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Verily she is a cow neither with calf nor immature; (she is) between the two conditions; so do that which ye are commanded. They said: Pray for us unto thy Lord that He make clear to us of what colour she is. (Moses) answered: Lo! He saith: Verily she is a yellow cow. Bright is her colour, gladdening beholders. They said: Pray for us unto thy Lord that He make clear to us what (cow) she is. Lo! cows are much alike to us; and Lo! if God wills, we may be led aright. (Moses) answered: Lo! He saith: Verily she is a cow unyoked; she plougheth not the soil nor watereth the tilth; whole and without mark. They said: Now thou bringest the truth. So they sacrificed her, though almost they did not. And (remember) when ye slew a man and disagreed concerning it and God brought forth that which ye were hiding. And We said: Smite him with some of it. Thus God bringeth the dead to life and showeth you His portents so that ye may understand. (Al-Quran 2:67–73)
1251:
1154:, there is a strong correlation between the number of bucrania and the quantity and lavishness of other grave goods. Dozens if not hundreds of cattle were often slaughtered as tribute for the burial of one individual; 400 bucrania were found at one tumulus alone at Kerma. The use of cattle skulls rather than those of sheep or goats reveals the importance of cattle in their pastoral economy, as well as the cultural associations of cattle with wealth, prosperity, and passage into the afterlife. Sometimes complete cattle were buried alongside their owner, symbolic of their relationship continuing into the afterlife.
556:
521:. Jains believe that vegetarian sources can provide adequate nutrition, without creating suffering for animals such as cattle. According to some Jain scholars, slaughtering cattle increases ecological burden from human food demands since the production of meat entails intensified grain demands, and reducing cattle slaughter by 50 percent would free up enough land and ecological resources to solve all malnutrition and hunger worldwide. The Jain community leaders, states Christopher Chapple, has actively campaigned to stop all forms of animal slaughter including cattle.
1598:), a poetic prose letter that argued that Burmese Buddhists should not kill cattle and eat beef, because Burmese farmers depended on them as beasts of burden to maintain their livelihoods, that the marketing of beef for human consumption threatened the extinction of buffalo and cattle, and that the practice was ecologically unsound. He subsequently led successful beef boycotts during the colonial era, despite the presence of beef eating among locals, and influenced a generation of Burmese nationalists in adopting this stance.
327:, the early commentator of the Rigveda, gives nine names for cow, the first being "aghnya". The literature relating to cow veneration became common in 1st millennium CE, and by about 1000 CE vegetarianism, along with a taboo against beef, became a well accepted mainstream Hindu tradition. This practice was inspired by the beliefs in Hinduism that a soul is present in all living beings, life in all its forms is interconnected, and non-violence towards all creatures is the highest ethical value. The god
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199:(~ 800 BCE). By mid 1st millennium BCE, all three major religions – Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism – were championing non-violence as an ethical value, and something that impacted one's rebirth. By about 200 CE, food and feasting on animal slaughter were widely considered as a form of violence against life forms, and became a religious and social taboo. India, which has
351:
1738:, as a means of protecting the livestock population and due to Buddhist influence. Meat-eating had long been taboo in Japan, beginning with a decree in 675 that banned the consumption of cattle, horses, dogs, monkeys, and chickens, influenced by the Buddhist prohibition of killing. In 1612, the shōgun declared a decree that specifically banned the killing of cattle.
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425:
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ye might be led aright. And when Moses said unto his people: O my people! Ye have wronged yourselves by your choosing of the calf (for worship) so turn in penitence to your
Creator, and kill (the guilty) yourselves. That will be best for you with your Creator and He will relent toward you. Lo! He is the Relenting, the Merciful. (Al-Quran 2:51–54)
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1727:
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And when Moses said unto his people: Lo! God commandeth you that ye sacrifice a cow, they said: Dost thou make game of us ? He answered: God forbid that I should be among the foolish! They said: Pray for us unto thy Lord that He make clear to us what (cow) she is. (Moses) answered: Lo! He saith,
1157:
Beginning in the third millennium BCE, cattle became the most popular motif in Nubian rock art. The bodies are usually depicted in profile, while the horns are facing forward. The length and shape of the horns and the pattern on the hide varied widely. Human silhouettes are often drawn alongside the
901:
And when We did appoint for Moses forty nights (of solitude), and then ye chose the calf, when he had gone from you, and were wrong-doers. Then, even after that, We pardoned you in order that ye might give thanks. And when We gave unto Moses the
Scripture and the criterion (of right and wrong), that
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precepts, which requires a practicing
Buddhist to "refrain from killing living beings". Slaughtering cow has been a taboo, with some texts suggesting that taking care of a cow is a means of taking care of "all living beings". Cattle are seen in some Buddhist sects as a form of reborn human beings in
227:
and other ancient texts of
Hinduism." He adds that the endearment and respect for cattle in Hinduism is more than a commitment to vegetarianism and has become integral to its theology. The respect for cattle is widespread but not universal. Animal sacrifices have been rare among the Hindus outside a
1541:
The beef taboo is fairly widespread in
Myanmar, particularly in the Buddhist community. In Myanmar, beef is typically obtained from cattle that are slaughtered at the end of their working lives (16 years of age) or from sick animals. Cattle is rarely raised for meat; 58% of cattle in the country is
720:
Saving animals from slaughter for meat, is believed in
Buddhism to be a way to acquire merit for better rebirth. According to Richard Gombrich, there has been a gap between Buddhist precepts and practice. Vegetarianism is admired, states Gombrich, but often it is not practiced. Nevertheless, adds
1670:
transition, with the advent of pork meat.) By the 16th to 17th centuries, the beef taboo had become well accepted in the framework of
Chinese morality and was found in morality books (善書), with several books dedicated exclusively to this taboo. The beef taboo came from a Chinese perspective that
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is against violence to all living beings, including cattle. According to the Jaina sutras, humans must avoid all killing and slaughter because all living beings are fond of life, they suffer, they feel pain, they like to live, and long to live. All beings should help each other live and prosper,
1414:
The
Constitution of India mandates the protection of cows in India. The slaughter of cattle is allowed with restrictions (like a 'fit-for-slaughter' certificate which may be issued depending on factors like age and gender of cattle, continued economic viability, etc.), but only for bulls and
1745:
consumed beef and mutton, which transformed the country's dietary considerations as a means of modernizing the country, particularly with regard to consumption of beef. With contact from
Europeans, beef increasingly became popular, even though it had previously been considered barbaric.
912:
Classical Sunni and Shia commentators recount several variants of this tale. Per some of the commentators, though any cow would have been acceptable, but after they "created hardships for themselves" and the cow was finally specified, it was necessary to obtain it at any cost.
242:
Several scholars explain the veneration for cows among Hindus in economic terms, including the importance of dairy in the diet, the use of cow dung as fuel and fertilizer, and the importance that cattle have historically played in agriculture. Ancient texts such as
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cows, and suggested ending cow slaughter to be the first step to stopping violence against all animals. He said: "I worship it and I shall defend its worship against the whole world", and stated that "The central fact of
Hinduism is cow protection."
334:
The cow veneration in ancient India during the Vedic era, the religious texts written during this period called for non-violence towards all bipeds and quadrupeds, and often equated killing of a cow with the killing of a human being specifically a
1425:
once a year, is one of the few instances where cows receive prayers in modern-day India. While the cow is still respected and honored by most of the Indian population, there has been controversy over the treatment of the cows during the holiday.
1781:
In religiously diverse countries, leather vendors are typically careful to clarify the kinds of leather used in their products. For example, leather shoes will bear a label identifying the animal from which the leather was taken. In this way, a
1158:
cattle, symbolic of the important symbiotic relationship between cattle and humans. For pastoralists, drawing cattle may have also been a way to ensure the health of their herd. The role of cattle in Nubian mythology is more covert than in
736:
indicate that the Buddha himself ate meat and was clear that no rule should be introduced to forbid meat eating to monks. The consumption, however, appears to have been limited to pork, chicken and fish and may well have excluded cattle.
673:. Not only do some, mainly Mahayana, Buddhist texts state that killing or eating meat is wrong, it urges Buddhist laypersons to not operate slaughterhouses, nor trade in meat. Indian Buddhist texts encourage a plant-based diet.
251:
highlight the importance of cattle. The scope, extent and status of cows throughout ancient India is a subject of debate. Cattle, including cows, were neither inviolable nor as revered in ancient times as they were later. A
397:
celebrations, is the main festival connected to the veneration and worship of cows as chief source of livelihood and religious sanctity in India, wherein the symbolism of motherhood is most apparent with the sacred cows
1111:, who represented the primeval waters that existed before creation, gave birth to the sun at the beginning of time. The sky was sometimes envisioned as a goddess in the form of a cow, and several goddesses, including
1150:, were often placed alongside human burials. Bucrania were a status symbol, and they were used frequently in adult male burials, occasionally in adult female burials, and rarely in child burials. In cemeteries at
1400:-majority countries like India and Nepal, bovine milk holds a key part of religious rituals. For some, it is customary to boil milk on a stove or lead a cow through the house as part of a housewarming ceremony.
389:, is believed to represent the generic sacred cow, regarded as the source of all prosperity. In the 19th century, a form of Kamadhenu was depicted in poster-art that depicted all major gods and goddesses in it.
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in Hindu society is traditionally identified as a caretaker and a maternal figure, and Hindu society honours the cow as a symbol of unselfish giving, selfless sacrifice, gentleness and tolerance.
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to the north, where several gods are often depicted as cattle; however, the significance of cattle in Nubian culture is evident in burial practices, understandings of the afterlife, and rock art.
1415:
buffaloes and not cows in fourteen states. It is completely banned in six states with pending litigation in the supreme court to overturn the ban, while there is no restriction in many states.
4002:
1635:, in May 2013, 30-year-old Buddhist monk Bowatte Indrarathana Thera of the Sri Sugatha Purana Vihara self immolated to protest the government allowing religious minorities to slaughter cows.
1615:); lit. hush hush meat). Religious groups, such as Muslims, were required to apply for exemption licences to slaughter cattle on religious holidays. This ban was repealed a year later, after
4299:
Charney, Michael (2007). "Demographic Growth, Agricultural Expansion and Livestock in the Lower Chindwin in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries". In Greg Bankoff, P. Boomgaard (ed.).
3159:; Quote: These five trades, O monks, should not be taken up by a lay follower: trading with weapons, trading in living beings, trading in meat, trading in intoxicants, trading in poison."
2101:
4480:
Of tripod and palate: food, politics and religion in traditional China – Chapter 11, The Beef Taboo and the Sacrificial Structure of Late Imperial Chinese Society, Vincent Goossaert
721:
Gombrich, there is a general belief among Theravada Buddhists that eating beef is worse than other meat and the ownership of cattle slaughterhouses by Buddhists is relatively rare.
1968:
The protection of cattle and prevention of cattle slaughter is not limited to Buddhists in India, but found in other Theravada countries such as Sri Lanka, Myanmar and others.
3829:
Paner, Henryk. "Nubian Rock Art." in Geoff Emberling, and Bruce Beyer Williams (eds). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia (2021); online edn, Oxford Academic,13 Jan. 2021,
1470:
1465:
1718:, the mechanization of farming, and the economy transitioning away from farming. Most Taiwanese people today consume beef, although some have maintained the tradition.
1710:
Due to water buffalo being the primary working animal for farming, beef consumption was generally considered a taboo in early 20th century. This gradually changed with
1054:
expounds the purificatory power of cow urine. It is declared to be a panacea for all bodily and moral evils and features prominently in the 9-night purification ritual
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few eastern states. To the majority of modern Indians, states Alsdorf, respect for cattle and disrespect for slaughter is a part of their ethos and there is "no
859:
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The Egyptians did not regard cattle as uniformly positive. Wild bulls, regarded as symbols of the forces of chaos, could be hunted and ritually killed.
1273:(bull feast), a shamanistic ritual in which a bull would be sacrificed and a seer would sleep in the bull's hide to have a vision of the future king.
781:
was an important part of ancient Jewish rituals. The cow was sacrificed and burned in a precise ritual, and the ashes were added to water used in the
2012:
1522:
an individual could serve three months in jail for killing a pedestrian, but one year for injuring a cow, and life imprisonment for killing a cow.
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was in the form of a cow, successively milked of beneficent substances for the benefit of humans, by deities starting with the first sovereign:
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2597:, Wikisource, Quote: "यः पौरुषेयेण क्रविषा समङ्क्ते यो अश्व्येन पशुना यातुधानः। यो अघ्न्याया भरति क्षीरमग्ने तेषां शीर्षाणि हरसापि वृश्च॥१६॥"
2580:
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998:
886:("The Cow"). Out of the 286 verses of the surah, 7 mention cows (Al Baqarah 67–73). The name of the surah derives from this passage in which
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believe that Jews should refrain from slaughtering animals altogether and have condemned widespread cruelty towards cattle on factory farms.
1683:, and state protection for draught animals.) In Chinese society, only ethnic and religious groups not fully assimilated (such as the Muslim
3098:
2903:
2347:
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1533:, last held in 2014. In 2015, Nepal's temple trust on announced to cancel all future animal sacrifice at the country's Gadhimai festival.
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literature is contradictory, with some suggesting ritual slaughter and meat consumption, while others suggesting a taboo on meat eating.
4856:
83:
315:
The interdiction of the meat of the bounteous cow as food was regarded as the first step to total vegetarianism. Dairy cows are called
2168:
4103:"Gadhimai Temple Trust Chairman, Mr Ram Chandra Shah, on the decision to stop holding animal sacrifices during the Gadhimai festival"
2992:
1605:
passed the State Religion Promotion Act of 1961, which explicitly banned the slaughtering of cattle nationwide (beef became known as
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432:) is shown as a demon with sword, with a man telling him "don't kill, cow is life-source for all". It was interpreted by Muslims in
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prince, on purpose to eliminate him, as the two were rivals. Before encountering the dangerous divine bull, Khamba's elder sister
4542:
1035:
tells him to protect them. After fleeing to India, many Zoroastrians stopped eating beef out of respect for Hindus living there.
3401:
3010:
2797:
1207:
The Greek gods also transformed themselves or others into cattle as a form of deception or punishment, such as in the myths of
1104:
1662:
In written sources (including anecdotes and Daoist liturgical texts), this taboo first appeared in the 9th to 12th centuries (
1501:
In Nepal, a Hindu-majority country, slaughtering of cows and bulls is completely banned. Cows are considered like the Goddess
1439:
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1620:
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460:, which held a measured amount of gunpowder, were greased with cow and pig fat. The consumption of swine is forbidden in
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4841:
4821:
4723:
4407:
4357:
1988:
1526:
2195:
1542:
used for draught animal power (DAP). Few people eat beef, and there is a general dislike of beef (especially among the
4846:
4102:
1877:
1765:
still maintain the tradition of not slaughtering or eating cows, out of respect for their ancestors, some of who were
890:
orders his people to sacrifice a cow in order to resurrect a man murdered by an unknown person. Per the passage, the "
818:
476:
102:
2205:, Anthropology: contemporary perspectives, 6th edition, Editors: Phillip Whitten & David Hunter, Scott Foresman,
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and was the most important sacred animal in Egypt. Cows were connected with fertility and motherhood. One of several
258:
recommends that beef be eaten by the mourners after a funeral ceremony as a ritual rite of passage. In contrast, the
475:
A historical survey of major communal riots in India between 1717 and 1977 revealed that 22 out of 167 incidents of
308:
Many ancient and medieval Hindu texts debate the rationale for a voluntary stop to cow slaughter and the pursuit of
3568:
3492:
1942:
1872:
1711:
1142:, they also played a prominent role in their culture and mythology, as evidenced by their inclusion in burials and
449:
879:
had imposed a ban on the slaughter of cows owing to the large Hindu and Jain populations living under their rule.
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3284:
Buddhism and Vegetarianism The Rationale for the Buddha's Views on the Consumption of Meat by Dr V. A. Gunasekara
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Several shrines and temples are decorated with cow figurines, which are believed to cure illnesses when stroked.
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415:
309:
145:
94:
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1932:
1294:
1989:"ANNEX II (8) Gist of State Legislations on Cow Slaughter | Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying"
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sacrificed animals, which were almost always cattle or other livestock. Early medieval Irish texts mention the
1212:
1196:, the sun god, is said to have had seven herds of oxen and seven flocks of sheep, each numbering fifty head. A
517:
In the Jain religious tradition, neither monks nor laypersons should cause others or allow others to work in a
445:
4135:
Improvement of livestock production in crop-animal systems in rainfed agro-ecological zones of South-East Asia
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1455:. It may have been generated, in whole or in part, by a computer or by a translator without dual proficiency.
1450:
1655:, they were not often eaten, even by emperors. Some emperors banned killing cows. Beef is not recommended in
1550:), although it is more commonly eaten in regional cuisines, particularly those of ethnic minorities like the
4836:
2363:
419:
4800:
2794:"Report of the National Commission on Cattle – Chapter II (10 A. Cow Protection in pre-Independence India)"
3889:
3845:"The Bull and its Two Masters: Moon and Storm Deities in Relation to the Bull in Ancient Near Eastern Art"
3558:
3313:
2031:"The Sheltering of Unwanted Cattle, Experiences in India and Implications for Cattle Industries Elsewhere"
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619:
200:
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4745:(1995), "Cultural tradition and Palaeoethnicity in South Asian Archaeology", in Erdosy, George (ed.),
3459:. Labendz, Jacob Ari, 1977–, Yanklowitz, Shmuly, 1981–. Albany, New York. 25 March 2019. p. 206.
468:. Because loading the gun required biting off the end of the paper cartridge, they concluded that the
3907:
3376:
1181:
825:
793:
680:, the Buddha "describes the ideal mode of life of Brahmins in the Golden Age" before him as follows:
204:
762:. Moses considered this a great sin against God. As a result of their abstention from the act, the
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Devendra, C.; Devendra, C.; Thomas, D.; Jabbar, M.A.; Kudo, H.; Thomas, D.; Jabbar, M.A.; Kudo, H.
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3794:"Bucrania from the Eastern Cemetery at Kerma (Sudan) and the practice of cattle horn deformation"
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days, will forego beef first. Almost all butchers are Muslim because of the Buddhist doctrine of
1514:
994:
891:
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disclosed to Khamba the secrets of the bull, with whose help he succeeded in capturing the bull.
579:
487:
The cow protection was a symbol of animal rights and of non-violence against all life forms for
284:
136:
or mutton, even on medical advice, I would prefer death. That is the basis of my vegetarianism.
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to create a niche for themselves as butchers who specialized in slaughtering oxen and buffalo.
1075:, bulls symbolized strength and male sexuality and were linked with aggressive deities such as
536:
115:
Legislation against the slaughter of cattle is in place throughout most states of India except
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In charts: Vegetarianism in India has more to do with caste hierarchy than love for animals
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of a person who had come in to contact with a human corpse. The ritual is described in the
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as a part of a general abstention from violence against others and all killing of animals.
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3202:, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 12, No. 3 (1931), pp. 216–230
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The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching: Transforming Suffering into Peace, Joy, and Liberation
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The self possessed: Deity and spirit possession in South Asian literature and civilization
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This official prohibition was in place until 1872, when it was officially proclaimed that
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tribe attained a priestly role. A cult of golden calves appears later during the rule of
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Dubosson, Jerome (2021). "Cattle Cultures in Ancient Nubia". In Emberling, Geoff (ed.).
1659:, as it is considered a hot food and is thought to disrupt the body's internal balance.
1370:
945:
fundamentalists believe that once a red heifer is born they will be able to rebuild the
811:
and permissible as food, as long as the cow is slaughtered in a religious ritual called
3523:
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believers in some villages of Greece. It is specially associated to the feast of Saint
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79:
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2632:(1993). "Kamadhenu: The Mythical Cow, Symbol of Prosperity". In Yves Bonnefoy (ed.).
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1285:
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606:, prophesied that calamities would arrive at the kingdom of Moirang, if the powerful
591:
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469:
385:, the miraculous "cow of plenty" and the "mother of cows" in certain versions of the
289:
75:
38:
4044:
1651:, as oxen and buffalo (bovines) are useful in farming and are respected. During the
343:(~1200–1500 BCE) condemns all killings of men, cattle, and horses, and prays to god
214:
statistics, and India has more vegetarians than the rest of the world put together.
4719:
3746:
Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt
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Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt
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means "the spirit of the cow" and is interpreted as the soul of the earth. In the
361:, who is in the form of a cow. Prithu milked the cow to generate crops for humans.
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2717:"2019 Govatsa Dwadashi | Vasu Baras date and time for New Delhi, NCT, India"
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1509:(Diwali) during which, on one day called Gaipuja, they perform prayers for cows.
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29:
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2236:. Oxford University Press. pp. 59–68 (Hinduism), pp. 100–110 (Buddhism).
1907:
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is a mythical prized cow that could produce plentiful supplies of milk, while
1239:
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778:
624:
607:
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207:), had the lowest rate of meat consumption in the world according to the 2007
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2925:
Call to Compassion: Reflections on Animal Advocacy from the World's Religions
641:
217:
According to Ludwig Alsdorf, "Indian vegetarianism is unequivocally based on
3630:
2764:
Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge for the People
2016:
1887:
1632:
1418:
1185:
1171:
1147:
1096:
1080:
1028:
986:
972:
950:
883:
792:
Observant Jews study this passage every year in early summer as part of the
725:
690:
Givers of good and strength, of good complexion and the happiness of health,
669:, protecting animal life and being kind to cattle and other animals is good
615:
399:
382:
2066:
1798:
leather. Many Hindus who are vegetarians will not use any kind of leather.
894:" quibbled over what kind of cow was meant when the sacrifice was ordered.
695:
Those Brahmins then by Dharma did what should be done, not what should not,
350:
4795:
3912:
Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions
697:
and so aware they graceful were, well-built, fair-skinned, of high renown.
428:
A pamphlet protesting cow slaughter, first created in 1893. A meat eater (
331:
and his Yadav kinsmen are associated with cows, adding to its endearment.
4049:
3530:
2319:...India has more vegetarians than everywhere else in the world combined.
1897:
1672:
1574:
1559:
1422:
1235:
1224:
1220:
1197:
1143:
1044:
864:
850:
813:
767:
729:
653:
297:
244:
168:
71:
64:
56:
45:
3945:
Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition
3868:
3844:
3199:
2737:
Censorship in South Asia: Cultural Regulation from Sedition to Seduction
1818:
prohibits the use of leather because it is obtained by killing animals.
1691:) and foreigners consumed this meat. This taboo, among Han Chinese, led
1525:
Cows roam freely and are sacred. Buffalo slaughtering was done in Nepal
1505:(goddess of wealth and prosperity). The Nepalese have a festival called
424:
74:. Cattle played other major roles in many religions, including those of
17:
2669:, pp. 402–3 (Plates 5 and 6 for the two representations of Kamadhenu).
2047:
1815:
1801:
1787:
1671:
relates the respect for animal life and vegetarianism (ideas shared by
1602:
1502:
1376:
1359:
1351:
1303:
699:
While in the world this lore was found these people happily prospered.
666:
629:
595:
510:
465:
403:
374:
366:
358:
336:
328:
320:
277:
60:
590:
is a divine cattle that plays a significant role in the legend of the
540:
Cattle making themselves at home on a city street in Jaipur, Rajasthan
4375:. Academia Sinica on East Asia. Taylor & Francis US. p. 56.
4373:
Divine justice: religion and the development of Chinese legal culture
3211:
1927:
1783:
1762:
1699:
1680:
1616:
1563:
1381:
1200:
was a sacrifice to the gods Apollo, Athena, and Hera, of 100 cattle (
1193:
1189:
1139:
1112:
1050:
1024:
926:
871:
Although slaughter of cattle plays a role in a major Muslim holiday,
808:
797:
763:
733:
705:
685:
Like mother (they thought), father, brother or any other kind of kin,
661:
657:
603:
394:
378:
354:
248:
223:
192:
116:
68:
4258:
Buddhism and society: a great tradition and its Burmese vicissitudes
3816:
750:
According to the Bible, the Israelites worshipped a cult image of a
3984:
Tadeusz, Margul (1968). "Present Day Worship of the Cow in India".
3508:
The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future
3457:
Jewish veganism and vegetarianism : studies and new directions
2840:
2258:"Census of India – India at a Glance : Religious Compositions"
1726:
179:) to be sacred. Respect for the lives of animals including cattle,
4666:"Global Business Strategies: Text and Cases" by U.C. Mathur, p.219
4233:
Eat not this flesh: food avoidances from prehistory to the present
3626:
Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur'an: God's Arguments
3403:
Being Jewish: The Spiritual and Cultural Practice of Judaism Today
3093:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 83, 273–274.
2594:
1892:
1791:
1766:
1725:
1555:
1543:
1519:
1489:
1397:
1387:
1369:
1317:
1262:
1249:
1151:
1120:
1087:
that were said to be incarnations of divine powers, including the
1076:
1039:
842:
755:
670:
554:
535:
523:
461:
453:
423:
349:
324:
301:
283:
271:
259:
152:
133:
28:
4774:, Harvard University, Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies,
2819:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1265:
reliefs alongside images of gods. There is evidence that ancient
1146:. Starting in the Neolithic period, cattle skulls, also known as
849:, as long as the cow is slaughtered in a religious ritual called
456:
in the army of the East India Company came to believe that their
1947:
1833:
1355:
1343:
1312:, owns a herd of magical cattle. The name of the goddess of the
1100:
938:
846:
728:
sects allowing it, reflecting early Buddhist practice, and most
529:
344:
293:
172:
98:
4766:(1999), "Migration, Philology and South Asian Archaeology", in
4561:"Cow 'Begs' To Be Spared From Slaughter In Heartbreaking Video"
2498:. Princeton University Press. pp. 271–280 with footnotes.
1647:
was historically a dietary restriction, particularly among the
3817:"The Deformation of Cattle Horn in Past and Present Societies"
1795:
1433:
1042:
priests were those of cattle breeders. The 9th chapter of the
236:
211:
4677:"Wearing Shoes – Mourning Observances of Shiva and Sheloshim"
3525:
Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice
3090:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
2029:
Uttara Kennedy, Arvind Sharma and Clive J.C. Philips (2018).
1031:
accuses some of his co-religionists of abusing the cow while
724:
Meat eating remains controversial within Buddhism, with most
687:
cows are our kin most excellent from whom come many remedies.
381:
milked the cow to generate crops for humans to end a famine.
4303:
A history of natural resources in Asia: the wealth of nature
3372:
The Kosher Carnivore: The Ultimate Meat and Poultry Cookbook
2428:
Animals and Society: An Introduction to Human-animal Studies
195:, i.e. non-violence towards all beings, as mentioned in the
4606:
Modern Japanese cuisine: food, power, and national identity
3782:
Chaix, L., & Grant, A. (1992). Cattle in ancient Nubia.
2136:
Nonviolence to Animals, Earth, and Self in Asian Traditions
208:
4177:. International Rice Research Institute. pp. 27, 44.
1327:
meaning the "bright or white cow"; while the name of the
514:
according to Jainism, not kill and slaughter each other.
4334:
In the hope of Nibbana: the ethics of Theravada Buddhism
4072:"Over 20,000 buffaloes slaughtered in Gadhimai festival"
2468:
The History of Vegetarianism and Cow-Veneration in India
2369:
The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India
2339:
The History of Vegetarianism and Cow-Veneration in India
1573:, habitual consumption of beef was punishable by public
97:, the slaughter of cattle is prohibited and their meat (
44:
There are varying beliefs about cattle in societies and
3175:
The Sutta-Nipata: A New Translation from the Pali Canon
2430:, Margo DeMello, p.314, Columbia University Press, 2012
2372:. Princeton University Press. pp. 46, 83–85, 141.
1863:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1702:
before slaughter are often released to temples nearby.
1458:
804:
is trying to revive this ancient religious observance.
692:
having seen the truth of this cattle they never killed.
2139:. State University of New York Press. pp. 10–18.
1554:. Buddhists, when giving up meat during the Buddhist (
1518:
news story written in the 1960s, in then contemporary
1292:
are prized bulls that play a central role in the epic
1261:(the "bull with three cranes") is pictured on ancient
975:
has been repeatedly criticized by church authorities.
3831:
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190496272.013.51
1730:
Shingyu (divine-ranking bulls) statue in Kyoto, Japan
897:
While addressing to children of Israel, it was said:
472:
were forcing them to break edicts of their religion.
191:. The Hindu ethics are driven by the core concept of
4152:. Copenhagen Business School Press DK. p. 156.
2399:
The Hindu world: an encyclopaedic survey of Hinduism
132:
If anybody said that I should die if I did not take
4285:. Vol. 2. Government of Burma. pp. 93–94.
4045:"Devotees flock to Nepal animal sacrifice festival"
3261:
Buddhism, Politics and Political Thought in Myanmar
3026:
3024:
2952:
Jainism and ecology: nonviolence in the web of life
1099:, which was regarded as a manifestation of the god
882:The second and longest surah of the Quran is named
3522:
3037:. Oxford University Press. pp. 100–101, 110.
1804:forbids the wearing of shoes made with leather on
925:or red cow is a particular kind of cow brought to
3927:The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore
3714:
3712:
3686:
3684:
3216:Early Buddhist texts, translations, and parallels
2837:"Compilation of Gandhi's views on Cow Protection"
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2102:"Preliminary Literature Review On Sacred Species"
1219:, she falls in love with a bull as punishment by
3735:. Oxford University Press. pp. 105, 123–125, 163
3167:
3165:
2307:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 281.
845:allows the slaughter of cows and consumption of
800:. A contemporary Jewish organization called the
280:is often shown with cows listening to his music.
37:and its calf— a late 7th century sculpture from
4578:Steven Crook, Katy Hui-wen Hung (14 May 2018).
3061:McFarlane, Stewart (2001), Peter Harvey (ed.),
2862:Susan J. Armstrong; Richard G. Botzler (2016).
2549:, Penguin Books Limited, pp. 80, 101–108,
905:
899:
682:
444:The reverence for the cow played a role in the
130:
4260:. University of California Press. p. 46.
3264:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–35.
3226:
3224:
4148:Gesteland, Richard R.; Georg F. Seyk (2002).
3961:. Dahd.nic.in. 30 August 1976. Archived from
3056:
3054:
2917:
2915:
1610:
1593:
1254:Finnbhennach (left) and Donn Cuailnge (right)
479:were attributable directly to cow slaughter.
8:
4634:Lien, Marianne E.; Brigitte Nerlich (2004).
4517:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p.
4283:Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States
3595:Constructing the Image of Muhammad in Europe
2740:. Indiana University Press. pp. 36–38.
2471:. Routledge. pp. 32–44 with footnotes.
817:, and the meat is not served in a meal that
4202:The Appetizer Atlas: A World of Small Bites
2636:. University of Chicago Press. p. 99.
2402:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 257, 272.
2331:
2329:
2327:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
232:without renunciation of meat consumption".
3487:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3309:The Book of Numbers: A Critique of Genesis
3200:Cattle and Cattle-rearing in Ancient India
2955:. Harvard Divinity School. pp. 7–14.
2922:Lisa Kemmerer; Anthony J. Nocella (2011).
2839:. Dahd.nic.in. 7 July 1927. Archived from
2734:Raminder Kaur; William Mazzarella (2009).
2575:, Penguin Books Limited, pp. 15, 33,
1716:retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan
4003:4 held for violating ban on cow slaughter
3660:The Qur'an and Its Interpreters, Volume 1
3067:, Bloomsbury Academic, pp. 187–191,
2831:
2829:
2690:R. Venugopalam (2003). "Animal Deities".
2495:Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress
2056:
2046:
1623:and declared martial law in the country.
339:. The hymn 8.3.25 of the Hindu scripture
4629:
4627:
4625:
4580:"From Taboo to Treasure: Beef in Taiwan"
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4235:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 120.
4016:"Injured cow in Nepal is serious matter"
3914:. Syracuse University Press. p. 51.
2694:. B. Jain Publishers. pp. 119–120.
2423:
2421:
2419:
2161:Ahimsa. Non-Violence in Indian Tradition
1734:Historically, there was a beef taboo in
1123:, were equated with this celestial cow.
221:(non-violence)" as evidenced by ancient
4599:
4597:
4336:. Vol. 2. Pariyatti. p. 295.
3986:ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials
2981:. Popular Prakashan. 1877. p. 222.
2928:. New York: Booklight. pp. 57–60.
1980:
1961:
1569:During the country's last dynasty, the
319:"that which may not be slaughtered" in
4703:A Historical Dictionary of Indian Food
4198:Meyer, Arthur L.; Jon M. Vann (2003).
4175:A century of rice improvement in Burma
4128:
4126:
3720:Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Culture
3480:
2665:. Columbia University Press. pp.
2532:Religion and Philosophy, The Vedic Age
2518:
2452:
1471:Pages needing translation into English
632:. Spreading the rumour, Nongban chose
4772:The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia
4747:The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia
4294:
4292:
3815:Dubosson, Jérôme (4 September 2018).
3762:. Oxford Academic. pp. 908–926.
3147:. Yale University Press. p. 59.
2391:
2389:
2100:Dr Gloria Pungetti, Dr Anna Maclvor.
1134:As cattle were a central part of the
436:to be representing them. Redrawn the
7:
4358:"Fervour that ended in a fatal fire"
3760:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia
2868:. Taylor & Francis. p. 44.
2305:Food Science, An Ecological Approach
1950:, the common breed of cow from India
4604:Cwiertka, Katarzyna Joanna (2006).
4513:Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road
4448:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 144.
3929:. Infobase Publishing. p. 197.
3011:"KAO - A Glimpse of Manipuri Opera"
2993:""Kao - the sacred bull" by Laihui"
1358:'s grandfather and ancestor of the
1331:means "tribe of the calf goddess".
1246:Ancient northern and central Europe
807:Traditional Judaism considers beef
4078:. 25 November 2009. Archived from
1494:A Nepali couple worships a cow at
999:San Millán de la Cogolla, La Rioja
477:rioting between Hindus and Muslims
25:
4150:Marketing across cultures in Asia
3748:. Oxford University Press. p. 124
2715:LLP, Adarsh Mobile Applications.
1829:1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation
1188:, which is believed to be modern
997:lead to the correct burial site (
991:pulling the wagon with the corpse
676:According to Saddhatissa, in the
93:In some regions, especially most
4794:
3212:How Brahmins Lived by the Dharma
2814:
1786:would not accidentally purchase
1438:
51:Cattle are considered sacred in
4206:. John Wiley and Sons. p.
3894:Animals in Celtic Life and Myth
3237:. Routledge. pp. 303–307.
3234:Buddhist Precept & Practice
2898:. Routledge. pp. 160–162.
1302:of Cooley"). The mythical lady
1105:ancient Egyptian creation myths
1038:The lands of Zoroaster and the
614:kingdom, wasn't offered to God
4231:Simoons, Frederick J. (1994).
3798:Studies in African Archaeology
1421:, a holiday celebrated by the
1242:was closely linked to a bull.
665:the endless rebirth cycles in
1:
4281:Hardiman, John Percy (1900).
3623:Rosalind Ward Gwynne (2014).
2443:. London/New York: Verso 2002
2283:"Meat Consumption Per Person"
1698:Occasionally, some cows seen
545:Meitei religion and mythology
393:which marks the first day of
4827:Hindu philosophical concepts
4770:; Deshpande, Madhav (eds.),
4725:The Problem of Aryan Origins
4110:Humane Society International
3947:. Prentice Hall. p. 49.
3896:. Routledge. pp. 94–96.
2949:Christopher Chapple (2002).
2778:Banu, Zenab. "Appendix IV".
2692:Rituals and Culture of India
2657:Smith, Frederick M. (2006).
2133:Christopher Chapple (1993).
1166:Ancient Mediterranean Europe
1083:. Some Egyptian cities kept
789:in Chapter 19, verses 1–14.
4705:, Oxford University Press,
3925:Monaghan, Patricia (2004).
3034:Animals and World Religions
2767:. Vol. 8. p. 719.
2761:W. and R. Chambers (1891).
2342:. Routledge. pp. 2–4.
2233:Animals and World Religions
1878:Food and drink prohibitions
1079:and virile deities such as
732:sects forbidding it. Early
602:, a nobleman, acting as an
171:specifically considers the
4873:
4857:Vegetarianism and religion
3849:Israel Exploration Journal
3569:Asian Educational Services
3306:Carmichael, Calum (2012).
3258:Matthew J. Walton (2016).
3141:Martine Batchelor (2014).
2569:Krishna, Nanditha (2014),
2543:Krishna, Nanditha (2014),
1943:Vegetarianism and religion
1873:Etiquette of Indian dining
1861: – Cattle in religion
1407:
1184:pastured on the island of
1169:
1138:economy of Ancient Nubia,
1008:
835:
623:
548:
503:
450:British East India Company
413:
347:to punish those who kill.
4509:Elverskog, Johan (2010).
4332:King, Winston L. (2001).
3744:Pinch, Geraldine (2004).
3731:Pinch, Geraldine (2004).
3506:Nussbaum, Martha Craven.
3231:Richard Gombrich (2012).
3178:. Routledge. p. 33.
2396:Walker, Benjamin (1968).
1611:
1594:
1410:Cattle slaughter in India
1306:, the main figure in the
1223:. She gives birth to the
1107:said that a cow goddess,
1073:ancient Egyptian religion
628:), the guardian deity of
563:, being captured by hero
482:
416:Cattle slaughter in India
146:London Vegetarian Society
3400:Goldman, Ari L. (2007).
3144:The Spirit of the Buddha
3114:Thich Nhat Hanh (2015).
2865:The Animal Ethics Reader
2441:The Myth of the Holy Cow
2439:Jha, Dwijendra Narayan.
2336:Alsdorf, Ludwig (2010).
2303:Edelstein, Sari (2013).
1527:at specific Hindu events
978:The ox is the symbol of
819:includes any dairy foods
446:Indian Rebellion of 1857
369:, which are part of the
4256:Spiro, Melford (1982).
3592:Avinoam Shalem (2013).
3172:H. Saddhatissa (2013).
3120:. Potter. p. 115.
2780:Politics of Communalism
2572:Sacred Animals of India
2546:Sacred Animals of India
2492:John R. McLane (2015).
2465:Ludwig Alsdorf (2010).
2364:Christopher John Fuller
2159:Tähtinen, Unto (1976),
1812:, and during mourning.
1601:On 29 August 1961, the
1459:enhance the translation
1276:Cattle appear often in
1227:, a human-bull hybrid.
949:on the Temple Mount in
824:Some Jews committed to
528:Cattle at a temple, in
420:Cow protection movement
410:Historical significance
201:79.80% Hindu population
4701:Achaya, K. T. (2002),
4484:. Macmillan. pp.
4476:Sterckx, Roel (2005).
4444:Hutton, Wendy (2007).
4371:Katz, Paul R. (2008).
4307:. MacMillan. pp.
3843:Ornan, Tallay (2001).
3314:New Haven, Connecticut
3087:Harvey, Peter (2013).
3031:Lisa Kemmerer (2011).
2608:"milking of the Earth"
2230:Lisa Kemmerer (2011).
1773:who also did as such.
1769:, allegedly imitating
1731:
1498:
1393:
1392:A cow walking in Delhi
1385:
1346:, the ancestor of the
1255:
910:
904:
718:
710:Brahmanadhammika Sutta
678:Brahmanadhammika Sutta
610:roaming freely in the
567:
541:
533:
441:
362:
305:
281:
185:vegetarianism in India
165:
151:
41:
4749:, Walter de Gruyter,
4005:, The Himalayan Times
3908:Davidson, Hilda Ellis
3792:Chaix, Louis (2012).
3521:Diane Morgan (2010).
3491:) CS1 maint: others (
3318:Yale University Press
2201:29 March 2017 at the
1729:
1493:
1453:from another language
1391:
1373:
1253:
1170:Further information:
1009:Further information:
875:, many rulers of the
836:Further information:
559:A painting depicting
558:
549:Further information:
539:
527:
483:In Gandhi's teachings
427:
353:
292:is compared with the
287:
275:
156:
32:
4803:at Wikimedia Commons
4768:Bronkhorst, Johannes
4638:The politics of food
4431:10 July 2011 at the
4043:(24 November 2009).
3432:"Rabbinic Statement"
3408:Simon & Schuster
3377:Macmillan Publishers
3369:Hersh, June (2011).
3320:. pp. 103–121.
2595:ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं १०.८७
1466:this article's entry
1182:the Cattle of Helios
826:Jewish vegetarianism
794:weekly Torah portion
373:, the earth-goddess
266:Sacred status of cow
148:on 20 November 1931.
4852:Animals in Buddhism
4842:Hinduism and cattle
4822:Biology and culture
4173:U Khin Win (1991).
4137:. ILRI. p. 33.
4101:Ram Chandra, Shah.
3564:Dictionary of Islam
2843:on 25 November 2011
2782:. pp. 175–193.
2630:Biardeau, Madeleine
2292:– via Scribd.
2171:, pp. 1–6, 107-109.
1913:Cow Hugging Therapy
1338:, the primeval cow
980:Luke the Evangelist
971:. This practice of
783:ritual purification
741:Abrahamic religions
452:. Hindu and Muslim
197:Chandogya Upanishad
109:In Indian religions
4847:Cattle in religion
4728:(published 1992),
4608:. Reaktion Books.
4414:on 13 August 2007.
3992:(1). Numen: 63–80.
3965:on 9 November 2014
3718:Bhandarkar, D.R.,
3379:. pp. 19–21.
3347:The New York Times
3198:R Ganguli (1931),
2804:on 9 November 2013
2262:censusindia.gov.in
2196:India's sacred cow
2083:India's sacred cow
2048:10.3390/ani8050064
1732:
1603:Burmese Parliament
1515:Lodi News-Sentinel
1499:
1394:
1386:
1362:, out of the ice.
1256:
961:animals sacrificed
892:Children of Israel
660:to be one of five
568:
542:
534:
442:
363:
306:
282:
166:
42:
4799:Media related to
4653:978-1-85973-853-5
4642:. Berg. pp.
4615:978-1-86189-298-0
4528:978-0-8122-4237-9
4495:978-1-4039-6337-6
4455:978-981-261-321-9
4408:"民間私營養牛業(附私營牧駝業)"
4382:978-0-415-44345-6
4343:978-1-928706-08-3
4318:978-1-4039-7736-6
4242:978-0-299-14254-4
4217:978-0-471-41102-4
4184:978-971-22-0024-3
4159:978-87-630-0094-9
3703:Vogelsang, P. 63
3600:Walter de Gruyter
3271:978-1-107-15569-5
3244:978-1-136-15623-6
3185:978-1-136-77293-1
3154:978-0-300-17500-4
3127:978-1-101-90573-9
3074:978-1-4411-4726-4
3044:978-0-19-979076-0
2962:978-0-945454-33-5
2935:978-1-59056-281-9
2875:978-1-317-42197-9
2747:978-0-253-22093-6
2676:978-0-231-13748-5
2634:Asian mythologies
2582:978-81-8475-182-6
2556:978-81-8475-182-6
2505:978-1-4008-7023-3
2478:978-1-135-16641-0
2455:, pp. 16–17.
2314:978-1-4496-0344-1
2243:978-0-19-979076-0
2163:, London: Rider,
2146:978-0-7914-1497-2
1938:Tarvos Trigaranus
1531:Gadhimai festival
1529:, such as at the
1488:
1487:
1259:Tarvos Trigaranus
1232:ancient Anatolian
1215:. In the myth of
1062:Ancient societies
777:, an unblemished
773:According to the
754:when the prophet
600:Nongban Kongyamba
506:Ahimsa in Jainism
402:and her daughter
187:are based on the
119:and parts of the
16:(Redirected from
4864:
4832:Culture of India
4798:
4784:
4759:
4738:
4715:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4641:
4631:
4620:
4619:
4601:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4545:. Archived from
4539:
4533:
4532:
4516:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4483:
4473:
4460:
4459:
4441:
4435:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4410:. Archived from
4404:
4398:
4396:Classic of Rites
4393:
4387:
4386:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4306:
4296:
4287:
4286:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4205:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4130:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4107:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3941:Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí
3937:
3931:
3930:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3840:
3834:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3755:
3749:
3742:
3736:
3729:
3723:
3716:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3688:
3679:
3678:
3655:Mahmoud M. Ayoub
3651:
3645:
3644:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3528:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3486:
3478:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3342:"Apocalypse Cow"
3338:
3332:
3331:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3228:
3219:
3209:
3203:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3169:
3160:
3158:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3100:978-05216-767-48
3084:
3078:
3077:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3028:
3019:
3018:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2978:Indian Antiquary
2973:
2967:
2966:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2905:978-04152-66-055
2886:
2880:
2879:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2833:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2800:. Archived from
2790:
2784:
2783:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2664:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2414:
2413:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2349:978-11351-66-410
2333:
2322:
2321:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2227:
2214:
2189:
2172:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2107:. Archived from
2106:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2050:
2026:
2020:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1985:
1969:
1966:
1933:Táin Bó Cúailnge
1864:
1844:Bull (mythology)
1657:Chinese medicine
1643:A beef taboo in
1614:
1613:
1597:
1596:
1571:Konbaung dynasty
1483:
1480:
1474:
1442:
1434:
1309:Táin Bó Flidhais
1295:Táin Bó Cúailnge
1204:= one hundred).
1025:Ahunavaiti Gatha
838:Animals in Islam
802:Temple Institute
716:
627:
594:epic of ancient
572:Meitei mythology
458:paper cartridges
391:Govatsa Dwadashi
181:diet in Hinduism
149:
67:, as well as in
53:Indian religions
21:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4807:
4806:
4791:
4782:
4764:Shaffer, Jim G.
4762:
4757:
4743:Shaffer, Jim G.
4741:
4736:
4718:
4713:
4700:
4697:
4692:
4682:
4680:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4665:
4661:
4654:
4633:
4632:
4623:
4616:
4603:
4602:
4595:
4585:
4583:
4582:. The News Lens
4577:
4576:
4572:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4549:on 5 June 2011.
4541:
4540:
4536:
4529:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4475:
4474:
4463:
4456:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4433:Wayback Machine
4423:
4419:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4298:
4297:
4290:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4243:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4185:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4132:
4131:
4124:
4114:
4112:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4085:
4083:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4055:
4053:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4024:
4022:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4001:
3997:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3968:
3966:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3743:
3739:
3730:
3726:
3717:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3667:. p. 117.
3653:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3602:. p. 127.
3591:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3571:. p. 364.
3557:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3479:
3467:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3438:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3410:. p. 234.
3399:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3351:
3350:. 30 March 1997
3340:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3218:, Sutta Central
3210:
3206:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3171:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2815:
2807:
2805:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2417:
2410:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2335:
2334:
2325:
2315:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2229:
2228:
2217:
2213:, pages 201–204
2203:Wayback Machine
2190:
2175:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2114:on 24 July 2021
2111:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2080:Marvin Harris.
2079:
2078:
2074:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2019:, 6 April 2017.
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1862:
1824:
1790:leather, and a
1779:
1755:
1724:
1708:
1693:Chinese Muslims
1641:
1629:
1548:Burmese Chinese
1539:
1512:According to a
1496:Tihar Festival.
1484:
1478:
1475:
1473:for discussion.
1462:
1457:Please help to
1456:
1449:may be a rough
1443:
1432:
1412:
1406:
1374:A cow shelter (
1368:
1336:Norse mythology
1278:Irish mythology
1248:
1178:Greek mythology
1174:
1168:
1132:
1069:
1064:
1017:
1007:
959:are one of the
919:
840:
834:
787:Book of Numbers
748:
743:
717:
704:
701:
698:
696:
694:
693:
691:
689:
688:
686:
650:
580:Ancient Manipur
553:
551:Meitei religion
547:
508:
502:
485:
438:Raja Ravi Varma
422:
414:Main articles:
412:
387:Hindu mythology
300:. Here, with a
268:
150:
140:
129:
111:
95:states of India
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4870:
4868:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4837:Animal worship
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4790:
4789:External links
4787:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4760:
4755:
4739:
4734:
4716:
4711:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4668:
4659:
4652:
4621:
4614:
4593:
4570:
4552:
4534:
4527:
4501:
4494:
4461:
4454:
4446:Singapore food
4436:
4417:
4399:
4388:
4381:
4363:
4349:
4342:
4324:
4317:
4288:
4273:
4266:
4248:
4241:
4223:
4216:
4190:
4183:
4165:
4158:
4140:
4122:
4093:
4082:on 1 July 2014
4063:
4032:
4007:
3995:
3976:
3959:"ANNEX II (8)"
3950:
3932:
3917:
3899:
3890:Green, Miranda
3881:
3835:
3822:
3807:
3784:
3775:
3768:
3750:
3737:
3724:
3708:
3696:
3692:Zoroastrianism
3680:
3673:
3646:
3639:
3633:. p. 38.
3615:
3608:
3584:
3577:
3550:
3543:
3513:
3510:. p. 224.
3498:
3465:
3448:
3423:
3416:
3392:
3385:
3361:
3333:
3326:
3298:
3286:
3277:
3270:
3250:
3243:
3220:
3204:
3191:
3184:
3161:
3153:
3133:
3126:
3106:
3099:
3079:
3073:
3050:
3043:
3020:
3002:
2984:
2968:
2961:
2941:
2934:
2911:
2904:
2881:
2874:
2854:
2825:
2785:
2770:
2753:
2746:
2726:
2707:
2700:
2682:
2675:
2649:
2642:
2621:
2599:
2587:
2581:
2561:
2555:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2504:
2484:
2477:
2457:
2445:
2432:
2415:
2408:
2385:
2378:
2355:
2348:
2323:
2313:
2295:
2274:
2249:
2242:
2215:
2173:
2169:978-0091233402
2152:
2145:
2125:
2092:
2072:
2021:
2005:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1883:Gangotri (cow)
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1856:
1854:Bull of Heaven
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1778:
1775:
1754:
1751:
1723:
1720:
1707:
1704:
1640:
1637:
1628:
1625:
1584:, a prominent
1538:
1535:
1486:
1485:
1446:
1444:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1408:Main article:
1405:
1402:
1367:
1364:
1282:Glas Gaibhnenn
1267:Celtic peoples
1247:
1244:
1167:
1164:
1131:
1128:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1006:
1005:Zoroastrianism
1003:
965:Greek Orthodox
918:
915:
862:to the Jewish
833:
830:
747:
744:
742:
739:
702:
683:
649:
646:
546:
543:
519:slaughterhouse
501:
498:
484:
481:
411:
408:
276:The Hindu god
267:
264:
142:Mahatma Gandhi
138:
128:
125:
110:
107:
84:ancient Israel
80:ancient Greece
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4869:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4802:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4781:1-888789-04-2
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4756:3-11-014447-6
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4735:81-85179-67-0
4731:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4720:Sethna, K. D.
4717:
4714:
4712:0-19-565868-X
4708:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4678:
4672:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4655:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4639:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4617:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4581:
4574:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4543:"慈雲閣——看靈牛遊地獄"
4538:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4514:
4505:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4481:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4392:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4325:
4320:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4277:
4274:
4269:
4267:0-520-04672-2
4263:
4259:
4252:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4224:
4219:
4213:
4209:
4204:
4203:
4194:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4141:
4136:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4094:
4081:
4077:
4076:NepalNews.com
4073:
4067:
4064:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4041:Jolly, Joanna
4036:
4033:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3977:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3928:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3818:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3771:
3769:9780190496272
3765:
3761:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3728:
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39:Uttar Pradesh
36:
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27:
19:
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4702:
4695:Bibliography
4681:. Retrieved
4679:. Chabad.org
4671:
4662:
4637:
4605:
4584:. Retrieved
4573:
4564:
4555:
4547:the original
4537:
4512:
4504:
4479:
4445:
4439:
4420:
4412:the original
4402:
4391:
4372:
4366:
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4282:
4276:
4257:
4251:
4232:
4226:
4201:
4193:
4174:
4168:
4149:
4143:
4134:
4113:. Retrieved
4109:
4096:
4084:. Retrieved
4080:the original
4075:
4066:
4054:. Retrieved
4048:
4035:
4023:. Retrieved
4010:
3998:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3967:. Retrieved
3963:the original
3953:
3944:
3935:
3926:
3920:
3911:
3902:
3893:
3884:
3872:. Retrieved
3855:(1): 14–16.
3852:
3848:
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3825:
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3797:
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3778:
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3659:
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3625:
3618:
3594:
3587:
3563:
3553:
3524:
3516:
3507:
3501:
3456:
3451:
3439:. Retrieved
3435:
3426:
3402:
3395:
3371:
3364:
3352:. Retrieved
3345:
3336:
3308:
3301:
3289:
3280:
3260:
3253:
3233:
3215:
3207:
3194:
3174:
3143:
3136:
3116:
3109:
3089:
3082:
3063:
3033:
3014:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2977:
2971:
2951:
2944:
2924:
2894:
2884:
2864:
2857:
2845:. Retrieved
2841:the original
2806:. Retrieved
2802:the original
2788:
2779:
2773:
2763:
2756:
2736:
2729:
2721:Drikpanchang
2720:
2710:
2691:
2685:
2660:
2652:
2633:
2624:
2612:. Retrieved
2602:
2590:
2571:
2564:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2514:
2494:
2487:
2467:
2460:
2448:
2440:
2435:
2398:
2368:
2358:
2338:
2318:
2304:
2298:
2286:. Retrieved
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2261:
2252:
2232:
2160:
2155:
2135:
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2109:the original
2095:
2082:
2075:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1992:
1983:
1964:
1903:Nandi (bull)
1859:Bull worship
1849:Bull-leaping
1814:
1800:
1794:could avoid
1780:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1733:
1709:
1697:
1677:Confucianism
1661:
1653:Zhou dynasty
1642:
1630:
1627:In Sri Lanka
1606:
1600:
1595:နွားမေတ္တာစာ
1589:
1582:Ledi Sayadaw
1579:
1568:
1540:
1524:
1513:
1511:
1500:
1476:
1464:
1448:
1417:
1413:
1395:
1375:
1348:frost giants
1333:
1329:Corcu Loígde
1324:
1307:
1293:
1290:Finnbhennach
1275:
1270:
1257:
1229:
1206:
1201:
1175:
1156:
1133:
1125:
1085:sacred bulls
1070:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1020:
1018:
984:
977:
955:
947:Third Temple
935:Hebrew Bible
920:
917:Christianity
911:
906:
900:
896:
881:
870:
863:
855:
851:
841:
823:
812:
806:
791:
775:Hebrew Bible
772:
749:
723:
719:
714:Sutta Nipāta
713:
709:
684:
677:
675:
651:
620:Old Manipuri
569:
516:
509:
486:
474:
448:against the
443:
429:
364:
340:
333:
316:
314:
307:
269:
253:
241:
234:
229:
222:
218:
216:
189:Hindu ethics
176:
167:
163:Mamallapuram
131:
114:
112:
92:
88:ancient Rome
50:
43:
26:
4801:Sacred cows
4586:13 February
4427:eywedu.com
4425:Huizuyanjiu
4086:25 November
4056:24 November
4020:Yahoo! News
3969:13 November
3705:The Afghans
3354:21 December
3294:Exodus 32:4
2890:Paul Dundas
2847:13 November
2614:13 November
2530:V.M. Apte,
2519:Achaya 2002
2453:Achaya 2002
1998:6 September
1993:dahd.nic.in
1923:Panchamrita
1918:Ophiotaurus
1771:Sunan Kudus
1649:Han Chinese
1621:coup d'état
1612:တိုးတိုးသား
1566:(no harm).
1451:translation
1314:River Boyne
1300:Cattle Raid
1136:pastoralist
1109:Mehet-Weret
1093:Buchis bull
1089:Mnevis bull
1033:Ahura Mazda
1015:Gavaevodata
989:, the oxen
969:Charalambos
873:Eid al-Adha
760:Mount Sinai
758:went up to
752:golden calf
570:In ancient
434:British Raj
371:Hindu texts
341:Atharvaveda
205:2011 census
177:Bos indicus
4811:Categories
4683:20 October
4025:19 January
3804:: 189–212.
3665:SUNY Press
3533:. p.
3475:1041228582
3441:16 October
3436:Jewish Veg
2808:8 November
2288:23 January
1976:References
1908:Naqada III
1868:El (deity)
1810:Tisha B'Av
1806:Yom Kippur
1588:wrote the
1537:In Myanmar
1479:March 2023
1396:Today, in
1366:Modern day
1325:*Bóu-vinda
1095:, and the
1021:geush urva
1011:Vohu Manah
985:Among the
923:red heifer
625:Thangching
584:Kangleipak
504:See also:
440:(c. 1897).
255:Gryhasutra
159:bas relief
121:North-East
35:Indian cow
3861:0021-2059
3631:Routledge
3561:(1995) .
3483:cite book
3015:e-pao.net
2997:e-pao.net
2895:The Jains
2267:25 August
2041:(5): 64.
2017:Scroll.in
1888:Kamadhenu
1753:Indonesia
1633:Sri Lanka
1580:In 1885,
1419:Gopastami
1240:storm god
1186:Thrinacia
1172:Mithraism
1097:Apis bull
1056:Barashnûm
1029:Zoroaster
1019:The term
987:Visigoths
973:kourbania
951:Jerusalem
943:Christian
941:and some
931:sacrifice
884:Al-Baqara
726:Theravada
616:Thangjing
493:venerated
430:mansahari
400:Kamadhenu
383:Kamadhenu
144:, to the
101:) may be
46:religions
4722:(1980),
4565:NDTV.com
4429:Archived
4050:BBC News
3943:(1991).
3910:(1988).
3892:(2002).
3869:27926951
3722:, p. 72.
3694:, p. 13.
3657:(1984).
3531:ABC-CLIO
3064:Buddhism
2892:(2003).
2366:(2004).
2199:Archived
2194:(1990),
2067:29701646
1898:Minotaur
1822:See also
1687:and the
1673:Buddhism
1607:todo tha
1575:flogging
1560:Uposatha
1430:In Nepal
1404:In India
1342:suckled
1340:Auðumbla
1271:tarbfeis
1225:Minotaur
1221:Poseidon
1217:Pasiphaë
1198:hecatomb
1148:bucrania
1144:rock art
1045:Vendidad
865:shechita
852:dhabīḥah
814:shechita
768:Jeroboam
730:Mahayana
703:—
654:Buddhism
648:Buddhism
576:folklore
357:chasing
298:Hinduism
245:Rig Veda
169:Hinduism
139:—
134:beef tea
127:Hinduism
72:paganism
65:Buddhism
57:Hinduism
55:such as
18:Gau Mata
4115:29 July
3690:Clark,
2118:24 July
2058:5981275
2035:Animals
1816:Jainism
1802:Judaism
1788:pigskin
1777:Leather
1763:Muslims
1700:weeping
1503:Lakshmi
1384:, India
1377:goshala
1304:Flidais
1263:Gaulish
1230:In the
1202:hekaton
1048:of the
933:in the
927:priests
860:similar
796:called
779:red cow
746:Judaism
712:13.24,
667:samsara
662:ethical
630:Moirang
604:oracler
598:realm.
596:Moirang
532:, India
511:Jainism
500:Jainism
470:British
466:Judaism
404:Nandini
375:Prithvi
367:Puranas
359:Prithvi
337:Brahmin
329:Krishna
321:Rigveda
278:Krishna
249:Puranas
224:smritis
203:as of (
157:A bull
69:African
61:Jainism
4817:Cattle
4778:
4753:
4732:
4709:
4650:
4646:–127.
4612:
4525:
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1784:Muslim
1767:Hindus
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1706:Taiwan
1681:Daoism
1679:, and
1619:led a
1617:Ne Win
1564:ahimsa
1552:Kachin
1423:Hindus
1382:Guntur
1298:("The
1280:. The
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1213:Europa
1194:Helios
1190:Sicily
1140:Africa
1119:, and
1113:Hathor
1051:Avesta
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809:kosher
798:Chukat
764:Levite
734:suttas
706:Buddha
658:ahimsa
656:state
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638:Khuman
634:Khamba
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489:Gandhi
454:sepoys
395:Diwali
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2087:(PDF)
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1121:Neith
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4338:ISBN
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4262:ISBN
4237:ISBN
4212:ISBN
4179:ISBN
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4088:2009
4058:2009
4027:2016
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3669:ISBN
3635:ISBN
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2616:2011
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2269:2015
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2141:ISBN
2120:2021
2063:PMID
2000:2023
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1834:Ahir
1689:Miao
1685:Huis
1668:Song
1664:Tang
1546:and
1463:See
1360:gods
1356:Odin
1352:Búri
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1211:and
1101:Ptah
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957:Oxen
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