133:, and Álfhildr's subsequent death by illness years later, which has driven the grieving Gautrekr somewhat out of his mind: ignoring all matters of state, Gautrekr spends all his time on Álfhildr's burial mound, flying his hawk. On Neri's advice, Refr gives the whetstone to Gautrekr at the moment that the king needs something to throw at his hawk; Gautrekr promptly gives Refr a gold ring. Refr goes on to visit king after king, in each case giving part or all of that which he received from the previous king, and getting in return a greater gift, since none of the kings want to be outdone by Gautrekr, who "gives gold in exchange for pebbles." At last, through Neri's advice and trickery, Refr gains the hand of Gautrekr's daughter Helga and an earldom that Neri held from King Gautrekr. This is often known as
169:("The Tale of Víkar"), was probably extracted or retold from a lost saga about Starkaðr; it contains extensive poetry, ostensibly by Starkaðr himself, and it ends tragically. A high point of this section is the evocative episode where Starkaðr's foster-father Grani Horsehair awakens his foster-son Starkaðr at about midnight, takes him to an island where eleven men are at council, and, sitting in a twelfth chair reveals himself as the god
193:. Nonetheless, there are themes that connect all three sections of this saga; for example, both Starkaðr and Refr are unpromising youths, and both Neri and Skafnortung are misers. The entire saga seems to be a meditation on generosity: sacrifice to the gods is useless, and stinginess is not admirable—but giving and receiving gifts, participating in networks of reciprocal exchange, is the way to good fortune.
112:
of West Götaland, becomes lost while hunting, and spends the night in an isolated homestead of strange, arguably insane, backwoods bumpkins: a stingy farmer named Skafnörtungr ('Skinflint'), his equally stingy wife Tötra ('Tatters'), and their three sons and three daughters. That night Gauti fathers
177:
and Óðinn, the two alternately bestow curses and blessings upon Starkaðr. When this is done, Óðinn requires Starkaðr to sacrifice King Víkar, his sworn lord, friend, and benefactor. Starkaðr persuades Víkar to put his neck in a noose of stretchy calf intestines and be stabbed with a fragile reed,
128:
The saga then shifts to a folk-tale-like account of how Refr, the lazy son of a farmer, forces his father's stupendous ox as gift upon the stingy but extraordinarily intelligent Jarl Neri and requests only Neri's advice in return. Jarl Neri normally never accepts gifts because he is too stingy to
148:
region of Norway. Ingibjörg chooses
Gautrekr for his fame and generosity, despite his age, over the young prince Óláfr who has also asked for her hand. Gautrekr fights off an attack by the rejected and disappointed Óláfr, marries Ingibjörg, and fathers two sons named Keti'l and Hrólfr with her.
113:
Gautrekr on Snotra, the eldest of the farmer's daughters and supposedly the most intelligent of the family. The account bristles with grisly humor as it relates how one by one the members of the family go on to kill themselves over the most trivial losses, believing that they will go to
93:, no sons are mentioned. But it seems that Gautrek was noted in many tales for his generosity and bravery, but not for deep thinking, according to a passage near the end. It is probable there were more amusing anecdotes to that effect that the author planned to include.
19:
178:
thus undergoing a mock sacrifice. Unfortunately, the sacrifice turns real when the noose becomes rope and the reed turns into a spear, leaving Vikar stabbed and hanged, and bringing down grief and disgrace on Starkaðr for killing his lord.
129:
repay them. But he takes the ox and gives Ref a whetstone in return, telling him how to employ it as a gift to King
Gautrekr to get greater wealth. The saga has mentioned Gautrek's marriage to Álfhildr, daughter of King Haraldr of
121:, until at last only Snotra and her child Gautrekr remain. At that point Snotra takes Gautrekr to Gauti's court; years later, on his deathbed, King Gauti makes Gautrekr his heir. This section is sometimes referred to as
1888:
2828:
48:
put to text towards the end of the 13th century which survives only in much later manuscripts. It seems to have been intended as a compilation of traditional stories, often humorous, about a legendary King
1878:
181:
This middle section is so stylistically unlike the happier stories that "bookend" it that some have questioned whether it should have been included at all. The only obvious link is because King
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1883:
157:
The younger and much better known version of the saga includes these two lighthearted tales, but inserts between them an account of the ancestry, birth, and earliest exploits of
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617:’ in Fornaldarsagaerne. Myter og virkilighed. Studier i de oldislandske fornaldarsögur Norðurlanda. Eds. Agneta Ney, Ármann Jakobsson and Annette Lassen. 2009, 93-106 (p. 101).
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707:, ed. by Matthew Driscoll, Silvia Hufnagel, Philip Lavender and Beeke Stegmann, The Viking Collection, 24 (Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark, 2018), pp. 351-75.
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where Gauti "after whom
Gautland (Götaland) is named" is mentioned as the father of Gautrek the Generous the father of King Algaut the father of Gauthild who married
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died. And indeed Hrólf Kraki is one of the kings whom Ref visits in the saga. Another king visited by Ref is Ælle of
England and the historical King
244:
could well be contemporary to the legendary Hrólf Kraki of
Denmark. However in the section concerning Starkad, the kings of Sweden are the brothers
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The longer version does not include the story of
Gautrekr's remarriage, but essentially the same account appears at the beginning of
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185:, who appears prominently in it, is father of Jarl Neri who plays a very important role in the material following and also because
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The shorter version of the saga ends with an account of King
Gautrekr's remarriage to the fair Ingibjörg, daughter of a powerful
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779:
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2235:
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Jonathan York Heng Hui, 'The Matter of
Gautland' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018), pp. 119-29;
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gave rise to a fashion in early-modern Sweden for labelling inland cliffs with the
Swedish equivalent of that name,
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of Sweden. This should make
Gautrek live in the early 7th century, approximately contemporary with Önund's father
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As it stands, the saga seems incomplete, for a promise is made that the tale will return to King Gautrek of
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489:. Trans. Fox, Denton and Pálsson, Hermann (1974). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
475:. Trans. Pálsson, Hermann and Edwards, Paul (1968). London: University of London Press.
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460:. Trans. Pálsson, Hermann and Edwards, Paul (1985). Harmondsworth, England: Penguin.
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Gothrici & Rolfi Westrogothiae Regum Historia, Lingua Antiqua Gothica Conscripta
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The Legendary Legacy: Transmission and Reception of the 'Fornaldarsögur Norðurlanda
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100:: a shorter, apparently older, version; and a longer, apparently more recent, one.
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Cronan, Dennis (2007). "The Thematic Unity of the Younger Gautreks Saga".
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The shorter version begins by relating how Gautrekr's father-to-be, King
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Refr is appointed Gautrekr's earl, but it is said that he died young.
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87:", and that promise is not kept. Indeed, other than the reference to
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Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe
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Refo claims that King Gotricus is the greatest giver of gifts.
285:. The parallels are summarised by Michael Chesnutt as follows:
1976:
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Translated into Swedish in 1664, the saga's depiction of the
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The earl predicts that King Gautrekr will make Refr a gift.
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Later, Refo serves Gotricus, but he is murdered in Sweden.
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A Norwegian, Refr, brings an ox to Earl Neri of Gautland.
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Two Icelanders, Refo and Bero, visit King Goto of Norway.
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The king, sitting on a chair, gives him two gold rings.
57:, to serve as a kind of prequel to the already existing
1879:
people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend
347:
The king, sitting on a mound, gives him a gold ring.
210:
Snorri Sturluson introduces Gauti and Gautrek in his
895:
Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum í Dana ok Svíaveldi
613:
Michael Chesnutt. 2009. ‘The Content and Meaning of
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king of Sweden, who appears in it, was prominent in
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165:legendary heroes. This account, sometimes known as
529:, ed. and trans. by Olaus Verelius (Uppsala, 1664)
432:Stories for All Time: The Icelandic Fornaldarsögur
402:went on to appear extensively in popular culture.
533:Gautreks saga in Old Norse from heimskringla.no
248:which, if one trusts the order of kings in the
161:, who is perhaps the grimmest and strangest of
505:. New Haven, Conn.: The Troth. pp. 1–33.
1002:
775:Egils saga einhenda ok Ásmundar berserkjabana
728:
8:
405:The saga is one of the key inspirations for
369:He marries the King of Gautland's daughter.
83:and his sons, to "the same story as told in
2731:
1031:Mythological Norse people, items and places
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1057:
1009:
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987:
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636:Scandia: Tidskrift för Historisk Forskning
366:He abducts the King of Norway's daughter.
1829:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend
694:and Financial Crisis: Bjarni Bjarnason’s
589:Journal of English and Germanic Philology
538:Snerpa: Netúgáfan: Fornrit: Gautreks saga
252:, would put Gautrek generations earlier.
125:("The Tale of the Fools in the Valley").
287:
232:in whose days, according to Snorri, the
96:There are actually two main versions of
554:
473:Gautrek's Saga and Other Medieval Tales
173:. In a long dialogue between the gods
7:
632:"Ättestupan - myt eller verklighet?"
625:
623:
1889:named weapons, armour and treasures
3066:Heathenry (new religious movement)
565:Die Gautrekssaga in Zwei Fassungen
14:
825:Heiðreks saga konungs ok Hervarar
668:https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.3036
1729:Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri
820:Hálfs saga konungs ok Hálfsrekka
332:Refur travels to King Gautrekr.
419:Bibliography and external links
361:Refr defeats the evil Refnefr.
329:Refo travels to King Gotricus.
2166:Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán
785:Frá Fornjóti ok hans ættmönnum
1:
337:Some of the courtiers laugh.
815:Hálfdanar saga Eysteinssonar
263:The saga of Herraud and Bósi
228:or possibly Yngvar's father
137:('the story of Gift-Refr').
65:Saga of Hrólf son of Gautrek
2236:Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr
920:Þorsteins saga Víkingssonar
795:Gautreks saga ok Gjafa-Refs
3118:
2903:Festivals and holy periods
925:Þorsteins þáttr bæjarmagns
810:Hálfdanar saga Brönufóstra
568:. Berlin: Mayer and Müller
358:Refo kills the evil Ulvo.
2171:Nine Mothers of Heimdallr
1884:named animals and plants
1028:
855:Högna saga Hálfdanarsonar
850:Hrómundar saga Gripssonar
840:Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar
750:
562:Ranisch, Wilhelm (1900).
199:Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar
191:Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar
90:Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar
60:Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar
1992:Black elves (Svartálfar)
890:Sturlaugs saga starfsama
860:Illuga saga Gríðarfóstra
452:Ancestry: Gautrek's saga
316:The courtiers mock him.
275:has a close parallel in
3092:13th-century literature
2874:Sacred trees and groves
2114:Hamskerpir and Garðrofa
1987:Light elves (Ljósálfar)
765:Ásmundar saga kappabana
755:Af Upplendinga konungum
630:Odén, Birgitta (1996).
2732:
1982:Dark elves (Dökkálfar)
1631:Narfi (father of Nott)
880:Ragnars saga loðbrókar
835:Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis
830:Helga þáttr Þórissonar
543:Handrit: Gautreks saga
503:Six Sagas of Adventure
501:Waggoner, Ben (2014).
30:
2124:Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi
1403:Sister-wife of Njörðr
865:Ingvars saga víðförla
800:Gríms saga loðinkinna
790:Friðþjófs saga frækna
770:Bósa saga ok Herrauðs
458:Seven Viking Romances
258:Bósa saga ok Herrauds
25:kills king Vikar, by
21:
2894:Wetlands and islands
2014:Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn
905:Tóka þáttr Tókasonar
780:Eiríks saga víðförla
446:English translations
44:) is a Scandinavian
2176:Narfi (son of Loki)
1323:Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr
966:Sagas of Icelanders
760:Áns saga bogsveigis
289:
2822:Religious practice
2796:Old Norse language
2263:Váli (son of Loki)
2151:Líf and Lífthrasir
2059:Árvakr and Alsviðr
2054:Horses of the Æsir
2034:Hati Hróðvitnisson
1175:Váli (son of Odin)
1018:Old Norse religion
956:Contemporary sagas
471:"King Gautrek" in
456:"King Gautrek" in
438:2018-06-12 at the
407:Bjarni Bjarnason's
398:. The idea of the
384:In popular culture
288:
31:
3079:
3078:
3071:Nordic Bronze Age
3061:Germanic paganism
3049:
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2920:Germanic calendar
2884:Temple at Uppsala
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2681:
2286:
2285:
2246:Þjálfi and Röskva
2190:Personifications
1053:and other figures
984:
983:
939:Other saga genres
900:Sörla saga sterka
885:Ragnarssona þáttr
875:Norna-Gests þáttr
870:Ketils saga hængs
845:Hrólfs saga kraka
805:Göngu-Hrólfs saga
381:
380:
69:king of the Geats
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2504:Grove of fetters
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2004:Fjalar (rooster)
1764:Fjalar and Galar
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273:Gjafa-Refs þáttr
220:the son of King
135:Gjafa-Refs þáttr
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267:Harald Wartooth
246:Alrek and Eirík
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104:Shorter version
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2536:
2534:Hoddmímis holt
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2368:Körmt and Örmt
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1799:Sons of Ivaldi
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1145:Móði and Magni
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1055:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1006:
999:
991:
982:
981:
979:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
946:Bishops' sagas
942:
940:
936:
935:
933:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
751:
748:
747:
742:
740:
739:
732:
725:
717:
709:
708:
692:Fornaldarsögur
684:Alaric Hall, '
672:
659:
642:(2): 221–234.
638:(in Swedish).
619:
606:
579:
553:
552:
550:
547:
546:
545:
540:
535:
530:
522:
519:
518:
517:
512:978-1941136041
511:
498:
487:Gautrek's Saga
484:
469:
454:
447:
444:
443:
442:
425:
422:
420:
417:
385:
382:
379:
378:
375:
371:
370:
367:
363:
362:
359:
355:
354:
352:
349:
348:
345:
341:
340:
338:
334:
333:
330:
326:
325:
322:
318:
317:
314:
311:
310:
307:
303:
302:
297:
207:
204:
154:
153:Longer version
151:
105:
102:
76:
73:
46:legendary saga
41:Gautrek's Saga
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3114:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:Öndvegissúlur
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2844:Heitstrenging
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:Völsung Cycle
2789:
2787:
2786:Tyrfing Cycle
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:Gesta Danorum
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:Fróði's Peace
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2231:Shield-maiden
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:Ask and Embla
1903:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:Ingunar-Freyr
1364:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
993:
992:
989:
977:
974:
972:
971:Saints' sagas
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
941:
937:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
910:Völsunga saga
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
749:
745:
738:
733:
731:
726:
724:
719:
718:
715:
706:
704:
700:
699:
698:
695:
689:
688:
686:
679:
678:
673:
669:
663:
660:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
626:
624:
620:
616:
610:
607:
602:
598:
595:(1): 81–123.
594:
590:
583:
580:
567:
566:
558:
555:
548:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
528:
525:
524:
521:Original text
520:
514:
508:
504:
499:
496:
495:0-8020-1925-0
492:
488:
485:
482:
481:0-340-09396-X
478:
474:
470:
467:
466:0-14-044474-2
463:
459:
455:
453:
450:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:
433:
428:
427:
423:
418:
416:
414:
413:
408:
403:
401:
397:
396:
391:
383:
376:
373:
372:
368:
365:
364:
360:
357:
356:
353:
351:
350:
346:
343:
342:
339:
336:
335:
331:
328:
327:
323:
320:
319:
315:
313:
312:
308:
305:
304:
301:
298:
295:
294:Gesta Danorum
292:
291:
286:
284:
283:
282:Gesta Danorum
278:
274:
270:
268:
264:
260:
259:
253:
251:
250:Ynglinga saga
247:
243:
242:Ælle of Deira
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:
213:Ynglinga saga
205:
203:
201:
200:
194:
192:
188:
184:
179:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
152:
150:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
126:
124:
120:
116:
111:
103:
101:
99:
98:Gautreks saga
94:
92:
91:
86:
82:
74:
72:
70:
66:
62:
61:
56:
55:West Geatland
52:
47:
43:
42:
37:
36:
35:Gautreks saga
28:
24:
20:
16:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2711:Hjaðningavíg
2489:Glæsisvellir
2029:Gullinbursti
1676:Útgarða-Loki
1070:Almáttki áss
961:Kings' sagas
794:
702:
701:
697:
693:
691:
682:
681:
677:
676:
662:
651:. Retrieved
639:
635:
614:
609:
592:
588:
582:
570:. Retrieved
564:
557:
526:
502:
486:
472:
457:
431:
424:Bibliography
410:
404:
399:
393:
389:
387:
299:
293:
280:
272:
271:
262:
256:
254:
249:
211:
209:
197:
195:
190:
180:
167:Víkars þáttr
166:
163:Scandinavian
156:
139:
134:
127:
122:
107:
97:
95:
88:
78:
67:). See also
64:
58:
40:
39:
34:
33:
32:
15:
2869:Reginnaglar
2801:Orthography
2774:Jómsvíkinga
2749:Poetic Edda
2662:Urðarbrunnr
2657:Mímisbrunnr
2589:Singasteinn
2519:Hindarfjall
2499:Gnipahellir
2479:Ginnungagap
2454:Fyrisvellir
2449:Fornsigtuna
2383:Vimur River
2373:Slidr River
2146:Jörmungandr
1556:Hrímgrímnir
1185:Vili and Vé
976:Short tales
572:13 November
409:2011 novel
296:(8.16:1-4)
255:However in
238:Hrólf Kraki
3086:Categories
3036:Viking Age
3011:Philosophy
2879:Sonargöltr
2764:Runestones
2756:Prose Edda
2701:Fimbulvetr
2652:Hvergelmir
2619:Valaskjálf
2579:Sessrúmnir
2549:Jötunheimr
2524:Hlidskjalf
2514:Himinbjörg
2484:Glaðsheimr
2469:Gastropnir
2424:Bilskirnir
2404:Amsvartnir
2317:Gjallarbrú
2300:Underworld
2256:Landvættir
2156:Loddfáfnir
2134:Svaðilfari
2119:Hófvarpnir
2064:Blóðughófi
2044:Hildisvíni
1920:Aurvandill
1681:Vafþrúðnir
1666:Þrúðgelmir
1526:Harðgreipr
653:2011-12-25
549:References
390:Ættarstapi
2991:Mead hall
2925:Þorrablót
2779:Legendary
2674:Yggdrasil
2634:Víðbláinn
2629:Vanaheimr
2604:Þrymheimr
2599:Þrúðvangr
2594:Þrúðheimr
2564:Munarvágr
2554:Mímameiðr
2529:Hnitbjorg
2444:Fólkvangr
2429:Brávellir
2378:Vadgelmir
2363:Kerlaugar
2332:Niðafjöll
2292:Locations
2268:Valkyries
2216:Sæhrímnir
2104:Gulltoppr
2069:Falhófnir
1967:Einherjar
1950:Landdísir
1784:Mótsognir
1774:Hreiðmarr
1686:Víðblindi
1636:Sökkmímir
1626:Mögþrasir
1586:Hyrrokkin
1551:Hrímgerðr
1546:Hræsvelgr
1536:Helreginn
1531:Helblindi
1451:Bergelmir
1115:Ítreksjóð
1022:mythology
648:0036-5483
430:Entry in
400:ättestupa
395:Ättestupa
206:Analogues
27:Louis Moe
3054:See also
2976:Hamingja
2930:Vetrnætr
2915:Dísablót
2910:Álfablót
2716:Ragnarök
2624:Valhalla
2614:Útgarðar
2559:Myrkviðr
2544:Járnviðr
2539:Iðavöllr
2459:Gálgviðr
2439:Fensalir
2348:Élivágar
2322:Náströnd
2312:Éljúðnir
2181:Níðhöggr
2129:Sleipnir
2099:Gullfaxi
1999:Fimafeng
1915:Auðumbla
1734:Billingr
1661:Þrívaldi
1646:Suttungr
1601:Járnsaxa
1571:Hrungnir
1501:Gillingr
1496:Geirröðr
1476:Fárbauti
1466:Býleistr
1431:Angrboða
1383:Gullveig
1095:Heimdall
1085:Dellingr
601:27712637
436:Archived
159:Starkaðr
131:Wendland
81:Götaland
3006:Numbers
2986:Kenning
2859:Worship
2815:Society
2725:Sources
2644:Vingólf
2639:Vígríðr
2609:Uppsala
2574:Okolnir
2494:Glitnir
2464:Gandvik
2419:Bifröst
2409:Andlang
2327:Niflhel
2273:Völundr
2221:Skírnir
2161:Móðguðr
1957:Dragons
1940:Byggvir
1769:Gandalf
1754:Dvalinn
1724:Andvari
1561:Hrímnir
1516:Gunnlöð
1486:Fornjót
1481:Fjölvar
1461:Bölþorn
1436:Aurboða
1426:Alvaldi
1378:Gersemi
1195:Ásynjur
1100:Hermóðr
1090:Forseti
1040:Deities
696:Mannorð
412:Mannorð
230:Eystein
218:Ingjald
144:in the
119:Valhöll
75:Summary
51:Gautrek
23:Starkad
2849:Horses
2688:Events
2669:Ýdalir
2648:Wells
2584:Sindri
2569:Nóatún
2434:Brimir
2399:Asgard
2358:Ífingr
2341:Rivers
2251:Vættir
2109:Gyllir
2019:Fylgja
2009:Fenrir
1962:Draugs
1898:Others
1821:Heroes
1804:Brokkr
1759:Fáfnir
1749:Dúrnir
1744:Durinn
1719:Alvíss
1711:Dwarfs
1696:Vörnir
1606:Laufey
1471:Eggþér
1456:Bestla
1413:Jötnar
1398:Njörðr
1393:Kvasir
1356:Freyja
1308:Snotra
1268:Njörun
1223:Gefjon
1180:Víðarr
1120:Lóðurr
1049:jötnar
1045:dwarfs
703:', in
646:
599:
509:
493:
479:
464:
234:Danish
226:Yngvar
142:hersir
85:Sweden
3102:Geats
3041:Völva
3031:Skald
3026:Seiðr
3021:Runes
3016:Rings
2981:Heiti
2966:Galdr
2961:Félag
2951:Death
2944:Other
2854:Hörgr
2769:Sagas
2509:Heiðr
2474:Gimlé
2414:Barri
2353:Gjöll
2278:Vörðr
2241:Troll
2226:Sköll
2186:Norns
2094:Grani
2089:Glenr
2079:Glaðr
2049:Hjúki
2024:Garmr
1977:Elves
1972:Eldir
1945:Dísir
1925:Beyla
1859:Hi–Hy
1809:Eitri
1794:Regin
1739:Dáinn
1691:Vosud
1671:Þrymr
1651:Þjazi
1641:Surtr
1611:Leikn
1581:Hymir
1576:Hrymr
1566:Hroðr
1541:Hljod
1521:Gymir
1511:Gríðr
1491:Gangr
1441:Baugi
1388:Hnoss
1371:Yngvi
1361:Freyr
1348:Vanir
1328:Þrúðr
1303:Skaði
1298:Sjöfn
1293:Sigyn
1278:Rindr
1263:Nanna
1243:Iðunn
1228:Gerðr
1218:Fulla
1213:Frigg
1140:Mímir
1135:Meili
1110:Hœnir
1080:Bragi
1075:Baldr
597:JSTOR
236:king
222:Önund
187:Eirík
183:Vikar
171:Óðinn
115:Óðinn
110:Gauti
2971:Goði
2956:Ergi
2935:Yule
2834:Blót
2742:Edda
2204:Nótt
2199:Elli
2194:Dagr
2141:Jörð
2084:Glær
2074:Gísl
1935:Búri
1930:Borr
1910:Auðr
1854:H–He
1779:Litr
1701:Ymir
1656:Þökk
1621:Logi
1616:Litr
1446:Beli
1421:Ægir
1283:Sága
1258:Lofn
1253:Irpa
1248:Ilmr
1238:Hlín
1170:Ullr
1160:Thor
1150:Odin
1130:Máni
1125:Loki
1105:Höðr
1062:Æsir
1020:and
644:ISSN
574:2014
507:ISBN
491:ISBN
477:ISBN
462:ISBN
146:Sogn
2996:Nīþ
2839:Hof
2307:Hel
2039:Hel
1874:T–Y
1869:P–S
1864:I–O
1849:F–G
1844:D–E
1839:B–C
1789:Ótr
1591:Iði
1338:Vör
1333:Vár
1318:Syn
1313:Sól
1288:Sif
1273:Rán
1233:Gná
1208:Eir
1203:Bil
1165:Týr
1155:Óðr
593:106
279:'s
175:Þór
117:in
53:of
3088::
2889:Vé
1596:Ím
1047:,
1042:,
640:62
634:.
622:^
591:.
415:.
269:.
202:.
71:.
1834:A
1051:,
1010:e
1003:t
996:v
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729:t
722:v
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670:.
656:.
603:.
576:.
515:.
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