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patterns, and chronological sequences of the Great Basin. After a day of excavation, Thomas and his crew stopped by a local diner. At the dinner, Thomas spoke with the waitress's husband, Gale Peer, a mining geologist with over 40 years of experience in the Great Basin. Peer gave the crew of archaeologists a few general directions to an interesting cave with possible rock art. The following year, Thomas returned and attempted to search for this cave. After searching through nearly 15 canyons in the area, driving through and getting out of the car to physically check the caves and rock shelters, Thomas ended at the Mill Canyon. At the opening of the rock shelter, Thomas observed pictographs but no visual artifacts. The paintings were human figures in red and yellow as well as cryptic motifs in black and white on the ceiling and rear wall. Thomas then dug a 12 inches (30 cm) deep test pit to ensure the potential of the site. The test pit revealed sub-surface deposits and incised stones with some burned bones. Given the potential for undisturbed deposits useful for establishing a chronological framework for the area, further excavations began in 1971 and continued for nearly 7 years.
280:
By the end of this season, the crew had excavated 98 cubic meters of deposits. Due to the danger of the steep and exposed sidewalls, the excavation strategy switched from vertical to horizontal. Starting in 1975, the excavators at
Gatecliff removed stratigraphic layers one by one based on their natural levels. Natural levels were determined by the different strata in the deposits seen in the excavation profile. Horizontal strategies continued in 1976 in which the excavators ultimately removed deposits until reaching bedrock. Excavations were completed in late August 1978 with a depth of nearly 39 feet (12 m) and a total of 23,000 cubic feet (650 m) of deposits removed.
289:
inch mesh screen. The vertical excavation revealed a pattern of periodic floods that filled the rock shelter with silt and, when dried out, people exploited it again. Due to the hazardous, steep walls produced by the vertical excavation, Thomas and his crew changed their strategy in 1975 as well as their primary objectives; instead of working on exposing a deep, stratified profile, the crew began to remove the deposits over a larger horizontal area to document activity areas. No further excavation occurred on the sidewalls.
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shifted to finding artifacts and mapping them on large-scale living floor maps. In 1975, over a period of ten days, the crew removed a massive chert roof fall that covered half of the rear of the rock shelter. The excavation units were removed by the visible natural levels or strata; if natural levels exceeded 3.9 inches (10 cm), arbitrary levels were created within the natural levels. Bags of deposits were passed outside of the cave and then screened outside.
53:
340:, Grayson argued that the processes that produced this massive collection of bones could not be determined. It could be a result of human activities, other animals, and natural processes. These small mammals include rabbits, chipmunks, squirrels, gophers, rats, voles, mice, dogs, and coyotes; only two of the taxa found at Gatecliff are absent from the present Toquima-Monitor area.
213:
undisturbed sediments at
Gatecliff Rockshelter provides data and information have been applied to a range of research topics. Based on the analysis of the artifacts at Gatecliff Rockshelter, it can be determined that it was most likely a short-term field camp throughout prehistory. The latest evidence for human usage at Gatecliff occurs between ca. 5500 B.P. to 1250 B.P.
99:
74:
383:, the preference for willow, despite its sporadic distribution across Monitor Valley, comes from its durability, flexibility, consistent thickness of the bark, and the lack of lateral twigs. The techniques used in the Monitor Valley include simple twining, open and close diagonal twining, and coiling.
279:
and
Expeditions International. The excavations that year reached a depth of 4.8 meters and obtained radiocarbon dates of approximately 2500 B.C. In 1974, the American Museum of Natural History and Education Expeditions International again sponsored the excavations at of Gatecliff Rockshelter again.
355:
The excavations at
Gatecliff Rockshelter recovered over 400 projectile points. From this large collection of identifiable projectile points, Thomas was able to identify specific projectile point styles as specific time markers. The sequence contains the Gatecliff series dating from ca. 4000 B.C. –
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During the excavations, Gatecliff
Rockshelter proved to be more useful than just for chronology. The new objective with a horizontal excavation at the rock shelter, the previous being chronology, emphasized the reconstruction pre-historic activities and events that occurred at the site. The focus
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Gatecliff
Rockshelter also produced over 400 incised stones – the largest known concentration in the New World. Incised stones include any portable stone purposefully modified with cuts or lines or holes. The incised stones at Gatecliff Rockshelter include simple to complex motifs of lines, rows,
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The initial objective at
Gatecliff Rockshelter, Nevada was establishing and dating a stratigraphic sequence that could be applied regionally in the Great Basin area; this would require a vertical excavation strategy. During the early excavations, the deposits were troweled and screened with a 1/8
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discovered
Gatecliff Rockshelter in 1970 and began excavations in 1971. Full scale excavations occurred at Gatecliff Rockshelter for about seven field seasons in which nearly 33 feet (10 m) of sediments were exposed for a well-defined stratigraphic sequence. The well-preserved artifacts and
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at
Gatecliff Rockshelter includes white, red, yellow, and orange pigments; black was not used on the walls but decorated small stones. The paint materials are derived from local sources. Of the images, fifty-three were recognizable with 13 different motifs and some unidentifiable blotches. The
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David Hurst Thomas discovered
Gatecliff Rockshelter in June 1970 following his first field season in the Reese River Valley and ancient Lake Tonopah. Thomas also conducted systematic settlement surveys of the Monitor Valley in Central Nevada in efforts to study prehistoric ecology, subsistence
702:
Adovasio, J. M. and Andrews, R. L. (1983). “Chapter 12 – Material Culture of Gatecliff Shelter: Basketry, Cordage, and Miscellaneous Fiber Constructions.” The Archaeology of Monitor Valley: 2. Gatecliff. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 59(1):
327:'s eruption about 6600 to 7000 B.P. The stratigraphy can also be divided into eight stages to reflect a specific climatic regime. Forty-seven radiocarbon dates were obtained and thoroughly ground the chronological sequence of Gatecliff Rockshelter.
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715:
Bennyhoff, J. A. and Hughes, R. E. (1983). “Chapter 13 – Material Culture of Gatecliff Shelter: Shell Beads and Ornaments.” The Archaeology of Monitor Valley: 2. Gatecliff. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 59(1):
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sequence at Gatecliff Rockshelter. The lack of erosion and episodic deposits of sediments due to water provided a well-defined and intact cultural sequence that could be applied to the Great Basin area. The deposits consisted of 56 geological
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Thomas, D. H. and Bierwirth, S. L. (1983). “Chapter 9 – Material Culture of Gatecliff Shelter: Projectile Points.” The Archaeology of Monitor Valley: 2. Gatecliff. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 59(1):
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Thomas, David H. et al. (1983). “Chapter 10 – Material Culture of Gatecliff Shelter: Additional Stone Tools.” The Archaeology of Monitor Valley: 2. Gatecliff. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 59(1):
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In Gatecliff Rockshelter, the excavators recovered over 51,000 animal bones. Donald K. Grayson identified and analyzed approximately 13,000 bones and teeth of small mammals. Due to the nature of the rock shelter and the lack of
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Large mammal remains represent the bulk of the bones found at Gatecliff. Roughly 90% of the bones came from the bighorn sheep, a major prey of high-altitude hunters. Other large mammals include pronghorn, elk, and bison.
725:
Thomas, D. H. (1983). “Chapter 14 – Material Culture of Gatecliff Shelter: Additional Artifacts.” The Archaeology of Monitor Valley: 2. Gatecliff. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 59(1):
608:“Chapter 4 – Geology of Gatecliff Shelter: Sedimentary Facies and Holocene Climate.” The Archaeology of Monitor Valley: 2. Gatecliff. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 59(1):64-87.
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Thomas, T. (1983). “Chapter 11 – Material Culture of Gatecliff Shelter: Incised Stones.” The Archaeology of Monitor Valley: 2. Gatecliff. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 59(1):
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Grayson, D. K. et al. (1983). “Chapter 6 – The Paleontology of Gatecliff Shelter.” The Archaeology of Monitor Valley: 2. Gatecliff. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 59(1):
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364:. Several turquoise mines exist throughout the Monitor Valley which could provide the turquoise source for Gatecliff; Indian Blue Mine is the best known mine located 3 miles south of Toquima Cave.
744:
Thomas, T. (1983). “Chapter 15 – Rock Art of Gatecliff Shelter.” The Archaeology of Monitor Valley: 2. Gatecliff. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 59(1): 310-319.
596:“Chapter 3 – Geology of Gatecliff Shelter: Physical Stratigraphy.” The Archaeology of Monitor Valley: 2. Gatecliff. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 59(1): 39-63.
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Thomas, D. H. (1983). “Chapter 1 – Excavation Strategies.” The Archaeology of Monitor Valley: 2. Gatecliff. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 59(1): 16-28.
409:, firemaking tools, bow fragments, etc.), bone artifacts (bone beads, awls, and tubes), a glass bead (possible trade bead), a few pieces of ceramic sherds, and some incised clay objects.
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1000 B.C., the Elko series from ca. 1300 B.C. – A.D., Rosegate series from ca. A.D. 700- A.D. 1300, and the Desert series from ca. A.D. 1300 – 1850. Other stone tools found include
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Approximately 35 perishable artifacts were recovered in Gatecliff Rockshelter; these include 11 basket fragments and 18 pieces of cordage. The preferred material for cordage is
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On a smaller scale, approximately 500 elements of amphibians and reptiles were recovered. The amphibians and reptiles at the rock shelter include lizards, toads, and snakes.
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area of the western United States that provides remarkable stratigraphy; it has been called the "deepest archaeological rock shelter in the Americas". Located in
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National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form. Name: Gatecliff Rockshelter (26NY301). Form prepared by Charles D. Zeier. December 1978.
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275:. By the end of the first season, the crew had excavated a 7 meter long and 3 meter deep trench. Research continued in 1973 with the sponsorship of the
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After the initial discovery in 1970, Thomas and a crew from the University of California Davis began an extensive, large scale
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In addition, the excavations at Gatecliff Rockshelter recovered 17 shell beads and 4 ornaments. The shells include
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chevrons, circles, and striations. Incised stones have also been considered as a means of dating rock art styles.
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in the Monitor Valley of central Nevada, Gatecliff Rockshelter has an elevation of 7,750 feet (2,360 m).
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motifs account for 11 percent of the images, handprints 9 percent, and bisected chevrons 7 present.
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Gibbon, Guy E. et al. (1998). Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia. Pp. 538.
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Thomas, David H. and Robert L. Kelly. (2013). Archaeology. 6th edition. pp 38-90.
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MaManamon, Francis P. (2009). Archaeology in America: An encycolopedia. Pp. 286.
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Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain World Heritage Site
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Additional artifacts found at Gatecliff Rockshelter include wooden artifacts (
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Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Nevada
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Archaeological site in the Great Basin area of the western United States
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Nevada–California Power Company Substation and Auxiliary Power Building
469:"David Hurst Thomas". American Museum of Natural History. www.amnh.org.
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The decade of excavations from 1970 to 1978 exposed a remarkable
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The archaeological site Gatecliff Rockshelter is named after the
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399:
4849:
4173:
3625:
2779:
2461:
Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin World Heritage Site
1187:
1125:
782:
1794:
Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura World Heritage Site
5259:
National Register of Historic Places in Nye County, Nevada
360:, palettes (small grinding stones), handstones, and worked
1103:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Nevada
223:
In April 1979, Gatecliff Rockshelter was listed in the
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196:(26NY301) is a major archaeological site in the
1044:Tonopah Extension Mining Company Power Building
1137:
794:
98:
73:
8:
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517:
4859:
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4170:
3635:
3622:
2789:
2776:
1197:
1184:
1152:Prehistoric cave sites, rock shelters and
1144:
1130:
1122:
954:Jim Butler Mining Company Stone Row Houses
801:
787:
779:
604:
602:
571:
569:
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216:In August 1974, a short-film was created:
51:
1064:Uri B. Curtis House–Tasker L. Oddie House
1039:Tonopah Volunteer Firehouse and Gymnasium
620:
618:
616:
614:
40:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
3919:Cradle of Humankind, World Heritage Site
438:
218:Gatecliff: American Indian Rock-Shelter
1110:Nevada State Historic Places by county
989:Nye County Mercantile Company Building
447:"National Register Information System"
23:
583:
581:
398:cracherodii. Other materials include
7:
810:National Register of Historic Places
452:National Register of Historic Places
225:National Register of Historic Places
5254:Rock shelters in the United States
277:American Museum of Natural History
14:
2307:Mala Balanica and Velika Balanica
1470:Vézère Valley World Heritage Site
1265:Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes
1074:Water Company of Tonopah Building
1014:Stone Jail Building and Row House
97:
90:
72:
65:
1019:Tonopah Liquor Company Building
889:Charles Clinton Stone Row House
422:important images include human
1069:Verdi Lumber Company Buildings
1024:Tonopah Mining Company Cottage
379:sp. for baskets. According to
248:Gatecliff Formation, in which
172:
1:
854:Board and Batten Miners Cabin
106:Show map of the United States
1029:Tonopah Mining Company House
1009:State Bank and Trust Company
21:United States historic place
2495:Other caves with decoration
1577:Other caves with decoration
1499:Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil
1175:Caves containing pictograms
1054:US Post Office–Tonopah Main
884:Campbell and Kelly Building
5280:
2479:Other World Heritage Sites
1566:Other World Heritage Sites
1165:Paleoanthropological sites
894:Combellack Adobe Row House
5215:
4858:
4845:
4186:
4169:
3634:
3621:
2788:
2775:
1196:
1183:
1160:
1097:
824:
762:January 17, 2013, at the
757:Gatecliff Shelter, Nevada
426:and linear arrangements.
252:occurs. It is made up of
171:NRHP reference
59:
50:
46:
37:
30:
26:
5143:Northern Mariana Islands
1079:Wieland Brewery Building
929:George A. Bartlett House
899:Dr. J.R. Masterson House
879:Cal Shaw Stone Row House
849:Board and Batten Cottage
844:Berlin Historic District
3667:Manyana Rock Paintings
1718:La Chapelle-aux-Saints
1034:Tonopah Public Library
994:Samuel C. Dunham House
964:Judge W.A. Sawle House
774:Life in a rock shelter
147:39.00694°N 116.77861°W
4230:Actun Tunichil Muknal
1084:William H. Berg House
1004:St. Marks P.E. Church
984:Nye County Courthouse
949:James Wild Horse Trap
944:Irving McDonald House
924:Gatecliff Rockshelter
874:Cal Shaw Adobe Duplex
829:Arthur Raycraft House
457:National Park Service
293:Horizontal excavation
194:Gatecliff Rockshelter
32:Gatecliff Rockshelter
3804:Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa
2744:Red Lady of Paviland
1636:Mayrières supérieure
959:John Gregovich House
388:Olivella (gastropod)
338:taphonomic knowledge
152:39.00694; -116.77861
4619:Colorado Millennial
3257:Shiraho Saonetabaru
2061:Bukuroshja e Fjetur
1059:Uri B. Curtis House
1049:Tybo Charcoal Kilns
939:Hugh H. Brown House
934:H.A. McKim Building
909:E. R. Shields House
904:E. E. Burdick House
859:Brann Boardinghouse
769:Gatecliff Formation
284:Vertical excavation
143: /
4437:Dominican Republic
4198:Cueva de las Manos
3094:Huto and Kamarband
2504:Barranc del Migdia
2390:Caves in Cantabria
1814:Hohlenstein-Stadel
1621:Grotte de Gabillou
1606:La Chaire a Calvin
919:Frank Golden Block
869:Cada C. Boak House
210:David Hurst Thomas
81:Show map of Nevada
5241:
5240:
5211:
5210:
5207:
5206:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4354:Piedras del Tunjo
4286:Toca da Tira Peia
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2407:Hornos de la Peña
1119:
1118:
1089:Zeb Kendall House
459:. April 15, 2008.
394:cracherodii, and
381:James M. Adovasio
373:Artemisia (genus)
315:with 16 cultural
191:
190:
5271:
5160:Papua New Guinea
4860:
4847:
4799:Stanfield-Worley
4774:Rockhouse Cliffs
4188:
4171:
4039:Howieson's Poort
3736:Enkapune Ya Muto
3636:
3623:
3089:Eshkaft-e Siahoo
2790:
2777:
2544:Peñas de Cabrera
1844:Kleine Feldhofer
1804:Geissenklösterle
1656:Roc-aux-Sorciers
1198:
1185:
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969:Manhattan School
864:Brokers Exchange
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351:Material culture
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4970:Mackintosh 90/1
4890:Beginner's Luck
4854:
4833:
4649:Dutchess Quarry
4589:Arnold Research
4577:
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4520:
4464:
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4414:
4373:
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4240:Midnight Terror
4218:
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4182:
4157:
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3865:
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3819:Kelif el Boroud
3782:
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2524:los Murciélagos
2472:Roca dels Moros
2368:
2337:
2311:
2280:
2251:Chertovy Vorota
2234:
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2152:
2131:
2115:
2103:North Macedonia
2097:
2081:
2065:
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1968:
1947:
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1782:
1545:Abri du Poisson
1510:Les Combarelles
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1283:Trou de l'Abîme
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764:Wayback Machine
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4885:Beeton Shelter
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4557:T'uqu T'uquyuq
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4059:Pinnacle Point
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3861:The White Lady
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3410:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3382:Khoit Tsenkher
3378:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
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3327:
3322:
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3310:
3309:
3307:
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3295:
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3289:
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3279:
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3259:
3254:
3249:
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3228:
3226:
3222:
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3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
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3147:
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3141:
3140:
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3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3119:
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3019:
3014:
3009:
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2999:
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2773:
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2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2694:Creswell Crags
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2674:Aveline's Hole
2670:
2668:
2667:United Kingdom
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2616:Santa Catalina
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2562:
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2516:
2511:
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2446:
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2436:
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2424:
2421:
2418:
2411:Monte Castillo
2408:
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2400:
2397:
2387:
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2376:
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2325:
2319:
2317:
2313:
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2310:
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2304:
2299:
2294:
2292:Hadži-Prodan's
2288:
2286:
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2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
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2240:
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2222:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2205:
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2196:
2191:
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2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
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2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2066:
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2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
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2014:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1953:
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1948:
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1568:
1562:
1561:
1556:
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1546:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1529:Laugerie-Haute
1527:
1525:Laugerie-Basse
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1506:Abri Chadourne
1504:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1478:
1475:
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1444:
1443:
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1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1406:Czech Republic
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1376:Romuald's Cave
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1345:
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1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
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1234:
1233:
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1170:Cave paintings
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1154:cave paintings
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751:External links
749:
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424:anthropomorphs
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187:April 27, 1979
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120:Austin, Nevada
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5229:
5228:Cave painting
5226:
5224:
5223:List of caves
5221:
5218:
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5104:New Caledonia
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5010:New Guinea II
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4985:Mannalargenna
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4754:On Your Knees
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4679:Hidden Valley
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4582:United States
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4501:Guilá Naquitz
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4486:Dzibilchaltún
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4266:Pedra Pintada
4264:
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4180:South America
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4044:Klasies River
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4019:Byneskranskop
4017:
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3778:Uan Muhuggiag
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3340:Ras Baalbek I
3338:
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3176:Nahal Me'arot
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2759:Windmill Hill
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2704:Heathery Burn
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2439:Tito Bustillo
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2420:Las Chimeneas
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2246:Akhshtyrskaya
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2194:Pego do Diabo
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2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:Arene Candide
1983:
1981:
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1872:Devil's Tower
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1646:Pair-non-Pair
1644:
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1634:
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1631:Le Mas-d'Azil
1629:
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1607:
1604:
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1581:Arcy-sur-Cure
1579:
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1572:
1569:
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1520:Font-de-Gaume
1518:
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1513:
1511:
1508:
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1502:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1488:Abri Castanet
1487:
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1485:Castel Merle
1484:
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947:
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942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
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922:
920:
917:
915:
914:Frame Cottage
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
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890:
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885:
882:
880:
877:
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870:
867:
865:
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860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
834:Bass Building
832:
830:
827:
826:
823:
819:
815:
811:
804:
799:
797:
792:
790:
785:
784:
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767:
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761:
758:
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750:
741:
739:
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733:
729:
722:
719:
712:
710:
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695:
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689:
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667:
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661:
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635:
633:
631:
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621:
619:
617:
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611:
605:
603:
599:
593:
590:
584:
582:
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568:
566:
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560:
558:
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530:
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520:
518:
514:
508:
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484:
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466:
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458:
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410:
408:
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401:
397:
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363:
359:
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339:
330:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
308:stratigraphic
301:
299:
292:
290:
283:
281:
278:
274:
266:
264:
262:
259:
255:
251:
247:
239:
237:
230:
228:
226:
221:
219:
214:
211:
207:
206:Toquima Range
203:
199:
195:
186:
184:Added to NRHP
182:
179:
176:
169:
165:
161:
156:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
93:
68:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
29:
25:
19:
5035:Wargata Mina
4995:Murrawijinie
4930:Eagles Reach
4925:Devil's Lair
4829:Wilson Butte
4663:
4614:Cherry Creek
4604:Bull Thistle
4349:Chiribiquete
4307:Charlie Lake
4235:Barton Creek
4049:Melkhoutboom
3989:Sterkfontein
3979:Plovers Lake
3912:South Africa
3814:Jebel Irhoud
3799:Ifri N'Ammar
3534:Turkmenistan
3499:Hunugalagala
3283:Iraq ed-Dubb
3048:Jeriji Saléh
2709:High Pasture
2266:Shulgan-Tash
2189:Pedra Furada
2010:
1849:Lichtenstein
1839:Brillenhöhle
1768:Le Regourdou
1728:La Ferrassie
1723:Combe Grenal
1666:Trois Frères
1601:Fontéchevade
1554:La Madeleine
1208:Drachenhöhle
1108:
1101:
999:Sedan Crater
974:Mizpah Hotel
923:
721:
592:
465:
450:
441:
416:
404:
385:
370:
366:
354:
346:
342:
334:
331:Paleontology
325:Mount Mazama
305:
302:Stratigraphy
296:
287:
270:
250:rock shelter
243:
234:
222:
217:
215:
193:
192:
116:Nearest city
18:
5121:New Zealand
4945:Gwion Gwion
4814:Trail Creek
4739:Meadowcroft
4699:Last Supper
4629:Daugherty's
4491:Las Flechas
4276:Rei do Mato
4000:Other caves
3984:Rising Star
3959:Makapansgat
3924:Bolt's Farm
3741:Njoro River
3584:Teshik-Tash
3579:Obi-Rakhmat
3563:Yarımburgaz
3463:Lapuz Lapuz
3441:Philippines
3350:Nachcharini
3345:Ras El Kelb
3304:Tam Pa Ling
3299:Tham An Mah
3181:Nahal Hemar
2929:Zhoukoudian
2904:Guanyindong
2878:Laang Spean
2800:Darra-e Kur
2793:Afghanistan
2739:Portbraddon
2729:Marble Arch
2642:Wildkirchli
2630:Switzerland
2566:Other caves
2539:Ojo Guareña
2519:Maltravieso
2514:Los Casares
2489:Siega Verde
2454:Los Aviones
2449:Santimamiñe
2423:Las Monedas
2416:El Castillo
2323:Čertova pec
2271:Mezmaiskaya
2179:Lagar Velho
2111:Cocev Kamen
1990:Balzi Rossi
1830:Other caves
1819:Sirgenstein
1748:Le Moustier
1738:Fontbrégoua
1698:Bonne-Femme
1678:Other caves
1397:Aetokremnos
1340:Utroba Cave
1246:Claminforge
1243:Belle-Roche
402:and stone.
202:Mill Canyon
198:Great Basin
150: /
138:116°46′43″W
126:Coordinates
5248:Categories
5233:Speleology
5050:Wellington
5005:Naracoorte
4990:Mudgegonga
4975:Madjedbebe
4940:Gabarnmung
4880:Ballawinne
4870:Abrakurrie
4769:Pictograph
4547:Qillqatani
4542:Pikimachay
4537:Guitarrero
4532:Chivateros
4511:Oxtotitlán
4364:Tequendama
4074:Wonderwerk
4054:Nelson Bay
4034:Elands Bay
3994:Swartkrans
3939:Gladysvale
3886:Somaliland
3833:Mozambique
3773:Haua Fteah
3572:Uzbekistan
3237:Minatogawa
3232:Kosegasawa
3186:Nahal Oren
3130:Hazar Merd
3099:Qaleh Bozi
3084:Do-Ashkaft
2981:Satsurblia
2948:East Timor
2825:Azerbaijan
2714:Kendrick's
2679:Bontnewydd
2601:Don Gaspar
2554:Praileaitz
2509:Las Caldas
2427:La Pasiega
2354:Divje Babe
2276:Okladnikov
2261:Ignatievka
2184:Pala Pinta
2093:Għar Dalam
2070:Luxembourg
2045:St Brelade
2027:Villabruna
1938:Stravomyti
1928:Megalakkos
1913:Eileithyia
1898:Alepotrypa
1809:Hohle Fels
1695:Balauzière
1651:Pech Merle
1559:Rouffignac
1533:La Micoque
1515:Cro-Magnon
1474:Bara Bahau
1418:Býčí skála
1366:Vela Spila
1325:Devetashka
1320:Bacho Kiro
814:Nye County
434:References
273:excavation
267:Excavation
5199:Nanumanga
5183:Falemauga
5094:Makauwahi
4863:Australia
4819:Trinchera
4694:La Grange
4664:Gatecliff
4659:Franktown
4654:Fort Rock
4634:Dry Creek
4552:Toquepala
4516:Sac Actun
4506:Ox Bel Ha
4496:Frightful
4481:Coxcatlan
4460:Long Mile
4214:Quadiriki
4191:Argentina
4029:Diepkloof
4014:Boomplaas
3969:Minnaar's
3954:Kromdraai
3903:Laas Geel
3898:Dhaymoole
3893:Dhambalin
3856:Apollo 11
3757:Liphofung
3683:Shum Laka
3646:Gueldaman
3600:Con Moong
3477:Sri Lanka
3424:Palestine
3398:Padah-Lin
3335:Ksar Akil
3267:Yamashita
3252:Pinza-Abu
3058:Pettakere
3053:Liang Bua
3036:Indonesia
3022:Pahargarh
3007:Bhimbetka
2965:Lene Hara
2955:Jerimalai
2934:Zengpiyan
2924:Yuchanyan
2724:Long Hole
2621:del Valle
2596:dels Bous
2549:la Pileta
2484:Atapuerca
2399:Covalanas
2297:Pešturina
2225:Muierilor
2215:Coliboaia
2127:Svarthola
1943:Theopetra
1933:Petralona
1918:Franchthi
1908:Asphendou
1864:Gibraltar
1834:Baumann's
1824:Vogelherd
1799:Bockstein
1778:Vallonnet
1773:Rochereil
1763:Raymonden
1753:Noisetier
1705:Bruniquel
1626:Marsoulas
1616:Lombrives
1611:La Marche
1537:La Mouthe
1503:Abri Audi
1481:Cap Blanc
1423:Koněprusy
1413:Amatérská
1381:Veternica
1330:Kozarnika
1304:Ledenjača
1228:Tischofer
1218:Lurgrotte
362:turquoise
231:Discovery
135:39°0′25″N
5040:Warratyi
5025:Tarragal
5015:Nunamira
5000:Murujuga
4965:Kutikina
4960:Koonalda
4955:Koongine
4915:Cliefden
4910:Cave Bay
4809:Tomaquag
4794:Sisyphus
4724:Mantle's
4714:Lovelock
4709:LoDaisKa
4689:Humboldt
4573:Werehpai
4566:Suriname
4476:Chan Hol
4395:Centella
4385:Ambrosio
4337:Colombia
4302:Bluefish
4146:Zimbabwe
4083:Tanzania
4069:Stadsaal
3974:Motsetsi
3944:Gondolin
3934:Drimolen
3929:Cooper's
3824:Taforalt
3794:Hercules
3720:Swimmers
3692:DR Congo
3676:Cameroon
3655:Botswana
3525:Tham Lod
3515:Pha Taem
3508:Thailand
3489:Belilena
3407:Pakistan
3375:Mongolia
3359:Malaysia
3320:Antelias
3262:Tobayama
3216:Zuttiyeh
3135:Shanidar
2997:Ambadevi
2914:Tianyuan
2894:Baishiya
2871:Cambodia
2611:El Mirón
2606:Guanches
2581:Armintxe
2499:Bacinete
2444:Altxerri
2433:El Pendo
2403:La Garma
2385:Altamira
2342:Slovenia
2333:Jasovská
2316:Slovakia
2302:Risovača
2256:Denisova
2220:Cuciulat
2174:Furninha
2169:Escoural
2157:Portugal
2148:Paradise
2143:Obłazowa
2077:Loschbur
2017:Paglicci
2000:Corbeddu
1882:Vanguard
1877:Gorham's
1758:La Quina
1701:Bouillon
1688:Aurignac
1492:Reverdit
1477:Bernifal
1356:Grapčeva
1313:Bulgaria
1273:Scladina
1260:Naulette
1223:Salzofen
760:Archived
726:197-309.
716:290-298.
703:279-289.
686:246-278.
671:212-245.
658:177-211.
419:rock art
413:Rock art
396:Haliotis
392:Haliotis
317:horizons
258:dolomite
246:Silurian
178:79001464
5151:Chugai'
5133:Ruakuri
5068:Gadao's
5045:Warreen
4980:Mammoth
4950:Jenolan
4895:Blanche
4875:Acheron
4852:Oceania
4824:Ventana
4804:Tainter
4779:Russell
4764:Pendejo
4759:Paisley
4719:Mammoth
4639:Durango
4599:Bonfire
4453:Jamaica
4420:Curaçao
4359:Sáchica
4344:El Abra
4328:Milodón
4271:Peruaçu
4261:Maquiné
4153:Bambata
4132:Kalemba
4004:Blombos
3949:Haasgat
3870:Nigeria
3849:Namibia
3787:Morocco
3750:Lesotho
3662:Tsodilo
3639:Algeria
3593:Vietnam
3553:Belbaşı
3539:Dzhebel
3494:Fa Hien
3453:Kalanay
3414:Sanghao
3391:Myanmar
3330:Kaukaba
3313:Lebanon
3201:Raqefet
3171:Misliya
3156:HaYonim
3104:Warwasi
3079:Darband
3074:Bisitun
3043:Harimau
3017:Gudiyam
3012:Edakkal
2974:Georgia
2919:Xianren
2847:Damjili
2842:Buzeyir
2816:Areni-1
2809:Armenia
2734:Oldbury
2699:Gough's
2684:Cathole
2658:Verteba
2651:Ukraine
2208:Romania
2199:Salemas
2164:Aroeira
1995:Cavallo
1980:Addaura
1959:Baradla
1952:Hungary
1903:Apidima
1787:Germany
1743:Lazaret
1671:Villars
1591:Cosquer
1571:Chauvet
1549:Lascaux
1447:Finland
1371:Vindija
1361:Krapina
1349:Croatia
1269:Ramioul
1237:Belgium
1213:Gudenus
1201:Austria
839:Belmont
645:99-135.
358:metates
204:of the
5192:Tuvalu
5128:Moncks
5112:Pindai
5087:Hawaii
5078:Talagi
5073:Mahlac
4935:Fossil
4920:Cloggs
4905:Burrup
4784:Sandia
4729:Marmes
4674:Hidden
4669:Graham
4624:Danger
4609:Burnet
4469:Mexico
4444:Pomier
4405:Patana
4390:Calero
4369:Tibitó
4295:Canada
4256:Gentio
4249:Brazil
4223:Belize
4137:Mumbwa
4125:Zambia
4109:Uganda
4090:Kondoa
4064:Sibudu
4009:Border
3964:Malapa
3840:Ngalue
3715:Beasts
3699:Matupi
3628:Africa
3558:Karain
3546:Turkey
3520:Spirit
3458:Minori
3448:Callao
3432:Shuqba
3276:Jordan
3247:Ōzakai
3242:Muroya
3191:Qafzeh
3161:Kebara
3144:Israel
3114:Yafteh
3109:Wezmeh
2939:Zhiren
2852:Tağlar
2754:Thor's
2689:Coygan
2637:Bichon
2591:Bedmar
2559:Sidrón
2395:Chufín
2328:Domica
2285:Serbia
2239:Russia
2136:Poland
2120:Norway
2054:Kosovo
2037:Jersey
2022:Romito
1964:Szelim
1923:Kleidi
1891:Greece
1596:Cussac
1586:Gargas
1541:Pataud
1463:France
1433:Mladeč
1390:Cyprus
1335:Magura
1299:Badanj
1292:Bosnia
1190:Europe
818:Nevada
428:Cupule
321:tephra
313:strata
261:strata
240:Naming
5176:Samoa
5030:Ubirr
5020:ORS 7
4789:Shoup
4749:Mummy
4744:Modoc
4734:Martz
4684:Hogup
4594:Baker
4410:Pluma
4316:Chile
4281:Santo
4207:Aruba
4176:North
4116:Nyero
4100:Mumba
4024:Cango
3766:Libya
3729:Kenya
3708:Egypt
3605:Ngườm
3468:Tabon
3325:Jeita
3225:Japan
3211:Tabun
3206:Skhul
3196:Qesem
3166:Manot
3027:Tikla
3002:Belum
2990:India
2960:Laili
2909:Luobi
2899:Fuyan
2887:China
2862:Gazma
2837:Azykh
2832:Allar
2719:Kents
2586:Axlor
2576:Antón
2571:Ángel
2529:Nerja
2467:Araña
2373:Spain
2364:Potok
2359:Pekel
2349:Betal
2086:Malta
2011:Felci
1973:Italy
1854:Ofnet
1714:Cauna
1710:Calès
1683:Arago
1661:Renne
1641:Niaux
1438:Šipka
1428:Kůlna
1255:Goyet
1250:Engis
377:Salix
323:from
254:chert
163:Built
5219:Cave
5167:Kilu
5060:Guam
4900:Bone
4704:Levi
4644:Dust
4525:Peru
4428:Hato
4400:Cura
4378:Cuba
4323:Fell
4178:and
4095:Bahi
3366:Niah
3292:Laos
3151:Amud
3123:Iraq
3067:Iran
2782:Asia
2749:Sand
2534:Niño
2230:Oase
2005:Deer
1733:Fées
1454:Wolf
417:The
400:mica
375:and
256:and
166:6000
3877:Rop
2857:Zar
1692:Azé
1278:Spy
812:in
173:No.
5250::
816:,
731:^
708:^
691:^
676:^
663:^
650:^
629:^
613:^
601:^
580:^
556:^
516:^
474:^
455:.
449:.
390:,
263:.
227:.
220:.
2463:)
1145:e
1138:t
1131:v
802:e
795:t
788:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
