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It will be enquired, where then shall be the
Burials? I answer, in Cemeteries seated in the Out-skirts of the Town... This being inclosed with a strong Brick Wall, and having a Walk round, and two cross Walks, decently planted with Yew-trees, the four Quarters may serve four Parishes, where the Dead
283:
aesthetic taste for pastoral beauty, Mount Auburn was developed as a "domesticated landscape" popularized by 19th century
English landscape design. Its plan included retention of natural features like ponds and mature forests with added roads and paths that followed the natural contours of the land,
271:
in 1831. The City of Boston became concerned about the health hazards caused by decomposing corpses in cemeteries in the middle of the city. A citizens' group led by
Bigelow pulled together residents to discuss the design and location of a cemetery outside city limits. The search for a site took
344:. The law led to the burial of human remains becoming a commercial business for the first time, replacing the practice of burying the dead in churchyards or on private farmland. One effect of the law was the development of a large concentration of cemeteries along the border between the
579:. The Ohlsdorf was transformed from a treeless, sandy plain into 92 acres of sculpted, wooded landscape by its first director, architect Wilhelm Cordes. In 2016 it stands as the largest rural cemetery in the world, and has been the largest cemetery in Europe since its opening in 1875.
121:
The popularity of rural cemeteries decreased toward the end of the 19th century due to the high cost of maintenance, development of true public parks and perceived disorderliness of appearance arising from independent ownership of family burial plots and different grave markers.
297:
Mount Auburn quickly grew as a popular site for both burials and public recreation, attracting locals as well as tourists from across the country and Europe. Mount Auburn inspired dozens of other rural cemeteries across the U.S. such as
1080:
Returning to engineering and consulting work, Douglass laid out the Albany Rural
Cemetery in 1845–46 and the Protestant cemetery in Quebec in 1848, both in the style of Greenwood Cemetery. In August 1848, he moved to Geneva College (now
397:
Since family plot owners could do as they wished with their lots, rural cemeteries that began as orderly and scenic ended up as cluttered and unkempt. Rural cemeteries began to fade out of popularity and were replaced by the
92:. Rural cemeteries were typically built 1–5 mi (1.6–8.0 km) outside of the city, far enough to be separated from the city, but close enough for visitors. They often contain elaborate monuments, memorials, and
359:
By the 1860s, rural cemeteries could be found on the outskirts of cities and smaller towns across the country. These cemeteries were decorated with tall obelisks, spectacular mausoleums, and magnificent sculptures.
780:
need not be disturbed at the
Pleasure of the Sexton, or piled four or five upon one another, or Bones thrown out to gain Room. Letter of advice to the Commissioners for Building Fifty New City Churches in 1711.
363:
By 1861, the rural cemetery movement began to decline partly due to the high cost of maintaining large landscapes but also due to the development of public parks. Many landscape designers, including
103:
pessimism depicted in earlier cemeteries. Statues and memorials included depictions of angels and cherubs as well as botanical motifs such as ivy representing memory, oak leaves for immortality,
488:
Its architect, Charles
Baillargé, took inspiration from Green–Wood Cemetery, as well, for his design of this garden cemetery, in what at the time was the rural outskirts of the city of Québec.
285:
321:
185:
advocated for the creation of burial grounds on the outskirts of town, "inclosed with a strong Brick Wall, and having a walk round, and two cross walks, decently planted with Yew-trees".
99:
The rural cemetery movement mirrored changing attitudes toward death in the nineteenth century. Images of hope and immortality were popular in rural cemeteries in contrast to the
60:
196:). The New Burying Ground was established in 1796, and was the first example in the U.S. of a non-sectarian cemetery outside of church and city control in a park-like setting.
207:. The new design took the cemetery out of the control of the church, using an attractive park built on a grand scale, architectural design and careful planting inspired by the
1106:
811:
220:
88:
that became popular in the United States and Europe in the mid-19th century due to the overcrowding and health concerns of urban cemeteries, which tended to be
118:, the rural cemetery provided a place for the general public to enjoy outdoor recreation amidst art and sculpture previously available only for the wealthy.
294:
Mount Auburn also began the practice of allowing the purchase of family plots large enough to allow the burial of several generations of a single family.
688:
170:, urban cemeteries became unhealthily overcrowded with graves stacked upon each other, or emptied and reused for newer burials. The practice of
375:, borrowed ideas from rural cemeteries. As more public parks opened, fewer people went to cemeteries for leisure and relaxation activities.
383:
114:
From their inception, the new cemeteries were intended as civic institutions designed for public use. Before the widespread development of
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325:
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was purchased by the U.S. Federal
Government in 1864 for the burial of soldiers in the American Civil War who died at local hospitals.
264:
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394:(almost 2% the U.S. population died in the war), the U.S. government outsourced many burials to privately owned rural cemeteries.
884:
560:
314:. Many were accompanied by dedication addresses similar to Storys', which linked the cemeteries to the mission of creating a
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467:
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did not become popular until after the Civil War and cemeteries often had the stench of decomposing corpses. After several
447:, a military and civilian engineer, working in the capacity as a consulting architect, designed the landscape layout of
463:. All three of Douglass' rural, garden cemeteries have been conferred a historic status, by their respective nations.
837:
National Park
Service Historic Landscape Initiative; Heywood, Janet; Lambert Breitkreutz, Cathleen. West, Jean (ed.).
240:
1144:
333:
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and located on small plots and churchyards within cities. With the rapid increase in urban populations due to the
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616:
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200:
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epidemics, many cities began to relocate cemeteries outside city limits, as it was believed to be more hygienic.
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234:
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481:
30:
451:, 1845–1846. He modeled his design of the Albany Rural Cemetery, as well as his subsequent and final one,
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877:"'These Great and Beautiful Republics of the Dead': Public Constitutionalism and the Antebellum Cemetery"
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455:(1848), in a rural area outside of Quebec City, Canada, upon his first design, the highly acclaimed
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1861 engraving showing a plan for a rural cemetery by N. B. Schubarth of Rhode Island, United States
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The
American Resting Place: Four Hundred Years of History Through Our Cemeteries and Burial Grounds
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35:
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The development of the
American movement paralleled the creation of the landscaped cemeteries in
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1071:(1,191 items). M-1390, M-2294, M-2418, M-2668, M-5038, M-6083. David Bates Douglass. Ann Arbor
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839:"Teaching with Historic Places Lesson Plans. Mount Auburn Cemetery: A New American Landscape"
767:"Let the stones speak, the spire and crypt inspire: A history of St Mary's church, Islington"
887:
881:
Legal Scholarship Network: Legal Studies Research Paper Series, University of North Carolina
341:
182:
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Presently, many of these historic cemeteries are designated landmarks and are cared for by
1206:
Silent City on a Hill: Picturesque Landscapes of Memory and Boston's Mount Auburn Cemetery
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As of 1911, rural cemeteries were still unusual in Germany. Other examples include the
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six years and land was eventually purchased on a farm known as Sweet Auburn along the
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46:
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An early influence on the Rural Cemetery movement was the New Burying Ground in
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17:
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406:
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in Philadelphia was the second major rural cemetery built in the United States
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1121:"David Bates Douglass – Related Content – The Cultural Landscape Foundation"
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The Rural Cemetery Movement: Places of Paradox in Nineteenth Century America
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as well as the planting of hundreds of native and exotic trees and plants.
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Coinciding with the growing popularity of horticulture and the
162:
In the early 19th century, urban burial grounds were generally
1065:
Cox, Rob S.; Heslip, Philip; LaPlant, Katie D. (July 2017) .
689:"Our First Public Parks: The Forgotten History of Cemeteries"
1167:
1165:
1145:"Historique du cimetière – Cimetière Notre-Dame-de-Belmont"
543:
established in German-speaking Europe, the South Cemetery (
291:
delivered the dedication address on September 24, 1831.
930:"Why the Brooklyn-Queens Border is Full of Dead People"
1186:"Hamburg Cemetery | Cemetery Details | CWGC"
1068:
Finding aid for David Bates Douglass Papers, 1812–1873
328:, Central Avenue from gate, Macon, Georgia, circa 1877
973:
251:The first rural cemetery in the United States was
677:, 1977, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, pp. 208–213.
645:Rest in Peace: A History of American Cemeteries
340:which authorized commercial burial grounds in
1175:, Vol XXI No. 9, November 1911, pages 704–705
812:Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
459:, in what at the time was a rural section of
221:List of rural cemeteries in the United States
8:
729:"Indian Hill, Unearthed: A Cemetery's Roots"
648:. Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. p. 36.
511:, with Mount Auburn inspiring the design of
1173:Park & Cemetery and Landscape Gardening
1171:"Modern Landscape Cemeteries in Germany",
800:PHMC Cemetery Preservation and Recordation
515:'s first non-denominational cemetery at
390:Due to the scale of death caused by the
1105:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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199:In 1804, the first rural cemetery, the
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1209:. University of Massachusetts Press.
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1004:
980:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p.
687:Greenfield, Rebecca (16 March 2011).
126:became instead an attractive design.
7:
875:Brophy, Alfred L. (12 August 2013).
796:"1833–1875: Rural Cemetery Movement"
674:The Feminization of American Culture
356:, often called the "Cemetery Belt".
181:As early as 1711, the architect Sir
286:United States Supreme Court Justice
269:Massachusetts Horticultural Society
96:in a landscaped park-like setting.
424:: "Park-like space for public use"
25:
928:Williams, Keith (27 April 2017).
64:A former Horkanlahti Cemetery in
34:Landscaping and tree planting at
765:Chambers, S. Allen (June 2004).
727:Warren, Abby (19 October 2015).
561:Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde
478:Cimetière Notre-Dame-de-Belmont
468:Cimetière Notre-Dame-des-Neiges
885:Social Science Electronic Pub.
276:about four miles from Boston.
1:
1203:Linden, Blanche M.G. (2007).
521:Magnificent Seven cemeteries
229:Hunnewell family obelisk in
1255:
559:dates from 1875, the 1881
334:New York State Legislature
218:
484:, Québec City (1857–1859)
500:Monuments and chapel at
257:Cambridge, Massachusetts
235:Cambridge, Massachusetts
972:Yalom, Marilyn (2008).
615:Smith, Jeffrey (2017).
539:Among the first of the
504:
425:
387:
346:New York City boroughs
329:
248:
237:
201:Père Lachaise Cemetery
190:New Haven, Connecticut
159:
153:Pere Lachaise Cemetery
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143:New Haven, Connecticut
73:
57:
49:
735:. Middletown, Conn.:
551:dates from 1869, the
528:Kensal Green Cemetery
502:Kensal Green Cemetery
499:
453:Mount Hermon Cemetery
449:Albany Rural Cemetery
430:Mount Hermon Cemetery
422:Mount Hermon Cemetery
420:
384:Mount Moriah Cemetery
382:The Soldiers' Lot in
381:
365:Frederick Law Olmsted
324:
253:Mount Auburn Cemetery
243:
231:Mount Auburn Cemetery
228:
194:Grove Street Cemetery
168:Industrial Revolution
151:
139:Grove Street Cemetery
137:
63:
55:
33:
1151:(in Canadian French)
892:10.2139/ssrn.2304305
642:Greene, Meg (2008).
563:in Berlin, the 1881
553:Riensberger Friedhof
445:David Bates Douglass
300:Laurel Hill Cemetery
245:Laurel Hill Cemetery
1149:CimetiereBelmont.ca
777:on 14 August 2007.
771:StMaryIslington.org
737:Wesleyan University
621:. Lexington Books.
584:Waldfriedhof Dahlem
519:(1840), one of the
457:Green-Wood Cemetery
308:Green-wood Cemetery
36:Green-Wood Cemetery
935:The New York Times
733:The Wesleyan Argus
596:Rural Cemetery Act
505:
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392:American Civil War
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338:Rural Cemetery Act
330:
326:Rose Hill Cemetery
316:Christian republic
249:
238:
160:
146:
74:
58:
50:
883:. Rochester, NY:
586:in Berlin, 1931.
573:Ohlsdorf Cemetery
259:, founded by Dr.
141:entrance gate in
16:(Redirected from
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1234:Rural cemeteries
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802:. 26 August 2015
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773:. Archived from
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530:in London (1833)
183:Christopher Wren
27:Type of cemetery
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409:organizations.
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124:Lawn cemeteries
82:garden cemetery
68:(today part of
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23:
22:
18:Garden cemetery
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12:
11:
5:
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107:for sleep and
84:is a style of
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373:New York City
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367:who designed
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332:In 1847, the
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274:Charles River
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1153:. Retrieved
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1073:. Retrieved
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1043:, p. 40
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957:16 September
955:. Retrieved
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913:16 September
911:. Retrieved
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870:
865:, p. 32
858:
848:16 September
846:. Retrieved
842:
832:
827:, p. 31
820:
810:– via
806:16 September
804:. Retrieved
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778:
775:the original
770:
760:
750:16 September
748:. Retrieved
732:
722:
717:, p. 31
710:
700:16 September
698:. Retrieved
694:The Atlantic
692:
682:
672:
669:Douglas, Ann
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541:Parkfriedhof
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369:Central Park
362:
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331:
304:Philadelphia
296:
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289:Joseph Story
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250:
203:, opened in
198:
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176:yellow fever
161:
120:
116:public parks
113:
98:
81:
77:
75:
1096:|work=
1053:Greene 2008
1041:Greene 2008
1017:Greene 2008
863:Greene 2008
825:Greene 2008
715:Greene 2008
565:Südfriedhof
545:Südfriedhof
438:Québec City
336:passed the
101:puritanical
90:churchyards
66:Vehmersalmi
1239:Cemeteries
1228:Categories
1155:2018-12-03
1130:2018-11-02
1075:2018-11-02
1029:Smith 2017
1005:Yalom 2008
908:7374605598
900:2011219039
602:References
571:, and the
517:Abney Park
482:Sainte-Foy
407:non-profit
219:See also:
211:movement.
111:for life.
94:mausoleums
72:), Finland
1098:ignored (
1088:cite book
952:819006198
944:1553-8095
932:. F.Y.I.
745:905545962
172:embalming
164:sectarian
1125:tclf.org
1081:Hobart).
590:See also
472:Montreal
461:Brooklyn
354:Brooklyn
342:New York
312:Brooklyn
281:Romantic
86:cemetery
40:Brooklyn
843:NPS.gov
691:. U.S.
577:Hamburg
569:Leipzig
535:Germany
509:England
492:England
474:(1852);
434:Sillery
267:of The
130:History
105:poppies
43:borough
38:in the
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906:
898:
743:
652:
625:
557:Bremen
513:London
440:(1848)
413:Canada
350:Queens
306:, and
109:acorns
70:Kuopio
547:) in
205:Paris
157:Paris
1211:ISBN
1107:link
1100:help
986:ISBN
959:2019
948:OCLC
940:ISSN
915:2019
904:OCLC
896:LCCN
850:2019
808:2019
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