Common loon - Knowledge (XXG)

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ungainly on land, sliding on its belly and pushing itself forward with its legs. Its clumsiness on land is due to the legs being positioned at the rear of its body; the pelvic muscles are well developed, ideal for swimming but not well-suited for walking. When it lands on water, it skims along on its belly to slow down, rather than braking with its feet, as they are set too far back. The common loon swims and dives well, and flies competently for hundreds of kilometres in migration. It flies with its neck outstretched, usually calling a particular tremolo that can be used to identify a flying loon. Its flying speed is as much as 120 km/h (75 mph) during migration. Particularly during the breeding season, common loons frequently engage in territorial disputes against other water birds, including ducks and geese, and will attack or drive off competitors and intruders to their territory.

1632:, with more acidic aquatic environments being at the highest risk for elevated methylmercury concentrations. Once mercury enters the water, it is taken up by fish and spread throughout the food chain. Resulting from this transmission of mercury, there is a significant positive correlation between mercury levels in fish and mercury levels in male, female, and chick blood of common loons; consequently, an increase in mercury concentration in the blood of common loons and fish was seen with a decrease in local aquatic pH. Although there have been reductions in recent years in acidifying emissions, there has been limited biological recovery in these lakes most likely due to climate change. Research has shown that warmer summer temperatures can inhibit reestablishment of cold-water fish species in acidified lakes and droughts brought on by increased summer temperatures can further acidify lakes. 1201: 990: 1215:; breeding pairs jointly defend a territory consisting of an entire small lake or a protected bay within a large lake. A given male and female remain together throughout a breeding attempt, rear their own biological offspring, reunite each spring, and may breed together for many consecutive years. However, in the event of death or territorial eviction of one pair member by an intruding loon of the same sex, the other pair member quickly establishes a pair bond with the evicting bird. (Hence, most adult loons have two or more different mates during their lives.) Evicting individuals tend to be young males and females (5 to 9 years old), while evicted adults are often those 15 years and older. 1723: 1857:, where the main characters—a group of children on holiday—notice a pair of divers apparently nesting there. Checking their bird book, they believe that these are great northern divers. However, these have not previously been seen to nest in northern Scotland, and so they ask for help from an ornithologist. He confirms that these birds are indeed the great northern; unfortunately, it soon transpires that he does not wish merely to observe, but wants to steal the eggs and add them to his collection; and to do this, he must first kill the birds. Published in 1947, the story is one where the conservationists are the eventual victors over the 591: 1409:

at an annual rate of over 90% until they reach their mid-20s, but show a survival rate of only about 75% thereafter. However, a second, finer-scaled analysis made clear that male loons begin to show higher mortality, increased territory loss and lower body condition starting at age 15. Perhaps in response to their physical decline, males 15 and older show increased rates of both territorial aggression and territorial vocalization. This age-related shift in behaviour is interpreted as terminal investment, a "go for broke" strategy seen in senescing animals that are attempting to eke out another year or two of breeding before they die.

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affected loon evolution. Many identified genes are candidate genes for positive selection since the common loon-chicken split 90 million years ago. It is theorized that these candidate genes are related to hemoglobin affinity for oxygen, solute exchange, immunoglobulin function related to immune defense, nervous system development and a number of molecular pathways related to DNA metabolic function, and G-receptor pathways potentially involved in low-light visual acuity. For example, SLC48A, and SLC20A1 are candidate genes in the Gavia lineage for maintaining homeostasis due to maybe having a role in maintaining ion and pH balance.

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the nest site from the previous year, if they hatched chicks successfully there. In contrast, pairs that lost their eggs to a predator usually shift the nest to a new location. This logical behaviour pattern appears to depend upon the male, because breeding pairs consisting of last year's male and a female not present during the preceding year continue to exhibit the behaviour; pairs composed of last year's female and a new male tend to select a new nest site, regardless of the success or failure of the previous year's attempt. Despite the lead role of males in nest site selection, both sexes contribute substantially to

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juveniles continue to beg from adults well beyond this age. The parent birds capture small fish and hold them crosswise in their bill, call and approach the chicks with their head lowered so that the chicks can grasp them. If food is scarce, the larger chick may peck its small sibling incessantly; on small lakes with limited food, only one chick often survives. Juveniles leave the breeding ground before ice formation in the fall, weeks after their parents. A pair of loons raising two chicks have been estimated to feed on 423 kg of fish during the five and a half months that they spend in their breeding territory.

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age of common loons. Male common loons were found to contain the highest blood mercury concentration likely due to the fact that they tend to consume bigger fish with higher mercury concentrations. Females contained the second highest blood mercury concentration with differences between the males likely being due to the fact that females can expel mercury into the eggs they lay. Juveniles had the lowest blood mercury concentration. Scientists found that the data from juveniles helped to best indicate the local mercury availability as they are fed exclusively from their natal territory.

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8.6 μg/g. These results are related to fish mercury levels of 0.21 μg/g and 0.41 μg/g, respectively. As mercury levels and pH are correlated, scientists have found that brood success decreases with decreasing pH such that environments with a pH at around 4.5 exhibited reproductive success below a calculated positive growth rate threshold. An association has also been observed between elevated blood methylmercury levels and aberrant incubation patterns. Adult common loons with high levels of methylmercury were found to spend less time incubating and in the nest, increasing the risks of

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through the deployment of rafts in the loon's breeding territories. In addition, artificial floating nesting platforms have been provided for the common loon in some lakes to reduce the impact of changing water levels due to dams and other human activities. The common loon abandons lakes that fail to provide suitable nesting habitat due to shoreline development. It is endangered by personal water-craft and powerboats that may drown newly born chicks, wash eggs away, or swamp nests. It is still considered an "injured" species in Alaska as a result of the

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throat are also whitish. The foreneck is whitish, usually forming wedge-shaped notch in dark neck-sides, and may sometimes reveal a shadowy trace of the neck ring or a pale collar. It has dark brownish grey upperparts with an unclear pattern of squares on the shoulders and some wing coverts spotted with white, which are usually concealed while swimming. The male and the female have similar appearances, although they exhibit sexual dimorphism in their physical dimensions with the male larger and significantly heavier than the female.

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There are about 100 territorial pairs in the northwestern U.S. states of Washington, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. About 2,250 territorial pairs are found in New England and New York. In winter, 3,500 to 4,500 individuals are found in the United Kingdom, and even fewer individuals are found in the western European coastline and in Iceland. Along the Pacific Coast, about 184,000 to 189,000 adults and 31,000 to 32,000 juveniles are found, and along the Atlantic Coast, 423,000 to 446,000 adults and 72,000 to 76,000 juveniles are found.

816: 721:) mainly by its larger size. It usually has a steeper forehead and a bulging forecrown, somewhat similar to the black-throated loon. Its bill is heavier and the back is paler than its hindneck. It is more difficult to separate from the yellow-billed loon, but its breeding plumage has more white markings on the neck and the squares on its shoulders are usually smaller; the non-breeding plumage has darker neck-sides contrasting more sharply with pale areas and bill colour. 1334: 1282: 668: 111: 1275:, the yodel, the wail, and the hoot. Each of these calls communicates a distinct message. The frequency at which it vocalizes has been shown to vary based on time of day, weather, and season. It is most vocally active between mid-May and mid-June. The wail, yodel, and tremolo calls are sounded more frequently at night than during the day; calls have also been shown to occur more frequently in cold temperatures and when there is little to no rain. 6570: 691: 59: 86: 233: 6582: 643:. The neck is encircled with a characteristic black ring and has two white necklaces of eight to ten short streaks on the upper foreneck, and a noticeable collar of white, parallel lines forming a large oval on the neck-side. The central lower foreneck is pure white, and the lower neck-sides has longitudinal white lines becoming rows of small spots and black lines becoming very narrow. The 1173:

caught, but some larger prey are first brought to the surface. It is a visual predator, so it is essential to hunting success that the water is clear. It normally dives 4 to 10 m (13 to 33 ft), but has been recorded to dive up to 70 m (230 ft). The average diving time is 42 seconds, but the maximum duration spent underwater is about 1 min (60 s).

1327:. It also uses the tremolo to communicate its presence to other loons when they arrive at a lake, often when they are flying overhead. It is the only vocalization used in flight. The tremolo call has varying three levels of intensities that correlate with a loon's level of distress, and the types are differentiated by increasingly higher pitch frequencies added to the call. 1219:

preceding courtship is very simple, with mutual bill-dipping and dives. The displays towards intruders, such as bow-jumping (an alternation of fencing and bill-dipping postures and rushing (running "along the surface with its wings either folded or half-extended and flapping at about the same speed as when taking off") are often misinterpreted as courtship.

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able to defend the chicks better from intruding loons and eagles, which are their main predators. Male parents defend broods consisting of two chicks more vigorously than singleton chicks, chiefly with the territorial yodel call. The chicks are capable of making shallow dives from their first day but make deeper dives as they grow.

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territorial pairs. About 2,400 individuals occur in each of the maritime provinces of Canada—Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. British Columbia accounts for 25,000 territorial pairs. In far northern Canada, about 50,000 territorial pairs are known to occur, and 12,500 to 15,000 territorial pairs occur in the

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indicates that the highest aquatic mercury concentrations are found in the southwestern portion of the Adirondacks, an area with lakes heavily affected by acid rain. Organizations such as the Adirondack Loon Center and the Adirondack Cooperative Loon Program spearhead loon conservation efforts in the

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and the eggs overheating/overcooling. Together, the effects of heightened methylmercury levels on parenting behaviors may contribute to lower chick survival rates. One study in Maine and New Hampshire found that high levels of methylmercury in parents are associated with a significant decrease in the

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Considerable information on longevity and survival rates has been collected in the past two decades, owing to the implementation of an efficient capture protocol that permits marking and monitoring of large study populations. A rough preliminary analysis showed that common loons of both sexes survive

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The yodel is a long and complex call made only by the male. It is used in the establishment of territorial boundaries and in territorial confrontations, and the length of the call corresponds with the loon's level of aggression. The dominant frequencies in the yodel indicate the body mass and thereby

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with dark brown spots. Incubation is carried out jointly by male and female and lasts about 28 days. Loons often place nests along steep lake shorelines where adults can quickly dive underwater when approached by predators. The eggs are about 88 mm (3.5 in) long and 55 mm (2.2 in)

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and other indigenous plants, and formed into a mound along the vegetated coasts of lakes greater than 3.7 ha (9.1 acres). After a week of construction in late spring, one parent climbs on top to mold the interior of the nest to the shape of its body. Based on a number of studies, nesting success

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Nesting typically begins in early May. Significantly more nesting sites are found on islands than on mainland shoreline. Breeding pairs patrol their territories routinely, even at night, defending the territory both physically and vocally. Pairs that nested together the preceding year typically reuse

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Pairs do not remain together during winter; in addition, males usually precede females by a few days to a few weeks during spring migration, settling on their lake once a portion of it becomes ice-free. Copulation takes place ashore, often on the nest site, repeated daily until the eggs are laid. The

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ponds. The lakes must be large enough for flight take-off, and provide a large population of small fish. Deep lakes with warm surface waters, relatively low biological productivity and low turbidity where their fish prey are easy to see are habitats where breeding loons are more successful in raising

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With improved gene-sequencing technology, a draft genome of the common loon has assembled and identified at least 14,169 common loon genes. 80.7% of chicken genes are found in the common loon genome. The physiological costs of deep-water diving and long distance aerial migration of loons have greatly

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The scaly juvenile plumage is retained until January or February of the year following hatching, when a lengthy moult of head and body feathers gives them a more adult-like appearance. Adults shed all their flight feathers simultaneously around this time, leaving them temporarily flightless, prior to

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A juvenile often has a dark, brownish-grey nape that may look darker than the pale-edged black feathers. It has a dark grey to black head, neck, and upperparts, with white throat, cheeks, and underparts. During the first winter, the bill shape of the young may not be as fully developed as that of the

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The heavy dagger-like bill is evenly tapered and greyish, sometimes having a black tip. The bill colour and angle distinguish this species from the yellow-billed loon. The neck is short and thick. It swims very low in the water, with sometimes only its head held above and horizontal to water. It must

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rating. It also has a large population size of 612,000 to 640,000 individuals. The estimated breeding population ranges from 1,400 to 2,600 mature individuals in Europe. Over half of the breeding population in North America is found in Ontario with 97,000 territorial pairs, and in Quebec with 50,000

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will attack incubating birds. Attacks by sharks in winter have also been recorded. When a predator approaches (either the loon's nest or the loon itself), the common loon sometimes attacks the predator by rushing at it and trying to stab it with its dagger-like bill, aiming its attacks either at the

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and pollution, as well as lead poisoning from fishing sinkers (especially those that are about the size of the grit stones they ingest) and mercury contamination from industrial waste. Heavy metals such as mercury may be partially removed through biological processes such as excretion or deposition

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found that elevated levels of methylmercury are associated with reduced diving frequency in adult common loons. One study found that brood productivity was reduced by half when female blood mercury levels exceeded 4.3 μg/g and productivity completely failed when female blood mercury levels exceeded

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Although the common loon are able to decrease their methylmercury levels by molting and laying eggs, continued consumption of fish with raised methylmercury levels prevents these mechanisms from effectively lowering methylmercury levels. Mercury concentrations have been shown to vary by the sex and

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Newly hatched chicks are dark chocolate brown in color and have a white belly. Within hours of hatching, the young begin to leave the nest with the parents, swimming close by and sometimes riding on one parent's back. Parents and chicks initially stay in shallow, isolated bays where the parents are

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The common loon has also faced a decline in breeding range due to hunting, predation, and water-level fluctuations, or flooding. Some environmentalists attempt to increase nesting success by mitigating the effects of some of these threats, namely terrestrial predation and water-level fluctuations,

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takes 70 to 77 days. Usually, only one brood is raised. Both parents feed the chicks live prey from hatching to fledging. As they grow, chicks are able to catch an increasingly large proportion of their diet by themselves; they can feed and fend for themselves after about two months, although many

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to propel its body underwater at high speed to catch its prey, which it then swallows head-first. If the fish attempts to evade the common loon, the bird chases it down with excellent underwater manoeuvrability due to its tremendously strong legs. Most prey are swallowed underwater, where they are

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Loons exhibit a strong tendency to settle as breeders on a lake that resembles their natal one, a phenomenon termed natal habitat imprinting. This preference is based on two lake attributes: size and pH. The behaviour is puzzling, because it is as strong in loons hatched on small, acidic lakes as

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Adult non-breeding plumage is brownish with a dark neck and head marked with dark grey-brown. The eyes are surrounded with white, and the eyelids are pale. The bill is mostly pale grey, with a dark culmen and tip, but in early spring the tip may turn whitish. The underparts, lower face, chin, and

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of Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. In the United States, the largest breeding population is present in Alaska with 3,600 to 6,000 territorial pairs. The U.S. Great Lakes region has 5,900 to 7,200 territorial pairs which accounts for over half of the breeding population in the United States.

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The hoot is a short, soft call and is another form of contact call. It is a more intimate call than the wail and is used exclusively between small family groups or flocks. The common loon hoots to let other family or flock members know where it is. This call is often heard when the adult loon is

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are particularly affected by methylmercury as the acidity of the lakes provides an environment conducive to converting environmental mercury to methylmercury. One study found that 21% of the male Adirondack common loon and 8% of the female Adirondacks common loon sampled were at high risk for

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The common loon is an expert fisher, catching its prey underwater by diving as deep as 60 m (200 ft). With its large webbed feet, the common loon is an efficient underwater pursuit predator and adroit diver. It needs a long run-up distance to gain momentum for flight take-off and is

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through concentration of the toxic elements in organs such as the liver. Eggs shells may also contain metal contaminants, leading to low reproductive productivity. High levels of heavy metals are linked to loons being in poor condition, males being affected more because they eat larger fish.

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and vent. Non-breeding adults are brownish with a dark neck and head marked with dark grey-brown. Their upperparts are dark brownish-grey with an unclear pattern of squares on the shoulders, and the underparts, lower face, chin, and throat are whitish. The sexes look alike, though males are

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run across the water surface to get in flight. During flight, its head is slightly lower than its body, with its feet trailing behind. It has a skeletal structure made up of a number of solid bones (this is usual for the Gaviiformes and penguins but unlike most flying birds which have

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are blackish or blackish grey, and each feather has small white spots on it. The upperwing is blackish and with small white spots on the non-primary coverts, whereas the underwing is paler with white coverts except the long black shaft-streaks on the axillaries. The

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The tremolo call—sometimes called the "laughing" call—is characterized by its short, wavering quality. It often uses this call to signal distress or alarm caused by territorial disputes or perceived threats. It emits a tremulous series of up to 10 rather high notes

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averaged 4.65 kg (10.3 lb) in females and 5.97 kg (13.2 lb) in males, essentially the same weight as the yellow-billed loon although the yellow-billed is still larger than in linear dimensions (especially bill length) than the Maine loons. In

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behavior among adult common loons, especially in higher concentrations. Studies have found that elevated levels of methylmercury are associated with lethargy and decreased time spent foraging in adult common loons. A different study carried out in the

6435: 1384:. It uses this call to communicate its location to other loons. The call is given back and forth between breeding pairs or an adult and its chick, either to maintain contact or in an attempt to move closer together after being separated. It is a loud 1301: 831:. They migrate in the day, starting about two hours after sunrise and flying at altitudes of 1500 to 2700 m above sea level, above the convective and turbulent layer of air. In winter they can be seen on North America coasts as far south as 1302: 1512:

secretions as well as by visual and tactile cues. This fly is detrimental to loons, their preferred hosts, transmitting blood-borne parasites and viruses, and causing nest abandonment when numbers are high. External parasites include

615:, while westerly birds are similar or mildly larger, and loons breeding further east can appear to be significantly larger. Furthermore, males average up to nearly 27% more massive than females in some populations. Breeding loons in 3615:

Piper, Walter H.; Mager, John N.; Walcott, Charles; Furey, Lyla; Banfield, Nathan; Reinke, Andrew; Spilker, Frank; Flory, Joel A. (2015). "Territory settlement in common loons: no footholds but age and assessment are important".

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Folk names for the common loon include "big loon", "call-up-a-storm", "greenhead", "hell-diver", "walloon", "black-billed loon", "guinea duck", "imber diver", "ring-necked loon", and "ember-goose". An old colloquial name from

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Desorbo, Christopher R; Taylor, Kate M.; Kramar, David E.; Fair, Jeff; Cooley, John H.; Evers, David C.; Hanson, William; Vogel, Harry S.; Atwood, Jonathan L. (2007). "Reproductive advantages for common loons using rafts".

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gaining breeding plumage, but second-year birds delay this substantial moult until the summer. The adult winter plumage is attained between October and January by partial moult mainly of head, body and tail feathers.

1620:. The main contributors to elevated mercury concentrations in aquatic environments are coal burning power plants, waste incineration, and metal production. Although environmental mercury (Hg) is naturally occurring, 967: 1235:

Eggs from first clutches are typically laid in May or early June, the timing depending largely upon the date that lakes become ice-free and inhabitable. A clutch consists of two (occasionally one) olive-brown oval

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of 136 cm (54 in). Its weight can vary anywhere from 2.2 to 7.6 kg (4.9 to 16.8 lb). Sizes vary regionally, especially by body mass, with the smallest bodied loons on average from lower-central

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Evers, David C.; Savoy, Lucas J.; DeSorbo, Christopher R.; Yates, David E.; Hanson, William; Taylor, Kate M.; Siegel, Lori S.; Cooley, John H.; Bank, Michael S.; Major, Andrew; Munney, Kenneth (1 February 2008).

971: 6754: 1560: 1997:, a somewhat bedraggled and dimwitted loon named Becky is persuaded to use a bucket to help two of the main characters, Nemo and Marlin, get into a marine life institute where the titular Dory is trapped. 902:

They usually winter along coasts and on inland lakes, bays, inlets, and streams, with birds migrating to the nearest body of water that will not freeze over in the winter: western Canadian loons go to the

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those from large lakes of neutral pH. Hence, the former group is exhibiting active preference for lakes that have been shown to result in higher chick mortality and lower breeding success.

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Piper, Walter H.; Brunk, Kristin M.; Jukkala, Gabriella L.; Andrews, Eric A.; Yund, Seth R.; Gould, Nelson G. (2018). "Aging male loons make a terminal investment in territory defense".

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Some common loons remain in Iceland year-round, although most migrate. In North America, they winter mainly along north Atlantic and north-east Pacific coasts, many stopping off on the

7154: 7149: 1200: 767:. During their breeding season in spring and summer, most common loons live on lakes and other waterways in the northern United States and Canada, as well as in southern parts of 1628:, has been shown to have a wide range of behavioral, reproductive, and survival effects on the common loon. Previous research has found a correlation between mercury levels and 2914: 2334: 1746: 502: 402: 1714:

dead loons, lead poisoning from fishing weights accounted for about half of the deaths, and other human factors directly caused the death of 52% of the observed 522 loons.

363:; that is, a single female and male often together defend a territory and may breed together for a decade or more. Both members of a pair build a large nest out of dead 359:, and occasionally aquatic plant life. They swallow most of their prey underwater, where it is caught, but some larger items are first brought to the surface. Loons are 1491:. High levels of worms may result from feeding changes due to low availability of fish, and can lead to illness and death. Protozoal infections including one caused by 7164: 851:. In the east, several thousand winter along western European coasts, probably originating from Iceland, Greenland, and Canada. Their range extends into northwestern 6907: 1931: 3152:

Paruk, James D; Chickering, Michael D.; Long, Darwin; Uher-Koch, Hannah; East, Andrew; Poleschook, Daniel; Gumm, Virginia; Hanson, William; Adams, Evan M. (2015).

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the health of males. A male that occupies a new territory appears to alter its yodel to be clearly distinguishable from the call of the previous territory owner.

1546:. This is because it has a large range – more than 20,000 km (7,700 sq mi) – and because it has a stable population trend that does not warrant a 6972: 3525:

Piper, Walter H.; Evers, David C.; Meyer, Michael W.; Tischler, Keren B.; Kaplan, Joseph D.; Fleischer, Robert C. (1997). "Genetic monogamy in the common loon (

2554: 2339:"The family-group names "Gaviidae" Coues, 1903 and "Urinatoridae" (correction of "Urinatores)" Vieillot, 1818 (Class Aves) – "Opinion" 401 and "Direction" 75" 7119: 968: 379:

in 70 to 77 days. The chicks are capable of diving underwater when just a few days old, and they fly to their wintering areas before ice forms in the fall.

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Schoch, Nina; Glennon, Michale J.; Evers, David C.; Duron, Melissa; Jackson, Allyson K.; Driscoll, Charles T.; Ozard, John W.; Sauer, Amy K. (April 2014).

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Schoch, Nina; Glennon, Michale J.; Evers, David C.; Duron, Melissa; Jackson, Allyson K.; Driscoll, Charles T.; Ozard, John W.; Sauer, Amy K. (April 2014).

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number of fledged young, with common loons in the highest risk group producing 41% fewer fledged young than common loons with low levels of methylmercury.

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The adult common loon can range from 66 to 91 cm (26 to 36 in) in length with a 127 to 147 cm (4 ft 2 in to 4 ft 10 in)

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and other plants formed into a mound along the vegetated shores of lakes. A single brood is raised each year from a clutch of one or two olive-brown oval

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factors for methylmercury were found to increase up the food chain, leaving common loons at the highest risk for detrimental effects from methylmercury.

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significantly heavier than females. During the breeding season, loons live on lakes and other waterways in Canada, the northern United States (including

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The European name "diver" comes from the bird's practice of catching fish by diving. The North American name "loon" was first recorded in this sense in

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and sporadically elsewhere in Arctic Eurasia. Common loons winter on both coasts of the US as far south as Mexico, and on the Atlantic coast of Europe.

2721:. In Papers from the 1987 Conference on Common Loon Research and Management., edited by P. I. V. Strong, 54-65. Meredith, NH: North American Loon Fund. 2148:

Carboneras, C; Christie, D.A.; Garcia, E.F.J. (2021). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).

6282: 7029: 6858: 879:. Although wintering site fidelity is not well known, annually, adults are observed to return to the same wintering locations in the Pacific Ocean ( 6920: 2684: 5056:

Yu, Xue; Driscoll, Charles T.; Montesdeoca, Mario; Evers, David; Duron, Melissa; Williams, Kate; Schoch, Nina; Kamman, Neil C. (1 October 2011).

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Daoust, Pierre-Yves; Conboy, Gary; McBurney, Scott; Burgess, Neil (1998). "Interactive mortality factors in common loons from maritime Canada".

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Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: final comprehensive conservation plan, environmental impact statement, wilderness review, and wild river plans

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The common loon's breeding range has moved northward, the species breeding as far south as Iowa a century ago. It too is adversely affected by

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and a blackish tail. The legs are pale grey on the inner half and blackish on the outer half, and the webs between the toes are flesh colored.

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names representing the bird's call; others, like bishop and ember goose, were used to avoid older names for this sometimes ill-omened bird.

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has designated the common loon a species of special status because of threats from habitat loss and toxic metal poisoning in its US range.

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will eat unattended eggs. Because their nests are at the water's edge, common loon eggs are especially vulnerable if the adult is absent.

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A replicable capture method for adult and juvenile common loons on their nesting lakes. In: 1992 Conference on the Loon and Its Ecosystem

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The wailing call of the loon is widely used in film and television to evoke wilderness and suspense, and is referenced in songs such as "

1624:(MeHg) is a biologically toxic form that accumulates throughout aquatic environments in the northeastern United States. Methylmercury, a 4010:

McIntyre, Judith W. (1983). "Nurseries: a consideration of habitat requirements during the early chick-rearing period in common loons".

3019: 1543: 387: 1192: 6881: 6806: 1813:, as its noisy cries supposedly foretold stormy weather. Some old Scottish names such as arran hawk and carara are corruptions of old 1774: 1352: 2367: 2929: 2014: 997:

Fish account for about 80% of the diet of the common loon. It forages on fish of up to 26 cm (10 in) in length, including

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is derived from a Norwegian name for the bird, similar to the modern Icelandic word "himbrimi". The word may be related to Swedish

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Burger, Joanna; Pokras, Mark; Chafel, Rebecca; Gochfeld, Michael (1994). "Heavy metal concentrations in feathers of common loons (

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Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume I: Ostrich to Ducks

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with extensive pneumatization, hollow and filled with air to make the skeleton lighter), which adds weight but helps in diving.

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Piper, Walter H.; Tischler, Keren B.; Klich, Margaret (2000). "Territory acquisition in loons: the importance of take-over".

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Martinsen, Ellen S.; Sidor, Inga F.; Flint, Sean; Cooley, John; Pokras, Mark A. (2017). "Documentation of malaria parasite (

2361: 1575:), including Ireland, Svalbard, mainland Norway, Iceland, Spain, and the United Kingdom. It is also a listed species in 83 41: 6959: 6728: 551:(1634) by William Wood (1580–1639); "The Loone is an ill shap'd thing like a Cormorant". It may be derived from Old Norse 6548: 4040:

Jukkala, Gabriella; Piper, Walter (2015). "Common loon parents defend chicks according to both value and vulnerability".

1422:

predator's abdomen or the back of its head or neck, which may be deadly to predators up to the size of a fox or raccoon.

6645: 6202: 2809:"Body mass and foraging ecology predict evolutionary patterns of skeletal pneumaticity in the diverse "waterbird" clade" 1584: 1291: 649: 395: 328: 67: 5718:

Sidor, Inga F.; Pokras, Mark A.; Major, Andrew R.; Poppenga, Robert H.; Taylor, Kate M.; Miconi, Rose M. (April 2003).

2242: 624:, 20 females averaged 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) and 20 males averaged 5.46 kg (12.0 lb). In contrast, in the 602:, slightly smaller than the similar yellow-billed loon. On average, it is about 81 cm (32 in) long and has a 7139: 6705: 6256: 1742: 702:

adult, and during the second winter, it much resembles the breeding adult, but with wing coverts lacking white spots.

414: 911:

loons to the Gulf of Mexico region, eastern Canadian loons to the Atlantic, and some loons to large inland lakes and

5235:"The Impact of Mercury Exposure on the Common Loon ( Gavia immer ) Population in the Adirondack Park, New York, USA" 6837: 5402:"Common Loon Conservation Status- Migratory Birds of the Great Lakes – University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute" 4271: 3765: 3731: 3190: 2293: 2238: 1902: 1434: 1022: 6977: 4972:"The Impact of Mercury Exposure on the Common Loon (Gavia immer) Population in the Adirondack Park, New York, USA" 4790:

Proceedings from the 1992 Conference on the Loon and its Ecosystem: Status, management, and environmental concerns

3403:

Birds of Ontario: Habitat Requirements, Limiting Factors, and Status: Volume 1–Nonpasserines: Loons through Cranes

2585: 7144: 6850: 5588:

Scheuhammer, Anton M.; Wong, Allan H.K.; Bond, Della (1998). "Mercury and selenium accumulation in common loons (

2514: 2459: 2425: 2272: 1794: 832: 479: 222: 5445: 5428: 3045:

Thompson, Stephanie A.; Price, J. Jordan (2006). "Water clarity and diving behavior in wintering common loons".

2708:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 323:

that includes a broad black head and neck with a greenish, purplish, or bluish sheen, blackish or blackish-grey

7134: 6985: 6422: 1967: 1956: 1754: 1596: 931:

have some of the highest concentrations of common loons. Occasional vagrants are recorded inland in Mexico, in

418: 4667: 3058: 5178:

Bianchini, Kristin; Tozer, Douglas C.; Alvo, Robert; Bhavsar, Satyendra P.; Mallory, Mark L. (October 2020).

110: 2519: 2464: 2430: 1576: 1205: 514: 6886: 6290: 2956:"Genomic insights into natural selection in the common loon (Gavia immer): Evidence for aquatic adaptation" 2784:

Pete Dunne's Essential Field Guide Companion: A Comprehensive Resource for Identifying North American Birds

6990: 6692: 6598: 5489: 4368: 1962: 1699: 1592: 1457: 1181: 672: 653: 652:

are pure white, but have some black on the undertail coverts and vent. It has a checkered black-and-white

7050: 1925: 1874: 1849:(in which it is referred to throughout as "great northern diver", with the then current scientific name 1539: 880: 383: 205: 6710: 5126:

Champoux, L.; Masse, D. C.; Evers, D.; Lane, O. P.; Plante, M.; Timmermans, S. T. A. (September 2006).

2075: 1587:

has designated the common loon a species of special status, and in the upper Great Lake regions of the

3290:

Garfield, Eagle; Mesa, Gunnison; Pitkin, Moffat; Routt, Rio Blanco; Colorado, Summit Counties (2002).

1504: 7124: 7081: 6780: 6674: 6656: 5641: 5546: 5298: 5191: 5069: 4885: 3943: 3665: 3538: 3292:

White River National Forest (N.F.), Land and Resource Management Plan: Environmental Impact Statement

2967: 1949: 1913: 1663: 1645: 780: 5683:

McIntyre, Judith W.; Mathisen, John E. (1977). "Artificial islands as nest sites for common loons".

5494: 4564:

Montgomery, Roy D.; Novilla, Meliton N.; Shillinger, Robert B. (1978). "Renal coccidiosis caused by

4373: 1789:(Glu-skap), the tribal hero. The tale of the loon's necklace was handed down in many versions among 6515: 6456: 6413: 6062: 2688: 1868: 1864: 1572: 1343: 1212: 815: 764: 760: 752: 706: 360: 75: 50: 7068: 6951: 4837: 6535: 6067: 6031: 5700: 5665: 5613: 5570: 5507: 5458: 5450: 5379: 5330: 5262: 5215: 5179: 5155: 4999: 4917: 4746: 4705: 4648: 4589: 4516: 4432: 4386: 4337: 4298: 4248: 4093: 4019: 3792: 3746: 3681: 3633: 3597: 3554: 3365: 3326: 3213: 3070: 3062: 2838: 2577: 2493: 2316: 2276: 1827:

until the eighteenth century, and its thick layer of fat beneath the skin was used as a cure for

1547: 635:

consists of a broad black head and neck with greenish, purplish, or bluish sheen. It has a black

461: 263: 105: 7055: 4114:

Piper, Walter H.; Grear, Jason S.; Meyer, Michael W. (2012). "Juvenile survival in common loons

932: 6912: 5405: 4535: 7037: 6938: 6741: 6530: 6372: 6353: 6329: 6094: 5994: 5969: 5944: 5914: 5889: 5847: 5822: 5797: 5772: 5749: 5741: 5657: 5562: 5515: 5371: 5322: 5314: 5254: 5207: 5147: 5128:"Assessment of mercury exposure and potential effects on common loons (Gavia immer) in Québec" 5103: 5085: 5035: 4991: 4909: 4901: 4774: 4764: 4697: 4640: 4597: 4508: 4179: 3987: 3961: 3710: 3589: 3471: 3406: 3357: 3270: 3236: 3025: 2995: 2893: 2830: 2787: 2736: 2371: 2195: 1980: 1882: 1878: 1613: 1552: 948: 920: 876: 864: 714: 667: 7042: 6636: 5883: 3436: 2527: 2472: 2438: 2189: 1241:

wide and the two eggs are laid with an interval of one to three days between them, and hatch

6489: 6023: 5731: 5692: 5649: 5605: 5554: 5499: 5440: 5361: 5306: 5246: 5199: 5139: 5093: 5077: 4983: 4893: 4736: 4687: 4632: 4581: 4500: 4424: 4378: 4329: 4290: 4219: 4169: 4161: 4127: 4085: 4049: 3951: 3872: 3839: 3784: 3673: 3625: 3581: 3546: 3507: 3318: 3266: 3260: 3205: 3169: 3054: 2985: 2975: 2820: 2642: 2569: 2308: 2163: 2070: 1973: 1841: 1690: 1672: 1227:

construction. The nest is about 56 cm (22 in) wide and is constructed out of dead

536:: the grey or blackened ashes of a fire (referring to the loon's dark plumage); or to Latin 332: 312: 6697: 4359:, communicate body mass and condition through dominant frequencies of territorial yodels". 1667:

detrimental impacts such as behavioral and reproductive abnormalities. In the Adirondacks,

1530:

is another cause of emaciation and death. Outbreaks sometimes lead to thousands of deaths.

6998: 6569: 6481: 4318:"Male common loons signal greater aggressive motivation by lengthening territorial yodels" 1943: 1814: 1668: 1564: 1509: 1465: 856: 690: 579: 3385:

Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Wetland Wildlife Populations and Research Group

3346:"Interspecific Aggression in Loons (Agresión Interespecífica en Somormujos (Gavia spp.))" 2629: 2052: 1376:

A loon's wail is a long call consisting of up to three notes, and is often compared to a

5645: 5550: 5302: 5195: 5073: 4889: 3947: 3669: 3542: 2971: 2487: 1508:

is closely associated with the common loon to which it is attracted to chemicals in the

6873: 6845: 6832: 6586: 6574: 6449: 6347: 6343: 6229:"A look at why the loon's call is used as TV and movies' go-to wilderness sound effect" 5098: 4174: 4149: 2990: 2955: 1938: 1919: 1894: 1858: 1854: 1846: 1488: 1446: 1441:, with the latter being responsible for nearly 40% of all nest failures. Birds such as 1114: 1030: 1014: 916: 828: 748: 640: 625: 372: 5234: 3706: 3700: 1676:

Adirondacks by performing research, engaging the public, and informing public policy.

1271:

The common loon produces a variety of vocalizations, the most common of which are the

7113: 6933: 6317: 6233: 6182: 5286: 5219: 5127: 4768: 4692: 4317: 4131: 3956: 3931: 3113: 2825: 2808: 2216: 2150: 2061: 1790: 1762: 1621: 1527: 1496: 1461: 1450: 1430: 1426: 1150: 1078: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1018: 924: 904: 892: 884: 756: 684: 426: 95: 90: 6661: 5669: 5617: 5574: 5462: 5334: 5266: 5203: 5159: 5003: 4921: 4750: 4520: 4436: 4405: 4390: 4341: 4097: 3685: 3637: 3601: 3558: 3496:"The long shadow of senescence: age impacts survival and territory defense in loons" 3074: 2842: 1242: 58: 6746: 6562: 6525: 6283:"Review: In 'Finding Dory,' a Forgetful Fish and a Warm Celebration of Differences" 6120: 5024:"The Adirondack Cooperative Loon Program: Loon Conservation in the Adirondack Park" 5023: 4652: 3905: 3468:

The Eastman Guide to Birds: Natural History Accounts for 150 North American Species

1993: 1817: 1442: 1002: 896: 809: 629: 476: 316: 6733: 6116:"Minnesota United to donate portion of 2017 season ticket purchases to help loons" 5180:"Drivers of declines in common loon (Gavia immer) productivity in Ontario, Canada" 4811: 4709: 4428: 4382: 4148:

Piper, Walter H.; Palmer, Michael W.; Banfield, Nathan; Meyer, Michael W. (2013).

3629: 1117:. When there is either a lack of fish or they are difficult to catch, it preys on 6720: 5844:

A Pocketful of History: Four Hundred Years of America—One State Quarter at a Time

2419: 1350: 1298: 7063: 6964: 6946: 6894: 6630: 6485: 6154: 4788:

Franson, J.C.; Cliplef, David J. (1992). "Causes of mortality in common loons".

3984:

Birds of Lake, Pond, and Marsh: Water and Wetland Birds of Eastern North America

2627:

Evers, D.C.; Paruk, J.D.; McIntyre, J.W.; Barr, J.F. (2021). Poole, A.F. (ed.).

2508: 2453: 2338: 1806: 1711: 1580: 1154: 1098: 1086: 1070: 1034: 952: 908: 824: 612: 567: 457: 232: 162: 6824: 6581: 5736: 5719: 5476:

Locke, L.N.; Kerr, S.M.; Zoromski, D. (1982). "Lead poisoning in common loons (

5427:

Franson, J. Christian; Hansen, Scott P.; Pokras, Mark A.; Miconi, Rose (2001).

4504: 4355:

Mager, John N.; Walcott, Charles; Piper, Walter H. (2007). "Male common loons,

3494:

Piper, Walter H.; Brunk, Kristin M.; Flory, Joel A.; Meyer, Michael W. (2017).

2759:. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 52(5-6), 781-797. 1232:

averages about 40%, and most newly hatched young survive due to parental care.

7089: 5310: 5143: 5081: 4897: 3930:

Piper, Walter H.; Walcott, Charles; Mager, John N.; Spilker, Frank J. (2008).

3677: 2980: 1782: 1625: 1617: 1517: 1514: 1418: 1364: 1314: 1228: 1118: 1106: 848: 644: 571: 441:. (Another former name, great northern loon, was a compromise proposed by the 364: 352: 324: 7094: 6759: 6621: 6014:

McAtee, W.L (1951). "Bird names connected with weather, seasons, and hours".

5745: 5661: 5375: 5318: 5287:"Methylmercury exposure associated with reduced productivity in common loons" 5258: 5151: 5089: 5039: 4995: 4905: 4725:"Common loons respond adaptively to a black fly that reduces nesting success" 4150:"Can settlement in natal-like habitat explain maladaptive habitat selection?" 3361: 1773:

The voice and appearance of the common loon has made it prominent in several

1639:

Elevated levels of mercury have been associated with changes in foraging and

1069:

and fragments of green vegetation. The freshwater diet primarily consists of

628:, adults of both sexes reportedly averaged 4.13 kg (9.1 lb). Adult 6793: 5537:) in the northeastern United States and age differences in mercury levels". 5057: 4873: 3877: 3860: 2890:

Kaufman Field Guide to Advanced Birding: Understanding What You See and Hear

2863: 2250: 1824: 1758: 1685: 1650: 1500: 1476: 1472: 1062: 1010: 912: 868: 797: 776: 768: 472: 422: 341: 122: 6811: 5753: 5609: 5566: 5326: 5211: 5107: 4938: 4913: 4874:"Adverse effects from environmental mercury loads on breeding common loons" 4701: 4666:

Weinandt, Meggin L.; Meyer, Michael; Strand, Mac; Lindsay, Alec R. (2012).

4644: 4183: 4165: 3965: 3593: 3585: 2999: 2834: 1861:, at a time when the latter hobby was not widely considered to be harmful. 1608:

Effects of mercury and acid rain pollution on health and brood productivity

17: 5519: 5250: 4987: 4512: 4224: 4203: 3844: 3823: 3550: 3174: 3153: 2757:

Prey consumption and energy transfer by marine birds in the Gulf of Alaska

2646: 2167: 6615: 4741: 4601: 2681:

Threatened, endangered, and sensitive species of the Intermountain region

1828: 1786: 1640: 1616:

deposition in aquatic environments due to its position at the top of the

1523: 1484: 1169: 1138: 1122: 1094: 1090: 1046: 1006: 936: 888: 860: 788: 772: 603: 599: 563: 368: 356: 345: 142: 6684: 4636: 3383:

Sperry, Mark L. (25 November 1986). "Common Loon Attacks on Waterfowl".

1526:, acquired by eating infected fish, can lead to paralysis and drowning. 7003: 6863: 6669: 6506: 5704: 5558: 5511: 5454: 5383: 4593: 4302: 4089: 4023: 3932:"Nestsite selection by male loons leads to sex-biased site familiarity" 3796: 3750: 3369: 3345: 3330: 3217: 3138:. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 7. 1988. p. 450. 3066: 2581: 2320: 1798: 1750: 1480: 1438: 1381: 1272: 1146: 1110: 1102: 1042: 940: 840: 632: 621: 575: 438: 406: 320: 6035: 4053: 3511: 3262:

A Field Guide to Mexican Birds: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador

1569:

Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds

392:

Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds

6407: 5653: 4333: 4272:"Graded frequency variations of the tremolo call of the common loon ( 3021:

The Birds of the Western Palearctic (BWP) concise edition (2 volumes)

2755:

Hunt Jr, G. L., Drew, G. S., Jahncke, J., & Piatt, J. F. (2005).

1778: 1738: 1250: 1134: 1066: 1038: 1026: 998: 944: 915:. They appear in most of the inland waters of the United States. The 872: 852: 836: 801: 792: 784: 608: 410: 376: 337: 132: 6899: 6592: 5696: 5503: 5366: 5349: 5058:"Spatial patterns of mercury in biota of Adirondack, New York lakes" 4585: 4294: 3788: 3322: 3209: 2573: 2312: 1571:(AEWA) is applied. In Europe it appears in 20 Important Bird Areas ( 6798: 6772: 6142: 6027: 3305:

Wilcox, Harry Hammond (1952). "The pelvic musculature of the loon,

3235:. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. p. 14. 375:

for about 28 days by both parents. Fed by both parents, the chicks

6767: 6493: 6441: 5869:

The Common Loon: Population Status and Fall Migration in Minnesota

2704:

Evers, D. C., J. D. Paruk, J. W. McIntyre, and J. F. Barr (2010).

1988: 1785:

saga describing Kwee-moo, the loon who was a special messenger of

1721: 1199: 1191: 1186: 1180: 1162: 1158: 1130: 1126: 1082: 1074: 988: 962: 928: 844: 814: 695: 689: 666: 658: 616: 589: 498: 460:. Its closest relative is another large black-headed species, the 450: 6785: 4245:"Loon Vocalizations: What are you hearing and what does it mean?" 4154:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

7016: 6472: 3405:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. p. 171. 1377: 1224: 1142: 805: 791:, to the east. Their summer habitat ranges from wooded lakes to 636: 524:

was the Latin term for an unidentified seabird and the specific

446: 308: 182: 172: 152: 6596: 6445: 3822:

Radomski, Paul J.; Carlson, Kristin; Woizeschke, Kevin (2014).

1468:. The eagle in particular is a significant predator of chicks. 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 1885:

also uses the loon in its logo and name, as well as a mascot.

1871:

uses the loon in its crest and nickname, as well as a mascot.

1471:

Internal parasites of the common loon include many species of

1237: 855:

from Finland to Portugal and southern and northwestern Spain (

812:

coast. They are known to exhibit high breeding site fidelity.

4723:

Piper, Walter H.; Tischler, Keren B.; Reinke, Andrew (2018).

4316:

Mager III, John N; Walcott, Charles; Piper, Walter H (2012).

437:

The common loon is also known as the great northern diver in

5913:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 60. 5819:

Beneath the Surface: A Natural History of a Fisherman's Lake

5350:"Diving Schedules of a Common Loon and a Group of Oldsquaws" 3154:"Winter site fidelity and winter movements in common loons ( 1737:

The common loon appears on Canadian currency, including the

1332: 1280: 947:

in the south. They are accidental in northern Japan and the

5446:

10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0189:scosib]2.0.co;2

4619:

spp.) infection and associated mortality in a common loon (

3828:) nesting habitat models for north-central Minnesota lakes" 2892:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 171–172. 2401: 2399: 1823:

The common loon was eaten in the Scottish Islands from the

1629: 1599:

national forests as a regional forester sensitive species.

1538:

Since 1998, the common loon has been rated as a species of

505:

attempted to clarify the nomenclature in 1956 by declaring

6063:"Totem Animals in Swallows & Amazons: Great Northern?" 4410:, change their vocalizations when they change territories" 3705:. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. p. 2954:

Gayk, Z. G.; Le Duc, D.; Horn, J.; Lindsay, A. R. (2018).

2915:"Identification of divers in immature and winter plumages" 468:). There are no recognized subspecies of the common loon. 351:

Common loons eat a variety of animal prey including fish,

27:

Freshwater bird native to North America and Western Europe

6516:

Black-throated loon (Arctic loon or black-throated diver)

5991:

The Scientific Nomenclature of Birds in the Upper Midwest

5429:"Size characteristics of stones ingested by common loons" 3059:

10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[169:wcadbi]2.0.co;2

1801:

of Siberia also had creation stories involving the loon.

509:

a suppressed name unfit for further use and establishing

5720:"Mortality of Common Loons in New England, 1987 to 2000" 4404:

Walcott, Charles; Mager, John N.; Piper, Walter (2006).

3191:"The migration of common loons through eastern New York" 1839:

The bird is central to the plot of the children's novel

6430: 5993:. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press. p. 63. 4035: 4033: 2913:

Appleby, R.H.; Madge, S.C.; Mullarney, Killian (1986).

2281:(in Latin). Hafnia (Copenhagen): J.C. Kall. p. 38. 1065:. The young typically eat small minnows, and sometimes 4838:"Species Conservation Assessment for the Common Loon ( 6546: 5911:

Field Guide to Birds of the Northern California Coast

5769:

Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Volume 8: Birds I

5285:

Burgess, Neil M.; Meyer, Michael W. (February 2008).

4547:

Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington

3861:"Nocturnal behaviour of the common loon, Gavia immer" 2249:. International Ornithologists' Union. Archived from 875:, although only a few hundred travel as far south as 409:, and it appears on Canadian currency, including the 4770:

Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A Study of Bird Parasites

4239: 4237: 4235: 6605: 6504: 6328:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 56–61. 5888:(Annotated ed.). Jazzybee Verlag. p. 48. 4406:"Changing territories, changing tunes: male loons, 3986:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 216. 3470:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 219. 3018:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998). 2335:

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

1561:

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species

1559:The common loon is listed under Appendix II of the 1520:, although these are not found on the bird's head. 562:A number of fossil loon species are known from the 503:

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

4204:"Variation in the vocal behavior of common loons ( 3766:"Reproductive behavior of the yellow-billed loon, 3024:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 8–10. 2628: 2507: 2452: 2418: 2149: 2076:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697842A132607418.en 1460:, large gulls, bald eagles and large fish such as 559:, in each case referring to the distinctive call. 456:, the only genus of the family Gaviidae and order 5943:. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 306–307. 3265:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 2217:"Phylogeny of the divers, family Gaviidae (Aves)" 2194:. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. p. 13. 1563:, and in Article I under the European Union (EU) 1425:Eggs are taken by a number of mammals, including 694:Juvenile swimming in the ocean off Mcgee Island, 6180:Wolcott, James (1982). "Big frogs, small pond". 3259:Peterson, Roger Tory; Chalif, Edward L. (1999). 1900:Loons are featured prominently in the 1981 film 1417:Adult common loons have few predators, although 517:in 1788, as the valid genus name for the loons. 501:as well as loons, and remained in use until the 5867:Svingen, Peder H.; Hertzel, Anthony X. (2000). 2294:"On the oology of the North American Pygopodes" 2188:Lovette, Irby J.; Fitzpatrick, John W. (2016). 7155:Native birds of the Northwestern United States 7150:Native birds of the Northeastern United States 6155:"The birds of Hollywood: An unnatural history" 4792:. US Fish and Wildlife Service. pp. 2–12. 4454:. Meredith, NH, USA: North American Loon Fund. 4197: 4195: 4193: 1781:story of a loon that created the world, and a 1658:Mercury deposition in the Adirondack Mountains 6457: 6352:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. 5871:. Minnesota Ornithologists' Union. p. 1. 5821:. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 159. 4534:Klnsella, J.M.; Forrester, Donald J. (1999). 3344:Kirkham, Ian R.; Johnson, Stephen R. (1988). 8: 5794:British Columbia: Graced by Nature's Palette 4208:): Insights from landscape-level recordings" 4072:Barr, J.F. (1996). "Aspects of common loon ( 3651: 3649: 3647: 3231:Rappole, John H; Blacklock, Gene W. (1994). 3112:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2363:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 1211:The common loon's mating system is serially 482:first described the common loon in 1764, as 382:The common loon is assessed as a species of 6203:"Why Hollywood loves this creepy bird call" 6093:. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 201–204. 5028:Adirondack Journal of Environmental Studies 4247:. Vermont Fish and Wildlife. Archived from 4076:) feeding biology on its breeding ground". 3294:. United States Forest Service. p. 62. 2866:. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 1761:in 1961, and also appears on the Minnesota 1689:in feathers, but their adverse effects are 1165:. It has also been known to eat ducklings. 1089:; the saltwater diet primarily consists of 6593: 6464: 6450: 6442: 6091:Arthur Ransome & Captain Flint's Trunk 5934: 5932: 5930: 5767:Grzimek, Bernhard; Schlager, Neil (2003). 3732:"Reproductive behavior of the common loon" 3450:. Michigan State University. pp. 1–6. 2719:Variation in the Common Loon (Gavia immer) 705:The common loon is distinguished from the 231: 84: 57: 40: 31: 6257:"Why the loon's iconic call says so much" 5735: 5493: 5444: 5365: 5097: 4740: 4691: 4536:"Parasitic helminths of the common loon, 4372: 4223: 4173: 3955: 3876: 3843: 3702:The Common Loon: Spirit of Northern Lakes 3173: 2989: 2979: 2824: 2786:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 89. 2691:, Intermountain Region. pp. 115–116. 2405: 2390: 2074: 1906:. Its distinctive sound also appeared in 951:in northwestern Pacific, and Cuba in the 6048: 5989:Sandrock, James; Prior, Jean C. (2014). 3730:Sjölander, Sverre; Ågren, Greta (1972). 2700: 2698: 2540: 2160:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive 1933:Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 1567:. It is one of the species to which the 390:. It is one of the species to which the 6553: 6536:Yellow-billed loon (white-billed diver) 5539:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 4943:Adirondack Center for Loon Conservation 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 2883: 2881: 2685:United States Department of Agriculture 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2034: 2006: 6531:Red-throated loon (red-throated diver) 5968:. Faroe University Press. p. 53. 5598:Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5280: 5278: 5276: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5051: 5049: 5017: 5015: 5013: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4933: 4931: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4540:, on its wintering grounds in Florida" 4143: 4141: 4118:: effects of natal lake size and pH". 4109: 4107: 3977: 3975: 3925: 3923: 3489: 3487: 3104: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 1612:The common loon is a key indicator of 1362: 1312: 919:coast, the Gulf coast adjacent to the 443:International Ornithological Committee 5939:Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005). 5909:Stallcup, Rich; Evens, Jules (2014). 5395: 5393: 5173: 5171: 5169: 4831: 4829: 4672:, for attraction to the common loon ( 4067: 4065: 4063: 4005: 4003: 3809: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3396: 3394: 3254: 3252: 3147: 3145: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 2366:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 1797:in the east of North America and the 1499:have been recorded in this loon. The 7: 7165:Taxa named by Morten Thrane Brünnich 6851:c54f726d-6e35-44f5-9521-9b1e0bb796aa 6255:Blaine, Valerie (17 February 2020). 5885:The Algonquin Legends Of New England 2528:participating institution membership 2473:participating institution membership 2439:participating institution membership 344:and Iceland. Small numbers breed on 7120:IUCN Red List least concern species 6371:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6201:Cascione, Marie (13 October 2021). 6114:La Vaque, David (27 October 2016). 4849:USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region 3658:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3531:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3448:Michigan Natural Features Inventory 2343:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 2062:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1544:IUCN Red List of Endangered Species 555:, as are modern Swedish and Danish 388:IUCN Red List of Endangered Species 6521:Common loon (great northern diver) 5685:The Journal of Wildlife Management 2731:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008). 2492:. Boston: Prince Society. p. 1603:Threats to status and conservation 1168:The common loon uses its powerful 787:, to the west, and very rarely in 25: 6369:Oxford Book of British Bird Names 6061:McGinnis, Molly (February 2004). 5348:Stewart, Paul A. (January 1967). 3764:Sjölander, S.; Ågren, G. (1976). 2733:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses 1404:Longevity and terminal investment 923:, and the Atlantic seaboard from 800:, common loons favour lakes with 417:. In 1961, it was designated the 6887:great-northern-diver-gavia-immer 6580: 6568: 6556: 6143:https://www.milb.com/great-lakes 5882:Leland, Charles Godfrey (2012). 5184:Science of the Total Environment 4693:10.1111/j.1948-7134.2012.00239.x 4132:10.1111/j.1600-048x.2012.05633.x 3957:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01334.x 2826:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01494.x 2555:"A review of the Pliocene loons" 1741:coin and the previous series of 1363:Problems playing this file? See 1348: 1313:Problems playing this file? See 1296: 808:. They are rare visitors to the 371:with dark brown spots which are 109: 6431:The Loon Preservation Committee 5204:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139724 5022:Schoch, Nina (1 January 2006). 3311:The American Midland Naturalist 2241:; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). 2051:BirdLife International (2018). 1897:" ("wanna laugh like a loon"). 1204:Taxidermied common loon at the 639:sometimes with a pale tip, and 425:, and appears on the Minnesota 5634:Journal of Wildlife Management 4467:"About the cover. Common loon" 3110:"All About Birds: Common Loon" 2641:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 1400:summoning its chicks to feed. 413:coin and a previous series of 1: 6349:Diving Birds of North America 6320:; et al., eds. (1977). " 6089:Hardyment, Christina (1984). 5796:. FriesenPress. p. 191. 4429:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.07.011 4383:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.10.009 4322:Wilson Journal of Ornithology 3982:Eastman, John Andrew (1999). 3630:10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.03.013 3233:Birds of Texas: A Field Guide 2489:Wood's New-England's Prospect 240:Approximate distribution map 49:Adult in breeding plumage in 6526:Pacific loon (Pacific diver) 6438:at VIREO (Drexel University) 6281:Scott, A.O. (15 June 2016). 5724:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 4668:"Cues used by the black fly, 4625:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 4493:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 4270:Barklow, William E. (1979). 4012:Journal of Field Ornithology 3350:Journal of Field Ornithology 2928:(8): 365–391. Archived from 1585:USDA National Forest Service 819:Common Loon in Santa Barbara 396:United States Forest Service 68:Sunset Beach, North Carolina 4842:) in the upper Great Lakes" 4836:Tischler, Keren B. (2011). 4773:. London: Collins. p. 4465:Davies, William E. (2004). 4202:Mennill, Daniel J. (2014). 2735:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. 2247:World Bird List Version 8.2 1853:). The story is set in the 1344:Male Common loon yodel call 796:young. For protection from 307:) is a large member of the 66:In non-breeding plumage in 7181: 6051:, pp. 24, 30, 39, 58. 5737:10.7589/0090-3558-39.2.306 4505:10.7589/0090-3558-34.3.524 2639:The Birds of North America 2360:Jobling, James A. (2010). 2243:"Loons, penguins, petrels" 1390:weee-wea weee-wea weee-wea 863:), as well as the western 6479: 6436:Common loon photo gallery 5817:Carlson, Bruce M (2007). 5592:) and common mergansers ( 5311:10.1007/s10646-007-0167-8 5144:10.1007/s10750-006-0066-7 5082:10.1007/s10646-011-0717-y 4898:10.1007/s10646-007-0168-7 4680:Journal of Vector Ecology 4568:n. sp. in a common loon ( 3936:Journal of Animal Ecology 3865:Canadian Field-Naturalist 3699:McIntyre, Judith (1988). 3678:10.1007/s00265-018-2511-9 2981:10.1186/s12862-018-1181-6 2807:Smith, Nathan D. (2012). 2706:Common Loon (Gavia immer) 2553:Brodkorb, Pierce (1953). 2515:Oxford English Dictionary 2460:Oxford English Dictionary 2426:Oxford English Dictionary 2069:: e.T22697842A132607418. 566:, and specimens from the 449:species that make up the 340:), and southern parts of 331:except some black on the 269: 262: 239: 230: 211: 204: 106:Scientific classification 104: 82: 73: 65: 56: 48: 39: 34: 6423:Internet Bird Collection 5792:Townsley, Frank (2016). 5596:) from Eastern Canada". 4767:; Clay, Theresa (1953). 4120:Journal of Avian Biology 4042:Journal of Avian Biology 3859:Paruk, James D. (2008). 3500:Journal of Avian Biology 3189:Kerlinger, Paul (1982). 2960:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2191:Handbook of Bird Biology 1957:Kubo and the Two Strings 1777:tales. These include an 1753:. It was designated the 1662:The common loons of the 1577:Special Protection Areas 1456:Chicks may be killed by 1292:Common loon tremolo call 747:Common loons are mainly 743:Distribution and habitat 493:. The now-defunct genus 7160:Birds described in 1764 6414:"Great Northern Diver ( 6367:Lockwood, W.B. (1984). 6324:Great Northern Diver". 3878:10.22621/cfn.v122i1.548 3401:Sandilands, Al (2011). 3158:) across North America" 2717:Storer, R. W. (1988b). 2520:Oxford University Press 2486:Wood, William (1865) . 2465:Oxford University Press 2431:Oxford University Press 2292:Shufeldt, R.W. (1914). 2273:Brünnich, Morten Thrane 1727:Cassell's book of birds 1534:Status and conservation 1458:common snapping turtles 1413:Predators and parasites 1206:Milwaukee Public Museum 887:), the Atlantic Ocean ( 883:), the Gulf of Mexico ( 520:The current genus name 515:Johann Reinhold Forster 464:or white-billed diver ( 401:The common loon is the 7130:Native birds of Alaska 5964:Bloch, Dorete (2006). 5610:10.1002/etc.5620170209 4166:10.1098/rspb.2013.0979 3892:Rodriguez, R. (2002). 3586:10.1006/anbe.1999.1295 3466:Eastman, John (2000). 2888:Kaufman, Kenn (2011). 2215:Boertmann, D. (1990). 1963:Avengers: Infinity War 1734: 1700:Exxon Valdez oil spill 1680:Breeding range decline 1337: 1285: 1208: 1197: 1189: 1185:On a nest by water in 994: 977: 847:, and rarely northern 820: 698: 675: 673:Bodega Bay, California 664: 663:Common loon stretching 595: 578:appear to represent a 480:Morten Thrane Brünnich 7051:Paleobiology Database 5771:. Gale. p. 161. 5251:10.1675/063.037.sp116 4988:10.1675/063.037.sp116 4450:Evers, David (1993). 4225:10.1675/063.037.sp105 3845:10.1675/063.037.sp113 3551:10.1007/s002650050360 3441:Brünnich Common Loon" 3435:Gibson, J.W. (2007). 3175:10.1650/CONDOR-15-6.1 2679:Spahr, Robin (1991). 2647:10.2173/bow.comloo.02 2278:Ornithologia Borealis 2168:10.2173/bow.comloo.02 1875:Minor League Baseball 1757:of the U.S. state of 1725: 1336: 1284: 1203: 1195: 1184: 992: 975: 895:), and the reservoir 871:, and off Morocco in 818: 693: 670: 662: 593: 549:New Englands Prospect 491:Ornithologia Borealis 445:.) It is one of five 6846:Fauna Europaea (new) 4742:10.1642/auk-17-239.1 4251:on 13 September 2014 3902:Animal Diversity Web 2782:Dunne, Pete (2013). 1710:In a 2003 survey of 1664:Adirondack Mountains 1646:Adirondack Mountains 582:of the common loon. 299:great northern diver 5842:Noles, Jim (2009). 5646:2007JWMan..71.1206D 5551:1994EMnAs..30....1B 5400:Wiland, L. (2007). 5303:2008Ecotx..17...83B 5196:2020ScTEn.73839724B 5074:2011Ecotx..20.1543Y 4890:2008Ecotx..17...69E 4637:10.7589/2016-08-195 3948:2008JAnEc..77..205P 3670:2018BEcoS..72...95P 3543:1997BEcoS..41...25P 2972:2018BMCEE..18...64G 2864:"The Uncommon Loon" 2518:(Online ed.). 2463:(Online ed.). 2429:(Online ed.). 1909:Conan the Barbarian 1869:Minnesota United FC 1865:Major League Soccer 1739:one-dollar "loonie" 1325:(hu)-heheheheheheha 1149:, and occasionally 759:, locally south to 707:black-throated loon 411:one-dollar "loonie" 76:Conservation status 51:Minocqua, Wisconsin 7140:Birds of Greenland 6394:Common Loon stamps 6344:Johnsgard, Paul A. 6287:The New York Times 6068:All Things Ransome 5559:10.1007/BF00546196 4939:"Threats to Loons" 4765:Rothschild, Miriam 4160:(1765): 20130979. 4090:10.1007/bf00023169 2591:on 18 January 2021 1735: 1489:spiny-headed worms 1338: 1286: 1209: 1198: 1190: 995: 978: 821: 783:in Norway; and in 699: 676: 665: 596: 540:, to immerse, and 462:yellow-billed loon 281:Colymbus glacialis 7105: 7104: 7038:Open Tree of Life 6599:Taxon identifiers 6544: 6543: 6396:– bird-stamps.org 6378:978-0-19-214155-2 6359:978-0-8032-2566-4 6335:978-0-19-857358-6 6100:978-0-224-02989-6 6000:978-1-60938-225-4 5975:978-99918-41-03-8 5950:978-0-7011-6907-7 5920:978-0-520-27616-1 5895:978-3-8496-2265-7 5853:978-0-7867-3197-8 5846:. Da Capo Press. 5828:978-0-87351-578-8 5803:978-1-4602-7773-7 5778:978-0-7876-6571-5 4814:on 16 August 2016 4054:10.1111/jav.00648 3993:978-0-8117-2681-8 3716:978-0-8166-1651-0 3512:10.1111/jav.01393 3477:978-0-8117-4552-9 3412:978-0-7748-5943-1 3276:978-0-395-97514-5 3242:978-0-89096-545-0 3031:978-0-19-854099-1 2935:on 8 October 2017 2899:978-0-547-24832-5 2793:978-0-544-13568-0 2742:978-1-4200-6444-5 2526:(Subscription or 2471:(Subscription or 2437:(Subscription or 2377:978-1-4081-2501-4 2201:978-1-118-29104-7 2162:. Lynx Edicions. 1981:Avengers: Endgame 1883:Midland, Michigan 1879:Great Lakes Loons 1553:Prairie Provinces 1353: 1303: 1258:Habitat selection 973: 949:Commander Islands 921:Florida panhandle 771:, in Iceland, in 751:, and breed from 715:red-throated loon 355:, insect larvae, 333:undertail coverts 327:, and pure white 291: 290: 257: Nonbreeding 99: 16:(Redirected from 7172: 7145:Birds of Iceland 7098: 7097: 7085: 7084: 7072: 7071: 7059: 7058: 7046: 7045: 7033: 7032: 7020: 7019: 7007: 7006: 6994: 6993: 6981: 6980: 6968: 6967: 6965:NBNSYS0000000220 6955: 6954: 6942: 6941: 6929: 6928: 6916: 6915: 6903: 6902: 6890: 6889: 6877: 6876: 6867: 6866: 6854: 6853: 6841: 6840: 6828: 6827: 6815: 6814: 6802: 6801: 6789: 6788: 6776: 6775: 6763: 6762: 6750: 6749: 6737: 6736: 6724: 6723: 6714: 6713: 6701: 6700: 6688: 6687: 6678: 6677: 6675:7E02237895784E9A 6665: 6664: 6652: 6651: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6594: 6585: 6584: 6573: 6572: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6552: 6466: 6459: 6452: 6443: 6427: 6382: 6363: 6339: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6289:. Archived from 6278: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6227:McCarter, Reid. 6224: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6151: 6145: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6011: 6005: 6004: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5966:Fróðskaparrit 53 5961: 5955: 5954: 5941:Birds Britannica 5936: 5925: 5924: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5739: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5654:10.2193/2006-422 5640:(4): 1206–1213. 5628: 5622: 5621: 5594:Mergus merganser 5585: 5579: 5578: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5497: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5448: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5404:. Archived from 5397: 5388: 5387: 5369: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5282: 5271: 5270: 5245:(sp1): 133–146. 5230: 5224: 5223: 5175: 5164: 5163: 5123: 5112: 5111: 5101: 5068:(7): 1543–1554. 5053: 5044: 5043: 5019: 5008: 5007: 4982:(sp1): 133–146. 4967: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4935: 4926: 4925: 4868: 4853: 4852: 4846: 4833: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4810:. Archived from 4800: 4794: 4793: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4744: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4695: 4670:Simulium annulus 4663: 4657: 4656: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4544: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4471: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4417:Animal Behaviour 4414: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4376: 4361:Animal Behaviour 4352: 4346: 4345: 4334:10.1676/11-024.1 4313: 4307: 4306: 4280: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4241: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4199: 4188: 4187: 4177: 4145: 4136: 4135: 4111: 4102: 4101: 4069: 4058: 4057: 4037: 4028: 4027: 4007: 3998: 3997: 3979: 3970: 3969: 3959: 3927: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3904:. Archived from 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3838:(sp1): 102–117. 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3774: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3736: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3653: 3642: 3641: 3618:Animal Behaviour 3612: 3606: 3605: 3574:Animal Behaviour 3569: 3563: 3562: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3506:(8): 1062–1070. 3491: 3482: 3481: 3463: 3452: 3451: 3445: 3432: 3417: 3416: 3398: 3389: 3388: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3256: 3247: 3246: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3195: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3106: 3079: 3078: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3015: 3004: 3003: 2993: 2983: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2934: 2919: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2885: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2860: 2847: 2846: 2828: 2819:(4): 1059–1078. 2804: 2798: 2797: 2779: 2760: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2728: 2722: 2715: 2709: 2702: 2693: 2692: 2676: 2651: 2650: 2636: 2624: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2590: 2584:. Archived from 2559: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2523: 2511: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2468: 2456: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2434: 2422: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2298: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2253:on 27 April 2020 2235: 2229: 2228: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2157: 2145: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2078: 2048: 2022: 2011: 1984:, among others. 1673:Spatial analysis 1505:Simulium annulus 1355: 1354: 1335: 1305: 1304: 1283: 1107:Atlantic croaker 974: 939:, as well as in 285: 277: 256: 250: 244: 235: 217: 114: 113: 93: 88: 87: 61: 44: 32: 21: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7135:Birds of Canada 7110: 7109: 7106: 7101: 7093: 7088: 7080: 7075: 7067: 7062: 7054: 7049: 7041: 7036: 7028: 7023: 7015: 7010: 7002: 6999:Observation.org 6997: 6989: 6984: 6976: 6971: 6963: 6958: 6950: 6945: 6937: 6932: 6924: 6919: 6911: 6906: 6898: 6893: 6885: 6880: 6872: 6870: 6862: 6857: 6849: 6844: 6836: 6831: 6823: 6818: 6810: 6805: 6797: 6792: 6784: 6779: 6771: 6766: 6758: 6753: 6745: 6740: 6732: 6727: 6719: 6717: 6709: 6704: 6696: 6691: 6683: 6681: 6673: 6668: 6660: 6655: 6649: 6644: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6601: 6591: 6579: 6567: 6557: 6555: 6547: 6545: 6540: 6500: 6475: 6473:Loons or divers 6470: 6412: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6366: 6360: 6342: 6336: 6316: 6312: 6307: 6306: 6296: 6294: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6265: 6263: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6239: 6237: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6211: 6209: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6179: 6178: 6174: 6164: 6162: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6141: 6137: 6127: 6125: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6073: 6071: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6016:American Speech 6013: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5988: 5987: 5983: 5976: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5951: 5938: 5937: 5928: 5921: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5854: 5841: 5840: 5836: 5829: 5816: 5815: 5811: 5804: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5697:10.2307/3800613 5682: 5681: 5677: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5532: 5531: 5527: 5504:10.2307/1590110 5495:10.1.1.514.3406 5475: 5474: 5470: 5426: 5425: 5421: 5411: 5409: 5408:on 12 July 2017 5399: 5398: 5391: 5367:10.2307/4083265 5347: 5346: 5342: 5284: 5283: 5274: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5177: 5176: 5167: 5125: 5124: 5115: 5055: 5054: 5047: 5021: 5020: 5011: 4969: 4968: 4957: 4947: 4945: 4937: 4936: 4929: 4870: 4869: 4856: 4844: 4835: 4834: 4827: 4817: 4815: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4586:10.2307/1589663 4563: 4562: 4558: 4542: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4469: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4412: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4374:10.1.1.483.1889 4354: 4353: 4349: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4295:10.2307/1367857 4278: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4243: 4242: 4233: 4201: 4200: 4191: 4147: 4146: 4139: 4113: 4112: 4105: 4071: 4070: 4061: 4039: 4038: 4031: 4009: 4008: 4001: 3994: 3981: 3980: 3973: 3929: 3928: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3908:on 14 July 2017 3891: 3890: 3886: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3789:10.2307/1367094 3772: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3739:Wilson Bulletin 3734: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3655: 3654: 3645: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3493: 3492: 3485: 3478: 3465: 3464: 3455: 3443: 3434: 3433: 3420: 3413: 3400: 3399: 3392: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3323:10.2307/2422198 3304: 3303: 3299: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3258: 3257: 3250: 3243: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3210:10.2307/1367828 3193: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3151: 3150: 3143: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3108: 3107: 3082: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3017: 3016: 3007: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2917: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2887: 2886: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2862: 2861: 2850: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2781: 2780: 2763: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2716: 2712: 2703: 2696: 2678: 2677: 2654: 2626: 2625: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2574:10.2307/1364769 2557: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2436: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2378: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2313:10.2307/1362079 2296: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2256: 2254: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2202: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2172: 2170: 2147: 2146: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2050: 2049: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2025: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1891: 1842:Great Northern? 1837: 1835:Popular culture 1815:Scottish Gaelic 1811:call-up-a-storm 1775:Native American 1771: 1747:provincial bird 1720: 1708: 1682: 1669:bioaccumulation 1660: 1610: 1605: 1565:Birds Directive 1536: 1510:uropygial gland 1466:largemouth bass 1447:northern ravens 1415: 1406: 1370: 1369: 1361: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1349: 1346: 1339: 1333: 1320: 1319: 1311: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1297: 1294: 1287: 1281: 1269: 1260: 1179: 1157:, roots, moss, 1153:matter such as 1115:Gulf silverside 987: 963: 961: 933:San Luis Potosí 833:Baja California 745: 736: 727: 588: 580:paleosubspecies 435: 403:provincial bird 283: 275: 258: 254: 252: 251: Migration 248: 246: 242: 226: 219: 213: 200: 108: 100: 89: 85: 78: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7178: 7176: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7112: 7111: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7099: 7086: 7073: 7060: 7047: 7034: 7021: 7008: 6995: 6982: 6969: 6956: 6943: 6930: 6917: 6904: 6891: 6878: 6868: 6855: 6842: 6833:Fauna Europaea 6829: 6816: 6803: 6790: 6777: 6764: 6751: 6738: 6725: 6715: 6702: 6689: 6679: 6666: 6653: 6642: 6627: 6611: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6590: 6589: 6577: 6565: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6512: 6510: 6502: 6501: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6469: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6433: 6428: 6410: 6397: 6389: 6388:External links 6386: 6384: 6383: 6377: 6364: 6358: 6340: 6334: 6318:Cramp, Stanley 6313: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6293:on 11 May 2017 6273: 6247: 6219: 6193: 6172: 6161:. 14 June 2002 6146: 6135: 6106: 6099: 6081: 6053: 6041: 6028:10.2307/453005 6022:(4): 268–278. 6006: 5999: 5981: 5974: 5956: 5949: 5926: 5919: 5901: 5894: 5874: 5859: 5852: 5834: 5827: 5809: 5802: 5784: 5777: 5759: 5730:(2): 306–315. 5710: 5691:(2): 317–319. 5675: 5623: 5604:(2): 197–201. 5580: 5525: 5488:(2): 392–396. 5482:Avian Diseases 5468: 5439:(1): 189–191. 5419: 5389: 5360:(1): 122–123. 5340: 5272: 5225: 5165: 5138:(1): 263–274. 5113: 5045: 5009: 4955: 4927: 4854: 4825: 4795: 4780: 4756: 4735:(3): 788–797. 4715: 4686:(2): 359–364. 4658: 4631:(4): 859–863. 4607: 4580:(4): 809–814. 4574:Avian Diseases 4566:Eimeria gaviae 4556: 4526: 4499:(3): 524–531. 4483: 4457: 4442: 4423:(3): 673(11). 4396: 4367:(4): 683–690. 4347: 4308: 4262: 4231: 4218:(sp1): 26–36. 4189: 4137: 4126:(3): 280–288. 4103: 4084:(2): 119–144. 4059: 4048:(6): 551–558. 4029: 4018:(3): 247–253. 3999: 3992: 3971: 3942:(2): 205–210. 3919: 3898:(common loon)" 3884: 3851: 3824:"Common loon ( 3814: 3802: 3783:(4): 454–463. 3756: 3745:(3): 296–308. 3722: 3715: 3691: 3643: 3607: 3580:(2): 385–394. 3564: 3517: 3483: 3476: 3453: 3418: 3411: 3390: 3375: 3336: 3317:(3): 513–573. 3297: 3282: 3275: 3248: 3241: 3223: 3181: 3168:(4): 485–493. 3141: 3127: 3116:on 25 May 2017 3080: 3053:(2): 169–175. 3037: 3030: 3005: 2946: 2905: 2898: 2877: 2848: 2799: 2792: 2761: 2748: 2741: 2723: 2710: 2694: 2689:Forest Service 2652: 2630:"Common Loon ( 2602: 2545: 2533: 2499: 2478: 2444: 2410: 2408:, p. 107. 2406:Johnsgard 1987 2395: 2391:Johnsgard 1987 2383: 2376: 2352: 2326: 2307:(4): 169–180. 2284: 2264: 2230: 2207: 2200: 2180: 2151:"Common Loon ( 2089: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2005: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1939:Rick and Morty 1903:On Golden Pond 1895:Old Devil Moon 1890: 1887: 1855:Outer Hebrides 1851:Colymbus immer 1847:Arthur Ransome 1836: 1833: 1770: 1767: 1719: 1716: 1707: 1706:Lead poisoning 1704: 1681: 1678: 1659: 1656: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1589:Huron-Manistee 1535: 1532: 1493:Eimeria gaviae 1451:American crows 1414: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1360: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1310: 1295: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1268: 1265: 1259: 1256: 1243:asynchronously 1178: 1175: 1031:brown bullhead 986: 983: 960: 957: 917:South Carolina 744: 741: 735: 732: 726: 723: 626:Gulf of Alaska 587: 584: 434: 431: 319:adults have a 289: 288: 287: 286: 284:Linnaeus, 1766 278: 276:Brunnich, 1764 273:Colymbus immer 267: 266: 260: 259: 253: 247: 245: Breeding 241: 237: 236: 228: 227: 220: 209: 208: 202: 201: 194: 192: 188: 187: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 102: 101: 83: 80: 79: 74: 71: 70: 63: 62: 54: 53: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7177: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7108: 7096: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6869: 6865: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6680: 6676: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6632: 6628: 6623: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6595: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6564: 6554: 6550: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6478: 6474: 6467: 6462: 6460: 6455: 6453: 6448: 6447: 6444: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6417: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6403: 6400:Common loon ( 6398: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6380: 6374: 6370: 6365: 6361: 6355: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6274: 6262: 6258: 6251: 6248: 6236: 6235: 6234:The A.V. Club 6230: 6223: 6220: 6208: 6204: 6197: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6183:Texas Monthly 6176: 6173: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6147: 6144: 6139: 6136: 6124:. Minneapolis 6123: 6122: 6117: 6110: 6107: 6102: 6096: 6092: 6085: 6082: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6049:Lockwood 1984 6045: 6042: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6010: 6007: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5982: 5977: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5957: 5952: 5946: 5942: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5916: 5912: 5905: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5878: 5875: 5870: 5863: 5860: 5855: 5849: 5845: 5838: 5835: 5830: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5810: 5805: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5785: 5780: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5714: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5679: 5676: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5627: 5624: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5469: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5420: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5341: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5291:Ecotoxicology 5288: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5132:Hydrobiologia 5129: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5062:Ecotoxicology 5059: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4878:Ecotoxicology 4875: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4843: 4841: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4813: 4809: 4807: 4799: 4796: 4791: 4784: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4719: 4716: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4662: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4608: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4539: 4530: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4484: 4480:(3): 202–204. 4479: 4475: 4474:Bird Observer 4468: 4461: 4458: 4453: 4446: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4409: 4400: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4351: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4275: 4266: 4263: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4207: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4078:Hydrobiologia 4075: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3897: 3888: 3885: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3827: 3818: 3815: 3812:, p. 61. 3811: 3806: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3769: 3768:Gavia adamsii 3760: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3726: 3723: 3718: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3695: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3442: 3440: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3379: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3298: 3293: 3286: 3283: 3278: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3204:(1): 97–100. 3203: 3199: 3192: 3185: 3182: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3157: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3038: 3033: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2947: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2922:British Birds 2916: 2909: 2906: 2901: 2895: 2891: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2865: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2800: 2795: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2568:(4): 211–14. 2567: 2563: 2556: 2549: 2546: 2543:, p. 97. 2542: 2541:Lockwood 1984 2537: 2534: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2510: 2503: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2482: 2479: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2455: 2448: 2445: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2421: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2393:, p. 94. 2392: 2387: 2384: 2379: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2356: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2288: 2285: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2268: 2265: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2211: 2208: 2203: 2197: 2193: 2192: 2184: 2181: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2154: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2028: 2020: 2019:British Birds 2016: 2013:For example, 2010: 2007: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1916: 1915:Out of Africa 1911: 1910: 1905: 1904: 1898: 1896: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1881:, located in 1880: 1876: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1860: 1859:egg collector 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1793:peoples. The 1792: 1791:Pacific Coast 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1763:State Quarter 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1687: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1622:methylmercury 1619: 1615: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1583:network. The 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1540:least concern 1533: 1531: 1529: 1528:Aspergillosis 1525: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1497:avian malaria 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1462:northern pike 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443:herring gulls 1440: 1436: 1432: 1431:striped skunk 1428: 1427:American mink 1423: 1420: 1412: 1410: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1394:ooo-aaah-éééé 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1368: 1366: 1345: 1328: 1326: 1318: 1316: 1293: 1276: 1274: 1267:Vocalizations 1266: 1264: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1246: 1244: 1239: 1233: 1230: 1229:marsh grasses 1226: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1207: 1202: 1194: 1188: 1183: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1161:, seeds, and 1160: 1159:willow shoots 1156: 1152: 1151:aquatic plant 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135:insect larvae 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059:rainbow smelt 1056: 1055:black crappie 1052: 1051:white crappie 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1019:northern pike 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 991: 984: 982: 958: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 925:Massachusetts 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 900: 898: 894: 893:Massachusetts 890: 886: 885:Barataria Bay 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 865:Mediterranean 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 827:during their 826: 817: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 763:and north to 762: 758: 757:Arctic Circle 754: 750: 742: 740: 733: 731: 724: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 703: 697: 692: 688: 686: 680: 674: 669: 661: 657: 655: 651: 646: 642: 638: 634: 631: 627: 623: 618: 614: 610: 605: 601: 592: 585: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 545: 544:, submerged. 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 518: 516: 513:, created by 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 485: 481: 478: 474: 469: 467: 466:Gavia adamsii 463: 459: 455: 452: 448: 444: 440: 432: 430: 428: 427:State Quarter 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 399: 397: 394:applies. The 393: 389: 385: 384:least concern 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 365:marsh grasses 362: 358: 354: 349: 347: 343: 339: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 305: 300: 296: 282: 279: 274: 271: 270: 268: 265: 261: 238: 234: 229: 224: 218: 216: 210: 207: 206:Binomial name 203: 199: 198: 197:G. immer 193: 190: 189: 186: 185: 181: 178: 177: 174: 171: 168: 167: 164: 161: 158: 157: 154: 151: 148: 147: 144: 141: 138: 137: 134: 131: 128: 127: 124: 121: 118: 117: 112: 107: 103: 97: 92: 91:Least Concern 81: 77: 72: 69: 64: 60: 55: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 7107: 6606: 6520: 6505: 6497: 6492:: Gaviidae, 6421: 6415: 6401: 6368: 6348: 6325: 6321: 6295:. Retrieved 6291:the original 6286: 6276: 6264:. Retrieved 6261:Daily Herald 6260: 6250: 6238:. Retrieved 6232: 6222: 6210:. Retrieved 6206: 6196: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6163:. Retrieved 6158: 6149: 6138: 6126:. Retrieved 6121:Star-Tribune 6119: 6109: 6090: 6084: 6072:. 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It is the 1736: 1730: 1726: 1709: 1696: 1683: 1661: 1638: 1634: 1611: 1558: 1537: 1522: 1518:feather lice 1503: 1492: 1475:, including 1470: 1455: 1437:, foxes and 1424: 1416: 1407: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1375: 1371: 1324: 1321: 1270: 1261: 1247: 1234: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1167: 1007:gizzard shad 996: 979: 901: 897:Lake Pateros 822: 746: 737: 728: 718: 710: 704: 700: 681: 677: 597: 561: 556: 552: 548: 546: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 519: 510: 506: 494: 490: 486: 483: 477:mineralogist 470: 465: 453: 436: 400: 381: 350: 311:, or diver, 303: 302: 298: 294: 292: 280: 272: 214: 212: 196: 195: 183: 35:Common loon 29: 7125:Gaviiformes 7095:Gavia-immer 7064:SeaLifeBase 7030:common-loon 6986:Neotropical 6947:NatureServe 6895:iNaturalist 6874:common-loon 6760:gavia-immer 6662:Gavia_immer 6637:Gavia immer 6631:Wikispecies 6607:Gavia immer 6486:Gaviiformes 6416:Gavia immer 6402:Gavia immer 6322:Gavia immer 6128:8 September 5590:Gavia immer 5535:Gavia immer 5478:Gavia immer 4840:Gavia immer 4806:Gavia immer 4674:Gavia immer 4621:Gavia immer 4570:Gavia immer 4538:Gavia immer 4408:Gavia immer 4357:Gavia immer 4274:Gavia immer 4206:Gavia immer 4116:Gavia immer 4074:Gavia immer 3896:Gavia immer 3826:Gavia immer 3624:: 155–163. 3527:Gavia immer 3439:Gavia immer 3307:Gavia immer 3156:Gavia immer 2632:Gavia immer 2595:4 September 2337:(1957–58). 2257:12 November 2239:Gill, Frank 2227:(3): 21–36. 2153:Gavia immer 2082:19 November 2055:Gavia immer 1807:New England 1712:New England 1581:Natura 2000 1515:ischnoceran 1419:bald eagles 1187:Maine, U.S. 1119:crustaceans 1035:pumpkinseed 953:West Indies 909:Great Lakes 843:, southern 839:, northern 825:Great Lakes 781:Bear Island 719:G. stellata 613:Great Lakes 586:Description 568:Pleistocene 458:Gaviiformes 353:crustaceans 304:Gavia immer 295:common loon 215:Gavia immer 163:Gaviiformes 18:Gavia immer 7114:Categories 7090:Xeno-canto 6266:13 October 6240:13 October 6212:13 October 6165:13 October 5545:(1): 1–7. 5433:The Condor 5239:Waterbirds 5190:: 139724. 4976:Waterbirds 4617:Plasmodium 4283:The Condor 4212:Waterbirds 3832:Waterbirds 3810:Cramp 1977 3777:The Condor 3356:(1): 3–6. 3198:The Condor 3162:The Condor 3047:Waterbirds 2530:required.) 2475:required.) 2441:required.) 2301:The Condor 2173:7 November 2029:References 1755:state bird 1743:$ 20 bills 1718:In culture 1626:neurotoxin 1618:food chain 1579:in the EU 1548:vulnerable 1365:media help 1315:media help 1213:monogamous 913:reservoirs 849:Tamaulipas 713:) and the 711:G. arctica 650:underparts 645:upperparts 572:California 497:contained 419:state bird 415:$ 20 bills 361:monogamous 329:underparts 325:upperparts 315:of birds. 6297:14 August 6190:(1): 120. 5746:0090-3558 5662:0022-541X 5490:CiteSeerX 5376:0004-8038 5319:0963-9292 5259:1524-4695 5220:219620784 5152:0018-8158 5090:1573-3017 5040:1075-0436 4996:1524-4695 4906:1573-3017 4553:(1): 1–6. 4369:CiteSeerX 4255:27 August 3871:: 70–72. 3664:(6): 95. 3362:0273-8570 2966:(1): 64. 2939:8 October 2813:Evolution 2349:: 147–48. 1927:Guinevere 1825:Neolithic 1759:Minnesota 1691:magnified 1686:acid rain 1651:predation 1501:black fly 1485:nematodes 1481:tapeworms 1477:flatworms 1170:hind legs 1099:sea trout 1091:rock fish 1063:killifish 1023:whitefish 1011:rock bass 959:Behaviour 881:Morro Bay 869:Catalonia 829:migration 798:predators 779:, and in 777:Jan Mayen 769:Greenland 594:In flight 473:zoologist 423:Minnesota 373:incubated 342:Greenland 191:Species: 129:Kingdom: 123:Eukaryota 6952:2.100554 6939:22697842 6913:10190144 6786:45508998 6698:22697842 6693:BirdLife 6682:BioLib: 6616:Wikidata 6418:) media" 6346:(1987). 6074:26 March 5754:12910757 5670:85992979 5618:85336567 5575:24178181 5567:24213705 5463:86704804 5335:40571426 5327:18038272 5267:85674745 5212:32531589 5160:10621451 5108:21691858 5004:85674745 4922:17769869 4914:17909967 4751:90934731 4702:23181860 4645:28665230 4521:24447180 4437:43750841 4391:43610342 4342:85216811 4184:23804619 4098:32804759 3966:17976165 3686:46956208 3638:53404673 3602:23085958 3594:10675261 3559:33036050 3120:6 August 3075:86267739 3000:29703132 2843:42793145 2835:22486689 2275:(1764). 1951:Godzilla 1945:Watchmen 1829:sciatica 1795:Delaware 1787:Glooscap 1769:Folklore 1641:brooding 1597:Hiawatha 1524:Botulism 1439:raccoons 1251:Fledging 1177:Breeding 1155:pondweed 1147:annelids 1139:molluscs 1123:crayfish 1095:flounder 1047:bluegill 993:Foraging 976:Swimming 937:Coahuila 889:Maryland 861:Asturias 789:Scotland 773:Svalbard 749:Nearctic 734:Genomics 641:red eyes 630:breeding 611:and the 604:wingspan 600:wingspan 564:Pliocene 542:immersus 507:Colymbus 495:Colymbus 484:Colymbus 433:Taxonomy 357:molluscs 346:Svalbard 317:Breeding 264:Synonyms 223:Brünnich 173:Gaviidae 169:Family: 143:Chordata 139:Phylum: 133:Animalia 119:Domain: 96:IUCN 3.1 7043:1057518 6864:2481962 6670:Avibase 6622:Q190342 6587:Biology 6575:Animals 6549:Portals 6507:Species 6310:Sources 5705:3800613 5642:Bibcode 5547:Bibcode 5520:7103895 5512:1590110 5455:1369696 5412:12 July 5384:4083265 5354:The Auk 5299:Bibcode 5192:Bibcode 5099:3175042 5070:Bibcode 4948:7 March 4886:Bibcode 4851:: 1–59. 4818:12 July 4808:| AEWA" 4729:The Auk 4653:4391165 4594:1589663 4513:9706561 4303:1367857 4175:3712445 4024:4512827 3944:Bibcode 3912:14 July 3797:1367094 3751:4160227 3666:Bibcode 3539:Bibcode 3370:4513284 3331:2422198 3218:1367828 3067:4132565 2991:5921391 2968:Bibcode 2582:1364769 2420:"Diver" 2370:, 203. 2321:1362079 2021:article 1921:Platoon 1799:Buryats 1783:Mi'kmaq 1751:Ontario 1614:mercury 1542:on the 1273:tremolo 1131:leeches 1111:haddock 1103:herring 1079:sunfish 1067:insects 1043:walleye 1015:alewife 1003:suckers 999:minnows 985:Feeding 941:Chiapas 905:Pacific 857:Galicia 841:Sinaloa 802:islands 755:to the 633:plumage 622:Ontario 576:Florida 538:immergo 489:in his 471:Danish 439:Eurasia 407:Ontario 386:on the 321:plumage 225:, 1764) 179:Genus: 159:Order: 149:Class: 94: ( 7082:137187 7069:165324 7056:133768 7017:137187 6991:comloo 6926:174469 6871:GNAB: 6820:EURING 6799:GAVIIM 6773:comloo 6721:comloo 6650:comloo 6490:Family 6408:ARKive 6375: 6356: 6332: 6097: 6036:453005 6034: 5997: 5972: 5947: 5917: 5892: 5850: 5825: 5800: 5775: 5752: 5744: 5703: 5668: 5660: 5616: 5573: 5565: 5518: 5510: 5492: 5461: 5453: 5382: 5374: 5333: 5325: 5317: 5265: 5257: 5218: 5210: 5158: 5150: 5106: 5096: 5088: 5038: 5002: 4994: 4920: 4912: 4904: 4749: 4710:768681 4708: 4700: 4651: 4643: 4602:749899 4600: 4592: 4519: 4511: 4435: 4389: 4371: 4340: 4301: 4182: 4172: 4096: 4022: 3990: 3964: 3795: 3749: 3713: 3684: 3636: 3600: 3592: 3557: 3474: 3409: 3368: 3360: 3329: 3273: 3239: 3216: 3073: 3065: 3028: 2998: 2988: 2896: 2870:2 June 2841: 2833: 2790: 2739: 2580: 2562:Condor 2509:"Loom" 2454:"Loon" 2374: 2319: 2198: 1991:movie 1779:Ojibwe 1595:, and 1593:Ottawa 1435:otters 1127:snails 1113:, and 1085:, and 1061:, and 1039:burbot 1027:sauger 945:Oaxaca 877:Iberia 873:Africa 853:Europe 837:Sonora 810:Arctic 793:tundra 785:Alaska 654:mantle 609:Canada 499:grebes 377:fledge 338:Alaska 313:family 255: 249: 243: 7077:WoRMS 6978:37039 6908:IRMNG 6838:96568 6807:EUNIS 6768:eBird 6747:3FFP6 6734:bob40 6718:BOW: 6563:Birds 6498:Gavia 6494:Genus 6482:Order 6159:Salon 6032:JSTOR 5701:JSTOR 5666:S2CID 5614:S2CID 5571:S2CID 5508:JSTOR 5459:S2CID 5451:JSTOR 5380:JSTOR 5331:S2CID 5263:S2CID 5216:S2CID 5156:S2CID 5034:(2). 5000:S2CID 4918:S2CID 4845:(PDF) 4747:S2CID 4706:S2CID 4649:S2CID 4590:JSTOR 4543:(PDF) 4517:S2CID 4470:(PDF) 4433:S2CID 4413:(PDF) 4387:S2CID 4338:S2CID 4299:JSTOR 4279:(PDF) 4094:S2CID 4020:JSTOR 3793:JSTOR 3773:(PDF) 3747:JSTOR 3735:(PDF) 3682:S2CID 3634:S2CID 3598:S2CID 3555:S2CID 3444:(PDF) 3366:JSTOR 3327:JSTOR 3214:JSTOR 3194:(PDF) 3071:S2CID 3063:JSTOR 2933:(PDF) 2918:(PDF) 2839:S2CID 2589:(PDF) 2578:JSTOR 2558:(PDF) 2524: 2469: 2435: 2317:JSTOR 2297:(PDF) 2017:1951 2001:Notes 1989:Pixar 1889:Films 1877:team 1867:club 1473:worms 1392:, or 1163:algae 1143:frogs 1083:trout 1075:perch 929:Maine 845:Texas 806:coves 775:, in 765:78° N 761:40° N 753:48° N 725:Moult 696:Maine 685:bones 617:Maine 534:emmer 530:immer 526:immer 522:Gavia 511:Gavia 487:immer 454:Gavia 451:genus 184:Gavia 7025:ODNR 7012:OBIS 6973:NCBI 6934:IUCN 6921:ITIS 6900:4626 6859:GBIF 6812:1062 6794:EPPO 6711:9525 6706:BOLD 6685:8333 6373:ISBN 6354:ISBN 6330:ISBN 6299:2017 6268:2021 6242:2021 6214:2021 6167:2021 6130:2017 6095:ISBN 6076:2010 5995:ISBN 5970:ISBN 5945:ISBN 5915:ISBN 5890:ISBN 5848:ISBN 5823:ISBN 5798:ISBN 5773:ISBN 5750:PMID 5742:ISSN 5658:ISSN 5563:PMID 5516:PMID 5480:)". 5414:2017 5372:ISSN 5323:PMID 5315:ISSN 5255:ISSN 5208:PMID 5148:ISSN 5104:PMID 5086:ISSN 5036:ISSN 4992:ISSN 4950:2022 4910:PMID 4902:ISSN 4820:2017 4698:PMID 4641:PMID 4623:)". 4598:PMID 4572:)". 4509:PMID 4257:2017 4180:PMID 3988:ISBN 3962:PMID 3914:2017 3711:ISBN 3590:PMID 3529:)". 3472:ISBN 3407:ISBN 3387:: 5. 3358:ISSN 3271:ISBN 3237:ISBN 3122:2017 3026:ISBN 2996:PMID 2941:2017 2894:ISBN 2872:2013 2831:PMID 2788:ISBN 2737:ISBN 2597:2017 2372:ISBN 2259:2018 2196:ISBN 2175:2016 2084:2021 2067:2018 2015:this 1978:and 1975:1917 1809:was 1733:1875 1573:IBAs 1495:and 1487:and 1464:and 1449:and 1386:aaoo 1382:howl 1378:wolf 1238:eggs 1225:nest 1087:bass 1071:pike 943:and 935:and 891:and 867:off 859:and 804:and 637:bill 574:and 553:lómr 532:and 475:and 447:loon 369:eggs 309:loon 293:The 153:Aves 7004:263 6960:NBN 6882:IBC 6781:EoL 6755:CMS 6742:CoL 6729:BTO 6657:ADW 6646:ABA 6207:Vox 6024:doi 5732:doi 5693:doi 5650:doi 5606:doi 5555:doi 5500:doi 5441:doi 5437:103 5362:doi 5307:doi 5247:doi 5200:doi 5188:738 5140:doi 5136:567 5094:PMC 5078:doi 4984:doi 4894:doi 4775:153 4737:doi 4733:135 4688:doi 4633:doi 4582:doi 4501:doi 4425:doi 4379:doi 4330:doi 4326:124 4291:doi 4220:doi 4170:PMC 4162:doi 4158:280 4128:doi 4086:doi 4082:321 4050:doi 3952:doi 3873:doi 3869:122 3840:doi 3785:doi 3674:doi 3626:doi 3622:104 3582:doi 3547:doi 3508:doi 3319:doi 3309:". 3206:doi 3170:doi 3166:117 3055:doi 2986:PMC 2976:doi 2821:doi 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