612:. Fiore set May 1 as the deadline for removing the Gates of Heaven synagogue, and sold the plot under the synagogue to the David Murdock Development Company, which was to construct a ten-story office building for the Madison Bank and Trust Company. In response to public pressure, Murdock extended the grace period to July 10. Despite broad local support for the preservation efforts, the project faced some opposition. A city council meeting in June was adjourned early, preventing the alders from voting on a contract to move the synagogue. One alderman who voted for the adjournment and opposed the moving project described the synagogue as a "junk pile" and "a waste of taxpayers' money". Ultimately, the City Council approved the move, overruling an objection by a landlord near James Madison Park who complained that the synagogue would be an "eyesore".
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349:, United States, designed by German immigrant architect August Kutzbock and constructed in 1863 for the Gates of Heaven congregation. The congregation that commissioned the synagogue was a group of 17 German-speaking Jewish families that met within the building until financial difficulties obliged them to rent it to numerous tenants from 1879, until finally selling the building in 1916. The synagogue was then sold to a succession of owners, and was at various times a dentist's office, a
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605:(NRHP) as the Old Synagogue. The nomination was received on December 22 and was approved, and thus the synagogue included on the Register, on December 29. At the time, the city's Department of Housing and Development was headed by Sol Levin, who took an interest in the project and was granted the opportunity to supervise the project from then on.
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wall painting and floral designs on the ceiling were discovered, but the budget was not sufficient to restore them. The facade was weather-proofed and repaired, preserving the original sandstone. The restoration of the lower level was funded by the local
American Bicentennial Committee, and the Gates
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To raise money for the synagogue's preservation, Norton and Lois Stoler established the Gates of Heaven
Synagogue Preservation Fund in September and led its fundraising efforts. Supported by Fiore via the donation of Kastenmeier's rent and the Taychopera Foundation, a local historical preservationist
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in 1908. The Jewish congregation sold the synagogue in 1916, providing $ 1,500 ($ 42,000 in 2023) to the city for the perpetual care of the Jewish graves in Forest Hill
Cemetery. The remaining money from the synagogue's sale was distributed to various charitable causes, including the Madison General
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Although the synagogue was mounted on 96 wheels by July 13, the move was delayed by a member of the Park
Commission on July 8, and again on July 10 because of concerns about the synagogue's structural stability. On July 16, 1971, the synagogue was finally rolled through downtown
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The Gates of Heaven congregation never exceeded twenty families, nor was it served by an ordained rabbi. The brother of one of its members, Joseph M. Thuringer, came from
Germany to serve as the congregation's rabbi at its invitation. The fortunes of the congregation declined through the 1870s and
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runs along the top of the side walls, which are topped by a series of chimneys—four on the right side of the building and three on the left. It is not known for certain what the interior looked originally like, but investigation in
January 1971 revealed that the ceiling was painted blue with
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The first wedding in the synagogue in over 100 years took place on August 5, 1972, while restoration work was still ongoing. On August 11, 1996, locals held a celebration of the 25th anniversary of the synagogue's move and subsequent restoration work; over $ 150,000 had been spent on
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The building measures 28 by 51 feet (8.5 m × 15.5 m) and is constructed from sandstone and brick. The primary facade and basement walls comprise the sandstone portions of the building while the other walls are made of brick. The primary facade is
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style, a German variant of
Romanesque Revival architecture. In a 1986 study of historic Jewish structures in the United States, historian Mark W. Gordon identified the Gates of Heaven Synagogue as being among the oldest surviving synagogues in the nation.
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426:, its treasurer and the first Jewish resident of Madison. A commission for the construction of a religious edifice to house the congregation was organized in 1862. The architect the commission selected to design the synagogue building was
529:. The congregation held its last meeting in 1922, after meeting in members' homes for decades. Throughout its existence from 1856 to 1922, the Gates of Heaven congregation kept detailed records of its meetings, which are now held by the
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organization, and the city government, the Fund raised $ 15,715 ($ 118,231 in 2023) in cash donations and at least $ 13,500 ($ 101,566 in 2023) in services and materials, which was bolstered by a $ 29,500 ($ 221,941 in 2023)
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By 1970, the Gates of Heaven synagogue—by then known as the Old
Synagogue—was owned by the Fiore Coal and Oil Company. On July 20, 1970, a permit for the synagogue's demolition was obtained to make way for development.
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After the 1971 move to James
Madison Park, local firm Historic Mineral Point Inc. took over responsibility for restoration of Gates of Heaven. The firm reconstructed the choir loft, which had been removed years earlier.
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restoring the building at that point. Another restoration project was undertaken in 2021, in which windows were replaced, the floor was refinished, and the masonry was repaired and cleaned.
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who began arriving in the area in the 1850s. In March 1856, the seventeen Jewish families then present in
Madison established a synagogue, becoming the second Jewish community in
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In 1970, the synagogue was set to be demolished, but was spared for concerned members of the community to raise money to move the synagogue to a new site. The synagogue was moved to
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attached at its center forms the synagogue's entryway and repeats the general shape of the greater facade with the addition of a flat cap at the top of the gable and
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in July 1971 after a fundraising effort supported by the citizens of Madison, the Taychopera Foundation historical preservation fund, and the federal
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Gates of Heaven is owned and maintained by the Madison Parks Department, and has become a popular space for weddings and other events. It has also hosted
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of Heaven Preservation Committee worked on the upper level. After the building was moved, its lower floor was named the Klauber Hall.
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of the Gates of Heaven Synagogue was finished by April 10, 1863, and was fully finished and consecrated on September 5 by a
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On January 6, 1971, the Madison City Park Commission approved a request to relocate the Gates of Heaven Synagogue to a site in
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2655:"'Some Ceremony Peculiar to Themselves': The Continuation of a European Masonic Ceremony in Nineteenth-Century Wisconsin"
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A Biographical Guide to Forest Hill Cemetery: the Ordinary and Famous Men and Women who Shaped Madison and the World
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Goldsmith, Leslie H. (1977). "German-Jewish and Russian-Jewish Immigration: Assimilation and a Ghetto in Madison".
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Gordon, Mark W. (March 1986). "Rediscovering Jewish Infrastructure: The Legacy of U.S. 19th Century Synagogues".
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on December 29, 1970. It now serves as an event venue, although it continues to host Jewish ceremonies and
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until they sold the building in 1930. Subsequently it was a hotel, a warehouse for government documents during
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1864 illustration of the synagogue and congregational church in their original location on West Washington Ave
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of architecture. In its nomination form for the NRHP, it was described as "reflecting a degree of Victorian
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they began leaving Madison throughout the decade. By 1878, the congregation had shrunk to six members.
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The synagogue was purchased in 1916 by Arthur and George Gil, who used the building for their
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469:, and Kutzbock. Construction of the synagogue cost $ 3000 ($ 74,238 in 2023). Following the
2208:"Meet Hannah Rosenthal, CEO of Milwaukee Jewish Federation and Local 'Mensch on a Mission'"
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Kendrick, Rosemary (June 25, 1971). "Old Synagogue Bound for Park; Council Nods, 18-1".
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1823:
Custer, Frank (July 17, 1971). "Scores Gather to Watch Synagogue Roll Through City".
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University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
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from 1858, which was then refinished and reconfigured to fit into Gates of Heaven.
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movement. In 1859, the congregation bought a plot of land in the newly established
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2817:
From Generation to Generation: the Story of the Madison Jewish Community 1851-1955
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2401:"Neo-Nazis marched in Madison on Saturday. Here's what happened — and what didn't"
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has led the High Holy Day services since the early 1980s, accompanied by musician
2630:"Gates of Heaven, Share Shamayim, the Little Old Synagogue of Madison, Wisconsin"
2607:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Old Synagogue"
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Custer, Frank (July 3, 1971). "Lone Landowner Fails to Block Synagogue Project".
2335:"Swastikas and "Trump Rules" found on plaque outside Madison synagogue building"
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2791:"Century-Old Synagogue Saved Through Teamwork of Madison and Private Company".
544:, a church, a dentist's office, a veterinary clinic, and finally the office of
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Weisiger, Marsha (August 2018). Esperdy, Gabrielle; Kingsley, Karen (eds.).
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Weisiger, Marsha (August 2018). Esperdy, Gabrielle; Kingsley, Karen (eds.).
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411:(translated from Hebrew as "Gates of Heaven"). The synagogue adhered to the
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The first Jewish residents of Madison were German-speaking immigrants from
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and Gates of Heaven. They shouted racial slurs and threats at bystanders.
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in May 1971. Other donors included the Madison Fire Department and
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at the corners. Pilasters divide the sides of the synagogue into three
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62:
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Kalk, Samara (October 9, 2000). "Amid strife, Jews gather to repent".
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List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
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1885 sketch of the building, when it was in use as a Unitarian church
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Synagogues on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Madison, Wisconsin
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2005:"Madison landmark: Celebrating the salvation of Gates of Heaven"
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2460:"Historic Shaare Shomaim Synagogue (Gates of Heaven Synagogue)"
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near the synagogue. On November 18, 2023, members of the
2368:"Neo-Nazi group marches in downtown Madison; leaders respond"
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sucks" were found spray painted on a stone memorializing the
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nominated the Gates of Heaven Synagague for inclusion on the
477:
met for a memorial service at the Gates of Heaven synagogue.
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1146:"In new space, Madison's Shaarei Shamayim comes full circle"
1589:"Gates of Heaven Preservation Gets Construction Firm Boost"
1404:"Madison's First Synagogue: The History of Gates of Heaven"
1347:. Madison, Wisconsin. July 23, 1970. p. 2 – via
1287:. Madison, Wisconsin. July 21, 1970. p. 2 – via
3431:
National Register of Historic Places in Madison, Wisconsin
932:
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Religious buildings and structures in Madison, Wisconsin
1968:"Gates of Heaven Synagogue to be scene of wedding today"
1850:
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silver stars. The Torah ark, dating to 1858, is made of
2433:"Gates of Heaven - Reservable Shelters - Madison Parks"
2366:
Bahl, Allison Garfield and Andrew (November 20, 2023).
1194:"Collection: Gates of Heaven Synagogue (Madison, Wis.)"
953:
951:
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influences and facade ornamentation reminiscent of old
597:. On December 17, 1970, Donald N. Anderson of the
2754:
American Jewish Landmarks: A Travel Guide and History
2495:
1624:"Forster Obstructs City Move to Save Old Synagogue".
1479:
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In 1879, the congregation rented the building to the
1457:"Stolers' Longtime Interest Key to Saving Synagogue"
3320:
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3273:
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2965:
2942:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
2919:
1932:"Old Synagogue Open House to Show Restoration Work"
1553:"Building Plan Casts Doubt On Old Synagogue's Fate"
666:celebrations and other Jewish ceremonies. Diplomat
437:In October 1862, the congregation purchased a
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2684:The Journal of Historic Madison, Inc. Of Wisconsin
1364:"Old Synagogue Is Spared, Possibly for Six Months"
2973:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
2776:. Historic Madison, Inc. 2002. pp. 323–343.
2729:Madison: The Illustrated Sesquicentennial History
1339:"Six-Month Respite Granted to Save Old Synagogue"
171:
1760:. Madison, Wisconsin. July 8, 1971. p. 25.
1030:
1011:
879:
720:in Madison, Wisconsin, at 302 E. Gorham St. The
716:The Gates of Heaven Synagogue is located in the
681:celebrations, and serves as a polling location.
3365:National Register of Historic Places portal
1788:"Frail Synagogue Must Wait a Bit Before Moving"
767:raised above the roof and a circular window. A
2239:"Celebrations touch variety of cultural roots"
1630:. Madison, Wisconsin. June 23, 1971. pp.
704:marched through the downtown, stopping at the
18:Gates of Heaven Synagogue (Madison, Wisconsin)
2897:
1917:
1716:"Parks Commission Calls Meeting on Synagogue"
1529:"HUD Support Is Needed to Save Old Synagogue"
1465:. Madison, Wisconsin. p. 39 – via
972:
688:, swastikas and the words "TRUMP RULES" and "
457:. Attendees at the consecration included the
422:Until 1861, the synagogue met in the home of
8:
3406:20th-century synagogues in the United States
3401:19th-century synagogues in the United States
2146:"New hope enriches Rosh Hashana celebration"
1752:"Harman Moves to Snarl Gates of Heaven Move"
724:describes the synagogue as belonging to the
371:The Gates of Heaven Synagogue is one of the
2772:"Jewish Immigrants and Their Descendants".
684:On September 20, 2017, the day before
591:Department of Housing And Urban Development
366:Department of Housing and Urban Development
3416:German-Jewish culture in the United States
2904:
2890:
2882:
2829:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2757:. Vol. III. Fleet Press Corporation.
1651:
1649:
1513:. January 7, 1971. p. 33 – via
1450:
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1180:
1168:
996:
936:
40:
31:
3456:Tourist attractions in Madison, Wisconsin
2913:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
2751:Postal, Bernard; Koppman, Lionel (1986).
2605:Anderson, Donald N. (December 17, 1970).
2513:"Architecture - A Funny Roll Of the Dice"
2399:Katzenburger, Tyler (November 20, 2023).
1865:
1863:
1397:
1395:
1279:"First Synagogue Here Soon To Be Wrecked"
1248:
1246:
1244:
984:
616:Madison with the aid of two World War II
509:Hospital, relief for Jews in Europe, the
441:at 214 West Washington Avenue, next to a
300:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
3426:Jewish organizations established in 1856
1537:. March 3, 1971. p. 33 – via
1323:. July 22, 1970. p. 29 – via
891:
496:until it moved out in 1885, then to the
407:as "Brother Love") and later changed to
399:. The congregation was originally named
27:Historic synagogue in Madison, Wisconsin
2873:1971 photo of the synagogue being moved
2565:"Synagogue Examined Before Restoration"
2272:"Historic sites available for weddings"
1206:from the original on September 26, 2023
957:
847:
71:Ecclesiastical or organizational status
2877:a photo of the crowd watching the move
2822:
2551:
2380:from the original on November 29, 2023
2218:from the original on November 28, 2022
1905:
1871:"Old Ark Adds Beauty to Old Synagogue"
1854:
1491:
856:"Gates of Heaven - Reservable Shelter"
546:United States House of Representatives
373:oldest synagogues in the United States
46:The former synagogue building, in 2012
2653:Chariton, Jesse D. (April 19, 2021).
2577:from the original on January 25, 2024
2533:from the original on October 26, 2023
2474:from the original on January 18, 2024
2413:from the original on December 5, 2023
2347:from the original on January 18, 2024
2314:from the original on November 4, 2023
2284:from the original on January 25, 2024
2206:Simmons, Daniel (November 27, 2017).
2115:"Gates of Heaven Masonry Restoration"
2091:from the original on January 25, 2024
2054:from the original on January 25, 2024
2017:from the original on January 25, 2024
1980:from the original on February 1, 2024
1944:from the original on February 1, 2024
1883:from the original on February 1, 2024
1800:from the original on January 25, 2024
1764:from the original on January 25, 2024
1728:from the original on January 25, 2024
1601:from the original on January 25, 2024
1416:from the original on January 13, 2024
1144:Waxman, Andrea (September 25, 2008).
1059:from the original on January 18, 2024
915:from the original on January 18, 2024
674:. The synagogue has been the site of
556:Threat of demolition and preservation
7:
3421:German-American culture in Wisconsin
2333:Brogan, Dylan (September 20, 2017).
2270:Martell, Chris (February 20, 1994).
1505:"Park Site Picked for Old Synagogue"
750:, identified the synagogue with the
744:, an architecture critic writing in
603:National Register of Historic Places
377:National Register of Historic Places
179:Location of the former synagogue in
2868:Accompanying drawing and two photos
2852:Gates of Heaven Synagogue (Madison)
2659:Yearbook of German-American Studies
2468:Society of Architectural Historians
2439:from the original on April 10, 2019
1402:Krumme, Mackenzie (June 28, 2018).
1315:"Attempt is Made to Save Synagogue"
1255:"Old Synagogue Waits Wrecking Crew"
1125:from the original on August 7, 2023
1053:Society of Architectural Historians
722:Society of Architectural Historians
641:in Milwaukee donated a hand-carved
419:for use as a Jewish burial ground.
353:, and the office of US Congressman
3328:National Historic Preservation Act
2237:Conroy, Mary (December 25, 1992).
2144:Perry, Gail (September 16, 1993).
1724:. Madison, Wisconsin. p. 21.
1597:. Madison, Wisconsin. p. 19.
1561:. Madison, Wisconsin. p. 11.
1362:Mitchell, George (July 23, 1970).
1253:Mitchell, George (July 21, 1970).
1199:American Jewish Historical Society
531:American Jewish Historical Society
498:Women's Christian Temperance Union
494:First Unitarian Society of Madison
25:
2125:from the original on June 8, 2023
1440:Wisconsin Historical Society 1971
1387:Wisconsin Historical Society 1971
1302:Wisconsin Historical Society 1971
502:First Church of Christ, Scientist
3396:1856 establishments in Wisconsin
3370:
3369:
3358:
2845:
2573:. January 25, 1971. p. 11.
2247:. Madison, Wisconsin. p. 23
1045:"Mansion Hill Historic District"
818:
804:
571:historian of the Jews in Madison
471:assassination of Abraham Lincoln
170:
163:
2799:. November 1971. pp. 4–5.
2183:. Madison, Wisconsin. pp.
2154:. Madison, Wisconsin. p. 3
2042:"Restoring the Gates of Heaven"
2040:Hart, John (January 22, 2021).
1930:Custer, Frank (July 20, 1972).
1829:. Madison, Wisconsin. pp.
1714:Custer, Frank (July 13, 1971).
1691:. Madison, Wisconsin. pp.
1662:. Madison, Wisconsin. pp.
1565:from the original on 2024-01-25
1455:Custer, Frank (June 15, 1971).
1113:"E. Gorham St. at N. Butler St"
779:, which each house a window. A
55:
3411:Former synagogues in Wisconsin
3281:Federated States of Micronesia
2927:Architectural style categories
2435:. City of Madison, Wisconsin.
2003:Aehl, John (August 12, 1996).
1587:Custer, Frank (May 25, 1971).
860:City of Madison Parks Division
312:
1:
2734:University of Wisconsin Press
2634:Western States Jewish History
2079:"Gates of Heaven restoration"
2077:Hart, John (April 16, 2021).
1976:. August 5, 1972. p. 2.
1879:. July 25, 1972. p. 17.
1796:. July 10, 1971. p. 11.
345:, is a historic synagogue in
3446:Synagogues completed in 1863
2797:Wisconsin Historical Society
2795:. Vol. 18, no. 4.
1118:Wisconsin Historical Society
909:Wisconsin Historical Society
738:Spanish mission architecture
627:The Ark inside the synagogue
599:Wisconsin Historical Society
2726:Levitan, Stuart D. (2006).
1227:"Gates of Heaven Synagogue"
3477:
3333:Historic Preservation Fund
3312:American Legation, Morocco
2496:National Park Service 1970
2406:Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
1480:National Park Service 1970
1151:Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle
1100:National Park Service 1970
1081:National Park Service 1970
3353:
3274:Lists by associated state
1918:Postal & Koppman 1986
1372:. p. 37 – via
1263:. p. 13 – via
973:Postal & Koppman 1986
740:of the southwestern US."
515:Palestine Foundation Fund
339:Gates of Heaven Synagogue
331:
311:NRHP reference
306:
297:
292:Gates of Heaven Synagogue
290:
286:
282:
158:
39:
35:Gates of Heaven Synagogue
3441:Rundbogenstil synagogues
3255:Northern Mariana Islands
726:Romanesque Revival style
639:B'nai Jeshurun Synagogue
504:, in 1898, and then the
139:302 East Gorham Street,
3461:Synagogues in Wisconsin
2706:American Jewish History
2570:Wisconsin State Journal
2277:Wisconsin State Journal
2084:Wisconsin State Journal
2047:Wisconsin State Journal
2010:Wisconsin State Journal
1876:Wisconsin State Journal
1793:Wisconsin State Journal
1534:Wisconsin State Journal
1510:Wisconsin State Journal
1369:Wisconsin State Journal
1320:Wisconsin State Journal
1260:Wisconsin State Journal
1229:. Historic Madison, Inc
694:Abraham Lincoln brigade
506:English Lutheran Church
467:Wisconsin Supreme Court
214:43.079944°N 89.384861°W
3250:Minor Outlying Islands
3233:Lists by insular areas
2947:Keeper of the Register
2793:Wisconsin Then and Now
2648:– via EBSCOhost.
2628:Bitner, David (2007).
2376:. Madison, Wisconsin.
2343:. Madison, Wisconsin.
628:
581:
565:, rabbi of the nearby
525:synagogue in Madison,
485:
375:. It was added to the
192:Geographic coordinates
2952:National Park Service
2932:Contributing property
2819:. Madison, Wisconsin.
2614:National Park Service
2511:(December 27, 1970).
1031:Historic Madison 2002
1012:Historic Madison 2002
880:Historic Madison 2002
712:Site and architecture
626:
579:
517:. The congregation's
483:
475:Wisconsin Legislature
459:Governor of Wisconsin
443:congregational church
219:43.079944; -89.384861
3307:District of Columbia
2854:at Wikimedia Commons
2667:University of Kansas
2509:Huxtable, Ada Louise
763:and features an end
417:Forest Hill Cemetery
341:, also known as the
2813:Swarsensky, Manfred
905:"Jews in Wisconsin"
882:, pp. 323–324.
742:Ada Louise Huxtable
521:was donated to the
511:Chinese Famine Fund
262:(as a congregation)
210: /
2675:10.17161/ygas.v56i
2518:The New York Times
2304:"Where Do I Vote?"
747:The New York Times
718:James Madison Park
629:
610:James Madison Park
582:
563:Manfred Swarsensky
550:Robert Kastenmeier
533:in New York City.
486:
362:James Madison Park
355:Robert Kastenmeier
347:Madison, Wisconsin
251:Romanesque Revival
3383:
3382:
2937:Historic district
2850:Media related to
2373:The Capital Times
2244:The Capital Times
2180:The Capital Times
2151:The Capital Times
1973:The Capital Times
1937:The Capital Times
1826:The Capital Times
1757:The Capital Times
1721:The Capital Times
1688:The Capital Times
1659:The Capital Times
1627:The Capital Times
1594:The Capital Times
1558:The Capital Times
1462:The Capital Times
1344:The Capital Times
1284:The Capital Times
1158:on July 16, 2011.
911:. 3 August 2012.
465:, members of the
403:(translated from
335:
334:
327:December 29, 1970
88:(1879–1970)
82:(1863–1879)
16:(Redirected from
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2121:. May 13, 2020.
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1121:. January 2012.
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2732:. Vol. 1.
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1389:, pp. 4–5.
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679:winter solstice
660:
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618:tank retrievers
558:
432:Leonard Farwell
428:August Kutzbock
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240:August Kutzbock
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3174:South Carolina
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3139:North Carolina
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2966:Lists by state
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2957:Property types
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2840:External links
2838:
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2713:(3): 296–306.
2700:
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2587:Newspapers.com
2556:
2554:, p. 298.
2544:
2500:
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2464:SAH Archipedia
2450:
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2391:
2358:
2325:
2295:
2280:. p. 57.
2262:
2257:Newspapers.com
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2193:Newspapers.com
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2027:Newspapers.com
1995:
1990:Newspapers.com
1959:
1954:Newspapers.com
1922:
1920:, p. 267.
1910:
1908:, p. 360.
1898:
1893:Newspapers.com
1859:
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1496:
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1240:
1225:Stoler, Lois.
1217:
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1049:SAH Archipedia
1035:
1033:, p. 324.
1016:
1014:, p. 323.
1001:
989:
985:Goldsmith 1977
977:
975:, p. 266.
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812:Judaism portal
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567:Temple Beth El
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409:Shaare Shomaim
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2640:(4): 357–64.
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2087:. p. 1.
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2070:
2065:
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2050:. p. 3.
2049:
2048:
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2036:
2033:
2028:
2016:
2013:. p. 1.
2012:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1943:
1940:. p. 8.
1939:
1938:
1933:
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1183:, p. 40.
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998:
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987:, p. 33.
986:
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960:, p. 57.
959:
954:
952:
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948:
946:
942:
939:, p. 37.
938:
933:
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910:
906:
900:
897:
894:, p. 26.
893:
892:Chariton 2021
888:
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851:
848:
841:
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749:
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686:Rosh Hashanah
682:
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664:High Holy Day
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343:Old Synagogue
340:
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324:Added to NRHP
322:
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3169:Rhode Island
3164:Pennsylvania
3144:North Dakota
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1971:
1962:
1952:– via
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1925:
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1556:
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1487:
1482:, p. 5.
1475:
1460:
1442:, p. 5.
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1407:
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1304:, p. 4.
1297:
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1220:
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1197:
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1156:the original
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1083:, p. 6.
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980:
958:Levitan 2006
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859:
850:
790:black walnut
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745:
715:
683:
661:
652:
635:
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607:
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559:
542:World War II
538:funeral home
535:
527:Agudas Achim
526:
519:Torah scroll
491:
487:
436:
421:
408:
400:
390:
370:
359:
351:funeral home
342:
338:
336:
236:Architect(s)
230:Architecture
109:
94:(since 1972)
92:Event venue
29:
3300:Other areas
3260:Puerto Rico
3094:Mississippi
3009:Connecticut
2619:January 18,
2581:January 23,
2552:Gordon 1986
2537:January 25,
2478:January 18,
2417:January 25,
2384:January 25,
2351:January 18,
2318:January 22,
2288:January 24,
2251:January 24,
2222:January 25,
2158:January 25,
2129:January 25,
2095:January 24,
2058:January 24,
2021:January 24,
1984:February 1,
1948:February 1,
1906:Bitner 2007
1887:February 1,
1855:Bitner 2007
1804:January 23,
1768:January 23,
1732:January 23,
1605:January 23,
1492:Bitner 2007
1420:January 13,
1233:January 19,
1210:January 22,
1129:January 18,
1063:January 18,
919:January 18,
865:1 September
761:castellated
730:eclecticism
702:Blood Tribe
595:Oscar Mayer
217: /
205:89°23′5.5″W
202:43°4′47.8″N
119:Repurposed
58:Affiliation
3390:Categories
3209:Washington
3129:New Mexico
3124:New Jersey
2999:California
1569:2024-01-23
1409:Madison365
842:References
672:Ben Sidran
658:Modern use
647:Polychrome
513:, and the
447:foundation
383:services.
3219:Wisconsin
3184:Tennessee
3089:Minnesota
3064:Louisiana
2825:cite book
2696:0361-574X
2690:: 28–44.
2669:: 21–40.
2646:0043-4221
2527:0362-4331
773:pilasters
769:vestibule
676:neo-pagan
643:Torah ark
589:from the
455:Milwaukee
397:Wisconsin
268:Completed
181:Wisconsin
145:Wisconsin
79:Synagogue
3375:Category
3204:Virginia
3154:Oklahoma
3134:New York
3109:Nebraska
3099:Missouri
3084:Michigan
3074:Maryland
3059:Kentucky
3039:Illinois
3014:Delaware
3004:Colorado
2994:Arkansas
2815:(1955).
2719:23883267
2575:Archived
2531:Archived
2472:Archived
2437:Archived
2411:Archived
2378:Archived
2345:Archived
2312:Archived
2282:Archived
2216:Archived
2123:Archived
2089:Archived
2052:Archived
2015:Archived
1978:Archived
1942:Archived
1881:Archived
1798:Archived
1762:Archived
1726:Archived
1599:Archived
1563:Archived
1414:Archived
1204:Archived
1123:Archived
1057:Archived
913:Archived
796:See also
698:neo-Nazi
523:Orthodox
318:70000030
136:Location
131:Location
65:(former)
52:Religion
3321:Related
3224:Wyoming
3199:Vermont
3104:Montana
3044:Indiana
3024:Georgia
3019:Florida
2989:Arizona
2979:Alabama
2805:6615856
2598:Sources
2340:Isthmus
732:, with
548:member
393:Bohemia
387:History
273: (
151:Country
141:Madison
63:Judaism
3159:Oregon
3114:Nevada
3054:Kansas
3029:Hawaii
2984:Alaska
2920:Topics
2803:
2780:
2761:
2740:
2717:
2694:
2644:
2525:
781:frieze
734:Gothic
700:group
690:Antifa
445:. The
413:Reform
405:Hebrew
110:Closed
103:Status
3291:Palau
3189:Texas
3069:Maine
3034:Idaho
2715:JSTOR
2610:(PDF)
765:gable
453:from
451:rabbi
260:1856
246:Style
3245:Guam
3194:Utah
3149:Ohio
3049:Iowa
2875:and
2831:link
2801:OCLC
2778:ISBN
2759:ISBN
2738:ISBN
2692:ISSN
2642:ISSN
2621:2024
2583:2024
2539:2024
2523:ISSN
2480:2024
2445:2019
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