Gay–straight alliance - Knowledge (XXG)

860:, British Columbia. The start of the Pinetree GSA garnered national media attention, and its members continued to play a role in public affairs by meeting with successive provincial Ministers of Education, testifying before the B.C. Safe Schools Task Force on anti-bullying, and delivering workshops to students and educators about LGBT-sensitive inclusive language and how to start GSAs. In early 2002, the Pinetree GSA held the first Pride Day at a high school in Canada. The Pride Day included an information fair with booths from various local LGBTQ organizations, PrideTalk workshops delivered in numerous classes, and an assembly with a talk on transgender rights and a performance by G.L.A.S.S., a local LGBTQ youth choir. 1634:

high school GSAs. Further research should be conducted on the lasting effects if GSAs for LGBTQ individuals. Researchers have also claimed that GSAs are important not only to LGBTQ students, but also to change the school climate as a whole to be more informed and respectful of LGBTQ issues. It has also been claimed that GSAs are important to get students involved in social activism. Researchers should investigate the relationship between having a GSA in a high school the school's social climate. Due to the positive associations between GSAs and student outcomes, school faculty including school psychologists and counselors should become social justice advocates for LGBTQ students by supporting GSAs on their campuses.

1406: 543:, started one of their own. It began with a meeting called by Phillips student Sharon Tentarelli for February 7, 1989, with little advance notice. A dozen people attended, including a mix of student, teachers, and staff. This was the second such group, after Concord Academy. The group was well-received, and some staff and faculty became supporters, both gay, and straight. Athletic director Kathy Henderson was one of the supporters, and she later went on to co-found the GLSEN two years later, along with Kevin Jennings of Concord Academy. 913:(UCP) defeated all amendments that would protect LGBTQ teachers and staff over their sexual orientation and gender identity. The UCP have removed protections that were in the 2017 Bill 24, Bill 8 allows for students to be outed by school teachers, administration or staff if a student asks for there to be a GSA or QSA. Albertan schools are no longer compelled to act in an urgent manner in the student's request for a GSA or QSA, allowing the school to take as much time as desired without facing penalties that were in Bill 24. 1727:. Laub initially started working with this movement in 40 GSA clubs in the San Francisco Bay area during 1988–99 and then gradually expanded to other cities and states. By 2001, The GSA Network became a statewide organization having branches in other schools in different parts of the state. In the year 2005, it began operating programs nationally. The year 2008 saw the GSA network become incorporated as its own independent 501(c)3 non-profit organization. Prior to that, it was a fiscally sponsored project of 1222: 1095: 709:(with regard to secondary schools where other student clubs are allowed, with the definition of secondary school for purposes of the federal law including middle schools and high schools). Since 1998, there have been at least 17 federal court cases in which high school and middle school students have conclusively prevailed in defending the free exercise of their civil rights on this issue, with federal courts consistently ruling that students have both a right to establish a GSA at school and to use the name 1612:

members and helps create a support network for LGBTQ students by connecting them. Another qualitative study found that GSAs were beneficial to LGBTQ students because they act as a protective factor for LGBTQ students' educational and social experience in school. The study further explained that GSAs provided LGBTQ students with a sense of identity within their school, improved their self-esteem, and even provided students with courage and support to come out to their families and peers.

1514:(GLSEN) or Gay–Straight Alliance Network, a national organization supporting youth leadership. The registered number of GSAs with GLSEN is over 4,000, as of 2008. In California, there are over 900 GSAs registered with GSA Network, representing over half of California's high schools. Over half the states in the United States have one or more statewide groups that work with GSAs. Many of these state based groups and local chapters of GLSEN participate in the 894:, which mandated that all schools within the province allow student to create a GSA, allow them to explicitly name it a gay–straight alliance or queer-straight alliance, and prohibits school officials from notifying parents if their child joined a GSA. Schools that do not comply with the bill's requirement are subject to lose government funding. Following the release of the bill, there was disapproval from some politicians and parents. In April 2018, the 1561:

students reported, the more likely the student also reported higher levels of depression and lower self-esteem. However, LGBTQ students attending a school with an active support club reported hearing less homophobic expressions and experienced less victimization than LGBTQ students attending a school without a GSA or support club. In addition, LGBTQ students with a GSA in their high school reported more positive outcomes when it came to high

413: 1386:, inspired by the gay–straight alliance model, introduced the Aliança da Diversidade (Diversity Alliance) project in the northern region of the country. The initiative, similar to GSA, aimed to establish secondary level student groups, including teachers, to enhance the safety and inclusivity of Portuguese schools. The focus was on fostering an environment that embraced diversity, particularly regarding 1758: 360: 1677: 66: 25: 1599:

to the school, sense of empowerment and hope, new friendships, reduction in stress and isolation, increase in confidence and sense of pride. Students in schools that had an active GSA also reported less truancy). LGBTQ students with a support club in their school also reported lower levels of victimization and suicide attempts in comparison to schools without a support group).

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University students who reported having a GSA in their high school were more likely to report positive attitudes towards LGBTQ individuals while attending their university. This was true for all students except students whom were raised in the southern U.S. where having a GSA in one's high school actually correlated with less positive attitudes toward LGBTQ individuals.

114: 201: 1338:, a private American school in Mexico City. The GSA was initially opposed by several school board members and a small group of religious conservative parents. But the students eventually won and formed the student club. The GSA's co-advisor, Ian K. Macgillivray, wrote several articles detailing his students' experiences, as well as the book, 625:, attempted to start a GSA, but the school board met and publicly stated they wanted to prevent the formation of "gay clubs" in the school district. They then created a policy requiring parents to provide written permission before a student can join any club. Students then protested with support from the 1615:

One study investigated some of the possible factors within GSAs to discover which specific components of GSAs were associated with which beneficial outcomes. This study found that when GSA advisors served for longer periods of time, students had better health outcomes. In addition, LGBTQ students who

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LGBTQ students routinely experience harassment in their schools. However, GSAs and other support clubs have been found to provide social support for LGBTQ students. Students have reported hearing homophobic remarks from both students and instructors in their schools. In addition, the more harassment

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GSAs cannot be banned if other non-curricular student clubs are allowed to exist at the school. The Federal Equal Access Act and the First Amendment of the US Constitution establish the requirement of equal treatment for all non-curriculum related clubs regardless of the content of speech at the club

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GSAs/QSAs are associated with better mental health outcomes, such as less depression less general psychological distress and higher self-esteem than students without a GSA at their high school. The positive impacts of GSAs/QSAs in students' lives include: increase in school attendance and attachment

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However, an active GSA on a high school campus has been associated with better academic outcomes for LGBTQ students. LGBTQ youth attending schools with an active GSA were less likely to report feeling unsafe at school and were less likely to miss school due to a threat to their safety. Additionally,

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LGBTQ youth's school experience may impact their life decisions. LGBTQ youth in high school were less likely to report that they wanted to pursue further education than straight youth. These findings suggest that LGBTQ youths' negative experiences in primary education relate to their decision not to

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In December 2011, the government of the most populous Canadian province, Ontario, announced it would bring a legislation making it mandatory for all publicly funded schools to support the formation of "tolerance clubs" and student associations. Gay–straight clubs were to be specifically mentioned in

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GSAs are associated with positive social academic and health outcomes for LGBTQ students. The relationship between having a GSA in one's high school and certain positive social outcomes is known to last beyond high school, however little beyond that is known about the long lasting associations with

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LGBTQ youths in schools across the US are subject to serious obstacles that may impact their ability to perform in school. A 2011 study found that two thirds of LGBTQ students reported feeling unsafe at school. Some students felt so unsafe that they reported missing school due to safety concerns.

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The first GSAs in the Netherlands were started in 2009. At the beginning of 2011, a nationwide campaign was started on television to promote GSAs in Dutch schools, featuring several well-known young actors and singers. A number of GSAs already exist in a wide variety of Dutch schools throughout the

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founded Queer Straight Alliance (QSA), a registered society under Hong Kong laws. For several years it was the only GSA in the city, and it serves students in all campuses through social activities, career support and advocacy. In more recent years, university students in the city have formed other

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launched MyGSA.ca, a website focused on GSAs and their role in making Canadian schools safer and more LGBTQ inclusive. Their website includes educational resources for GSAs and information about available bursaries and funding. While MyGSA previously included a directory of registered Canadian GSA,

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According to a thirty-year retrospective about the history of the group, Concord Academy reported in 2018 that students at the academy had renamed the group "a few years ago" to "Gender Sexuality Alliance". Faculty mentor Nancy Boutilier said, "That gay–straight language was really important at the

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and to be a vehicle for activism outside of school as well. Jennings, activist par excellence, the man widely credited with beginning the GSA movement, defers much credit to his students, not only for the founding of the club but for its agenda–first addressing homophobia, later advocating for the

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The relationship between having a GSA in a high school and attitudes towards LGBTQ individuals does not end after high school. The mere presence of a GSA, whether or not students participated in said GSA, is related to students' attitudes toward LGBTQ people beyond their time in their high school.

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in New Delhi in 2014 by a group of students and their mentor Shivanee Sen who had formed a pro-LGBTQ group initiative known as 'Breaking Barriers' which was the first student-led campaign in India to address LGBTQI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex) issues. This group was first

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GSAs are associated with benefits for LGBTQ students while they are attending school and beyond. The next important step is to understand why GSAs are associated with these benefits. One qualitative study found that the most beneficial aspect of a GSA was that it provides direct support to LGBTQ

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GSAs are important not only at the individual level, but also to promote the education of LGBTQ issues to school populations. GSA's have been found to promote social activism. Researchers have argued that GSAs are a grassroots student initiated form of activism. The same researchers claimed that

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The primary objectives included integrating LGBTI students, eradicating the various forms of discrimination experienced related to SOGIESC within the school context. The overarching goals were aligned with promoting citizenship, human rights, and gender equality. The project received co-financing

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As a complementary effort to ADD, a national school environment Study was initiated. This study aimed to gather insights into the experiences of LGBTI or questioning youth. Telmo Fernandes, the ADD project coordinator, highlighted that the collected responses underscored the persistent issues of

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GSAs have also been associated with other reduced health risk factors. LGBTQ students with a GSA in their high school reported more positive outcomes when it came to alcohol use and problems related to alcohol use. LGBTQ students with support groups in their schools reported half as much dating

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Department of Education does not have specific legislation regarding GSA, it does have a policy which mandates safety and inclusion for LGBTQ students which has been used in the justification for GSAs. Additionally, the territory mandates that all schools must appoint a staff member as a "safe

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public school board introduced a policy which mandates that all school principals must establish a GSA if asked for one by students. The same year, the school board assigned a district consultant to provide support for GSAs within the city and host a monthly meeting for GSA members to network.

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Described as "perhaps the most important precursor of the GSA movement," Los Angeles' Project 10 is seen as the start of the GSA movement. Founded in 1984, Project 10 was widely recognized as the first organized effort to provide support for LGBTQ youth in schools across the United States. The

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GSAs have played a great leadership role in the grassroots by organizing the passage of many ground-breaking, statewide legislations, like the AB 537: The California Student Safety and Violence Prevention Act of 2000 which prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender

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effectiveness of a GSA were each individually associated with youth's well-being. In certain cases, research showed these three factors protected youth's well-being against victimization. Furthermore, youths who participated in a GSA reported lower levels of depression and higher self-esteem.

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In addition to the mere presence of a GSA on campus, level of participation in a GSA has also been linked to the amount of social support reported by LGBTQ students. A 2011 study by Toomey, Ryan, Diaz and Russell (2011) found that the presence of a GSA, participation in a GSA, and perceived

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in Northern Ireland. Another GSA started in 2012 by Copland Community school in Wembley. The setting up of the club has subsequently resulted in the school being known for "tackling homophobic prejudice". Acland Burghley school in Camden set up a gay–straight alliance in 2012 called

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It has achieved a critical victory as the plaintiff in the first lawsuit filed under AB 537; which was a three-year settlement agreement which required the Visalia schools to enact sweeping reforms including mandatory teacher and student trainings that would be supportive to LGBTQ

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perceived they had more control over their GSA experience and LGBTQ students who perceived their school to be more supportive had healthier outcomes. In addition, this study reported that "students level of GSA advocacy also predicted students' sense of life purpose."

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In the UK, there has always been more of an emphasis on stand alone lesbian and gay youth groups that take place outside of the school setting, often funded by the local health authority or education service. The first GSA in the UK was founded in 2000 by

515:, a student at the school who was straight, but was upset by the treatment of gay students and others. Jennings recruited some other teachers at the school, thus forming the first gay–straight alliance. One of the first to join was Sterling's classmate 1202:

socks to their graduation ceremony. Following the protests, the Yukon Department of Education overturned the school's policy regarding GSAs as it did not meet the mandates outlines in the department's Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Policy

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in 2005 to unite statewide organizations to support GSAs and to accelerate the growth and impact of the GSA movement nationwide. To date, there are 40 states which have joined the National Association in the United States of America

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in the missions of these groups "is an important distinguishing factor from early support groups for LGBTQ teens, and recognizes the need for a comprehensive approach to youth safety", and attempts to build a network of support for

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In Australia, the group Safe Schools Coalition Victoria piloted a system of reducing homophobia though teacher training and student groups that promote inclusion of LGBTQ young people, which ran from 2014 to 2017. Started by

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McCormick, A., Schmidt, K., & Clifton, E. (2015). "Gay–straight alliances: Understanding their impact on the academic and social experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning high school students."

519:. Jennings credits students for both the establishment of the club, as well as for setting the agenda of struggling against homophobia, and for changes to CA's nondiscrimination policy. Jennings would go on to co-found the 2522: 1374:

in 2013 created shifts in attitudes towards LGBTQ people in New Zealand, but that boys at Nelson College were afraid to go to the GSA there because "other boys would wait outside to beat up anyone that came out."

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Toomey, R., Ryan, C., Diaz, R., & Russell, S. T. (2011). "High school gay–straight alliances (GSAs) and young adult well-being: An examination of GSA presence, participation, and perceived effectiveness."

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majority of its facilitators were heterosexual, and was named after the commonly-held statistic that 10 per cent of the adult male population is "exclusively homosexual". Project 10 focused on issues such as

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St. John, A., Travers, R., Munro, L., Liboro, R., Schneider, M., & Greig, C. L. (2014). "The Success of Gay–Straight Alliances in Waterloo Region, Ontario: A Confluence of Political and Social Factors."

428:– In the context of the founding in 1988, an ally is a cisgender, heterosexual person who supports equal rights for gay people and challenges homophobia. The meaning later expanded to include rights for all 4304:

Poteat, V. Paul; Yoshikawa, Hirokazu; Calzo, Jerel P.; Gray, Mary L.; Digiovanni, Craig D.; Lipkin, Arthur; Mundy-Shephard, Adrienne; Perrotti, Jeff; Scheer, Jillian R.; Shaw, Matthew P. (January 1, 2015).

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The same study found that the GPA of LGBTQ children was, on average, half a grade lower than straight. This may be an indicator that LGBTQ youth face different barriers to education than straight youth.

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Worthen, M. F. (2014). "The interactive impacts of high school gay–straight alliances (GSAs) on college student attitudes toward LGBT individuals: An investigation of high school characteristics."

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is an LGBTQ rights organization founded in 1998 by Carolyn Laub to empower youth activists to start GSA clubs in their respective schools to motivate and inspire fellow students to fight against

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violence and less casual sex. Students with an active GSA in their high school were also less likely to be threatened or injured at school in comparison to students without an active GSA.

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The goal of most gay–straight alliances is to make their school community safe, facilitate activism on campus, and create a welcoming environment for LGBTQ students. They are part of the

4569: 2634: 1510:, GSA day or locally organized campaigns, such as Take It Back: Anti-Slur Campaign, Beyond the Binary, LGBTQ-Inclusive Curriculum and others. Many GSAs work with local chapters of the 738: 833:, LGBTQ student clubs may be referred to as gay–straight alliances (GSA), queer-straight alliances (QSA), alliance allosexuelle-hétérosexuelle (AAH), or alliance gaie-hétéro (AGH). 1370:

and other schools have had GSAs set up, often with the support of youth mental health bodies. Kira Byrne, a GSA leader at Nelson College for Girls, says that the legalization of

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giving students the right to use facilities for extra curricular activities at any school that receives public funding—regardless of private standing or religious affiliation.

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Gay Lesbian Medical Association. September 9, 2006: "GLMA Decries Decision by Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine to Ban Gay Straight Alliance Student Group."

1518:. GSA Networks have been formed to help local area students to network and connect to local resources, provide training for youth leaders, and sponsor local GSA efforts. 1318:, around 100 students have formed a GSA group called Ardhek Akash, which also produces a magazine of the same name. In recent months the group has formed new chapters at 702: 672: 653: 2225: 1959:

Heck, N. C., Flentje, A., & Cochran, B. N. (2013). "Offsetting risks: High school gay–straight alliances and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth."

330:. The first GSAs were established in the 1980s. Scientific studies show that GSAs have positive academic, health, and social impacts on schoolchildren of a minority 1731:. In 2015, the network hired two long time staff to serve as Co-Executive Directors to replace outgoing founder and Executive Director Carolyn Laub. In 2016, the 1590:

LGBTQ youths who had an active GSA at their high school reported higher educational attainment than LGBTQ youth who did not have a GSA on their high school campus.

1445:. The project officially ran from mid-2017 to February 2019, but the groups created during this period could continue independently, promoting the same objectives. 1190:. The school initially denied this request as it conflicted with the school's Catholic, anti-gay policies. Students of the school protested the denial by wearing 2670:

Brown, Sarah; Delve, Wes; Gustafsson, Thora; Peer, Adam; Pichette, Jade; Sky, Melissa; Chorzepa, Cynthia; Costa, Susy; Sheffield, Rebecka; Vokins, Mike (2017),

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challenge application claiming that prohibiting school officials from notifying parents when their child joins a GSA violates their constitutional rights.

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Pizmony-Levy, O., Freeman, C., Moleiro, C., Nunes, D., Gato, J., & Leal, D. (2019). Estudo nacional sobre o ambiente escolar: Jovens LGBTI+ 2016/2017.

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Macgillivray, Ian (2005). "Shaping Democratic Identities and Building Citizenship Skills Through Student Activism: Mexico's First Gay–Straight Alliance".

377: 38: 895: 1007:"Youth Role Model of The Year" awards in April 2009. The next year a GSA was founded by students in 2010 at Renfrew Collegiate Institute in the town of 753:

Worldwide, gay–straight alliances are not as common as the organizations are in the United States, but are beginning to spread, particularly in Canada.

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Goodenow, C., Szalacha, L., & Westheimer, K. (2006). "School support groups, other school factors, and the safety of sexual minority adolescents."

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has been committed to an unwritten alliance with their students. In addition to co-hosting the OUTShine GSA National Summit in 2013, they funded the

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and Gay and Lesbian Health Victoria, along with La Trobe University, the program was expanded to run Australia wide. The program was supported by

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this feature is no longer available on their website. Prior to closing the public directory, more than 283 GSAs had registered with the website.

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Sexuality And Gender Acceptance/Awareness/Alliance/Association (SAGA) – unspecific general term, used as an alternative to both LGBTQ and GSA.

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QSA – is used for more inclusive use, as the community is more than 'Gay', the use of Queer being used allows other students that may fit the

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young, straight student approached Jennings with the idea of creating a group for gays and straights alike to advocate for LGBT students at

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that act. The main focus of that Bill 14 would be to counterattack bullying of students, particularly those of a racial or sexual minority.

4565:"Hineini: Coming Out in a Jewish High School," 2005 documentary film profiling a student's attempt to start a GSA at her Jewish High School 3224: 1658: 1515: 778: 591: 77:. In particular, the article covers both the 1988 school organization founded in Massachusetts, and the 1998 network founded in California. 3679: 3441: 3392: 2922: 1150:

to increase education about LGBTQ in schools. Through this initiative, the organization was able to found the first GSA in Nova Scotia at

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Bidell, M. P. (2011). "School Counselors and Social Justice Advocacy for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Students."

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at OASIS Alternative School, designed for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender students who are at risk of dropping out or committing

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American Medical Student Association. September 11, 2006: "Medical Students at TU to protest Abolition of Gay–Straight Alliance Group"

4307:"Contextualizing Gay–Straight Alliances: Student, Advisor, and Structural Factors Related to Positive Youth Development Among Members" 1688:. In particular, this has nothing to do with the 1988 school organization founded in Massachusetts which is the topic of this article. 1307:

inspired to care and focus on the lives of oppressed students and hijras, a community of transgender women, intersex individuals, and

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unanimously ruled in favor of middle school students whose attempt to form a GSA had been blocked by the school board, in the case of

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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

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Some students face opposition from school administrations, elected school boards, or local communities in starting a school GSA.

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Gay–Straight Alliance – name proposed by Meredith Sterling for the original club in 1988. Sometimes with slash instead of dash.

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gender–sexuality alliance – updated name for gay–straight alliance, the old name appearing "too binary" for a later generation

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continue on in the education system. This then robs LGBTQ youth of all of the opportunities that advanced education offers.

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In 2008, the non-profit organization Pride in Education was founded to protect the safety and wellbeing of LGBTQ students in

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Every class in every school: The first national climate survey on homophobia, biphobia, and transphobia in Canadian schools

4570:"Gay issues club pits pupils against principal. January 22, 2007. A newspaper article on the predicament faced by RHHS GSA 3129: 1019: 637: 3733: 2895: 1235: 1108: 717:

ruled in favour of high school students whose attempt to form a GSA had been blocked by the school board, in the case of

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ruled in favor of high school students whose attempt to form a GSA had been blocked by the school board, in the case of

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Alianças da Diversidade groups were established in various schools across the country, including locations such as

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Currently there are no federal laws in Canada regarding GSAs. Any laws are specific to each province or territory.

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Stonefish, T., & Lafreniere, K. D. (2015). "Embracing Diversity: The Dual Role of Gay–Straight Alliances."

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GDST, and led in part to the formation of Queer Youth Network. The second GSA in the UK was started in 2010 at

1363: 786: 770: 583:. This ruling found that denying access to a school-based gay–straight alliance was a violation of the Federal 572: 957:

Collegiates. The city of North Battleford Saskatchewan, had their first GSA in 2004 at Sakewew High School, a

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gives too much weight to legal aspects, too little to history, and contains unique info not present in body.

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Poteat, V. P., Yoshikawa, H., Calzo, J. P., Gray, M. L., DiGiovanni, C. D., Lipkin, A., & Shaw, M. P.

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In addition to the ADD project, GSA-like groups have also been formed in universities, including those in

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Macgillivray, Ian (2006). "The Struggle for Mexico's First Gay–Straight Alliance: Como una Novela Real".

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from the Programa Operacional de Inclusão Social e Emprego, Portugal 2020, and the European Social Fund.

805:, various family planning and HIV prevention groups, government bodies and Uniting Church organizations. 346:

jurisdictions have upheld the establishment of GSAs in schools, and the right to use that name for them.

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Site for Gay–Straight Alliances to register with the Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN)

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United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Mexico, Europe, India, Hong Kong and Australia

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GSAs are important to challenge the status quo, confront discrimination, and reconceptualize gender.

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Studies program founded shOUT!, an annual conference aimed as GSAs but open to the public, in 2013.

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country, most of them at the university level, but increasingly popular on secondary school level.

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In the United States, the right of students to establish a GSA at school is guaranteed by both the

4018:"Aluno interrompe palestra 'drag' na UMinho com insultos homofóbicos: "Vocês estão todos marados"" 3486: 462:

GSA – originally, designated a gay–straight alliance club, later, a gender–sexuality alliance club

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Genders & Sexualities Alliance Network – new name (2016) for the Gay–Straight Alliance Network

4180: 3991: 3602: 3567: 2850:"Jason Kenney's views on gay–straight alliances called 'extremist' by Alberta education minister" 1470: 1387: 989: 879:. While members initially feared backlash, there was little-to-no negative reaction to the club. 331: 3884: 2679:, Toronto, ON: Elementary Teachers' Federation of Ontario and Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives 2048: 535:

A few months after Concord started the first Gay Straight Alliance club, another Massachusetts

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It also helped to pass 11 key laws to protect LGBTQ youth and create safer school environment.

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tried to start a GSA but the Carteret County Board of Education turned it down. In 1999, the

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Utah–East High Gay/Straight Alliance v. Board of Education of Salt Lake City School District

540: 2796:"Twenty-eight private schools defying GSA law risk losing public funding, says David Eggen" 1998: 1739:

and continues to network organizations representing over 4000 GSA clubs across the nation.

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The GSA Network organization is based in Oakland and has regional offices in Los Angeles,

1507: 1391: 1367: 661: 564: 516: 500: 447:(GSA Network) – an organization founded in California in 1998 to support and promote GSAs. 335: 1154:. The Youth Project currently hosts a list of all GSAs in the province on their website. 1004: 925:, Carlton Comprehensive High School houses one of the first GSA movements in the city of 579:) by teacher Robert Parlin. GSAs made headlines in 1999 with the Federal Court ruling in 4128: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 1294:

student LGBTQ groups. However, GSA efforts in secondary schools remain limited, if any.

598:, released a video on YouTube commemorating GSA Day and endorsing GSA clubs in schools. 4331: 4306: 1495: 1359: 1078: 1062: 568: 508: 2970: 4599: 4233: 3606: 3571: 2971:"Celebrating a History of Diversity: Lesbian and Gay Life in Saskatchewan, 1971–2006" 1783: 1522: 1186:

In 2013, a group of student requested to start a GSA at Vanier Catholic Secondary in

1147: 1054: 1047: 1000: 762: 441:

gay–straight alliances – in lowercase, a generalized term for any club of this nature

425: 327: 299: 256: 3992:"QueerIST, a nova secção autónoma de estudantes LGBT+ do Instituto Superior Técnico" 2540: 412: 4052: 2432: 2073: 1771: 1763: 1539: 976:. This act required school board to accommodate all student requests to form GSAs. 922: 837: 2167:

No Sanctuary: Teachers and the School Reform That Brought Gay Rights to the Masses

743:

Carver Middle School Gay–Straight Alliance v. School Board of Lake County, Florida

511:, a history teacher at the school who had just come out as gay, was approached by 3323:"Students to create 'safe space' for LGBT community with Corner Brook conference" 2133: 438:

Gay Straight Alliance – in title case, and without hyphen on the founder website.

4502: 3106: 2230: 1852: 1724: 1716: 1531: 1143: 689: 652:. The students then sued the school board, claiming that their rights under the 607: 595: 474: 470: 359: 319: 909:

filibustered for changes to the Bill 8 (The Education Amendment Act) since the

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town started a GSA created by the students in 2009. This GSA won one of three

782: 668:

issued a preliminary injunction ordering the school to allow the GSA to meet.

3969: 3037: 671:

The right of students to establish a GSA at school is guaranteed by both the

235:

In the US, the right of students to form a GSA at school is protected by the

2949:"Education minister walks back earlier statement on Alberta GSA protections" 1466: 1442: 1430:

isolation and discrimination, emphasizing the need for the intended change.

1027: 964:

Saskatchewan's first GSA summit took place on April 15, 2016, in Saskatoon.

930: 863:

As of 2011, 41% of schools in British Columbia were reported to have a GSA.

857: 4578:, instructional video for youth on how to start a GSA at their high school. 4488:"Out but not loud. Even as acceptance grows, gay DOs, students remain wary" 4340: 2823:"61 Alberta schools still not complying with GSA rules: education minister" 727:

Gay–Straight Alliance of Yulee High School v. School Board of Nassau County

4394: 4380: 3598: 3536: 3351:(Report). Whitehorse, YK: Yukon Department of Education. September 5, 2012 2994:"Province's first gay–straight alliance summit to take place in Saskatoon" 4074: 2374: 1438: 883: 876: 315: 4048:"Gay–Straight Alliance club confronts homophobia at north London school" 1848: 1334:

The first GSA in Mexico was begun by a group of students in 2004 at the

875:

was started in 2000 at the Lindsay Thurber Comprehensive High School in

4555:

Gay–Straight Alliances: A Handbook for Students, Educators, and Parents

4322: 1340:

Gay–Straight Alliances: A Handbook for Students, Educators, and Parents

1308: 1278: 1270: 996: 985: 872: 814: 527:

time. Times change, though. To students today, that sounds so binary."

429: 384: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 323: 307: 303: 4524: 3936:"Sexualidade: a escola fica muito melhor quando mostra todas as cores" 3246: 1494:

and participate in national campaigns to raise awareness, such as the

2349:

National Gay–Straight Alliance Day message from Secretary Arne Duncan

1743: 1449: 1195: 4529: 3296:"Corner Brook High to host first gay/straight provincial conference" 2599:

Equity and Inclusive Education Resource Kit for Ontario High Schools

1642:

The various accomplishments since the founding of the GSAs include:

200: 4549: 3910:"O que uma escola de Odivelas faz pela integração dos alunos LGBTI" 3272: 2746: 2744: 2742: 1142:

In 1998, The Youth Project, a non-profit focused on LGBTQ youth in

1033:

As of 2011, 37% of schools in Ontario were reported to have a GSA.

715:

United States District Court for the Central District of California

666:

United States District Court for the Central District of California

4176: 3466:. Whitehorse, YK: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. March 5, 2013 3373:. Whitehorse, YK: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. March 4, 2013 3038:"Constitution: Renfrew Collegiate Institute Gay/Straight Alliance" 1453: 1404: 1179: 466: 417: 411: 252: 4564: 4540:

Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN) Official Site

2757:(Report). Toronto, ON: Canadian Civil Liberties Association. 2014 4467:

Denina, Chris. "Touro's provost says gay group wasn't dropped."

2458: 1880: 1434: 1418: 626: 3824: 2923:"NDP filibuster on government bills could continue into Friday" 2481:"ACLU: Appeals court ruling allows gay–straight-alliance clubs" 2429:"ACLU: Appeals court ruling allows gay–straight-alliance clubs" 890:

In 2017, the NDP government of Alberta introduced Bill 24, the

723:

United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida

660:

had been violated. In the first-ever ruling of its kind, Judge

571:. The first public school gay–straight alliance was started at 499:

The first gay–straight alliance was formed in November 1988 at

3859:"Aliança Da Diversidade nas escolas: "Expressa as tuas cores"" 3464:"Controversial Yukon school policy on gay students overturned" 3395:. Whitehorse: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. June 18, 2013 3203:"shOUT! PEI's 5th Gender & Sexuality Awareness Conference" 3181:"shOUT! PEI's 3rd Gender & Sexuality Awareness Conference" 2688: 2686: 2455:"ACLU settles Yulee High School Gay–Straight Alliance lawsuit" 1975:

Gay–Straight Alliances: Networking with Other Teens and Allies

1670: 1311:

in India who are marginalized both socially and economically.

1215: 1088: 353: 311: 107: 59: 18: 4582: 4574: 4534: 4476:

Buchanan, Wyatt. "Gay rights group not banned, school says."

3716:"Former Nayland student honoured by Queen for community work" 3444:. Whitehorse: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. June 2, 2014 974:

The Public Schools Amendment Act (Safe and Inclusive Schools)

326:

individuals, children, teenagers, and youth as well as their

298:) is a student-led or community-based organization, found in 4154: 3161:(Report). Toronto, ON: Egale Canada Human Rights Trust. 2014 2873:"Schools, parents dispute Alberta gay–straight alliance law" 2636:

Multi-case Study with Canadian Gay Straight Alliances (GSAs)

2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2418:, 83 F. Supp. 2d 1135 (C.D. Cal. 2000). 2259:"Phillips Academy GSA: 20 Years of Friendship and Activism" 2226:"Phillips Academy GSA: 20 years of friendship and activism" 4450:

Buchanan, Wyatt. "Gay rights group's charter is revoked."

3680:"Gay youth advocate first Kiwi to earn Queen's new honour" 3442:"Vanier Catholic graduates wear rainbow socks to ceremony" 3393:"Whitehorse Catholic school principal won't return to job" 3225:"shOut! PEI's Gender & Sexuality Awareness Conference" 705:(with regard to every level of schooling) and the federal 675:(with regard to every level of schooling) and the federal 3130:"New Brunswick teachers and students hold GSA conference" 2721:"GSAs are on Alberta's frontlines in battle against hate" 1800:

Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender and Straight Alliance

4539: 3752:"Coming out in school could reduce depression and abuse" 3084: 2321:

Jennifer Toomer-Cook; Marjorie Cortez (March 19, 1998).

2098:

Springate, Megan E. "18 LGBTQ Civil Rights in America".

739:

United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit

556:, and discussing issues of high-risk sexual behaviour. 420:

love the GSA" is featured on merchandise in this photo.

138: 3016:"Jer's Vision 5th Anniversary Gala (April 14th, 2010)" 2700:(Report). Toronto, ON: Egale Canada Human Rights Trust 988:

was started in 2008 at the Sunnyside Public School in

733:

instead of an alternative name that excludes the term

4110: 3885:"Bandeira do arco-íris na Praia do Furadouro em Ovar" 3325:. Corner Brook, NL: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2896:"Court challenge launched against Alberta's GSA bill" 2415:

Colin ex rel. Colin v. Orange Unified School District

2397:"Proposed LGBT club prompts new Rankin school policy" 2024:"Student Organizations: Student Organization Details" 1961:

Psychology Of Sexual Orientation And Gender Diversity

972:

In 2013, the Manitoba government introduced Bill 18,

3227:. University of Prince Edward Island. April 13, 2018 3205:. University of Prince Edward Island. April 21, 2018 3183:. University of Prince Edward Island. April 23, 2016 2523:"Why Australian Schools Need Gay Straight Alliances" 2509:"Why Australian Schools Need Gay Straight Alliances" 2282: 2280: 1326:—also in Calcutta—and is looking to expand further. 937:. Since then, GSAs have been established at Nutana, 477:

students, to be represented in these support groups.

4357:, 61(2), 217–250. doi:10.1080/00918369.2013.839906. 2779:[An Act to Support Gay–Straight Alliances] 262: 247: 231: 223: 215: 207: 3344:"Education Act Section 4 (b)(e); Section 34 (e)". 2579: 2539:. Safe Schools Coalition Australia. Archived from 1686:may lack focus or may be about more than one topic 813:In 2016, Bulgaria became the first country in the 75:may lack focus or may be about more than one topic 4173:"Top 5 Frequently Asked Questions from the Media" 2852:. Edmonton, AB: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2169:. Book collections on Project MUSE. Lebanon, NH: 1825:DeMarco, Linda; Bruni, Sylvain (July 18, 2012) . 703:First Amendment to the United States Constitution 673:First Amendment to the United States Constitution 432:individuals, orientations, and gender identities. 3587:Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education 3156:New Brunswick LGBTQ Inclusive Education Resource 2942: 2940: 2163:"Pulpits, Pink Triangles, and Basement Meetings" 1183:contact" to provide support for LGBTQ students. 459:(GLSEN) – organization founded in 1990 in Boston 2219: 2217: 2127: 2125: 2123: 999:, Arnprior District High school, a small rural 852:The first GSA in Canada was started in 1998 at 681: 338:. Numerous judicial decisions in United States 4111:"GSA Day for Racial Justice – Feb. 20th, 2015" 3698:"Young leader off to London to meet the Queen" 3646: 3644: 3416:"Vanier students demand gay straight alliance" 2996:. Saskatoon: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2375:"Frequently Asked Questions about GSA Network" 1999:"Sexuality and Gender Acceptance (SAGA) Squad" 1690:Please help improve this article, possibly by 1198:at the Yukon legislative building and wearing 79:Please help improve this article, possibly by 713:instead of an alternative name. In 2000, the 606:Approximately 28 per cent of participants at 521:Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network 457:Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network 8: 3622:"Boys' college backs gay, straight students" 3371:"Gay student wants Yukon bishop to back off" 2156: 2154: 648:moved to prohibit the formation of a GSA at 621:In 2015, students at Brandon High School in 193: 4041: 4039: 1512:Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4441:Denina, Chris. "Gay Club Loses Touro OK." 3734:"School culture crucial for LGBT students" 2848:Bellefontaine, Michelle (March 29, 2017). 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 1977:. New York: Rosen Publishing. p. 14. 1871: 1869: 1737:Genders & Sexualities Alliance Network 1694:the section, or discuss this issue on the 1030:because of harassment in regular schools. 896:Justice Centre for Constitutional Freedoms 761:As of July 2020, as reported by the media 192: 4330: 3852: 3850: 3770:"Schools eye gay–straight support groups" 3018:. Jersvision.blogspot.com. March 10, 2010 2947:Bellefontaine, Michelle (June 17, 2019). 2693:Taylor, Catherine; Peter, Tracey (2011). 2642:(PhD Dissertation). University of Alberta 2311:(81 F. Supp.2d 1166, 1197 (D. Utah 1999)) 2104:. Vol. 2. p. 58. Archived from 1257:Learn how and when to remove this message 1130:Learn how and when to remove this message 400:Learn how and when to remove this message 179:Learn how and when to remove this message 161:Learn how and when to remove this message 2921:Bellefontaine, Michelle (July 4, 2019). 2574: 2572: 2356:on January 26, 2012 – via YouTube. 1778:National Union of Students LGBT Campaign 133:Relevant discussion may be found on the 4550:Gay/Straight Alliances: A Student Guide 3523:"Breaking Barriers, First GSA in India" 3485:Hinchey, Garrett (September 13, 2018). 3275:. The Youth Project. September 14, 2016 1817: 719:Colin v. Orange Unified School District 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4215: 4213: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4155:"Home – Gay–Straight Alliance Network" 4016:Freitas, Lucas de (November 3, 2022). 3653:"Students have homophobia issue taped" 3346:Sexual orientation and gender identity 2719:Wells, Kristopher (December 8, 2018). 2049:"Sexuality and Gender Alliance (SAGA)" 1837:from the original on February 3, 2015. 1409:Group of Portuguese students with the 1302:The first GSA in India was started in 559:The first GSA was started in 1988, in 4293:, 37(2), 71–77. doi:10.1093/cs/cdu028 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 2286: 1534:teens, as well as raise awareness of 892:Act to Support Gay–Straight Alliances 251:Provide a supportive environment for 7: 4381:"Accomplishments of the GSA Network" 4075:"Connected: LGBTQ–Straight Alliance" 3552:Equity & Excellence in Education 2300:Mama's Boy, Preacher's Son: A Memoir 2161:Lane, Stephen (September 12, 2018). 1963:, 1(S), 81–90. doi:10.1037/2329-0382 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1659:National Association of GSA Networks 1516:National Association of GSA Networks 1417:at Escola Secundária Júlio Dinis in 779:The Foundation for Young Australians 592:United States Secretary of Education 382:adding citations to reliable sources 83:the article and/or by introducing a 16:Student groups supporting LGBT youth 3489:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 3321:Connors, Colleen (April 29, 2016). 2821:Ramsay, Caley (September 4, 2018). 2794:Clancy, Clare (November 14, 2018). 2565:. Safe Schools Coalition Australia. 2323:"3 groups sue S.L. board over club" 2224:Rudolph, Dana (February 26, 2009). 2205:inclusion of sexual orientation in 984:The first elementary school GSA in 817:to open a gay–straight alliance in 4263:Journal of Research on Adolescence 3487:"MMIWG hearings in Iqaluit: Day 4" 2352:. January 24, 2012. Archived from 1075:University of Prince Edward Island 14: 4560:Queer Youth Alliance website (UK) 4046:Vasagar, Jeevan (March 2, 2012). 2134:"The GSA at 30 – Concord Academy" 2132:Koelz, Heidi (November 2, 2018), 34:This article has multiple issues. 4499:American Osteopathic Association 3825:"ADD – Aliança da Diversidade |" 3651:Eder, Jennifer (June 18, 2015). 3414:Winter, Jesse (March 22, 2013). 2992:Dinh, Victoria (April 7, 2016). 2871:Krugel, Lauren (June 20, 2018). 2257:Rudolph, Dana (March 16, 2009). 1756: 1675: 1372:same-sex marriage in New Zealand 1220: 1093: 933:first met on March 18, 2003, at 358: 199: 112: 64: 23: 4611:Youth empowerment organizations 4545:MyGSA.ca Canadian GSA Directory 4512:Press release GSA Netherlands. 3857:Freire, Isabel (May 28, 2018). 3620:Roberts, Adam (April 6, 2011). 3509:"Queer Straight Alliance (QSA)" 2302:, page 196. Beacon Press, 2006. 2171:University Press of New England 1973:Heitkamp, Kristina Lyn (2018). 1342:(2007, Harrington Park Press). 929:. The first GSA in the city of 907:New Democratic Party of Alberta 369:needs additional citations for 87:, or discuss this issue on the 42:or discuss these issues on the 3060:"Huffington Post; Dec.15,2011" 2894:Mertz, Emily (April 5, 2018). 2234:. James Hoover. Archived from 1504:Transgender Day of Remembrance 1316:Presidency University, Kolkata 642:Orange Unified School District 1: 4221:Canadian Journal of Education 3294:Hurley, Cory (June 5, 2013). 1941:Applied Developmental Science 1735:formally changed its name to 1733:Gay–Straight Alliance Network 1523:cisgender heterosexual allies 1020:Toronto District School Board 638:Morehead City, North Carolina 445:Gay–Straight Alliance Network 328:cisgender heterosexual allies 4584:Fish Almost Eaten By a Shark 4486:Johnson, Brooke (May 2008). 4418:. glbtq, inc. Archived from 4412:GLBTQ, Encyclopedia (2004). 4368:Journal of School Counseling 3128:Logan, Nick (May 16, 2010). 2209:'s nondiscrimination policy. 1162:The first GSA conference in 1061:following the suggestion of 799:University of Western Sydney 4471:, September 12, 2006: A1. 4454:, September 12, 2006: B5. 2605:. Toronto, ON: Egale Canada 1304:Tagore International School 1291:The University of Hong Kong 523:(GLSEN) in Boston in 1990. 4642: 4621:Civil rights organizations 4606:LGBT student organizations 4576:Can LBGTQ + School = Safe? 4480:. September 13, 2006: B4. 4236:. Alberta Government. 2019 4097:November 15, 2015, at the 2783:(Bill). December 15, 2015. 2101:LGBTQ Heritage Theme Study 1565:and school victimization. 1441:parish and in the city of 1336:American School Foundation 1168:Corner Brook Regional High 1018:Beyond a school group the 623:Rankin County, Mississippi 610:identify as heterosexual. 3564:10.1080/10665680500299783 2633:Herriot, Lindsay (2015). 2563:"Supporter Organisations" 1918:Psychology in the Schools 1475:Shimna Integrated College 1164:Newfoundland and Labrador 1158:Newfoundland and Labrador 911:United Conservative Party 854:Pinetree Secondary School 767:one gay–straight alliance 749:Outside the United States 646:Orange County, California 634:West Carteret High School 590:On January 24, 2012, the 284:gender–sexuality alliance 198: 4445:, September 9, 2006: A1 4395:"History of GSA Network" 4355:Journal of Homosexuality 4234:"Gay–straight alliances" 4024:(in European Portuguese) 3865:(in European Portuguese) 2875:. Medicine Hat: CTV News 2673:LGBTQ Education Timeline 2140:, Concord, Massachusetts 1746:, Chicago, and Atlanta. 1502:, No Name Calling Week, 1364:Nelson College for Girls 1146:, received funding from 771:Melbourne Grammar School 573:Newton South High School 126:may need to be rewritten 4501:: 36–41. Archived from 4478:San Francisco Chronicle 4452:San Francisco Chronicle 3774:The Marlborough Express 3040:. Rcigsa.wikispaces.com 2752:LGBTQ Rights in Schools 2074:"- Harvard Chan Engage" 1827:"No More Alphabet Soup" 1657:They also launched the 1500:National Coming Out Day 1229:Some of this section's 1102:Some of this section's 1057:was founded in 2013 at 292:queer–straight alliance 128:. The reason given is: 4415:Gay–Straight Alliances 4291:Children & Schools 3702:The New Zealand Herald 2078:engage.sph.harvard.edu 1620:After secondary school 1422: 935:Mount Royal Collegiate 900:Court of Queen's Bench 831:two official languages 819:Sofia American College 791:University of Canberra 694: 561:Concord, Massachusetts 505:Concord, Massachusetts 421: 4525:Gay Straight Alliance 4277:Journal of LGBT Youth 3599:10.1300/J367v04n01_04 3107:"GSA Conference 2011" 1877:"GSA court victories" 1492:LGBT student movement 1408: 1289:In 2008, students at 1207:Northwest Territories 1059:Woodstock High School 731:Gay–Straight Alliance 711:Gay–Straight Alliance 650:El Modena High School 577:Newton, Massachusetts 415: 280:gay–straight alliance 194:Gay–straight alliance 4469:Vallejo Times-Herald 4443:Vallejo Times-Herald 4129:"Change Your School" 4092:No Name Calling Week 3758:. February 18, 2015. 3109:. Pride in Education 3087:. Pride in Education 2543:on February 15, 2016 2238:on February 28, 2009 1324:St. Xavier's College 1152:Millwood High School 1069:Prince Edward Island 795:Macquarie University 378:improve this article 4508:on January 6, 2016. 3972:on December 6, 2019 3686:. January 14, 2015. 3537:"Ardhek Akash, GSA" 2973:. Library2.usask.ca 2108:on January 10, 2019 1831:The Huffington Post 1789:Queer Youth Network 1400:sex characteristics 1320:Jadavpur University 1275:Inuksuk High School 195: 85:disambiguation page 4626:LGBT and education 4323:10.1111/cdev.12289 3798:on January 2, 2020 3740:. January 6, 2015. 3302:. Corner Brook, NL 3253:. October 25, 2016 2489:. December 6, 2016 2435:. February 4, 2010 2401:The Clarion Ledger 1471:Putney High School 1423: 1388:sexual orientation 769:set up within the 537:preparatory school 422: 332:sexual orientation 4311:Child Development 4279:, 11(2), 150–170. 4183:on March 27, 2012 3776:. March 10, 2015. 3738:Radio New Zealand 3251:The Youth Project 2461:. August 10, 2010 2298:Jennings, Kevin: 2180:978-1-5126-0315-6 2053:lgbt.appstate.edu 2028:Calvin University 1984:978-1-5081-7461-5 1943:, 15(4), 175–185. 1887:on April 25, 2018 1812:Citations in text 1795:Homosocialization 1713: 1712: 1521:The inclusion of 1415:transgender flag 1267: 1266: 1259: 1140: 1139: 1132: 1053:The first GSA in 871:The first GSA in 803:Curtin University 539:north of Boston, 513:Meredith Sterling 469:definition, like 410: 409: 402: 276: 275: 189: 188: 181: 171: 170: 163: 143:lead layout guide 106: 105: 57: 4633: 4616:History of youth 4509: 4507: 4492: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4399: 4398: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4377: 4371: 4364: 4358: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4334: 4300: 4294: 4286: 4280: 4272: 4266: 4259: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4230: 4224: 4217: 4208: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4179:. Archived from 4169: 4163: 4162: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4107: 4101: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4043: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4013: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3968:. Archived from 3966:ilga-portugal.pt 3958: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3854: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3821: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3794:. Archived from 3792:ilga-portugal.pt 3784: 3778: 3777: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3704:. June 17, 2015. 3694: 3688: 3687: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3648: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3422:. Whitehorse, YK 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3350: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3300:The Western Star 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3160: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2944: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2800:Edmonton Journal 2791: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2756: 2748: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2699: 2690: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2667: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2641: 2630: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2604: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2576: 2567: 2566: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2525:. July 16, 2020. 2519: 2513: 2512: 2511:. July 16, 2020. 2505: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2486:Orlando Sentinel 2477: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2425: 2419: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2371: 2358: 2357: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2318: 2312: 2309: 2303: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2221: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2203: 2197: 2195: 2158: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2129: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2009: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1970: 1964: 1957: 1944: 1936: 1921: 1920:, 43(5), 573–589 1914: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1883:. Archived from 1873: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1822: 1766: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1729:The Tides Center 1708: 1705: 1699: 1679: 1678: 1671: 1563:school belonging 1528:non-heterosexual 1269:The only GSA in 1262: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1242: 1224: 1216: 1135: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1115: 1097: 1089: 1024:Triangle Program 848:British Columbia 765:, Australia has 707:Equal Access Act 692: 677:Equal Access Act 658:Equal Access Act 585:Equal Access Act 541:Phillips Academy 531:Phillips Academy 405: 398: 394: 391: 385: 362: 354: 302:, high schools, 203: 196: 184: 177: 166: 159: 155: 152: 146: 139:improve the lead 116: 115: 108: 101: 98: 92: 68: 67: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4596: 4595: 4521: 4505: 4495:The DO Magazine 4490: 4485: 4438: 4425: 4423: 4422:on May 25, 2015 4411: 4408: 4403: 4402: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4365: 4361: 4352: 4348: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4269: 4260: 4249: 4239: 4237: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4218: 4211: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4138: 4136: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4099:Wayback Machine 4090: 4086: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4045: 4044: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3998: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3962:"ILGA Portugal" 3960: 3959: 3955: 3945: 3943: 3942:(in Portuguese) 3933: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3856: 3855: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3788:"ILGA Portugal" 3786: 3785: 3781: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3756:Stuff (company) 3750: 3749: 3745: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3722:. July 5, 2015. 3720:The Nelson Mail 3714: 3713: 3709: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3684:Stuff (company) 3678: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3658:The Nelson Mail 3650: 3649: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3627:The Nelson Mail 3619: 3618: 3614: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3278: 3276: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3090: 3088: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3014: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2954: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2938: 2928: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2691: 2684: 2676: 2669: 2668: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2631: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2578: 2577: 2570: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2464: 2462: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2380: 2378: 2373: 2372: 2361: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2278: 2268: 2266: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2206: 2201: 2193: 2191: 2181: 2173:. p. 113. 2160: 2159: 2152: 2143: 2141: 2138:Concord Academy 2131: 2130: 2121: 2111: 2109: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2082: 2080: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2057: 2055: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2032: 2030: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2007: 2005: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1985: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1958: 1947: 1937: 1924: 1915: 1900: 1890: 1888: 1875: 1874: 1867: 1857: 1855: 1849:"What is a GSA" 1847: 1846: 1842: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1689: 1680: 1676: 1669: 1640: 1638:Accomplishments 1631: 1622: 1609: 1596: 1579: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1508:Harvey Milk Day 1488: 1462: 1392:gender identity 1381: 1368:Nayland College 1357: 1348: 1332: 1300: 1287: 1263: 1252: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1225: 1214: 1209: 1176: 1160: 1136: 1125: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1098: 1087: 1071: 1044: 1039: 982: 970: 919: 898:(JCCF) filed a 869: 850: 827: 811: 759: 751: 737:. In 2016, the 721:. In 2009, the 699: 693: 688: 662:David O. Carter 654:First Amendment 616: 604: 565:Concord Academy 549: 533: 517:S. Bear Bergman 501:Concord Academy 497: 495:Concord Academy 492: 487: 406: 395: 389: 386: 375: 363: 352: 336:gender identity 272: 257:straight allies 185: 174: 173: 172: 167: 156: 150: 147: 132: 117: 113: 102: 96: 93: 78: 69: 65: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4639: 4637: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4580: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4520: 4519:External links 4517: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4460: 4457: 4448: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4386: 4372: 4359: 4346: 4317:(1): 176–193. 4295: 4281: 4267: 4265:, 23, 319–330. 4247: 4225: 4209: 4194: 4164: 4159:gsanetwork.org 4146: 4133:gsanetwork.org 4120: 4102: 4084: 4066: 4035: 4008: 3983: 3953: 3926: 3901: 3876: 3846: 3837: 3809: 3779: 3761: 3743: 3725: 3707: 3689: 3671: 3640: 3612: 3577: 3558:(4): 320–330. 3542: 3528: 3514: 3500: 3477: 3455: 3433: 3406: 3384: 3362: 3336: 3313: 3286: 3264: 3238: 3216: 3194: 3172: 3147: 3120: 3098: 3076: 3051: 3029: 3007: 2984: 2962: 2936: 2913: 2886: 2863: 2840: 2829:. Edmonton, AB 2813: 2802:. Edmonton, AB 2786: 2768: 2738: 2725:Calgary Herald 2711: 2682: 2653: 2616: 2589: 2568: 2554: 2528: 2514: 2500: 2472: 2446: 2420: 2406: 2388: 2359: 2339: 2313: 2304: 2291: 2276: 2249: 2213: 2179: 2150: 2119: 2090: 2065: 2040: 2015: 1990: 1983: 1965: 1945: 1922: 1898: 1865: 1840: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1797: 1792: 1786: 1781: 1775: 1768: 1767: 1751: 1748: 1711: 1710: 1683: 1681: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1639: 1636: 1630: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1608: 1605: 1595: 1592: 1578: 1575: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1496:Day of Silence 1487: 1484: 1461: 1460:United Kingdom 1458: 1437:municipality, 1380: 1377: 1360:Nelson College 1356: 1353: 1347: 1344: 1331: 1328: 1299: 1296: 1286: 1283: 1265: 1264: 1231:listed sources 1228: 1226: 1219: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1194:and holding a 1175: 1172: 1159: 1156: 1138: 1137: 1104:listed sources 1101: 1099: 1092: 1086: 1083: 1079:Social Justice 1070: 1067: 1063:Svend Robinson 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 981: 978: 969: 966: 918: 915: 868: 865: 849: 846: 829:As Canada has 826: 823: 810: 807: 758: 755: 750: 747: 698: 695: 686: 615: 612: 603: 600: 569:Kevin Jennings 548: 545: 532: 529: 509:Kevin Jennings 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 481: 478: 463: 460: 454: 451: 448: 442: 439: 436: 433: 416:The slogan "I 408: 407: 366: 364: 357: 351: 348: 300:middle schools 274: 273: 271: 270: 266: 264: 260: 259: 249: 245: 244: 233: 229: 228: 225: 221: 220: 217: 213: 212: 209: 205: 204: 187: 186: 169: 168: 137:. Please help 121:The article's 120: 118: 111: 104: 103: 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4638: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4382: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4235: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4088: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4067: 4055: 4054: 4049: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4023: 4019: 4012: 4009: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3984: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3941: 3937: 3934:Flor, Aline. 3930: 3927: 3915: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3826: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3616: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3543: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3525:. March 2017. 3524: 3518: 3515: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3488: 3481: 3478: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3407: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3347: 3340: 3337: 3324: 3317: 3314: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3287: 3274: 3273:"GSA Network" 3268: 3265: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3204: 3198: 3195: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3136:. Toronto, ON 3135: 3131: 3124: 3121: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3017: 3011: 3008: 2995: 2988: 2985: 2972: 2966: 2963: 2950: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2924: 2917: 2914: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2887: 2874: 2867: 2864: 2851: 2844: 2841: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2814: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2787: 2778: 2772: 2769: 2753: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2727:. Calgary, AB 2726: 2722: 2715: 2712: 2696: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2675: 2674: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2638: 2637: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2601: 2600: 2593: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2558: 2555: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2529: 2524: 2518: 2515: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2421: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2377:. GSA Network 2376: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2343: 2340: 2328: 2324: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2250: 2237: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2139: 2135: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2094: 2091: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2066: 2054: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2004: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1986: 1980: 1976: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1854: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1821: 1818: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1784:NOH8 Campaign 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1707: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1684:This section 1682: 1673: 1672: 1666: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1637: 1635: 1628: 1626: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1564: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384:ILGA Portugal 1378: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1354: 1352: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1305: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1261: 1258: 1250: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1217: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1181: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1148:Health Canada 1145: 1134: 1131: 1123: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1090: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055:New Brunswick 1051: 1049: 1048:New Brunswick 1042:New Brunswick 1041: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1001:Ottawa Valley 998: 993: 991: 987: 979: 977: 975: 967: 965: 962: 960: 959:First Nations 956: 952: 948: 947:Marion Graham 944: 940: 939:Walter Murray 936: 932: 928: 927:Prince Albert 924: 916: 914: 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 893: 888: 885: 882:In 2011, the 880: 878: 874: 866: 864: 861: 859: 855: 847: 845: 842: 839: 834: 832: 824: 822: 820: 816: 808: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 774: 772: 768: 764: 763:Star Observer 756: 754: 748: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 696: 691: 685: 680: 678: 674: 669: 667: 663: 659: 656:and the 1984 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 630: 628: 624: 619: 613: 611: 609: 601: 599: 597: 593: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 557: 555: 554:substance use 547:United States 546: 544: 542: 538: 530: 528: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 494: 489: 484: 479: 476: 472: 468: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 449: 446: 443: 440: 437: 434: 431: 427: 424: 423: 419: 414: 404: 401: 393: 383: 379: 373: 372: 367:This section 365: 361: 356: 355: 349: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 268: 267: 265: 261: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 197: 191: 183: 180: 165: 162: 154: 144: 141:and read the 140: 136: 131: 127: 124: 119: 110: 109: 100: 90: 86: 82: 76: 73:This article 71: 62: 61: 56: 54: 47: 46: 41: 40: 35: 30: 21: 20: 4583: 4575: 4503:the original 4494: 4477: 4468: 4451: 4442: 4424:. 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