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226:) is a species of butterfly found across Europe. Given its preference for warmer weather, the restriction of range expansion can be assumed to be due to climate. Colonies vary in size depending on the available habitat, and can range from a few dozen to several thousand butterflies. Named for its rigorous patrol of hedges and woodland rides, the gatekeeper butterfly is a prime pollinator.
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be significantly shorter close to the edge of the range, suggesting that the extension of flight period and expansion of range are likely to be related. However, the mean flight date and length of flight period are not related. Larger individuals have been found to cover longer distances, and this recent expansion of the gatekeeper may explain the larger size of recent populations.
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actively seek out a mate. Copulation lasts about an hour, during which the butterflies remain stationary with their wings closed. Females lay between 100 and 200 eggs, usually in the shade or at random by ejecting eggs into the air. Initially, larvae are yellow, but soon develop brown patches and continue to darken as they develop within the egg. Eggs hatch after about 14 days.
246:; the two species can be difficult to distinguish with closed wings, since the underwing markings are very similar. However, the gatekeeper tends to rest with its wings open, whereas the meadow brown usually rests with its wings closed. The gatekeeper is also smaller and more orange than the meadow brown and has double pupils on its
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As a result of recent expansion, the gatekeeper is found in a wide variety of habitats. Some of the largest colonies can be found in scrubby grassland, woodland rides, country lanes, hedgerows, and other similar conditions within its range. This has led to a greater degree of genetic diversity in the
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was common in southern
Britain, but sparse in the north. In fact, the population contracted before re-expanding beginning in the 1940s. Over the past three decades, the flight range of the gatekeeper has extended northwards in Britain. Furthermore, the length of the flight period has been observed to
771:
One generation of gatekeeper butterflies occurs each year, with adults emerging in July and peaking in early August, and only a few adults remain at the end of the month. No specific courtship ritual is known, but the male scent spots most likely play a role. Males set up small territories and
308:
The gatekeeper is orange with two large brown spots on its wings and a brown pattern on the edge of its wings. The eyespots on the fore wings most likely reduce bird attacks, therefore the gatekeeper is often seen resting with its wings open. A large number of aberrant forms are known, such as
727:
showed faster wing damage as a result of their increased activity, and these results showed that activity levels do not necessarily correlate with mobility. Their low mobility may also explain why they can be very abundant at one site, but not at a similar habitat only a few kilometres away.
432:. This is most likely for courtship purposes. Androconia have evolved through sexual selection for the purpose of releasing pheromones for attracting mates. Little is known about how androconia actually function during courtship, and the chemical composition of the pheromones is unknown.
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The gatekeeper butterfly tends to rest on vegetation during overcast or hazy sunshine conditions. During sunny weather, it flies from flower to flower gathering nectar. The gatekeeper is a relatively active butterfly, but not very mobile, as seen when comparing it to a similar species,
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population size has been gathered from the UK Butterfly
Monitoring Scheme, which has recorded changes of abundance for 71 species between Britain and Ireland since 1976 through visits to more than 1,500 monitoring sites.
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in 1771, is not found in the
British Isles. Instead, this subspecies is seen in central and southern Europe except southern Italy and in the Mediterranean islands except for southern Corsica and Sardinia.
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Weather has been found to have a significant influence on population size. Warm, dry summers tend to result in the biggest increase in gatekeeper population. This weather trend may explain why
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species, meaning the males emerge before the females. As a result, females usually only mate once, so they have more time available for resting, nectar feeding, host plant selection, and
763:, with weather being a potential explanation. Based on these findings on the impact of climate, their abundance is expected to become 50% greater by 2080 given a large climate change.
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Roy, D.B.; P. Rothery; D. Moss; E. Pollard; J.A. Thomas (2001). "Butterfly numbers and weather: predicting historical trends in abundance and the future effects of climate change".
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Females typically have more spots than males. Males have more costally placed eyespots, compared to the females, whose eyespots are more spread over the wing margin.
723:. Mobility in butterflies refers to the distance covered from flying, while activity refers to how often they are in flight. In an experiment assessing wing damage,
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474:, which are seen in more limited habitats. However, the contraction of abundance in the early 20th century has limited the potential of this genetic diversity, as
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Merckx, Thomas; Hans Van Dyck (July 2002). "Interrelations among habitat use, behavior, and flight-related morphology in two cooccurring satyrine butterflies,
759:. Weather as a cause for changes in relative abundance has been supported in other ways, as well. Changes have also been synchronous between species including
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of meadow margins and hedges; field gates are often in such locations, thus the gatekeeper can be found much more frequently in such locations than the
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Pollard, E. (February 1991). "Synchrony of
Population Fluctuations: The Dominant Influence of Widespread Factors on Local Butterfly Populations".
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313:, where specimens have two to four extra spots on the fore wing upperside. The number of spots on the hind wing underside also varies.
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Pollard, E.; D. Moss; T.J. Yates (February 1995). "Population Trends of Common
British Butterflies at Monitored Sites".
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1623:
1110:"Genetic diversity in butterflies: interactive effects of habitat fragmentation and climate-driven range expansion"
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numbers have been low in northern
Britain because of the cooler summers and that range expansion has resulted from
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86:
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The male has a dark patch on the upper side of the fore wing that contains scent-producing scales known as the
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is a characteristic field-margin species; it feeds on grasses as larvae and nectar as adults. The
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Figs 2, 2a larva after 2nd moult 2b, 2d larva after 3rd moult 2c 2e larva after 4th moult 2f pupa
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Males fly more and are generally more active by spending most of their time locating mates.
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Pollard, E. (October 1991). "Changes in the flight period of the hedge brown butterfly
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either hanging upside down or lying in grass. The adults are often found around
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and the shallow flowers of the blackberry provide an excellent nectar source.
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Hill, Jane K.; Clare L. Hughes; Calvin Dytham; Jeremy B. Searle (March 2006).
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536:
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Pollard, E. (December 1988). "Temperature, Rainfall, and
Butterfly Numbers".
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As indicated by its alternate name, the gatekeeper butterfly prefers the
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1027:"A survey of androconial organs in the Riodinidae (Lepidoptera)"
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are found in southern Europe, the southern gatekeeper (
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1184:"Butterflies of Britain and Europe - Gatekeeper"
509:all feed on grasses, such as rough meadowgrass (
468:gatekeeper compared to other species, such as
287:in 1915, is represented in the British Isles.
1025:Hall, Jason P. W.; Harvey, Donald J. (2002).
852:"Gatekeeper (Pyronia tithonus) - Butterflies"
8:
1158:"The UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (UKBMS)"
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1177:
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482:could have occurred during range changes.
64:
31:
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1031:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
883:. Butterfly Conservation. Archived from
539:plants. The adult butterfly has a short
527:); they are usually green or brown. The
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455:Recent expansion and genetic diversity
932:. Satyrinae of the Western Palearctic
7:
1513:e2b0fb24-262a-4a36-9749-07c1377aef76
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1372:Satyrinae of the Western Palearctic
930:"Pyronia tithonus (Linnaeus, 1771)"
563:The primary larval food plants are
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1355:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2001.00480.x
1044:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00003.x
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234:It is a member of the subfamily
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45:
795:. Harrison House. p. 213.
485:Much of the data on changes in
263:) and the Spanish gatekeeper (
230:Similar species and subspecies
1:
1673:Butterflies described in 1758
908:"UK Butterflies - Gatekeeper"
829:"UK Butterflies - Gatekeeper"
253:Two other similar species of
1160:. Biological Records Centre
459:Early in the 20th century,
242:. A similar species is the
1699:
1249:Journal of Applied Ecology
1206:Journal of Applied Ecology
992:Journal of Insect Behavior
275:has two known subspecies.
1335:Journal of Animal Ecology
1064:Journal of Animal Ecology
1062:during range expansion".
603:Adults feed primarily on
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82:Scientific classification
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72:
63:
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792:Butterflies of the World
515:), smooth meadow grass (
1004:10.1023/a:1016385301634
521:), and sheep's fescue (
1126:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0401
708:
555:
389:six spots on hind wing
1678:Butterflies of Europe
706:
641:Eupatorium cannabinum
633:Pulicaria dysenterica
549:
1508:Fauna Europaea (new)
789:H. L. Lewis (1987).
621:devil's-bit scabious
27:Species of butterfly
18:Gatekeeper butterfly
1347:2001JAnEc..70..201R
1304:1991Oikos..60....7P
1261:1995JApEc..32....9P
1218:1988JApEc..25..819P
1076:1991JAnEc..60..737P
954:. Peter Eeles. 2016
304:Physical appearance
881:A-Z of butterflies
747:Weather influences
709:
559:Larval food plants
556:
1660:
1659:
1645:Open Tree of Life
1388:Taxon identifiers
1182:Hoskins, Adrian.
850:Trust, Woodland.
802:978-0-517-48165-3
665:Trifolium patense
657:Jacobaea vulgaris
649:Ligustrum vulgare
625:Succisa pratensis
424:Sexual dimorphism
266:P. bathsheba
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16:(Redirected from
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753:P. tithonus
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725:P. tithonus
617:Carlina vulgaris
609:Rubus fruticosus
595:) is also used.
487:P. tithonus
461:P. tithonus
451:, for example.
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1366:External links
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906:Eeles, Peter.
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887:on 11 May 2012
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856:Woodland Trust
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827:Eeles, Peter.
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885:the original
880:
877:"Gatekeeper"
870:
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791:
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449:meadow brown
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244:meadow brown
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1534:iNaturalist
1298:(1): 7–10.
1255:(1): 9–16.
831:. Webifield
741:oviposition
737:protandrous
645:wild privet
499:P. tithonus
476:bottlenecks
415:aberration
273:P. tithonus
240:Nymphalidae
218:hedge brown
149:Nymphalidae
139:Lepidoptera
75:Oxfordshire
35:Gatekeeper
1667:Categories
1598:PyroTithon
910:. Webified
861:2024-04-10
776:References
689:water mint
679:species),
661:red clover
587:species).
571:species),
537:blackberry
430:androconia
289:P. t.
281:britanniae
277:P. t.
214:gatekeeper
119:Arthropoda
1189:3 October
1164:3 October
958:August 1,
936:3 October
914:3 October
835:3 October
699:Behaviour
583:(various
575:(various
567:(various
541:proboscis
533:chrysalis
507:Satyrinae
236:Satyrinae
167:Species:
105:Kingdom:
99:Eukaryota
1595:MaBENA:
1573:LepIndex
1552:10260794
1419:BioLib:
1411:Q1668437
1405:Wikidata
1144:17148351
1012:19275960
891:8 August
712:Activity
669:thistles
629:fleabane
569:Agrostis
293:tithonus
248:eyespots
199:Linnaeus
145:Family:
115:Phylum:
109:Animalia
95:Domain:
73:Both in
1683:Pyronia
1526:5137458
1376:Archive
1343:Bibcode
1320:3544985
1300:Bibcode
1277:2404411
1257:Bibcode
1234:2403748
1214:Bibcode
1135:1617171
1072:Bibcode
687:), and
677:Carduus
673:Cirsium
653:ragwort
611:agg.),
605:bramble
577:Festuca
573:fescues
505:of the
445:habitat
417:excessa
311:excessa
255:Pyronia
160:Pyronia
155:Genus:
135:Order:
129:Insecta
125:Class:
1650:761559
1624:111938
1578:144510
1565:174270
1500:441312
1474:PYNITI
1461:135902
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875:Anon.
799:
552:instar
550:First-
503:larvae
413:Female
401:Female
349:Female
1585:LoB:
1547:IRMNG
1539:62429
1487:90686
1482:EUNIS
1448:4QV59
1435:29381
1422:51675
1316:JSTOR
1292:Oikos
1273:JSTOR
1251:. 1.
1230:JSTOR
1208:. 3.
1088:JSTOR
1066:. 3.
1008:S2CID
994:. 4.
735:is a
681:thyme
565:bents
554:larva
529:pupae
291:ssp.
279:ssp.
59:Male
1619:NCBI
1588:4672
1560:IUCN
1521:GBIF
1469:EPPO
1430:BOLD
1191:2013
1166:2013
1140:PMID
1092:5411
986:and
960:2016
938:2013
916:2013
893:2011
837:2013
797:ISBN
675:and
494:Food
375:Male
325:Male
212:The
203:1758
1637:715
1606:NBN
1456:EoL
1443:CoL
1351:doi
1308:doi
1265:doi
1222:doi
1130:PMC
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