)

Garden Creek site

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41: 333:, rare in the Southern Appalachian Summit, were found below the base of Mound #1. "These were semi-underground, earth-embanked buildings that were built side-by-side and connected by a passageway. The larger of the two structures was 28 feet square and had a clay bench along all four walls. The smaller earth lodge was 20 feet square and had a clay bench along the wall adjacent to the entryway." The only entry into the larger lodge was through the passageway from the smaller one. They are believed to have been used as council houses. 48: 74: 352:, was excavated by Bennie Keel of UNC. In 1965 it was approximately 110 feet north–south and 150 feet east–west at the base, and 4 feet high. It was believed to have been several feet higher when in use in the Connestee Phase. Based on ceramic chronology and a radiocarbon date from the top of the mound, he attributed construction of this structure to people of the 344:
At the time of excavation, Mound #1 had expanded in the base to 150-ft by 130-ft, and was about 7 ft high. It is believed to have been several feet higher during its peak period. But with European-American occupation of this area, farmers conducted more than 100 years of cultivation of the site,
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The 12-acre (49,000 m) site is located on the south side of the Pigeon River, near the confluence of its tributary Garden Creek. It includes remains of two permanent villages and three earthwork mounds which have been excavated. (A fourth mound was found at the site from field research here in
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mats left impressions in Earth Lodge 2, found in the base of Mound #1. Some charred remains were found on a house floor. Although organic materials decompose rapidly in the Southern Appalachian climate, fragile textiles, such as cloth, netting, and cordage, could be detected by the impressions the
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After being used for some time, the lodges were covered over and became the base of a platform mound, now known as Mound #1. At first earth and refuse from a village midden (5 acres in area) was added around the two adjoining lodges, leaving the roofs exposed. When those collapsed, more layers of
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There were three periods of excavation at the site: in the late 1880s, 1915–1919, and 1965–1967. Most of the evidence discussed here about Mounds #1 and #2 and the village sites was derived during the third and most professional excavation, conducted by an archeological team associated with the
252:, or Connestee phase (200 CE to 600 CE). Another, now mostly disappeared, is believed constructed after that. The third and largest was constructed last, in the Pisgah phase. (A fourth mound was discovered in this area in the early 21st century but it has not been excavated or dated.) 314:
Mound #1 is designed Hw 8 or 31Hw1. Mound #2 is located 1,000 feet (300 m) to the west of the first, and numbered as Hw 7 or 31Hw2. The remains of Mound #3, known as Hw 3 or 31Hw3, is located on the site's south side. It was excavated in 1915 by a team of the
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culture and communities took shape." This area was part of the historic Cherokee homelands in western North Carolina, as the region was later known. After being surveyed in the 1960s, the site was largely destroyed by development of residential housing.
341:. It is believed to have been as large as 50 x 70 feet in this early phase. The remains of two houses were found on the summit, both constructed on the west side. There were burials of human remains on the east side of the mound. 477:, a virtual museum of archeology in the state. After being surveyed by archeologists in the 1960s, when some excavation took place, the archeological site has since been largely destroyed by a residential development. 319:. Because they were not following modern protocols, important information about stratigraphy and provenance was lost. The mound was constructed prior to the Pisgah phase. By the 1960s, nothing remained of that mound. 2565: 377:. Several gorgets were incised with coiled rattlesnakes in the Lick Creek style, and one featured a stylized human figure. As the shells came from the Gulf Coast, they were evidence of far-flung trading networks. 684:"Notice of Inventory Completion for Native American Human Remains and Associated Funerary Objects from North Carolina in the Possession of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC." 272:
was constructed during the Middle Woodland era, by people living from 200 CE to 600 CE. They likely had some dwellings near the mound, but the more sizeable villages found did not develop until later.
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The site and history of Garden Creek is recounted on North Carolina Highway Historical Marker P-83. In addition, the site and two mounds are discussed in some detail on the UNC website,
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team excavated Mound #3. They did not take field notes or record provenance of artifacts taken from the site, and the mound has nearly disappeared.
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Pisgah-phase artifacts found in Mound #1 and at the site "are widely thought to represent a continuum of cultural development through which historic
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Pisgah phase site (1000 to 1450 CE). It was the largest mound at the site. In addition, a wattle-and-daub post house was found at Mound #1.
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Bone tools, such as awls, punches, and perhaps needles, were fashioned from deer and turkey bone splinters. Turtle shell rattles, from
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Connestee phase, who would have lived from about 200 to 600 CE. It is the older and smaller of the two mounds excavated in the 1960s.
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the early 21st century.) The largest village, designated 31Hw7, was located on a terrace overlooking Garden Creek, a tributary of the
821: 3096: 2008: 1245: 3597: 3562: 3527: 3366: 3236: 3086: 3041: 2515: 1353: 1086: 454:, hired local man A. J. Osborne to excavate the Garden Creek site, seeking artifacts for their museum. From 1915 to 1919, the 3507: 3301: 3276: 3196: 2888: 2632: 2028: 1593: 978: 968: 214: 89: 67: 653: 546: 2345: 2097: 1973: 1736: 1548: 1096: 1033: 1013: 3512: 3061: 2376: 2355: 1914: 1874: 1658: 1280: 1235: 1142: 1111: 462: 262: 3607: 3376: 2961: 2946: 2820: 2308: 2282: 2107: 2043: 1993: 1318: 1285: 892: 3216: 2971: 1904: 1789: 1771: 1623: 1558: 229:. The earliest human occupation at the site dates to 8000 BCE. The 12-acre site features remains of two villages ( 3386: 1663: 993: 210: 1172: 416:
shells: large shell beads shaped into spheres or discs, and strung into necklaces and bracelets, were made from
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Bennie Keel and others working on the Cherokee Project, from the Research Laboratories of Anthropology at the
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were found at the site. These were another sign of trade, as copper is not available locally.
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shells and small round pebbles, were found in Mound #1. Shell artifacts were sculpted from
241:. A total of four earthwork mounds have been found at the site; three have been excavated. 3485: 3439: 3191: 3136: 3126: 2986: 2908: 2765: 2695: 2690: 2670: 2637: 2520: 2461: 2418: 2401: 2386: 2147: 2117: 1849: 1613: 1578: 1568: 1528: 1250: 1197: 1157: 1081: 1043: 916: 876: 455: 353: 316: 290: 276: 3567: 3552: 3542: 3444: 3181: 3011: 2966: 2863: 2775: 2730: 2560: 2493: 2488: 2423: 2205: 2072: 1919: 1643: 1493: 1468: 1458: 973: 838:"South Appalachian and Protohistoric Mortuary Practices in Southwestern North Carolina" 837: 660:. Research Laboratories of Archeology at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. n.d 587: 553:. Research Laboratories of Archeology at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. n.d 410: 349: 338: 269: 182: 3663: 3424: 3419: 3311: 3261: 3256: 3241: 3231: 3226: 2976: 2853: 2665: 2642: 2503: 2323: 2252: 2210: 2167: 2127: 2102: 1956: 1889: 1884: 1854: 1703: 1678: 1588: 1538: 1453: 1390: 1323: 1076: 1023: 931: 589:
South Appalachian and Protohistoric Mortuary Practices in Southwestern North Carolina
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The two villages located on the site were occupied from 600 CE to 1200 CE, first by
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and near the confluence of its tributary Garden Creek. It is near modern
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Cherokee Prehistory: The Pisgah Phase in the Appalachian Summit Region
233:) occupied first in the Woodland period and, most prominently, in the 2843: 2054: 1924: 1573: 1478: 435: 426:. A single shell pin was found in Mound #1, as well as a conch bowl. 3587: 2257: 2003: 1533: 1395: 389: 371: 308: 186: 265:. As noted, the earliest human occupation was dated to 8000 BCE. 3547: 397: 2580: 847: 504:
North Carolina Highway Historical Marker Program (2011-08-10).
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In the late 1880s Mann S. Valentine and his sons, of the
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Garden Creek mounds #2 and 1 (in order of age) both held
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clay and fill were added, eventually creating a stable
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Heye Foundation Report, New York: 1919, pp. 35–43
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University of Tennessee Press. pp.  541: 539: 537: 535: 533: 531: 529: 527: 26: 3107:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park 586:Rodning, Christopher B.; Moore, David G. 47: 679: 677: 675: 654:"Garden Creek Mound #2 (Haywood County)" 612:Archaeology of the Appalachian Highlands 547:"Garden Creek Mound #1 (Haywood County)" 3670:South Appalachian Mississippian culture 499: 497: 495: 493: 491: 489: 485: 284:South Appalachian Mississippian culture 239:South Appalachian Mississippian culture 168:South Appalachian Mississippian culture 3685:Archaeological sites in North Carolina 209:located 24 miles (39 km) west of 434:textiles left on clay. Two pieces of 400:and elbow-shaped clay smoking pipes. 7: 55:Location within North Carolina today 3578:Norse colonization of North America 882:Mississippian and related cultures 345:lowering the height of the mound. 25: 875: 72: 46: 39: 3598:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 2516:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 898:Timeline of Mississippi valley 392:. Stone anvils, hammerstones, 322:Mound #1 (Hw 8 or 31HW1) is a 90:Haywood County, North Carolina 68:Haywood County, North Carolina 1: 2098:Grand Village of the Illinois 3563:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing 3513:Eastern Agricultural Complex 1875:Grand Village of the Natchez 463:University of North Carolina 263:University of North Carolina 2947:Bandelier National Monument 2821:List of Mississippian sites 2608:Pre-Columbian North America 893:List of Mississippian sites 217:, on the south side of the 3701: 3367:West Oak Forest Earthlodge 2972:The Bluff Point Stoneworks 2681:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) 3636: 3608:Three Sisters agriculture 2614: 2543: 888: 658:Ancient North Carolinians 551:Ancient North Carolinians 475:Ancient North Carolinians 286:(about 1000 to 1200 CE). 211:Asheville, North Carolina 117:35.5172111°N 82.8458389°W 34: 30:(31 HW 1-3) and (31 HW 7) 3147:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site 2706:Buttermilk Creek complex 1810:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery 261:Cherokee Project at the 3347:Town Creek Indian Mound 3317:Sierra de San Francisco 3172:Meadowcroft Rockshelter 2440:Ballgame (Southeastern) 2336:Long-nosed god maskette 2216:SunWatch Indian Village 2163:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs 2024:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village 122:35.5172111; -82.8458389 3002:Coso Rock Art District 2889:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek 2792:List of Hopewell sites 2191:Alligator Effigy Mound 1805:Hickory Ridge Cemetery 1757:Leon-Jefferson culture 1153:Caborn-Welborn culture 442:Archaeological surveys 250:Middle Woodland period 227:Pisgah National Forest 3410:Arlington Springs Man 3252:Portsmouth Earthworks 920:and Upper Mississippi 506:"P-83 - GARDEN CREEK" 193:Architectural details 3618:Transoceanic contact 3508:Container Revolution 3082:Gila Cliff Dwellings 3047:Etowah Indian Mounds 2479:Earth/fertility cult 2183:Fort Ancient culture 1067:Dogtooth Bend Mounds 1053:Lower Ohio River and 1039:Steed-Kisker culture 268:The smaller earthen 196:Number of temples: 2 179:Architectural styles 3538:Green Corn Ceremony 3352:Turkey River Mounds 3142:Lake Jackson Mounds 2962:Blue Spring Shelter 2484:Green Corn Ceremony 2044:Upper Mississippian 1994:Blue Spring Shelter 1714:Fort Walton culture 1168:Hovey Lake District 329:The remains of two 311:is located nearby. 280:Hopewellian peoples 246:Garden Creek Mounds 207:archaeological site 113: /  31: 3623:Underwater panther 3297:Rosenstock Village 3167:Marmes Rockshelter 3152:L'Anse aux Meadows 2566:de Soto Expedition 2531:Underwater panther 2377:Central Algonquian 2088:Fisher Mound Group 1732:Apalachee Province 1699:Waddells Mill Pond 512:on August 10, 2011 452:Richmond, Virginia 406:Terrapene carolina 18:Garden Creek Mound 3657: 3656: 3649:Pre-Columbian era 3450:Spirit Cave mummy 3247:Plum Bayou Mounds 3157:Lynch Quarry Site 2676:Ancient Beringian 2574: 2573: 2539: 2538: 2224: 2223: 1840:Atchafalaya Basin 1782:Pensacola culture 1747:Fort Walton Mound 1639:Punk Rock Shelter 1599:Mouse Creek phase 1422:South Appalachian 1416: 1415: 1295:Central and Lower 1236:Castalian Springs 1226:Brentwood Library 1126:Middle Ohio River 979:Emerald Acropolis 626:978-1-57233-142-6 595:. pp. 89–90. 244:One of the three 203:Garden Creek site 200: 199: 28:Garden Creek site 16:(Redirected from 3692: 3593:Projectile point 3430:Leanderthal Lady 3357:Upward Sun River 3332:Stallings Island 3322:Shell ring sites 3272:Recapture Canyon 3187:Moorehead Circle 3032:El Fin del Mundo 3017:Cueva de la Olla 2823: 2810:Maritime Archaic 2794: 2624: 2601: 2594: 2587: 2578: 2341:Mill Creek chert 2331:Duck River cache 2233: 2051: 1815:Pensacola people 1609:Muscogee (Creek) 1449:Bell Field Mound 1163:Hovey Lake-Klein 1117:Wickliffe Mounds 1092:Rowlandton Mound 1009:Lunsford-Pulcher 913: 880: 879: 868: 861: 854: 845: 812:Dickens, Roy S. 801: 798: 792: 789: 783: 780: 774: 771: 765: 764:Dickens 150, 156 762: 756: 753: 747: 746:Dickens 144, 146 744: 738: 735: 729: 728:Dickens 140, 142 726: 720: 717: 711: 708: 702: 699: 693: 690:Federal Register 681: 670: 669: 667: 665: 650: 631: 630: 606: 597: 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2155: 2150: 2145: 2143:Moccasin Bluff 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2093:Gentleman Farm 2090: 2085: 2080: 2078:Carcajou Point 2075: 2070: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2048: 2040: 2039: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2009:Caddoan Mounds 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1980: 1978: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1831: 1829: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1795:Dauphin Island 1792: 1786: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1718: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1469:Bussell Island 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1430: 1428: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1300: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1221:Beasley Mounds 1218: 1212: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1072:Kincaid Mounds 1069: 1064: 1058: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 989:Horseshoe Lake 986: 981: 976: 974:Dickson Mounds 971: 966: 965: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 934: 929: 923: 921: 910: 904: 903: 901: 900: 895: 889: 886: 885: 873: 871: 870: 863: 856: 848: 842: 841: 833: 832:External links 830: 829: 828: 825: 808: 805: 803: 802: 793: 784: 775: 766: 757: 748: 739: 730: 721: 712: 703: 701:Dickens 69, 88 694: 671: 632: 625: 598: 578: 564: 523: 484: 482: 479: 470: 467: 443: 440: 361: 358: 350:platform mound 339:platform mound 299: 296: 270:platform mound 257: 254: 215:Haywood County 198: 197: 194: 190: 189: 183:platform mound 180: 176: 175: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 147: 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 130: 129: 97: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 65: 61: 60: 54: 45: 44: 38: 37: 36: 35: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3697: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3528:Falcon dancer 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464:Miscellaneous 3462: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3435:Melbourne Man 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3425:La Brea Woman 3423: 3421: 3420:Kennewick Man 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3312:Serpent Mound 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3262:Pueblo Bonito 3260: 3258: 3257:Poverty Point 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3242:Pinson Mounds 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3232:Painted Bluff 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3112:Horr's Island 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3042:Effigy Mounds 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3007:Crystal River 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2919:Weeden Island 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2884:Safety Harbor 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2874:Poverty Point 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2854:Paleo-Indians 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2815:Mississippian 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2504:Sacred bundle 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2324:Wulfing cache 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2309:Copper plates 2307: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2283:Three Sisters 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2253:Little barley 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2211:Serpent Mound 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2173:Summer Island 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1976:Mississippian 1971: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1827:Mississippian 1822: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1742:Corbin–Tucker 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1649:Roods Landing 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1589:Moccasin Bend 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1519:Hoojah Branch 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1426:Mississippian 1423: 1419: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1349:Menard-Hodges 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1299: 1293: 1287: 1286:Swallow Bluff 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1211: 1207:Tennessee and 1205: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1077:Marshall Site 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1057: 1051: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 939: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 924: 922: 918: 914: 911: 909:Mississippian 905: 899: 896: 894: 891: 890: 887: 883: 878: 869: 864: 862: 857: 855: 850: 849: 846: 839: 836: 835: 831: 826: 823: 822:0-87049-193-8 819: 815: 811: 810: 806: 800:Dickens 69-72 797: 794: 788: 785: 782:Dickens 168-9 779: 776: 770: 767: 761: 758: 752: 749: 743: 740: 734: 731: 725: 722: 719:Dickens 138-9 716: 713: 707: 704: 698: 695: 691: 688: 685: 680: 678: 676: 672: 659: 655: 649: 647: 645: 643: 641: 639: 637: 633: 628: 622: 618: 614: 613: 605: 603: 599: 591: 590: 582: 579: 574: 568: 565: 552: 548: 542: 540: 538: 536: 534: 532: 530: 528: 524: 511: 507: 500: 498: 496: 494: 492: 490: 486: 480: 478: 476: 468: 466: 464: 459: 457: 453: 449: 441: 439: 437: 432: 427: 425: 421: 420: 415: 412: 408: 407: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 378: 376: 375:shell gorgets 373: 369: 368: 359: 357: 355: 351: 346: 342: 340: 334: 332: 327: 325: 324:late Woodland 320: 318: 312: 310: 306: 298:Site features 297: 295: 292: 287: 285: 281: 278: 273: 271: 266: 264: 255: 253: 251: 247: 242: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 195: 191: 188: 184: 181: 177: 172: 169: 166: 162: 159: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 131: 126: 108:82°50′45.02″W 98: 94: 91: 88: 84: 81: 69: 66: 62: 42: 33: 19: 3628:Water glyphs 3583:Oasisamerica 3573:N.A.G.P.R.A. 3533:Folsom point 3523:Effigy mound 3503:Clovis point 3471:Aridoamerica 3372:Wickiup Hill 3327:Spiro Mounds 3307:Salmon Ruins 3302:Russell Cave 3097:Helen Blazes 3092:Grimes Point 3072:Fort Juelson 3062:Fort Ancient 3037:El Vallecito 2997:Chaco Canyon 2937:Angel Mounds 2899:Steed-Kisker 2849:Paleo-Arctic 2771:Glacial Kame 2756:Fort Ancient 2648:Post-Classic 2619: 2551:Chevron bead 2457:Burial mound 2351:Shell gorget 2319:Spiro plates 2314:Rogan plates 2133:Knoll Spring 2108:Hartley Fort 2068:Beattie Park 1952:Transylvania 1790:Bottle Creek 1752:Lake Jackson 1634:Pisgah phase 1564:Little Egypt 1514:Garden Creek 1513: 1499:Dallas phase 1386:Tipton phase 1364:Nodena phase 1261:Mound Bottom 1246:Fewkes Group 1231:Brick Church 1133:Angel Mounds 999:Kuhn Station 994:John Chapman 813: 796: 787: 778: 769: 760: 751: 742: 733: 724: 715: 706: 697: 689: 686: 662:. Retrieved 657: 611: 588: 581: 567: 555:. Retrieved 550: 514:. Retrieved 510:the original 474: 472: 460: 445: 428: 417: 404: 402: 379: 365: 363: 348:Mound #2, a 347: 343: 335: 331:earth lodges 328: 321: 313: 305:Pigeon River 301: 288: 274: 267: 259: 245: 243: 235:Pisgah phase 219:Pigeon River 202: 201: 174:Architecture 158:Pisgah phase 105:35°31′1.96″N 3613:Thunderbird 3481:Black drink 3445:Peñon woman 3382:Winterville 3362:Velda Mound 3342:Taos Pueblo 3237:Parkin Park 3222:Orwell site 3207:Nodena site 3102:Holly Bluff 3077:Four Mounds 3067:Fort Center 2992:Casa Grande 2942:Anzick site 2834:Monongahela 2761:Fort Walton 2736:Coles Creek 2701:Belle Glade 2686:Anishinaabe 2526:Thunderbird 2452:Black drink 2304:Emmons mask 2248:Chenopodium 2236:Agriculture 2158:Plum Island 2113:Hotel Plaza 1962:Winterville 1942:Scott Place 1880:Holly Bluff 1800:Fort Walton 1554:Lamar phase 1408:Walls phase 1304:Belle Meade 1297:Mississippi 1241:Dunbar Cave 1143:Annis Mound 1138:Angel phase 1112:Ware Mounds 1107:Twin Mounds 957:Ramey state 942:Monks Mound 791:Dickens 169 773:Dickens 158 755:Dickens 150 737:Dickens 143 710:Dickens 164 516:December 3, 422:(or conch) 370:shells and 256:Description 120: / 96:Coordinates 3664:Categories 3558:Metallurgy 3518:Eden point 3415:Buhl Woman 3287:Rock Eagle 3277:River Styx 3202:Mummy Cave 3197:Moundville 3177:Mesa Verde 3162:Marksville 2909:Tchefuncte 2869:Plaquemine 2805:Las Palmas 2721:Calf Creek 2716:Cades Pond 2263:Marshelder 2148:Oak Forest 2118:Hoxie Farm 1932:Pocahontas 1825:Plaquemine 1762:Letchworth 1694:Town Creek 1629:Park Mound 1594:Moundville 1579:Mandeville 1569:Long Swamp 1529:Jere Shine 1381:Quigualtam 1329:Chucalissa 1216:Backusburg 1209:Cumberland 1198:Yankeetown 1183:Slack Farm 1158:Ellerbusch 1062:Adams site 969:Cloverdale 807:References 386:peridotite 384:, made of 367:Marginella 3603:Stickball 3292:Rock Hawk 3122:Key Marco 2914:Troyville 2894:St. Johns 2879:Red Ocher 2638:Formative 2392:Muskogean 2365:Languages 2278:Sunflower 2138:Mero site 2073:Blood Run 1727:Apalachee 1674:Summerour 1614:Nacoochee 1371:Owl Creek 1266:Riverview 1256:Link Farm 1148:Bone Bank 1102:Turk Site 1097:Towosahgy 962:Woodhenge 431:rivercane 424:columella 360:Artifacts 146:Abandoned 3491:Chanunpa 3476:Ballgame 3455:Vero man 3405:Anzick-1 3377:Windover 3337:SunWatch 3267:Rassawek 3087:Glenwood 2977:Brewster 2829:Mogollon 2800:La Jolla 2786:Hopewell 2746:Deptford 2659:cultures 2499:Red Horn 2467:Chanunpa 2445:Northern 2433:Religion 2414:Timucuan 2382:Cherokee 2168:Schwerdt 2128:Juntunen 2103:Griesmer 2046:cultures 1999:Bluffton 1885:Jaketown 1850:Fitzhugh 1704:Wilbanks 1684:Tomotley 1659:Savannah 1624:Ocmulgee 1604:Mulberry 1539:Joe Bell 1459:Biltmore 1454:Bessemer 1319:Campbell 1281:Old Town 1087:Orr-Herl 1024:Orendorf 1019:Mitchell 952:Mound 72 947:Mound 34 932:Big Eddy 291:Cherokee 225:and the 164:Cultures 64:Location 3640:Related 3498:Chunkey 3398:remains 3387:Wupatki 3227:Paquime 3117:Huápoca 2982:Cahokia 2952:Bastian 2859:Patayan 2781:Hohokam 2766:Fremont 2741:Comondú 2696:Baytown 2691:Avonlea 2671:Alachua 2643:Classic 2633:Archaic 2621:Periods 2474:Chunkey 2419:Tunican 2397:Natchez 2372:Caddoan 2346:Pottery 2297:Artwork 2288:Tobacco 2268:Pumpkin 2229:Culture 2083:Fifield 2014:Gahagan 1989:Belcher 1974:Caddoan 1957:Venable 1920:Natchez 1905:Mazique 1860:Fosters 1855:Flowery 1845:Emerald 1722:Anhaica 1679:Taskigi 1644:Rembert 1619:Nikwasi 1584:McMahan 1559:Liddell 1434:Adamson 1344:Janet's 1334:Denmark 1309:Boone's 1271:Sellars 1178:Prather 937:Cahokia 927:Aztalan 617:241–242 419:Busycon 414:mollusk 154:Periods 138:Founded 133:History 70:,  3057:Folsom 3022:Cutler 2957:Benson 2844:Oneota 2776:Glades 2751:Folsom 2731:Clovis 2628:Lithic 2409:Siouan 2402:Taensa 2273:Squash 2196:Clover 2055:Oneota 2029:Keller 2019:Hughes 1984:Battle 1925:Taensa 1910:Medora 1900:Mangum 1895:Julice 1890:Jordan 1737:Cayson 1669:Sixtoe 1664:Shiloh 1574:Mabila 1509:Etowah 1489:Citico 1479:Chiaha 1474:Chauga 1391:Tunica 1376:Parkin 1359:Nodena 1354:Murphy 1324:Carson 1173:Murphy 1029:Sleeth 1014:McCune 1004:Larson 907:Middle 820:  664:10 Feb 623:  557:10 Feb 436:copper 429:Woven 411:marine 223:Canton 205:is an 86:Region 77:  3588:Piasa 3396:Human 3027:Eaker 2930:sites 2864:Plano 2666:Adena 2424:Yuchi 2258:Maize 2243:Beans 2201:Dodge 2153:Palos 2123:Huber 2063:Anker 2034:Spiro 2004:Caddo 1937:Routh 1870:Glass 1865:Ghost 1767:Velda 1689:Toqua 1549:Lamar 1534:Joara 1524:Irene 1494:Coosa 1484:Chota 1464:Blair 1439:Avery 1401:Yazoo 1396:Koroa 1339:Eaker 1276:Obion 1034:Starr 593:(PDF) 481:Notes 469:Today 394:manos 390:slate 382:celts 372:conch 309:mound 231:31Hw7 187:plaza 3548:Kiva 1947:Sims 1915:Mott 1835:Anna 1544:King 1504:Dyar 1314:Boyd 1188:Tolu 818:ISBN 666:2021 621:ISBN 559:2021 518:2022 398:mica 388:and 149:1200 3052:Eva 1772:Yon 450:of 213:in 141:600 80:USA 3666:: 674:^ 656:. 635:^ 619:. 601:^ 549:. 526:^ 488:^ 185:, 2600:e 2593:t 2586:v 867:e 860:t 853:v 824:. 668:. 629:. 561:. 520:. 20:)

Index

Garden Creek Mound
Garden Creek site is located in North Carolina
Haywood County, North Carolina
USA
Haywood County, North Carolina
35°31′1.96″N 82°50′45.02″W / 35.5172111°N 82.8458389°W / 35.5172111; -82.8458389
Pisgah phase
South Appalachian Mississippian culture
platform mound
plaza
archaeological site
Asheville, North Carolina
Haywood County
Pigeon River
Canton
Pisgah National Forest
31Hw7
Pisgah phase
South Appalachian Mississippian culture
Middle Woodland period
University of North Carolina
platform mound
Woodland period
Hopewellian peoples
South Appalachian Mississippian culture
Cherokee
Pigeon River
mound
Heye Foundation
late Woodland

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