87:
283:
40:
64:
715:
600:, and it is an important winter food for those species. Browsing is heaviest when other low-growing species become covered in snow; in Western Washington salal leaves composed 30.4% of deer diet by volume in January, compared to only 0.5% in June. The leaves have relatively low nutritional value, and deer which feed exclusively on them have shown signs of
229:
686:
and acidic woodland habitats in southern
England, often forming very tall and dense evergreen stands which smother other vegetation. Although heathland managers widely regard it as a problem weed on unmanaged heathland, it is readily browsed by cattle (especially in winter), so where traditional
673:
of infrequent fires, from intervals of 50 to 500+ years. Although aboveground portions of the plant may be consumed, rhizomes in the soil will survive and resprout after light to moderate fires. Severe fires on dry, shallow soil will penetrate into the roots and kill the plant.
375:
is reddish to blue, rough-surfaced, covered in tiny hairs, nearly spherical and 6 to 10 mm in diameter. The fruits are 'pseudoberries', or capsules made up of a fleshy outer calyx, and each fruit contains an average of 126 brown, reticulate
893:
Alaback, Paul; Antos, Joe; Goward, Trevor; Lertzman, Ken; MacKinnon, Andy; Pojar, Jim; Pojar, Rosamund; Reed, Andrew; Turner, Nancy; Vitt, Dale (2004). Pojar, Jim; MacKinnon, Andy (eds.).
535:
throughout the
Pacific Northwest down to Southern California. It is a common coniferous forest understory species where shade is not heavy and may dominate large areas with its spreading
1665:
726:, both with a unique flavor. The berries were a significant food resource for some Native American tribes, who ate them fresh and dried them into cakes. They were also used as a
775:
and anti-cramping herb. Leaves prepared in a tea or tincture are thought to decrease internal inflammation (such as bladder inflammation), stomach or duodenal ulcers,
1715:
1412:
1695:
1477:
767:
The species has been used for its medicinal properties by local natives for generations, although its medicinal uses are not widely known. The leaves have an
322:, leathery, thick and egg shaped. They are shiny and dark green on the upper surface, and rough and lighter green on the lower. Each finely and sharply
687:
grazing management has been restored, the dense stands become broken up and the plant becomes a more scattered component of the heathland vegetation.
1360:
1044:
706:
can be effective when properly applied. Attempts at mechanical removal may break up rhizomes and stimulate new growth, thus increasing salal cover.
1700:
1438:
1373:
857:
937:
1565:
1500:
1154:
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regrowth; on some sites it may hinder it, but on others it may add nutrients to the soil and actually increase conifer regeneration.
1179:
744:
Salal is widely cultivated as an ornamental both within and outside of its native range, useful for ground cover and landscaping.
978:
307:
to 10 feet) tall, sprawling to erect. It is loosely to densely branched and often forms dense, nearly impenetrable thickets. The
1399:
71:
576:, although it still competes with conifer seedlings for water, nutrients, and space. There are mixed reports on its impact on
1146:
1443:
1464:
340:, one-sided, with 5–15 flowers at the ends of branches. Each flower is composed of a deeply five-parted, glandular-haired
661:
It provides important cover and hiding places for a variety of species, from large ungulates to small birds and mammals.
1690:
1105:
Wildflowers of Oregon: A Field Guide to Over 400 Wildflowers, Trees, and Shrubs of the Coast, Cascades, and High Desert
1591:
1425:
800:
539:. Individual plants may live for hundreds of years, spreading from their rhizomes. The plant is sensitive to frost.
326:
leaf is 5 to 10 centimetres (2 to 4 inches) long. Each leaf generally lives for 2 to 4 years before it is replaced.
86:
1578:
1482:
1710:
437:
779:, indigestion, sinus inflammation, diarrhea, moderate fever, inflamed/irritated throat, and menstrual cramps. A
1680:
1670:
1505:
408:
219:
1583:
1204:
496:
1352:
1256:
1052:
992:
1347:
1277:
1218:
648:
20:
1705:
734:
used them to thicken salmon eggs. The leaves of the plant were also sometimes used to flavor fish soup.
609:
507:
The species was introduced to
Britain in 1828 by David Douglas, who intended the plant to be used as an
203:
737:
More recently, the berries are used locally in jams, preserves, and pies. They are often combined with
455:. In the Lushootseed language, the month of August is named pədt̕aqaʔ, literally 'time of the salal.'
1492:
1378:
1339:
1298:
902:
723:
589:
1018:
568:
Conifer regeneration is typically better on sites dominated by salal than on sites dominated by the
1660:
1539:
928:, Oxford English Dictionary Second edition, 1989; online version June 2012. Accessed 2 August 2012.
644:
569:
557:
It grows in a variety of soils but prefers moist sandy or peaty soils, and commonly establishes on
531:
grows in moist to dry, montane to lowland coastal conifer forests as well as forested peatland and
412:
53:
1456:
1627:
752:
628:
543:
492:
472:
81:
1570:
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1123:
1113:
955:
906:
772:
613:
593:
444:
974:
1531:
1073:
Wilkie, Thomas. 1890. Report upon the
Rearing of underwood for game coverts in high forest.
727:
691:
652:
508:
468:
255:
546:, exposed slopes, and bluffs near the ocean, as well as in coastal brushfields and coastal
1513:
573:
388:
282:
124:
1557:
658:
Salal flowers are pollinated by hummingbirds, bees, and flies, and are browsed by deer.
311:
are reddish-brown, with shredding bark. Twigs can live up to 16 years or more, but bear
1552:
484:
392:
111:
39:
1649:
597:
330:
783:
of the leaf can be used externally to ease discomfort from insect bites and stings.
751:
is the heart of a large industry which supplies cut evergreens worldwide for use in
1632:
1290:
1109:
756:
738:
731:
640:
601:
551:
323:
1199:
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1250:
670:
577:
1127:
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180:
1329:
1241:
952:
The
Collector: David Douglas and the Natural History of the Pacific Northwest
1311:
898:
776:
695:
683:
558:
433:
319:
259:
248:
170:
1609:
1430:
1103:
1087:
Brown, Ellesworth R (1961). "The black-tailed deer of western
Washington".
714:
1267:
1604:
1235:
780:
703:
605:
562:
512:
160:
150:
137:
1518:
228:
1365:
925:
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536:
741:
because salal's mild sweetness partially masks the former's tartness.
639:, and numerous songbirds consume the fruit, as do mammals such as the
1391:
699:
636:
488:
476:
464:
337:
312:
286:
The finely and sharply serrate leaves are shiny and dark green above.
1212:
1404:
1316:
713:
621:
532:
372:
345:
341:
334:
281:
251:
98:
722:
The dark blue berries and young leaves are edible and efficient
617:
377:
344:
and an urn-shaped pink to white, glandular to hairy, five-lobed
308:
262:), native to western North America. In English, it is known as
1303:
1216:
554:
forests. Salal tolerates moderate shade and does well in sun.
604:, cementing their status as a winter and emergency food for
940:, Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010. Accessed 2 August 2012.
1075:
Transactions of Royal
Scottish Arboriculture Society
1043:
Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Stromberg, Nicklas (ed.).
1225:
616:are known to feed on salal leaves, as are domestic
511:. It is believed to have been planted as cover for
1174:. illustrated by Mimi Kamp. Red Crane Books, Inc.
981:, 1741–1770 (Volume III). Accessed 2 August 2012.
1045:"Western poison-oak: Toxicodendron diversilobum"
542:It is tolerant of salt spray and grows well on
993:"Indigenous Plant Guide: Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim"
415:in April 1825 he noted that it was not called
395:name of the omnipresent evergreen shrub to be
8:
1666:Flora of the West Coast of the United States
954:. Seattle: Sasquatch Books. pp. 39–40.
747:In the Pacific Northwest, the harvesting of
19:"Salal" redirects here. For other uses, see
1213:
227:
62:
38:
27:
436:for his guide in Canada, fellow botanist
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
792:
1716:Plants used in Native American cuisine
1143:Edible and Useful Plants of California
698:because of its waxy foliage, although
1023:www.lushootseeddictionary.appspot.com
895:Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast
852:
850:
848:
846:
380:approximately 0.1 mm in length.
7:
1696:Cuisine of the Western United States
1493:95864c99-9814-46de-a926-3dad34fec34b
1172:Medicinal Plants of the Pacific West
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
975:Biography of Jean-François Gaultier
1141:Clarke, Charlotte Bringle (1978).
759:gardens and sold as "Lemon Leaf".
236:Distribution in the United States
14:
1584:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:317388-2
979:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
483:coast. It grows as far north as
348:(corolla), 7 to 10 millimetres (
85:
1019:"Lushootseed Dictionary Online"
771:effect, making it an effective
407:, but when Scottish naturalist
1701:Garden plants of North America
1147:University of California Press
1:
694:, salal is resistant to many
495:is a common associate in the
463:Salal is found in Southeast
1686:Flora of Washington (state)
1732:
1656:NatureServe secure species
565:in extremely humid areas.
318:The leaves are alternate,
315:only the first few years.
18:
16:Species of flowering plant
1676:Flora of British Columbia
333:of flowers consists of a
270:, or (mainly in Britain)
235:
226:
209:
202:
82:Scientific classification
80:
60:
51:
46:
37:
30:
559:decaying wood and stumps
447:, the fruits are called
1205:The Oregon Encyclopedia
1170:Moore, Michael (1993).
999:. Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw
497:California Coast Ranges
451:and the bush is called
293:is 0.4 to 3.05 metres (
1102:Fagan, Damian (2019).
719:
669:Salal is adapted to a
479:and along much of the
438:Jean François Gaultier
287:
21:Salal (disambiguation)
950:Nisbet, Jack (2009).
724:appetite suppressants
717:
682:It readily colonizes
647:, black-tailed deer,
635:, various species of
515:on shooting estates.
285:
1200:"Gaultheria shallon"
903:Lone Pine Publishing
897:(Revised ed.).
858:"Gaultheria shallon"
809:NatureServe Explorer
763:Medicinal properties
1691:Flora of California
1089:Biological Bulletin
997:Museum of Vancouver
753:floral arrangements
649:Townsend's chipmunk
391:reported the local
54:Conservation status
47:Leaves and flowers
1545:Gaultheria shallon
1257:Gaultheria shallon
1227:Gaultheria shallon
803:Gaultheria shallon
720:
629:band-tailed pigeon
493:Western poison oak
291:Gaultheria shallon
288:
244:Gaultheria shallon
213:Gaultheria shallon
32:Gaultheria shallon
1643:
1642:
1527:Open Tree of Life
1219:Taxon identifiers
1156:978-0-520-03267-5
1119:978-1-4930-3633-2
991:Duncan, Rebecca.
961:978-1-57061-613-6
912:978-1-55105-530-5
773:anti-inflammatory
755:. It is used in
614:white-footed vole
570:western swordfern
445:Squamish language
240:
239:
75:
1723:
1711:Canadian cuisine
1636:
1635:
1623:
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1470:NBNSYS0000003896
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1108:. Guilford, CT:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1078:
1071:
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1060:
1051:. Archived from
1040:
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868:
854:
821:
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797:
692:invasive species
653:Douglas squirrel
544:stabilized dunes
469:British Columbia
368: in) long.
367:
366:
362:
357:
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306:
305:
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231:
215:
90:
89:
69:
66:
65:
42:
28:
1731:
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1681:Flora of Oregon
1671:Flora of Alaska
1646:
1645:
1644:
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1618:
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1514:Observation.org
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1221:
1198:
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1189:
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1169:
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1055:on 21 July 2009
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789:
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712:
680:
667:
624:in some areas.
588:The leaves are
586:
526:
524:Preferred sites
521:
505:
461:
421:salal or sallal
389:Lewis and Clark
386:
364:
360:
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354:
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349:
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296:
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254:in the heather
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195:G. shallon
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5:
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1633:wfo-0000695411
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1193:External links
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584:Use by animals
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1387:iNaturalist
1251:Wikispecies
1091:(13): 124p.
1077:12:371–374.
671:fire regime
578:Douglas-fir
413:Fort George
411:arrived at
278:Description
125:Angiosperms
72:NatureServe
1661:Gaultheria
1650:Categories
1553:Plant List
1275:Calflora:
1128:1073035766
787:References
769:astringent
749:G. shallon
730:, and the
696:herbicides
651:, and the
645:black bear
574:vine maple
548:shore pine
529:G. shallon
509:ornamental
481:California
473:Washington
430:Gaultheria
428:The genus
272:gaultheria
182:Gaultheria
1353:250065702
899:Vancouver
777:heartburn
728:sweetener
684:heathland
606:ungulates
561:or as an
513:pheasants
503:In Europe
453:t’áḵa7áy̓
434:Pehr Kalm
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384:Etymology
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260:Ericaceae
249:evergreen
189:Species:
171:Ericaceae
95:Kingdom:
1617:VASCAN:
1610:12302442
1605:Tropicos
1457:2.134815
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1236:Wikidata
1059:21 April
1003:19 March
781:poultice
612:and the
563:epiphyte
537:rhizomes
167:Family:
161:Ericales
151:Asterids
138:Eudicots
1366:2882758
1242:Q941600
1028:22 June
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633:wrentit
610:Beavers
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1374:GRIN
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1124:OCLC
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1061:2010
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