53:
1122:
31:
331:. Once mature, their exoperidium splits into a variable number of rays, which give Geastrum their visible star shape. The exoperidial rays are there to protect the endoperidial body and orchestrate spore dispersal. In wetter weather, the "petals" moisten and uncurl; some even curl backward lifting the spore sac up. This allows rain or animals to hit the spore sac, emitting
562:
371:
Hosaka K, Bates ST, Beever RE, Castellano MA, Colgan W 3rd, DomĂnguez LS, Nouhra ER, Geml J, Giachini AJ, Kenney SR, Simpson NB, Spatafora JW, Trappe JM (2006). "Molecular phylogenetics of the gomphoid-phalloid fungi with an establishment of the new subclass
327:: in dry weather the "petals" will dry and curl up around the soft spore sac, protecting it. In this state, often the whole fungus becomes detached from the ground and may roll around like a
993:
732:
1045:
784:
889:
641:
1163:
967:
706:
1006:
745:
440:
544:
Kuhar, F., Castiglia, V., & Papinutti, L. (2013). Geastrum species of the La Rioja province, Argentina. Mycotaxon, 122, 145-156.
465:
1011:
750:
1187:
1156:
1032:
771:
52:
789:
1050:
1197:
283:
1149:
133:
1192:
594:
573:
566:
1086:
825:
1182:
1060:
915:
799:
698:
667:
959:
401:
221:
47:
231:
1068:
902:
807:
654:
461:
436:
393:
1133:
998:
880:
1073:
737:
525:
385:
265:
39:
812:
632:
246:
104:
946:
954:
693:
308:
species are known as "shotgun fungus" or "cannonball fungus". They colonize wood-based
261:
94:
1121:
1176:
894:
646:
405:
253:
188:
84:
907:
300:
272:
212:
170:
659:
1037:
980:
874:
776:
719:
626:
324:
320:
194:
865:
617:
530:
501:
389:
30:
328:
294:
182:
142:
1099:
941:
928:
838:
680:
336:
276:
250:
206:
200:
64:
397:
561:
1094:
1019:
859:
833:
758:
611:
288:
176:
481:
Lehman R (1985). "Black spots on houses—an insect or disease problem?".
360:(in Latin). Vol. 5. Prague: J.G. Calve. pp. 1–92 (see p. 25).
985:
763:
724:
74:
1024:
972:
711:
588:
933:
685:
1081:
820:
545:
332:
313:
309:
257:
154:
672:
592:
920:
418:
1137:
456:
Kirk, PM; Cannon, PF; Minter, DW; Stalpers, JA (2008).
286:
in this family, divided among eight genera, including
271:, which includes the "earthstars" formerly placed in
849:
601:
431:Kirk PM, Cannon PF, David JC, Stalpers JA (2001).
460:(10th ed.). CAB International. p. 274.
433:Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi
435:(9th ed.). CABI Bioscience. p. 205.
1157:
502:"Biological control of the artillery fungus,
8:
335:when enough moisture is present for them to
1164:
1150:
589:
29:
20:
529:
316:-containing globs onto nearby surfaces.
500:Brantley EA, Davis DD, Kuhns L (2001).
348:
518:Journal of Environmental Horticulture
7:
1118:
1116:
1087:0EA1F9FC-93A7-42AD-9628-88B56B147A77
1061:39896188-89c3-4e98-8fce-cb3f61c7ee5e
826:7AA8E418-F946-5D45-B085-C99182D13CDF
800:1f3f7cd0-94b2-4f76-9ad3-819dc8541bfc
483:Penn Dept Agric Bur Pl Ind, Reg Hort
358:Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum
1136:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
14:
1120:
560:
264:. The order contains the single
119:K.Hosaka & Castellano (2007)
51:
546:https://doi.org/10.5248/122.145
1:
312:and may throw black, sticky,
282:Approximately 64 species are
578:K. Hosaka & Castellano"
1214:
1115:
531:10.24266/0738-2898-19.1.21
390:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.949
323:of several earthstars are
582:Atlas of Living Australia
227:
220:
167:
162:
148:
141:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
458:Dictionary of the Fungi
1132:-related article is a
504:Sphaerobolus stellatus
260:) that are related to
508:Trichoderma harzianum
376:and two new orders".
1188:Basidiomycota orders
569:at Wikimedia Commons
356:Corda ACJ. (1842).
1145:
1144:
1110:
1109:
1069:Open Tree of Life
808:Open Tree of Life
595:Taxon identifiers
565:Media related to
512:Bacillus subtilis
442:978-0-85199-377-5
240:
239:
235:
137:
120:
1205:
1198:Geastrales stubs
1166:
1159:
1152:
1124:
1117:
1103:
1102:
1090:
1089:
1077:
1076:
1064:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1041:
1040:
1038:NHMSYS0001482816
1028:
1027:
1015:
1014:
1002:
1001:
989:
988:
976:
975:
963:
962:
950:
949:
937:
936:
924:
923:
911:
910:
898:
897:
885:
884:
883:
870:
869:
868:
842:
841:
829:
828:
816:
815:
803:
802:
793:
792:
780:
779:
777:NHMSYS0020535472
767:
766:
754:
753:
741:
740:
728:
727:
715:
714:
702:
701:
689:
688:
676:
675:
663:
662:
650:
649:
637:
636:
635:
622:
621:
620:
590:
585:
564:
548:
542:
536:
535:
533:
497:
491:
490:
478:
472:
471:
453:
447:
446:
428:
422:
419:Kirk et al. 2008
416:
410:
409:
368:
362:
361:
353:
230:
229:Sphaerobolaceae
132:
118:
56:
55:
40:Geastrum triplex
33:
21:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1098:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1059:
1057:
1049:
1044:
1036:
1031:
1023:
1018:
1010:
1005:
997:
992:
984:
979:
971:
966:
958:
953:
945:
940:
932:
927:
919:
914:
906:
901:
893:
888:
879:
878:
873:
864:
863:
858:
845:
837:
832:
824:
819:
811:
806:
798:
796:
788:
783:
775:
770:
762:
757:
749:
744:
736:
731:
723:
718:
710:
705:
697:
692:
684:
679:
671:
666:
658:
653:
645:
640:
631:
630:
625:
616:
615:
610:
597:
572:
557:
552:
551:
543:
539:
499:
498:
494:
480:
479:
475:
468:
455:
454:
450:
443:
430:
429:
425:
417:
413:
374:Phallomycetidae
370:
369:
365:
355:
354:
350:
345:
339:and establish.
321:fruiting bodies
210:
204:
198:
192:
186:
180:
174:
158:
152:
131:
117:
105:Phallomycetidae
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1211:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1193:Agaricomycetes
1190:
1185:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1125:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1091:
1078:
1065:
1055:
1042:
1029:
1016:
1003:
990:
977:
964:
951:
938:
925:
912:
899:
886:
871:
855:
853:
847:
846:
844:
843:
830:
817:
804:
794:
781:
768:
755:
742:
729:
716:
703:
690:
677:
664:
651:
638:
623:
607:
605:
599:
598:
593:
587:
586:
570:
556:
555:External links
553:
550:
549:
537:
492:
473:
466:
448:
441:
423:
411:
384:(6): 949–959.
363:
347:
346:
344:
341:
262:Cantharellales
254:basidiomycetes
238:
237:
225:
224:
218:
217:
165:
164:
160:
159:
153:
146:
145:
139:
138:
126:
122:
121:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
95:Agaricomycetes
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
16:Order of fungi
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1210:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
982:
978:
974:
969:
965:
961:
956:
952:
948:
943:
939:
935:
930:
926:
922:
917:
913:
909:
904:
900:
896:
891:
887:
882:
876:
872:
867:
861:
857:
856:
854:
852:
848:
840:
835:
831:
827:
822:
818:
814:
809:
805:
801:
795:
791:
786:
782:
778:
773:
769:
765:
760:
756:
752:
747:
743:
739:
734:
730:
726:
721:
717:
713:
708:
704:
700:
695:
691:
687:
682:
678:
674:
669:
665:
661:
656:
652:
648:
643:
639:
634:
628:
624:
619:
613:
609:
608:
606:
604:
600:
596:
591:
583:
579:
577:
571:
568:
563:
559:
558:
554:
547:
541:
538:
532:
527:
523:
519:
515:
513:
509:
505:
496:
493:
488:
484:
477:
474:
469:
467:9780851998268
463:
459:
452:
449:
444:
438:
434:
427:
424:
421:, p. 648
420:
415:
412:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
367:
364:
359:
352:
349:
342:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:
297:
296:
291:
290:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
267:
263:
259:
255:
252:
251:gasterocarpic
248:
244:
236:
233:
226:
223:
219:
216:
215:
214:
209:
208:
203:
202:
197:
196:
191:
190:
189:Nidulariopsis
185:
184:
179:
178:
173:
172:
166:
161:
156:
151:
147:
144:
140:
135:
130:
127:
124:
123:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
85:Basidiomycota
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1138:expanding it
1129:
1127:
1112:
850:
602:
581:
575:
540:
524:(1): 21–23.
521:
517:
511:
507:
503:
495:
486:
482:
476:
457:
451:
432:
426:
414:
381:
377:
373:
366:
357:
351:
318:
306:Sphaerobolus
305:
301:Sphaerobolus
299:
293:
287:
281:
273:Lycoperdales
268:
242:
241:
228:
213:Sphaerobolus
211:
205:
199:
193:
187:
181:
175:
171:Geasteroides
169:
168:
149:
128:
114:
38:
18:
1183:Geastraceae
981:iNaturalist
881:Geastraceae
875:Wikispecies
851:Geastraceae
720:iNaturalist
627:Wikispecies
325:hygroscopic
269:Geastraceae
195:Phialastrum
129:Geastraceae
24:Geastrales
1177:Categories
1130:Geastrales
633:Geastrales
603:Geastrales
576:Geastrales
567:Geastrales
343:References
329:tumbleweed
295:Myriostoma
284:classified
243:Geastrales
232:J.Schröter
183:Myriostoma
143:Type genus
115:Geastrales
101:Subclass:
81:Division:
1100:100370592
942:FloraBase
839:100387447
406:196585804
378:Mycologia
337:germinate
277:Phallales
207:Schenella
201:Radiigera
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
1095:Tropicos
1020:MycoBank
955:Fungorum
895:60013565
890:AusFungi
866:Q3100041
860:Wikidata
834:Tropicos
759:MycoBank
694:Fungorum
647:60013231
642:AusFungi
618:Q2370701
612:Wikidata
489:: 15–16.
398:17486971
289:Geastrum
222:Synonyms
177:Geastrum
150:Geastrum
125:Family:
61:Domain:
673:2927522
506:, with
310:mulches
163:Genera
111:Order:
91:Class:
1074:735798
1058:NZOR:
1012:623892
999:109489
934:1GESTF
797:NZOR:
790:157608
764:501522
751:936383
699:501522
686:1GESTO
464:
439:
404:
396:
333:spores
266:family
245:is an
234:(1889)
157:(1801)
136:(1842)
1128:This
1082:Plazi
1051:68763
1025:80791
994:IRMNG
986:55014
960:80791
947:23304
908:623VS
821:Plazi
813:99774
738:10746
733:IRMNG
725:55013
402:S2CID
314:spore
258:fungi
247:order
155:Pers.
134:Corda
75:Fungi
1134:stub
1046:NCBI
1007:ITIS
973:4199
968:GBIF
929:EPPO
921:5924
785:NCBI
746:ITIS
712:1064
707:GBIF
681:EPPO
510:and
462:ISBN
437:ISBN
394:PMID
319:The
298:and
1033:NBN
916:EoL
903:CoL
772:NBN
668:EoL
660:397
655:CoL
526:doi
386:doi
304:.
275:or
249:of
1179::
1097::
1084::
1071::
1048::
1035::
1022::
1009::
996::
983::
970::
957::
944::
931::
918::
905::
892::
877::
862::
836::
823::
810::
787::
774::
761::
748::
735::
722::
709::
696::
683::
670::
657::
644::
629::
614::
580:.
522:19
520:.
516:.
487:11
485:.
400:.
392:.
382:98
380:.
292:,
279:.
1165:e
1158:t
1151:v
1140:.
584:.
574:"
534:.
528::
514:"
470:.
445:.
408:.
388::
256:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
