58:
907:
1567:â who in fact wanted her property. This relationship gave rise to rumours. Plutarch says: "And yet when he was further on in years, he was accused of criminal intimacy with Licinia, one of the Vestal virgins and Licinia was formally prosecuted by a certain Plotius. Now Licinia was the owner of a pleasant villa in the suburbs which Crassus wished to get at a low price, and it was for this reason that he was forever hovering about the woman and paying his court to her until he fell under the abominable suspicion. And in a way, it was his avarice that absolved him from the charge of corrupting the Vestal, and he was acquitted by the judges. But he did not let Licinia go until he had acquired her property." Licinia became a Vestal in 85 and remained a Vestal until 61. The Vestals Arruntia, Perpennia M. f., and Popillia attended the inauguration of Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Niger as Flamen Martialis in 69. Licinia, Crassus' relative, was also present.
1571:
1314:
triumphed?" Whether she said this in flattery or derision; whether it proceeded from a consciousness of her innocence or contempt of the emperor, is uncertain; but she continued exclaiming in this manner, til she came to the place of execution, to which she was led, whether innocent or guilty I cannot say, at all events with every appearance and demonstration of innocence. As she was being lowered down into the subterranean vault, her robe happening to catch upon something in the descent, she turned round and disengaged it, when, the executioner offering his assistance, she drew herself back with horror, refusing to be so much as touched by him, as though it were a defilement to her pure and unspotted chastity: still preserving the appearance of sanctity up to the last moment; and, among all the other instances of her modesty, "She took great care to fall with decency."
1912:
1305:
766:(store-room) and its contents; collecting ritually pure water from a sacred spring; preparing substances used in public rites, presiding at the Vestalia and attending other festivals. Vesta's temple was essentially the temple of all Rome and its citizens; it was open all day, by night it was closed but only to men. The Vestals regularly swept and cleansed Vesta's shrine, functioning as surrogate housekeepers, in a religious sense, for all of Rome, and maintaining and controlling the connections between Rome's public and private religion. So long as their bodies remained unpenetrated, the walls of Rome would remain intact. Their flesh belonged to Rome, and when they died, whatever the cause of their death, their bodies remained within the city's boundary.
994:
1768:
1876:
196:
570:, acting as the father of the bride, might arrange a marriage with a suitable Roman nobleman on behalf of the retired Vestal, but no literary accounts of such marriages have survived; Plutarch repeats a claim that "few have welcomed the indulgence, and that those who did so were not happy, but were a prey to repentance and dejection for the rest of their lives, thereby inspiring the rest with superstitious fears, so that until old age and death they remained steadfast in their virginity". Some Vestals preferred to renew their vows. Occia was vestal for 57 years between 38 BC and 19 AD.
1799:
1395:
1005:
1894:
1145:, having lifted up his hands to heaven and uttered a secret prayer, opened the litter, led forth the culprit, and placing her on the steps of the ladder which gave access to the subterranean cell, delivered her over to the common executioner and his assistants, who conducted her down, drew up the ladder, and having filled the pit with earth until the surface was level with the surrounding ground, left her to perish deprived of all the tributes of respect usually paid to the spirits of the departed.
574:
934:. Unlike any other Roman women, they could make a will of their own volition, and dispose of their property without the sanction of a male guardian. They could give their property to women, something forbidden even to men, under Roman law. As they embodied the Roman state, Vestals could give evidence in trials without first taking the customary oath to the State. They had custody of important wills and state documents, which were presumably locked away in the
57:
747:
1199:
1767:
38:
714:
1350:
4506:
890:'s public-private, women-only rites at her Aventine temple. They were also present, in some capacity, at the Bona Dea's overnight, women-only December festival, hosted by the wife of Rome's senior magistrate; the magistrate himself was supposed to stay elsewhere for the occasion. On May 15, Vestals and pontiffs collected ritual straw figures called
1177:
displeasure. The end of the Roman monarchy and the beginnings of the
Republic involved extreme social tensions between Rome and her neighbours, and competition for power and influence between Rome's aristocrats and the commoner majority. In 483 BC, during a period of social conflict between patricians and plebeians, the Vestal
1499:
in the Sabine-Roman war, as a treasonous Vestal Virgin. Most
Vestals named in Roman historical accounts are presented as examples of wrongdoing, threats to the well-being of the state, and punishment. While Tarpeia's status as a virgin is common to most accounts, her status as a vestal was likely the
499:
At the present day, too, it is a general belief, that our Vestal virgins have the power, by uttering a certain prayer, to arrest the flight of runaway slaves, and to rivet them to the spot, provided they have not gone beyond the precincts of the City. If then these opinions be once received as truth,
154:, a bloodless death that must seem voluntary. Their sexual partners, if known, were publicly beaten to death. These were infrequent events; most vestals retired with a generous pension and universal respect. They were then free to marry, though few of them did. Some appear to have renewed their vows.
1325:
were whipped and "put to death" for breaking their vows of celibacy, and that their offspring were to be thrown into the river. According to Livy, Rhea Silvia, mother of
Romulus and Remus, had been forced to become a Vestal Virgin, and was chained and imprisoned when she gave birth. Dionysius also
1313:
As they were leading her to the place of execution, she called upon Vesta, and the rest of the gods, to attest her innocence; and, amongst other exclamations, frequently cried out, "Is it possible that CĂŠsar can think me polluted, under the influence of whose sacred functions he has conquered and
1287:
man and woman, possibly to avert divine outrage at the ritual killing of the Vestal priestesses involved. According to
Erdkamp, this may have also been intended to restore divine support for Rome's success on the battlefield, evidenced by later successful auguries. The initial charges against the
1503:
Dionysius of
Halicarnasus names Orbinia, a Vestal put to death in 471. Livy names a Vestal Postumia, tried for inchastity in 420, but acquitted with a warning to take her position more seriously: Minucia was put to death for inchastity in 337: and Sextilia, put to death for adultery in 273. Some
636:
If a Vestal died before her contracted term ended, potential replacements would be presented in the quarters of the chief Vestal to select the most virtuous. Unlike normal inductees, these candidates did not have to be prepubescent, nor even virgins; they could be young widows or even divorcees,
563:
for a minimum period of 30 years. A thirty-year commitment was divided into three-decade-long periods during which
Vestals were respectively students, servants, and teachers. Vestals typically retired with a state pension in their late 30s to early 40s and thereafter were free to marry. The
515:
The laws of our ancestors provided for the Vestal virgins and the ministers of the gods a moderate maintenance and just privileges. This gift was preserved inviolate till the time of the degenerate moneychangers, who diverted the maintenance of sacred chastity into a fund for the payment of base
134:
Vesta's acolytes vowed to serve her for at least thirty years, study and practise her rites in service of the Roman State, and maintain their chastity throughout. In addition to their obligations on behalf of Rome, Vestals had extraordinary rights and privileges, some of which were granted to no
1076:
Extinction of Vesta's sacred fire through Vestal negligence could be expiated by the scourging or beating of the offender, carried out "in the dark and through a curtain to preserve their modesty". The sacred fire could then be relit, using the correct rituals and the purest materials. Loss of
1337:
Postumia, though innocent according to Livy, was suspected and tried for unchastity on grounds of her immodest attire and over-familiar manner. Some
Vestals were acquitted. Some cleared themselves through ordeals or miraculous deeds; in a celebrated case during the mid-Republic, the Vestal
1176:
are "extremely rare"; most took place during military or religious crisis. Some
Vestals were probably used as scapegoats; their political alliances and alleged failure to observe oaths and duties were held to account for civil disturbances, wars, famines, plagues and other signs of divine
1504:
Vestals are said to have committed suicide when accused; Caparronia did so in 266: essential trial details are often lacking. Livy states that two
Vestals, Floronia and Opimia, were convicted of unchastity in 216. One committed suicide, the other was buried alive - he does not say which.
906:
550:
insulted an aged Vestal, said to be the last of her kind. It is unclear from
Zosimos's narrative whether Vesta's cult was still functioning, maintained by that single Vestal, or moribund. Cameron is skeptical of the entire tale, noting that Theodosius did not visit Rome in 394.
4200: 5011, found in Rome near the basilica of St. Saba, now in the Lapidary Gallery of the Vatican Museum. It is a dedicatory inscription on a little base, possibly of a statuette that was housed in the home of the same vestal on the Little Aventine. M. G. Granino Cecere,
1439:
were said to represent Vesta's fire; and the white, virginity, or sexual purity. The stola is associated with Roman citizen-matrons and Vestals, not with brides. This covering of the body by way of the gown and veils "signals the prohibitions that governed sexuality". The
684:. The chief Vestal was probably the most influential and independent of Rome's high priestesses, committed to maintaining several different cults, maintaining personal connections to her birth family, and cultivating the society of her equals among the Roman elite. The
1478:(veil) when travelling outdoors, performing public rites or offering sacrifices. Respectable matrons were also expected to wear veils in public. One who appeared in public without her veil could be thought to have repudiated her marriage, making herself "available".
1446:
communicates the message of "hands off" and asserts their virginity. The prescribed everyday hairstyle for Vestals, and for brides only on their wedding day, comprised six or seven braids; this was thought to date back to the most ancient of times. In 2013
491:, promoted the Vestals' moral reputation and presence at public functions, and restored several of their customary privileges that had fallen into abeyance. They were held in awe and attributed certain mysterious and supernatural powers and abilities.
1248:
by the three accused. Aemilia, who had supposedly incited the two others to follow her example, was condemned outright and put to death. Marcia, who was accused of only one offence, and Licinia, who was accused of many, were at first acquitted by the
944:; anyone who assaulted a Vestal was, in effect, assaulting an embodiment of Rome and its gods, and could be killed with impunity. As no magistrate held power over the Vestals, the lictors of magistrates who encountered a Vestal had to lower their
1911:
783:, head of his priestly college. His influence and status grew during the Republican era, and the religious post became an important, lifetime adjunct to the political power of the annually elected consulship. When Augustus became
1128:
and other badges of office, was scourged, was attired like a corpse, placed in a close litter, and borne through the forum attended by her weeping kindred, with all the ceremonies of a real funeral, to a rising ground called the
1854:, who lived and worked in Italy for seventeen years, became famous for meticulously researched images of Vestals in all aspects of their daily life and worship, making some thirty paintings of Vestals between 1863 and 1899.
856:
used by priests and priestesses to consecrate (dedicate to the gods) the animal victims offered in public sacrifices. The Vestals' activities thus provided a shared link to various public, and possibly some private cults.
118:
The Vestals were unlike any other public priesthood. They were chosen before puberty from several suitable candidates, freed from any legal ties and obligations to their birth family, and enrolled in Vesta's priestly
1507:
Vestals could exploit their familial and social connections, as well as their unique, untouchable status and privileges, taking the role of patron and protector. Cicero describes how the Vestal Claudia, daughter of
629:(beloved), to be a Vestal priestess, who will carry out sacred rites which it is the law for a Vestal priestess to perform on behalf of the Roman people, on the same terms as her who was a Vestal 'on the best terms
590:
To obtain entry into the order, a girl had to be free of physical, moral, and mental defects, have two living parents, and be a daughter of a free-born resident of Rome. From at least the mid-Republican era, the
1512:, walked beside her father in his triumphal procession, to repulse a tribune of the plebs, who wanted to veto the triumph. Cicero also records a Vestal Fonteia, present during the trial of her brother in 69.
4421:
2371:
427:
Priesthoods with similar functions to the Vestals of Rome had an ancient and deeply embedded religious role in various surrounding Latin communities. According to Livy, the Vestals had pre-Roman origins at
641:
and Domitius Pollio offered their daughters as Vestal candidates in 19 AD to fill such a vacant position. Equally matched, Pollio's daughter was chosen only because Agrippa had been recently divorced. The
1047:("peace of the gods") was disrupted by some undetected impropriety, unnatural phenomenon or religious offence. Romans had a duty to report any suspected prodigies to the Senate, who in turn consulted the
1486:
From the institution of the Vestal priesthood to its abolition, an unknown number of Vestals held office. Some are named in Roman myth and history and some are of unknown date. The 1st-century BC author
1271:(216) and the end of the Republic (113â111), each was followed by a nameless, bloodless form of human sacrifice seemingly reserved for times of extreme crisis, supposedly at the recommendation of the
4275:
Inscription It. IV n. 213. Inscription on funerary monument discovered at Tivoli in July 1929. On the front, the name of the Vestal is incised within an oak wreath onto which adheres the sacred
1875:
1570:
1240:. The final accusations were justified by the death, in 114 BC, of Helvia, a virgin girl of equestrian family, killed by lightning while on horseback. The manner of her death was interpreted as a
1837:
environment of 18th century France, portraits of women as Vestals seem intended as fantasies of virtue infused with ironic eroticism. Later, Vestals became an image of republican virtue, as in
886:
festival, April 21, it was sprinkled on bonfires to purify shepherds and their flocks, and probably to ensure human and animal fertility in the Roman community. On May 1, Vestals officiated at
142:
so that at least one Vestal was stationed there at all times. Vestals who allowed the sacred fire to go out were punished with whipping. Vestals who lost their chastity were guilty of
1092:
breached Rome's contract with the gods; she was a contradiction, a visible religious embarrassment. By ancient tradition, she must die, but she must seem to do so willingly, and her
1850:
Excavations in Rome and Pompeii, as well as translation of Latin sources, made Vestals a popular subject for artists in the 18th century and the 19th century. The French painter
981:
Vestals were permitted to see things forbidden to all other upper-class Roman women; from the time of Augustus on, they had reserved ring-side seating at public games, including
608:
as it became difficult to find patricians willing to commit their daughters to 30 years as a Vestal, and then ultimately even from the daughters of freedmen for the same reason.
414:
971:, who was empowered to enforce the Vestal's right-of-way; anyone who passed beneath the litter, or otherwise interfered with its passage, could be lawfully killed on the spot.
1821:
of England was portrayed holding a sieve to evoke Tuccia, the Vestal who proved her virtue by carrying water in a sieve. Tuccia herself had been a subject for artists such as
500:
and if it be admitted that the gods do listen to certain prayers, or are influenced by set forms of words, we are bound to conclude in the affirmative upon the whole question.
4554:
4520:
468:
on a captive Vestal, increased the number of Vestals to six; in the Imperial era, as attested by Plutarch, the college had six vestals at any given time. Claims by
4450:
Saquete, JosĂ© Carlos, "Las vĂrgenes vestales. Un sacerdocio femenino en la religiĂłn pĂșblica romana". Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientĂficas, 2000.
4419:
2410:
868:, and its unborn calf was reduced to ashes by the senior Vestal. The ashes were mixed with various substances, most notably the dried blood of the previous year's
1304:
3380:, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 155. The accusations against Licinia included fraternal incest. She was a contemporary and possible political ally of the
818:â and a large, presumably wooden phallus, used in fertility rites and at least one triumphal procession, perhaps slung beneath the triumphal general's chariot.
4281:, knot of the order; with the name of the dedicant (L. Cossinius Electus, a relative, probably brother or nephew) on the lower margin. Cecere above p. 75.
3809:
1195:
Vestal, was tried, found guilty of unchastity and buried alive on the strength of her excessive and inappropriate love of dress, and the evidence of a slave.
4490:
WyrwiĆska. (2021). The Vestal Virgins' Socio-political Role and the Narrative of Roma Aeterna. Krakowskie Studia z Historii PaĆstwa i Prawa, 14(2), 127â151.
2157:
633:" (thus, with all the entitlements of a Vestal). As soon as she entered the atrium of Vesta's temple, she was under the goddess's service and protection.
1525:
1330:
instituted live burial as a punishment for Vestal unchastity, and inflicted it on the Vestal Pinaria; and that whipping with rods sometimes preceded the
1947:
over the life and death of Vestals as "daughters of Rome", though this is inconsistent with their legal independence from their birth family's control.
1893:
3787:
407:
993:
1037:
If Vesta's fire went out, Rome was no longer protected. Spontaneous extinction of the sacred flame for no apparent reason might be understood as a
4559:
1509:
174:
789:, and thus supervisor of all religion, he donated his house to the Vestals. Their sacred fire became his household fire, and his domestic gods (
2450:
2307:
2054:
1590:
1096:. The city could not seem responsible for her death, and burial of the dead was anyway forbidden within the city's ritual boundary, so she was
710:
also held unique responsibility for certain religious rites, but each held office by virtue of their standing as the spouse of a male priest.
3250:
3171:
2895:
2706:
2037:
1346:
to prove her innocence; Livy's epitomator (Per. 20) claims that she was condemned nevertheless but in all other sources she was acquitted.
400:
1191:
merely on the basis of various portents, and allegations that she neglected her Vestal duties. In 337 BC, Minucia, another possible first
4263:
4254:
4233:
4193:
4168:
4137:
3340:
2187:
1245:
1241:
1038:
959:, an enclosed, two-wheeled, horse-drawn carriage; some Roman sources remark on its likeness to the chariots used by Roman generals in
388:
285:
256:
108:
3310:
4484:
4476:
4339:
Kathleen Nicholson, "The Ideology of Feminine 'Virtue': The Vestal Virgin in French Eighteenth-Century Allegorical Portraiture," in
3606:
3350:
3280:
2991:
2862:
2780:
2753:
2733:
2686:
2659:
2630:
2603:
2562:
1983:
1430:(head-covering or fillet) with red and white ribbons, usually tied together behind the head and hanging loosely over the shoulders.
161:
confiscated the public revenues assigned to the cult of Vesta in Rome. Soon after, the Vestals vanished from the historical record.
520:
it was sacrilege which rendered the year barren, for it was necessary that all should lose that which they had denied to religion.
3502:
3224:
1301:, may have been an innocent victim. He describes how she sought to keep her dignity intact when she descended into the chamber:
4400:
1556:
1254:
2793:
4259:
4250:
4229:
4189:
4164:
4142:
4133:
432:, where a virgin daughter of the king, forced by her usurper uncle to become a Vestal, miraculously gave birth to twin boys,
246:
2119:
597:
chose Vestals by lot from a group of twenty high-born candidates at a gathering of their families and other Roman citizens.
195:
4569:
3396:
Temple as illegal and "against the will of the people". She may have fallen victim to the factional politics of the times.
3889:
3759:
3477:
3463:
3429:
3270:
2076:
1065:
to determine whether the matter must be tried or dismissed. Expiation of prodigies usually involved a special sacrifice (
1999:
1406:, and with the formal dress of high-status Roman matrons (married citizen-women). Vestals and matrons wore a long linen
826:
Vesta's chief festival was the Vestalia, held in her temple from June 7 to June 15, and attended by matrons and bakers.
535:
381:
123:
of six priestesses. They were supervised by a senior vestal but chosen and governed by Rome's leading male priest, the
3588:, article in Smith, William, pp.1189â1191 in "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities", John Murray, London, 1875.
2277:
1798:
1529:
1394:
4530:
3819:
2109:
1004:
864:
was a characteristically rustic, agricultural festival, in which a pregnant cow was sacrificed to the Earth-goddess
472:
and others that the college comprised seven vestals in the late 4th-century rest on "very unsatisfactory evidence".
444:
went on to found Rome. In the most widely accepted versions of Rome's beginnings the city's legendary second king,
4574:
1885:
1752:
1318:
797:) became their responsibility. This arrangement between Vestals and Emperor persisted throughout the Imperial era.
508:
4087:
3295:
Erdkamp, Paul, "War, Vestal Virgins, and Live Burials in the Roman Republic", in M. Dillon and C. Matthews, eds.,
2810:
1773:
Two starkly different views by two French Academic painters of the Vestals in their front-rows seats at the Roman
2153:
1843:
1539:
1521:
978:
to execution by touching them, or merely being seen by them, as long as the encounter had not been pre-arranged.
547:
145:
4117:
3840:
Sebesta, Judith Lynn, Bonfante, Larissa (editors), "The World of Roman Costume: Wisconsin Studies in Classics",
1782:
3746:(University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), pp. 59â60 (on discrepancies of hairstyles in some Vestal portraits)
2424:
1403:
601:
378:
212:
120:
77:
4309:(University of California Press, 1985), p. 244 ; Robert Tittler, "Portraiture, Politics and Society," in
3123:
Parker, N., Holt, "Why were the Vestals Virgins? Or the Chastity of Women and the safety of the Roman State,"
2907:
2341:
2850:
2768:
2721:
2674:
2618:
2550:
1971:
1118:. That Vesta did not intervene to save her former protege was taken as further divine confirmation of guilt.
4564:
4437:
Parker, Holt N. "Why Were the Vestals Virgins? Or the Chastity of Women and the Safety of the Roman State",
4370:
3375:
2846:
2764:
2717:
2670:
2614:
2573:
Parker, Holt N. "Why Were the Vestals Virgins? Or the Chastity of Women and the Safety of the Roman State".
2546:
1967:
1613:
1564:
1545:
729:
31:
3779:
2701:. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007, pp. 223â224.
3726:
3200:
1861:
1488:
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underground had been previously prepared, containing a couch, a lamp, and a table with a little food. The
848:
wheat). The three senior Vestals parched the grain to make it edible, and mixed it with salt, to make the
758:
Vestal tasks included the maintenance of their chastity, tending Vesta's sacred fire, guarding her sacred
638:
516:
porters. A public famine ensued on this act, and a bad harvest disappointed the hopes of all the provinces
3928:
1012:
4005:
1217:
998:
807:
50:
4539:
2890:, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 223â224.
1643:
1607:
1367:
1136:
1023:
827:
385:
139:
2442:
2303:
2051:
1513:
1017:
559:
The Vestals were committed to the priesthood before puberty (when 6â10 years old) and sworn to
475:
The Vestals were a powerful and influential priesthood. Towards the end of the Republican era, when
4511:
4375:
1838:
1469:
1463:
1354:
681:
539:
528:
confiscated its revenues in 382 AD. The last epigraphically attested Vestal is Coelia Concordia, a
221:
573:
4579:
4065:
4035:
Rome's vestal virgins: a study of Rome's vestal priestesses in the late Republic and early Empire
4016:
3871:
3731:
Rome's Vestal Virgins: A Study of Rome's Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire
3709:
3701:
3666:
3599:
Rome's Vestal Virgins: A Study of Rome's Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire
3326:
Rome's vestal virgins: a study of Rome's vestal priestesses in the late Republic and early Empire
3106:
3098:
2830:
2746:
Rome's Vestal Virgins: A Study of Rome's Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire
2596:
Rome's Vestal Virgins: A Study of Rome's Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire
2578:
2402:
1822:
1786:
1372:
The House of the Vestals was the residence of the vestal priestesses in Rome. Located behind the
1327:
1216:
In 123 BC the gift of an altar, shrine and couch to the Bona Dea's Aventine temple by the Vestal
461:
290:
680:, "greatest of the Vestals") oversaw the work and morals of the Vestals and was a member of the
4257:= ILS 6244 on the base of an honorary statue, now irreparable. Possibly also mentioned in
2030:
The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000 â 264 BC)
4480:
4472:
3658:
3602:
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3324:
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3167:
3090:
2987:
2891:
2858:
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2749:
2729:
2702:
2682:
2655:
2626:
2599:
2558:
2506:
2394:
2212:
2183:
2139:
2033:
1979:
1921:
1864:" (1967) contains the lyrics "One of sixteen vestal virgins/ Who were leaving for the coast".
1560:
865:
746:
433:
326:
112:
4033:
3621:, Amberley Publishing, The Hill, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2010, p.135, ISBN 978-1-84868-977-0
3523:
3448:
3010:
2945:
2464:
1334:, and that this was done to Urbinia in 471 BCE, in a time of pestilence and plebeian unrest.
1288:
Vestals concerned were almost certainly trumped up, and may have been politically motivated.
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3863:
3693:
3648:
3640:
3082:
2926:
2386:
1649:
1496:
1225:
1150:
1097:
964:
873:
778:
600:
Under the Papian Law of the 3rd century BCE, candidates for Vestal priesthoods had to be of
511:, who sought to maintain traditional Roman religion during the rise of Christianity, wrote:
437:
321:
306:
126:
1500:
mythographer's invention, to cast her lust, greed and treason in the worst possible light.
4425:
3763:
2058:
1409:
1373:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1229:
1198:
1093:
751:
578:
505:
492:
487:, the Vestals interceded on Caesar's behalf and gained him pardon. Caesar's adopted heir,
457:
449:
362:
1751:
Primigenia, Alban vestal of Bovillae who had forsaken her vows of celibacy, mentioned by
1661:
Inscriptions record the existence of Vestals in other locations than the centre of Rome.
3956:
4176:
3915:
3902:
2834:
1833:, and women who were arts patrons started having themselves painted as Vestals. In the
1627:
1603:
1575:
1491:, names the first four, probably legendary Vestals as Gegania, Veneneia, Canuleia, and
1448:
1028:
445:
331:
270:
103:
89:
4150:, now in the Lapidary Gallery of the Vatican Museums: it mentions the dedication of a
1420:, a rectangular female citizen's wrap, equivalent to the male citizen's semi-circular
440:; they survived their uncle's attempts to kill them through exposure or drowning, and
4548:
4237:
4002:
3875:
3713:
3670:
3496:
3393:
3220:
3160:
3110:
2438:
2406:
2290:
2025:
1851:
1802:
1790:
1383:
1278:
1207:
1160:
1115:
960:
869:
811:
723:
697:
480:
357:
336:
316:
151:
4353:
3385:
2013:
1978:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp.51-54, 323.
1857:
1678:
1637:
1533:
1221:
705:
543:
484:
311:
17:
4491:
1516:, admitted to the order in 80 and made chief Vestal around 50, was half-sister of
4240:, now housed in the Palazzo Borghese at Pratica di Mare. Cecere above p. 72.
2921:
Inge Kroppenberg (2010) "Law, Religion, and Constitution of the Vestal Virgins",
2681:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 191, 382
2654:, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 14,15, 81â117, 230 (note 127)
1077:
chastity, however, represented a broken oath. It was permanent, irreversible; no
3944:
3453:. Vol. 1. Translated by Baker. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 22.
1818:
1699:
1073:) and the destruction of the "unnatural" object that had caused divine offence.
2557:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 51â53,
2203:
Conti, Stefano (2003). "Tra Integrazione ed Emarginazione: Le Ultime Vestali".
4501:
3867:
3756:
3102:
3069:
2930:
2857:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 51â54
2390:
2072:
1903:
1631:
1579:
1386:, "very large and exceptionally magnificent both in decoration and material".
1331:
1322:
941:
861:
851:
831:
623:
pointed to her and led her away from her parents with the words, "I take you,
456:
them as a collegiate priesthood. He then added a second pair. Rome's 6th King
429:
4360:, April 2008, Université de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, pp. 210-245.
3988:
3662:
3094:
2728:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp.53â54
2398:
2216:
524:
Dissolution of the Vestal College would have followed soon after the emperor
4147:
3969:
2269:
1834:
1830:
1774:
1717:
1617:
982:
915:
653:
37:
4410:
Kroppenberg, Inge, "Law, Religion and Constitution of the Vestal Virgins,"
713:
4061:
2625:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 51
1349:
4083:
3814:
3415:
3389:
2775:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.53
2021:
1814:
1721:
1672:
1517:
1298:
1257:(consul 127), and condemned to death in 113. The prosecution offered two
1250:
1235:
1192:
1182:
1164:
1103:
1068:
963:. Otherwise, the Vestals seem to have travelled in a one-seat, curtained
887:
649:
560:
488:
453:
241:
3653:
3535:
Le délit religieux dans la cité antique. Actes de la table ronde de Rome
3022:
Le délit religieux dans la cité antique. Actes de la table ronde de Rome
2957:
Le délit religieux dans la cité antique. Actes de la table ronde de Rome
2476:
Le délit religieux dans la cité antique. Actes de la table ronde de Rome
4462:
From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion
4151:
4069:
3381:
3129:
From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion
2582:
2501:
1492:
1398:
Statue of the Vestal Virgin Flavia Publicia in the House of the Vestals
1203:
883:
794:
761:
691:
637:
though that was frowned upon and thought unlucky. Tacitus recounts how
525:
469:
460:, who was also said to have been miraculously fathered by the fire-god
441:
158:
3780:"On Pins and Needles: Stylist Turns Ancient Hairdo Debate on Its Head"
3705:
1343:
769:
The Vestals acknowledged one of their number as senior authority, the
3984:
1549:
1339:
1135:
just within the city walls, close to the Colline gate. There a small
968:
911:
717:
265:
236:
200:
64:
2180:
Borderline Virginities: Sacred and Secular Virgins in Late Antiquity
1472:
and wife to his high priest. Vestals wore a white, purple-bordered
1261:
in support of the final verdicts. Of the three Vestals executed for
3697:
3644:
3086:
4023:(American Philological Association, 1952), vol. 2, pp. 24â25.
3729:
454 in the edition of Lindsay, as cited by Robin Lorsch Wildfang,
1797:
1569:
1393:
1348:
1303:
1197:
1178:
1122:
When condemned by the college of pontifices, was stripped of her
1003:
992:
905:
895:
891:
845:
841:
790:
745:
712:
605:
572:
476:
465:
280:
275:
226:
56:
36:
3684:
Beard, Mary (1980-01-01). "The Sexual Status of Vestal Virgins".
834:
and on September 13, the three youngest Vestals reaped unripened
652:) "consoled" the failed candidate with a dowry of 1 million
4354:"Hector Leroux (1829-1900). Un peintre du XIXe voué à l'Antique"
3492:
3444:
3216:
3196:
2017:
1994:
1724:, as commemorated by her father, Q. Caecilius Papion. The title
1621:
1421:
1284:
894:
from stations along Rome's city boundary and cast them into the
815:
997:
Early 18th-century depiction of the dedication of a Vestal, by
4315:
Learned Queen: The Image of Elizabeth I in Politics and Poetry
3005:
3003:
2912:, 10.5, translation, Loeb edition, 1914, University of Chicago
2346:, 10.1, translation, Loeb edition, 1914, University of Chicago
2273:
1321:
claims that long before Rome's foundation, Vestals at ancient
967:, or possibly on foot. In every case, they were preceded by a
720:
of the Vestal Virgins at a banquet, found in 1935 near Rome's
1675:
whose brother was probably the L. Manlius Severus named as a
1100:
in an underground chamber within the city's ritual boundary (
4453:
Sawyer, Deborah F. "Magna Mater and the Vestal Virgins." In
2329:
Portraits of the Vestal Virgins, Priestesses of Ancient Rome
3742:
Laetitia La Follette, "The Costume of the Roman Bride", in
3339:
Lightman, Marjorie; Lightman, Benjamin (17 December 2018).
3311:"Roman Women: The Women who influenced the History of Rome"
1451:
recreated the hairstyle of the vestals on a modern person.
985:
contests, and stage-side seats at theatrical performances.
800:
The Vestals guarded various sacred objects kept in Vesta's
750:
The most prominent feature of the ruins that were once the
690:
Occia presided over the Vestals for 57 years, according to
3563:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1055.
1454:
High-status brides were veiled in the same saffron-yellow
1083:
or expiation could restore it or compensate for its loss.
918:
and Vestals before the Temple of Vesta (early 3rd century)
4527:
Houghton, Mifflin and Company, Boston and New York, 1898.
4371:"Behind the Song: Procol Harum, "A Whiter Shade Of Pale""
2986:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 143.
2537:. The University of North Carolina Press, 2006, pp. 80â81
2134:
Pliny the Elder (translated by Bostock and Riley, 1855),
3062:
3060:
2815:. London: John Murray – via University of Chicago.
2524:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016, pp. 47â48
115:, virgin goddess of Rome's sacred hearth and its flame.
2825:
Andrew B. Gallia. "Vestal Virgins and Their Families".
2372:"Law, religion, and constitution of the Vestal virgins"
2331:, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbour, 2015, p. 34
2270:"Ancient Rome's maidens â who were the Vestal Virgins?"
2100:, John Murray, London, 1875, p. 1189: Ramsay is citing
1402:
Vestal costume had elements in common with high-status
1153:
of a guilty Vestal was publicly beaten to death by the
534:
who in 385 AD erected a statue to the deceased pontiff
4441:, Vol. 125, No. 4. (2004), pp. 563â601.
4307:
Monuments and Maidens: The Allegory of the Female Form
3297:
Religion and Classical Warfare. II: The Roman Republic
3269:
Beard, Mary; North, John; Price, Simon (9 July 1998).
1559:
was supposedly courted by her kinsman, the so-called "
1181:, perhaps the earliest of several historic Vestals of
928:â "sovereign over themselves", answerable only to the
617:(capture). Once a girl was chosen to be a Vestal, the
4146: 6190, found in 1728 at the XI mile of the
3810:"Ancient Rome's hairdo for vestal virgins re-created"
2641:
Parker, "Why Were the Vestals Virgins?" 2004, p. 568.
2453:
from the original on 2012-12-03 – via STOA.org.
1495:. Varro and others also portray Tarpeia, daughter of
775:, but all were ultimately under the authority of the
4535:
in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
4393:
Beard, Mary, "The Sexual Status of Vestal Virgins,"
3631:
Gallia, Andrew B. (2014-07-01). "The Vestal Habit".
2522:
A Place at the Altar. Priestesses in Republican Rome
1813:
The Vestals were used as models of female virtue in
1224:. In 114 Licinia and two of her colleagues, Vestals
974:
Vestals could also free or pardon condemned persons
27:
Priestesses of the Roman goddess of the hearth Vesta
4455:
Women and Religion in the First Christian Centuries
3479:
The Roman Antiquities of Dionysius of Halicarnassus
3465:
The Roman Antiquities of Dionysius of Halicarnassus
3431:
The Roman Antiquities of Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2365:
2363:
2361:
1424:. A Vestal's hair was bound into a white, priestly
1220:"without the people's approval" was refused by the
3159:
3070:"Polybius, the Gallic Crisis, and the Ebro Treaty"
3068:
2982:Culham, Phyllis (2014). Flower, Harriet I. (ed.).
1683:in a funerary inscription. Mommsen thought he was
953:The Vestals had unique, exclusive rights to use a
4293:The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus
3773:
3771:
4525:Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries.
4407:, American Philological Association (1952â1986).
4175: 4942 presently no longer reperible in the
4048:Lewis, R. G. (2001). "Catalina and the Vestal".
3329:, Routledge/Taylor & Francis, 2007, p. 93ff.
3127:, 125, (2004) p.586. See also Staples, Ariadne,
2535:Women's Religious Activity in the Roman Republic
2075:. Letter to Emperor Valentianus. Newadvent.org.
1606:(1st century), vestal under Tiberius, sister of
1353:A reconstruction of the House of the Vestals by
4492:https://doi.org/10.4467/20844131KS.21.011.13519
3482:, Loeb Classical Library, 1937, Book 1X, 40â41.
2108:V.31, cf. Symmachus and the remarks of Lipsius
1382:was a three-storey building at the foot of the
1311:
1120:
513:
497:
131:; in the Imperial era, this meant the emperor.
3249:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWildfang2006 (
30:"Vestals" redirects here. For other uses, see
4343:(Manchester University Press, 1997), p. 58ff.
4038:, Routledge/Taylor & Francis, 2007, p. 96
3377:The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic
2984:The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic
2096:Ramsay, William, 'Vestales', Smith, William,
408:
8:
4207:
4201:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3032:
3026:
3020:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2940:
2938:
2486:
2480:
2474:
1730:means at Lavinium the Vestals were only two.
1700:
1342:, accused of unchastity, carried water in a
1291:Pliny the Younger believed that Cornelia, a
754:is the hearth (seen here in the foreground).
731:
4432:Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
4276:
3854:Neal, Jaclyn (2019). "Tarpeia the Vestal".
3525:
3501:. Vol. 4. Marquette University. 4.44.
3468:, Loeb Classical Library, 1937, Book 3, 68.
3434:, Loeb Classical Library, 1937, Book 1, 78.
3388:had annulled her attempted rededication of
3148:, John Murray, London, 1875, pp. 1189â1191.
3146:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
3012:
2947:
2812:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
2466:
2098:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
1942:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1711:
1693:
1689:of Rome, but this is not considered likely.
1684:
1676:
1666:
1537:
1473:
1461:
1455:
1441:
1434:
1425:
1415:
1407:
1377:
1292:
1276:
1262:
1233:
1186:
1171:
1154:
1140:
1130:
1123:
1109:
1101:
1087:
1078:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
954:
945:
935:
929:
923:
877:
849:
835:
801:
784:
776:
770:
759:
721:
703:
695:
685:
675:
669:
660:
643:
624:
618:
612:
592:
565:
529:
143:
124:
97:
62:
42:
4555:390s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
4446:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
4107:Broughton, vol. II, pp. 135-137 (note 14).
3313:. Fonthill Media – via Google Books.
2156:. The Letters of Ambrose. Tertullian.org.
1652:(4th century), the last head of the order.
1520:(Cicero's first wife), and full sister of
452:, appointed its first pair of Vestals and
415:
401:
168:
4457:, 119â129. London: Routledge Press, 1996.
3755:"Recreating the Vestal Virgin Hairstyle"
3652:
3547:Publications de l'Ăcole française de Rome
3034:Publications de l'Ăcole française de Rome
2969:Publications de l'Ăcole française de Rome
2488:Publications de l'Ăcole française de Rome
1536:of that name. In 73 she was acquitted of
1275:; the living burial or immurement in the
4313:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 454; Linda Shenk,
3374:Phyllis Cunham, in Harriet Flower (ed),
3244:
3162:Oxford Companion to Classical Literature
2102:Mémoires de l'Académie des Inscriptiones
69:depicting a seated Vestal Virgin marked
4225:Virgo maior regia Laurentium Lavinatium
3417:Letters. XLIII. To Cornelius Minicianus
3342:A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women
1960:
1934:
1871:
1763:
1532:; she was probably mother of the later
814:which had supposedly been brought from
495:tacitly accepted these powers as fact:
370:
344:
298:
254:
210:
184:
4471:. Oxford: Routledge, 2006 (hardcover,
4444:Samuel Ball Platner and Thomas Ashby,
3299:, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2020, p.9
3272:Religions of Rome: Volume 1, A History
1918:Portrait of a Woman as a Vestal Virgin
1591:National Archaeological Museum, Athens
1297:buried alive on the orders of emperor
4405:The Magistrates of the Roman Republic
4021:The Magistrates of the Roman Republic
3559:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Vesta",
3054:L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2003, p. 41.
3050:, p. 51; Rasmussen, Susanne William,
2242:
2230:
830:claims that during the Vestalia, the
611:The choosing ceremony was known as a
102:
7:
3576:, I.1.7; Dionysus of Halicarnassus,
2829:, vol. 34, no. 1, 2015, pp. 74â120.
1941:This might reflect his authority as
1789:), and the Vestals in a painting by
1376:(which housed the sacred fire), the
1206:, fragment of a relief found on the
352:
138:The Vestals took turns to supervise
44:
3186:Quotation from Cornell, 1981, p. 27
3052:Public Portents in Republican Rome,
1882:Sieve Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I
1710:Caecilia Philete, a senior virgin (
1698:, chief Vestal Virgin of the Alban
1695:virgo vestalis maxima arcis Albanae
1578:, a vestal virgin whom the emperor
1232:, were accused of multiple acts of
4397:, Vol. 70, (1980), pp. 12â27.
4317:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p. 13.
3778:Pesta, Abigail (7 February 2013).
3584:, IV.11; cited in William Ramsay,
3048:Roman Religion in Valerius Maximus
2798:. University of Chicago. i.19, 38.
2652:The Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome
1634:married amid considerable scandal.
546:visited Rome in 394 AD, his niece
389:Glossary of ancient Roman religion
25:
3842:The University of Wisconsin Press
3818:. 10 January 2013. Archived from
3790:from the original on 6 April 2018
3574:Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium
2577:, vol. 125, no. 4, 2004, p. 568.
2575:The American Journal of Philology
157:In 382 AD, the Christian emperor
41:2nd-century AD Roman statue of a
4504:
3844:, 1994, p.49, isbn 9780299138509
1910:
1892:
1874:
1766:
1283:of a Greek man and woman, and a
604:birth. Membership was opened to
194:
4418:, 3, 2010, pp. 418 â 439.
4341:Portraiture: Facing the Subject
3505:from the original on 2012-09-15
3227:from the original on 2012-09-14
2310:from the original on 2012-12-03
2280:from the original on 2012-10-01
2160:from the original on 2012-08-12
2079:from the original on 2012-10-22
1817:portraiture of the later West.
1793:, c. 1890 (private collection).
1584:
1255:Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravilla
4560:Ancient Roman religious titles
3384:brothers. In 123 BCE the
3309:Chrystal, Paul (17 May 2017).
3275:. Cambridge University Press.
3223:. Marquette University. 8.15.
2268:Lutwyche, Jayne (2012-09-07).
1433:The red ribbons of the Vestal
247:Quindecimviri sacris faciundis
1:
4439:American Journal of Philology
3733:(Routledge, 2006), p. 54
3125:American Journal of Philology
2289:Lutwyche is citing Professor
2032:, Routledge, 1995. pp. 57-63
1809:, by 1900, private collection
1742:Cossinia L(ucii) f(iliae), a
1548:. The case was prosecuted by
436:. The twins were fathered by
4395:The Journal of Roman Studies
4311:A Companion to Tudor Britain
4266:. Cecere above p. 73â74
3888:Dionysius of Halicarnassus,
3856:The Journal of Roman Studies
3686:The Journal of Roman Studies
3580:. II.68; Pliny the Younger,
3067:Eckstein, Arthur M. (2012).
2837:. Accessed 13 December 2022.
2792:Dionysius of Halicarnassus.
2585:. Accessed 16 December 2022.
2136:The Natural History of Pliny
1826:
1692:Flavia (or Valeria) Vera, a
1630:(3rd century), whom Emperor
1528:who later married her niece
989:Prosecutions and punishments
536:Vettius Agorius Praetextatus
4540:House of the Vestal Virgins
4358:Journée de l'Antiquité 2008
3166:. Oxford University Press.
2449:. Vol. 1. p. 12.
2355:Broughton, vol. II, p. 395.
2154:"The Memorial of Symmachus"
1779:Pollice Verso (Thumbs Down)
1326:writes that the Roman king
4596:
3744:The World of Roman Costume
3619:Roman Clothing and Fashion
3524:"Some observations on the
3405:Broughton, vol. I, p. 534.
3131:, Routledge, (1998), p.133
3011:"Some observations on the
2946:"Some observations on the
2465:"Some observations on the
2370:Kroppenberg, Inge (2010).
2104:. vol. IV p.167; Ambrose,
1886:Quentin Metsys the Younger
1671:, a chief Alban Vestal at
1365:
1319:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1094:blood could not be spilled
61:1st-century BC (43â39 BC)
29:
4352:Couëlle, Colombe (2008).
4209:Studi di epigrafia latina
4202:
4032:Wildfang, Robin Lorsch,
3868:10.1017/S0075435819000911
3546:
3355:– via Google Books.
3285:– via Google Books.
3046:Mueller, Hans-Friedrich,
3033:
2968:
2931:10.1525/lal.2010.22.3.418
2487:
2391:10.1525/lal.2010.22.3.418
2182:. Routledge. p. 32.
1185:family, was executed for
876:. The mixture was called
577:House of the Vestals and
4519:Rodolfo Lanciani (1898)
4467:Wildfang, Robin Lorsch.
3798:– via www.wsj.com.
3538:(6â7 April 1978). Rome:
3365:Erdkamp, 2020, pp. 22-25
3323:Wildfang, Robin Lorsch,
3158:Howatson, M. C. (1989).
3144:, in Smith, William, in
3025:(6â7 April 1978). Rome:
2960:(6â7 April 1978). Rome:
2744:Wildfang, R. L. (2006),
2594:Wildfang, R. L. (2006),
2479:(6â7 April 1978). Rome:
2425:University of Regensburg
2304:"Life of Numa Pompilius"
2178:Undheim, Sissel (2017).
1807:Inauguration of a Vestal
1736:Virgo Vestalis Tiburtium
1202:Vestal from the time of
1114:("Evil Field") near the
379:Religion in ancient Rome
150:, and were sentenced to
135:others, male or female.
4401:Broughton, T. Robert S.
4291:Mitchell, Jill (2021).
4090:. University of Chicago
4050:The Classical Quarterly
3597:Wildfang, R. L. (2006)
3561:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3541:Ăcole Française de Rome
3345:. Infobase Publishing.
3028:Ăcole Française de Rome
2963:Ăcole Française de Rome
2835:10.1525/ca.2015.34.1.74
2482:Ăcole Française de Rome
1616:(1st century), said by
1565:Marcus Licinius Crassus
1555:The 1st century Vestal
1546:Lucius Sergius Catilina
1510:Appius Claudius Pulcher
1308:Cornelia entombed alive
1086:A Vestal who committed
32:Vestal (disambiguation)
4521:"The Fall of a Vestal"
4430:Peck, Harry Thurston,
4328:Monuments and Maidens,
4277:
4208:
3540:
3534:
3526:
3027:
3021:
3013:
2962:
2956:
2948:
2877:, Volume I, pp. 51â54
2809:William Smith (1875).
2481:
2475:
2467:
2258:(Oxford UP), pp. 46â47
2049:Life of Numa Pompilius
1943:
1862:A Whiter Shade of Pale
1810:
1755:in two of his letters.
1744:
1735:
1726:
1712:
1701:
1694:
1685:
1677:
1667:
1620:to have been raped by
1594:
1538:
1474:
1462:
1456:
1442:
1435:
1426:
1416:
1408:
1399:
1378:
1358:
1316:
1309:
1293:
1277:
1263:
1253:, but were retried by
1234:
1213:
1187:
1172:
1155:
1147:
1141:
1131:
1124:
1110:
1102:
1088:
1079:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1009:In the Temple of Vesta
1001:
955:
946:
936:
930:
924:
922:Vestals were lawfully
919:
914:depicting the emperor
898:, to purify the city.
878:
850:
836:
802:
785:
777:
771:
760:
755:
738:
732:
722:
704:
696:
686:
676:
670:
661:
644:
639:Gaius Fonteius Agrippa
625:
619:
613:
593:
582:
566:
530:
522:
502:
144:
125:
98:
93:
73:
63:
54:
43:
4469:Rome's Vestal Virgins
4295:. Trivent Publishing.
4203:"Vestali non di Roma"
2886:Beard, Mary (2007),
1801:
1573:
1414:over a white woollen
1397:
1352:
1307:
1201:
1041:, a warning that the
1007:
999:Alessandro Marchesini
996:
909:
749:
716:
671:Virgo Vestalis Maxima
576:
531:Virgo Vestalis Maxima
353:Virgo Vestalis Maxima
140:Vesta's sacred hearth
60:
51:National Roman Museum
45:Virgo Vestalis Maxima
40:
4570:Gendered occupations
3601:, Routledge, p. 54.
3420:The Harvard Classics
3031:, 1981. pp. 27-37. (
2923:Law & Literature
2379:Law & Literature
2306:. Stoa.org. 9.5â10.
1868:Portraits as Vestals
1733:Saufeia Alexandria,
1608:Gaius Junius Silanus
1368:House of the Vestals
1362:House of the Vestals
1259:Sibylline prophecies
742:Duties and festivals
386:Gallo-Roman religion
104:[wÉsËtaËlÉȘs]
4512:Ancient Rome portal
4376:American Songwriter
4215:2003 p. 70-71.
4062:10.1093/cq/51.1.141
3784:Wall Street Journal
3633:Classical Philology
3414:Pliny the Younger,
3075:Classical Philology
2827:Classical Antiquity
2327:Lindner, Molly M.,
2256:Last Pagans of Rome
2028:: see Cornell, T.,
1839:Jacques-Louis David
1668:virgo Albana maxima
1589:) forced to marry (
1149:If discovered, the
1013:Constantin Hölscher
940:. Their person was
844:wheat, or possibly
682:College of Pontiffs
504:The 4th-century AD
479:included the young
242:Septemviri epulonum
18:Gegania (priestess)
4460:Staples, Ariadne,
4424:2012-04-25 at the
4412:Law and Literature
4017:T. R. S. Broughton
3822:on 2 November 2017
3762:2016-12-13 at the
3617:Croom, Alexandra,
3572:Valerius Maximus,
2748:, Routledge, p.14
2598:, Routledge, p.17
2152:Ambrose of Milan.
2057:2012-12-03 at the
1823:Jacopo del Sellaio
1811:
1787:Phoenix Art Museum
1748:of Tibur (Tivoli).
1646:(mid-3rd century).
1595:
1404:Roman bridal dress
1400:
1359:
1328:Tarquinius Priscus
1310:
1214:
1170:Trials for Vestal
1035:
1002:
925:personae sui iuris
920:
756:
739:
668:The chief Vestal (
583:
448:, built its first
291:Sodales Augustales
255:Other colleges or
74:
55:
4575:Vesta (mythology)
4464:, Routledge, 1998
4088:"Life of Crassus"
3255:, citing Cicero,
3221:"History of Rome"
3173:978-0-19-866121-4
3140:Ramsay, William,
2896:978-0-674-02613-1
2888:The Roman Triumph
2875:Religions of Rome
2855:Religions of Rome
2795:Roman Antiquities
2773:Religions of Rome
2726:Religions of Rome
2707:978-0-674-02613-1
2699:The Roman Triumph
2679:Religions of Rome
2623:Religions of Rome
2555:Religions of Rome
2138:, Volume 5,
2073:"Letter #18"
2038:978-0-415-01596-7
1976:Religions of Rome
1922:Angelica Kauffman
1844:The Vestal Virgin
1831:Joannes Stradanus
1574:Bronze statue of
1132:Campus Sceleratus
1111:Campus Sceleratus
581:from the Palatine
542:claims that when
464:or the household
434:Romulus and Remus
425:
424:
327:Flamen Quirinalis
16:(Redirected from
4587:
4514:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4381:
4380:
4367:
4361:
4350:
4344:
4337:
4331:
4324:
4318:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4273:
4267:
4247:
4241:
4222:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4186:
4180:
4161:
4155:
4130:
4124:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4045:
4039:
4030:
4024:
4014:
4008:
4000:
3994:
3982:
3976:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3941:
3935:
3925:
3919:
3912:
3906:
3899:
3893:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3851:
3845:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3775:
3766:
3753:
3747:
3740:
3734:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3656:
3628:
3622:
3615:
3609:
3595:
3589:
3570:
3564:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3544:, 1981. p. 28. (
3543:
3537:
3529:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3489:
3483:
3475:
3469:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3441:
3435:
3427:
3421:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3397:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3336:
3330:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3306:
3300:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3247:, pp. 92â93
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3165:
3155:
3149:
3138:
3132:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3072:
3064:
3055:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3016:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2966:, 1981. p. 38. (
2965:
2959:
2951:
2942:
2933:
2925:, 22:3, p. 420,
2919:
2913:
2904:
2898:
2884:
2878:
2871:
2865:
2844:
2838:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2789:
2783:
2762:
2756:
2742:
2736:
2715:
2709:
2695:
2689:
2668:
2662:
2650:Lott, John. B.,
2648:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2612:
2606:
2592:
2586:
2571:
2565:
2544:
2538:
2533:Schultz, C. E.,
2531:
2525:
2520:DiLuzio, M. J.,
2518:
2512:
2511:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2470:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2443:"Vestal Virgins"
2435:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2409:. Archived from
2376:
2367:
2356:
2353:
2347:
2338:
2332:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2299:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2265:
2259:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2205:Studia Historica
2200:
2194:
2193:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2149:
2143:
2132:
2126:
2117:
2111:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2068:
2062:
2046:
2040:
2010:
2004:
1992:
1986:
1965:
1948:
1946:
1939:
1914:
1896:
1878:
1828:
1783:Jean-LĂ©on GĂ©rĂŽme
1770:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1715:
1704:
1697:
1688:
1682:
1670:
1650:Coelia Concordia
1598:Imperial Vestals
1588:
1586:
1543:
1497:Spurius Tarpeius
1477:
1467:
1464:Flamenica Dialis
1459:
1445:
1438:
1429:
1419:
1413:
1381:
1355:Christian HĂŒlsen
1296:
1282:
1266:
1239:
1211:(British Museum)
1190:
1175:
1158:
1156:pontifex maximus
1144:
1142:pontifex maximus
1134:
1127:
1113:
1107:
1091:
1082:
1072:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1050:pontifex maximus
1046:
1032:
1021:
958:
949:
939:
933:
931:pontifex maximus
927:
881:
872:, sacrificed to
855:
839:
806:, including the
805:
788:
786:pontifex maximus
782:
779:pontifex maximus
774:
765:
735:
727:
709:
701:
698:Flaminica Dialis
689:
679:
677:Vestalium Maxima
673:
664:
647:
645:pontifex maximus
632:
628:
622:
616:
596:
594:pontifex maximus
569:
567:pontifex maximus
533:
519:
417:
410:
403:
358:Flaminica Dialis
322:Flamen Martialis
307:Pontifex maximus
198:
189:
180:
177:
169:
149:
130:
127:Pontifex maximus
106:
101:
72:
68:
48:
21:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4545:
4544:
4510:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4426:Wayback Machine
4390:
4388:Further reading
4385:
4384:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4351:
4347:
4338:
4334:
4325:
4321:
4305:Marina Warner,
4304:
4300:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4274:
4270:
4248:
4244:
4223:
4219:
4187:
4183:
4162:
4158:
4154:by her brother.
4131:
4127:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4093:
4091:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4031:
4027:
4015:
4011:
4001:
3997:
3983:
3979:
3967:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3942:
3938:
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3913:
3909:
3900:
3896:
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3848:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3793:
3791:
3777:
3776:
3769:
3764:Wayback Machine
3754:
3750:
3741:
3737:
3725:
3721:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3616:
3612:
3596:
3592:
3578:Roman Questions
3571:
3567:
3558:
3554:
3521:
3517:
3508:
3506:
3498:History of Rome
3491:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3458:
3450:History of Rome
3443:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3424:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3360:
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3333:
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3307:
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3294:
3290:
3283:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3230:
3228:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3202:Ab urbe condita
3195:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3157:
3156:
3152:
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3122:
3118:
3066:
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3008:
3001:
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2241:
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2129:
2118:
2114:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2080:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2059:Wayback Machine
2047:
2043:
2011:
2007:
2000:Ab urbe condita
1993:
1989:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1902:(1677â1730) by
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1860:'s famous hit "
1794:
1771:
1762:
1665:Manlia Severa,
1659:
1644:Flavia Publicia
1600:
1583:
1484:
1468:, priestess of
1392:
1374:Temple of Vesta
1370:
1364:
1273:Sibylline Books
1269:first Punic War
1026:
1024:Villa Grisebach
1015:
991:
904:
824:
772:Vestalis Maxima
752:Temple of Vesta
744:
706:regina sacrorum
687:Vestalis Maxima
666:
662:Vestalis Maxima
630:
588:
579:Temple of Vesta
557:
555:Term of service
517:
493:Pliny the Elder
458:Servius Tullius
450:Temple of Vesta
421:
384:
363:Regina sacrorum
271:Fratres Arvales
206:
188:of ancient Rome
187:
185:
175:
172:
167:
70:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4593:
4591:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4565:Vestal Virgins
4562:
4557:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4528:
4523:Chapter 6, in
4516:
4515:
4499:
4498:External links
4496:
4495:
4494:
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4458:
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4177:palazzo Mattei
4156:
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4075:
4056:(1): 141â149.
4040:
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3995:
3977:
3961:
3957:Livy, xxii. 57
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3676:
3645:10.1086/676291
3639:(3): 222â240.
3623:
3610:
3590:
3565:
3552:
3527:crimen incesti
3522:Cornell, Tim.
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3087:10.1086/665622
3081:(3): 214â217.
3056:
3039:
3014:crimen incesti
3009:Cornell, Tim.
2999:
2992:
2974:
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2944:Cornell, Tim.
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2513:
2493:
2468:crimen incesti
2463:Cornell, Tim.
2456:
2430:
2385:(3): 418â439.
2357:
2348:
2333:
2320:
2294:
2260:
2254:Alan Cameron,
2247:
2245:, p. 219.
2235:
2233:, p. 218.
2223:
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2189:978-1472480170
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1880:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1796:
1795:
1772:
1765:
1761:
1760:In Western art
1758:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1745:Virgo Vestalis
1740:
1731:
1708:
1690:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1640:(3rd century).
1635:
1628:Aquilia Severa
1625:
1611:
1604:Junia Torquata
1599:
1596:
1587: 218â222
1576:Aquilia Severa
1483:
1480:
1449:Janet Stephens
1391:
1388:
1379:Atrium Vestiae
1366:Main article:
1363:
1360:
990:
987:
950:in deference.
910:Reverse of an
903:
900:
823:
820:
810:â a statue of
743:
740:
730:Museum of the
665:
658:
587:
584:
556:
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446:Numa Pompilius
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372:
371:Related topics
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341:
340:
339:
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332:Rex Nemorensis
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82:Vestal Virgins
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24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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4489:
4486:
4485:0-415-39796-0
4482:
4479:; paperback,
4478:
4477:0-415-39795-2
4474:
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4265:
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4256:
4253:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4238:Pirro Ligorio
4236:, as read by
4235:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4221:
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4214:
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4026:
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4003:Aulus Gellius
3999:
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3352:9781438107943
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3284:
3282:9780521304016
3278:
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3258:
3252:
3246:
3245:Wildfang 2006
3241:
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3018:
3015:
3006:
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2995:
2993:9781107669420
2989:
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2889:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2863:0-521-31682-0
2860:
2856:
2853:, Price, S.,
2852:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2781:0-521-31682-0
2778:
2774:
2771:, Price, S.,
2770:
2766:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2754:9780415397964
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2734:0-521-31682-0
2731:
2727:
2724:, Price, S.,
2723:
2719:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2697:Beard, Mary.
2694:
2691:
2688:
2687:0-521-31682-0
2684:
2680:
2677:, Price, S.,
2676:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2660:0-521-82827-9
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2631:0-521-31682-0
2628:
2624:
2621:, Price, S.,
2620:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2604:9780415397964
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2563:0-521-31682-0
2560:
2556:
2553:, Price, S.,
2552:
2548:
2543:
2540:
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2503:
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2460:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2439:Aulus Gellius
2434:
2431:
2426:
2416:on 2012-04-25
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
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2298:
2295:
2292:
2291:Corey Brennan
2279:
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2171:
2159:
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2137:
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2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:Julius Caesar
2116:
2113:
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2107:
2103:
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2074:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2056:
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2045:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:Aulus Gellius
2023:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1984:0-521-31682-0
1981:
1977:
1974:, Price, S.,
1973:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1954:
1945:
1944:paterfamilias
1938:
1935:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1900:Vestal Virgin
1895:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1852:Hector Leroux
1848:
1846:
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1840:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1803:Hector Leroux
1800:
1792:
1791:Hector Leroux
1788:
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1523:
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1515:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1482:Named Vestals
1481:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1384:Palatine Hill
1380:
1375:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1315:
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1302:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1279:Forum Boarium
1274:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1208:Palatine Hill
1205:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1161:Forum Boarium
1157:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1098:immured alive
1095:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1014:
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986:
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977:
972:
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966:
962:
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948:
943:
938:
932:
926:
917:
913:
908:
901:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
882:. During the
880:
875:
871:
870:October horse
867:
863:
858:
854:
853:
847:
843:
838:
833:
829:
821:
819:
817:
813:
812:Pallas Athene
809:
804:
798:
796:
792:
787:
781:
780:
773:
767:
764:
763:
753:
748:
741:
736:
734:
726:
725:
724:Via del Corso
719:
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678:
672:
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659:
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568:
562:
554:
552:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
527:
521:
512:
510:
507:
506:urban prefect
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
485:proscriptions
482:
481:Julius Caesar
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
418:
413:
411:
406:
404:
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398:
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390:
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382:Imperial cult
380:
377:
376:
375:
374:
369:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
349:
348:
343:
338:
337:Curio maximus
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
317:Flamen Dialis
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
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302:
297:
292:
289:
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284:
282:
279:
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197:
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164:
162:
160:
155:
153:
152:living burial
148:
147:
141:
136:
132:
129:
128:
122:
116:
114:
110:
105:
100:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
67:
66:
59:
52:
47:
46:
39:
33:
19:
4532:
4524:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4394:
4374:
4365:
4357:
4348:
4340:
4335:
4327:
4322:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4292:
4286:
4271:
4258:
4249:
4245:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4212:
4197:
4188:
4184:
4172:
4163:
4159:
4141:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4112:
4103:
4092:. Retrieved
4078:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4034:
4028:
4020:
4012:
3998:
3989:
3980:
3970:
3964:
3952:
3939:
3929:
3923:
3910:
3897:
3884:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3841:
3836:
3824:. Retrieved
3820:the original
3813:
3804:
3792:. Retrieved
3783:
3751:
3743:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3654:11299/214959
3636:
3632:
3626:
3618:
3613:
3598:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3560:
3555:
3518:
3507:. Retrieved
3497:
3487:
3478:
3473:
3464:
3459:
3449:
3439:
3430:
3425:
3416:
3410:
3401:
3386:Roman Senate
3376:
3370:
3361:
3341:
3334:
3325:
3319:
3304:
3296:
3291:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3240:
3229:. Retrieved
3211:
3201:
3191:
3182:
3161:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3078:
3074:
3051:
3047:
3042:
2983:
2977:
2922:
2917:
2909:Life of Numa
2908:
2902:
2887:
2882:
2874:
2869:
2854:
2842:
2826:
2821:
2811:
2804:
2794:
2787:
2772:
2760:
2745:
2740:
2725:
2713:
2698:
2693:
2678:
2666:
2651:
2646:
2637:
2622:
2610:
2595:
2590:
2574:
2569:
2554:
2542:
2534:
2529:
2521:
2516:
2505:
2496:
2459:
2447:Attic Nights
2446:
2433:
2423:– via
2418:. Retrieved
2411:the original
2382:
2378:
2351:
2343:Life of Numa
2342:
2336:
2328:
2323:
2312:. Retrieved
2297:
2282:. Retrieved
2263:
2255:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2179:
2173:
2162:. Retrieved
2147:
2135:
2130:
2121:
2115:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2081:. Retrieved
2066:
2048:
2044:
2029:
2014:Imperial era
2008:
1998:
1990:
1975:
1963:
1937:
1917:
1899:
1881:
1858:Procol Harum
1856:
1849:
1842:
1815:allegorizing
1812:
1806:
1778:
1686:rex sacrorum
1679:rex sacrorum
1660:
1657:Outside Rome
1638:Clodia Laeta
1554:
1524:the wife of
1506:
1502:
1485:
1453:
1432:
1401:
1371:
1336:
1317:
1312:
1294:Virgo Maxima
1290:
1267:between the
1222:Roman Senate
1215:
1210:
1169:
1148:
1121:
1116:Colline Gate
1085:
1075:
1036:
1008:
980:
975:
973:
952:
921:
859:
825:
799:
768:
757:
667:
635:
610:
599:
589:
558:
544:Theodosius I
523:
514:
503:
498:
474:
426:
312:Rex Sacrorum
231:
204:(AD 250â260)
203:
156:
137:
133:
117:
85:
81:
78:ancient Rome
75:
3990:Pro Fonteio
3862:: 103â130.
3257:De Domo Sua
2211:: 209â222.
2140:p. 280
2120:Suetonius,
1920:(1770s) by
1819:Elizabeth I
1781:, 1874, by
1713:virgo maior
1244:, proof of
1027: [
1016: [
345:Priestesses
186:Priesthoods
109:priestesses
96:, singular
4549:Categories
4094:2012-11-19
3992:(21).46â49
3971:Pro Caelio
3509:2012-11-19
3231:2012-11-19
2906:Plutarch,
2420:2011-10-20
2340:Plutarch,
2314:2012-11-19
2302:Plutarch.
2284:2012-11-23
2243:Conti 2003
2231:Conti 2003
2164:2012-11-19
2083:2012-11-19
1955:References
1904:Jean Raoux
1884:(1583) by
1829:1493) and
1632:Elagabalus
1580:Elagabalus
1475:suffibulum
1332:immuration
1323:Alba Longa
1251:pontifices
1246:inchastity
1163:or on the
1062:haruspices
1056:pontifices
1044:pax deorum
942:sacrosanct
902:Privileges
862:Fordicidia
852:mola salsa
832:Lupercalia
454:subsidised
430:Alba Longa
257:sodalities
222:Pontifices
4580:Virginity
4264:XIV, 3679
4255:XIV, 3677
4234:XIV, 2077
4169:XIV, 2413
4148:Via Appia
4138:XIV, 2140
4121:, iii. 69
4116:Tacitus,
3973:, (14).34
3945:iv. 5 § 9
3943:Orosius,
3930:Periochae
3876:203500956
3714:162651935
3692:: 12â27.
3671:162840383
3663:0009-837X
3259:, 53.136.
3111:162395205
3095:0009-837X
2851:North, J.
2847:Beard, M.
2769:North, J.
2765:Beard, M.
2722:North, J.
2718:Beard, M.
2675:North, J.
2671:Beard, M.
2619:North, J.
2615:Beard, M.
2551:North, J.
2547:Beard, M.
2510:. ii. 86.
2485:, 1981. (
2407:144805147
2399:1541-2601
2217:0213-2052
2071:Ambrose.
1972:North, J.
1968:Beard, M.
1835:libertine
1785:(detail;
1775:Colosseum
1753:Symmachus
1718:Laurentum
1705:(citadel)
1618:Suetonius
1526:Dolabella
1159:, in the
1108:) in the
983:gladiator
956:carpentum
916:Caracalla
822:Festivals
808:Palladium
733:Ara Pacis
654:sesterces
606:plebeians
602:patrician
586:Selection
509:Symmachus
4533:Vestales
4531:article
4422:Archived
4326:Warner,
4194:VI, 2172
4179:in Rome.
4084:Plutarch
3968:Cicero,
3916:viii. 15
3815:NBC News
3788:Archived
3760:Archived
3586:Vestales
3503:Archived
3447:(1844).
3394:Aventine
3390:Bona Dea
3225:Archived
3142:Vestales
2451:Archived
2308:Archived
2278:Archived
2221:, p. 217
2158:Archived
2106:Epistles
2077:Archived
2055:Archived
2022:Plutarch
2016:authors
1722:Lavinium
1673:Bovillae
1561:triumvir
1540:incestum
1518:Terentia
1457:flammeum
1299:Domitian
1264:incestum
1236:incestum
1193:plebeian
1188:incestum
1183:plebeian
1173:incestum
1165:Comitium
1151:paramour
1104:pomerium
1089:incestum
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692:Tacitus
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