Ghegs - Knowledge (XXG)

767: 720: 874:(pledges of honor) to arm themselves and shed blood to defend their rights. Better armed than its southern Tosk counterpart, Gheg society was in a more effective position to resist the redrawing of borders in the region. Ottoman officials initially assisted Gheg Albanians in their efforts to resist incorporation of their lands into Serbia, Montenegro or Bulgaria. Ghegs experienced a brief moment of an autonomous administration where local tax was collected into Albanian coffers. Calls for an autonomous united Albania made sultan 401: 839:. During the late Ottoman period Ghegs often lacked education and integration within the Ottoman system, while they had autonomy and military capabilities. Those factors gave the area of Gegënia an importance within the empire that differed from Toskëria. Still many Ottoman officers thought that Ghegs, in particular the highlanders were often a liability instead of an asset for the state being commonly referred to as "wild" ( 121: 502: 134: 474: 48: 493:, who claimed that this decision deprived the Albanian language of its richness at the expense of the Ghegs, and referred to the literary Albanian language as a "monstrosity" produced by the Tosk communist leadership which conquered anti-Communist north Albania militarily, and imposed their Tosk Albanian dialect on the Ghegs. Although Albanian writers in former 574:. Other important tribal groupings include the highlanders of the Dibra region known as the "Tigers of Dibra". Western Kosovo during the late Ottoman period was dominated by the Albanian tribal system, while parts of Albanian society within wider Kosovo were also part of the urban-professional and landowning classes of major towns. 976:. This change was accompanied by a long-lasting fear that the introduction of "too-liberal" Albanians from Kosovo might disturb the fragile balance between the Tosk and Gheg sub-ethnic groups. Absorbing Yugoslav Ghegs, who were almost as numerous as all Albanians from Albania, could have ruined the predominantly Tosk regime. 790:& Vickers in 2007, "Ghegs speak a slightly different dialect of the language, and are often taller and thinner than Tosks, but these traditional differences (often exaggerated in vulgar anthropology) have been much diminished by population movement in the post-communist period." In his pseudoscientific 1939 book 2143:

Albanian Christianity lay within the orbit of the bishop of Rome from the first century to the eighth. But in the eighth century Albanian Christians were transferred to the jurisdiction of the patriarch of Constantinople. With the schism of 1054, however, Albania was divided between a Catholic north

881:

Large parts of Gegënia posed a security problem for the Ottoman Empire, due to the tribalism of Gheg society and limited state control. Gheg freedoms were tolerated by Abdul Hamid II and he enlisted them in his palace guard, integrated the sons of local notables from urban areas into the bureaucracy

664:

river were Catholic and under the jurisdiction of the Pope. Various reasons have been put forward for the spread of Catholicism among northern Albanians. Traditional affiliation with the Latin rite and Catholic missions in central Albania in the 12th century fortified the Catholic Church against

818:

The Ghegs remained out of the reach of the regular Ottoman civil administration until the end of Ottoman rule. In areas where Ghegs were still tribesmen they followed their own laws and lived an autonomous existence. The fact that the tribes of northern Albania were not completely subdued by the

988:

Gheg in opposition to southern Socialist Tosk, which additionally increased the contention between Tosks and Ghegs. In 1998 Berisha exploited the traditional Gheg—Tosk rivalry when he encouraged armed anti-Government protesters in Shkodër in actions that forced the resignation of prime minister

415:

The Ottoman Turkish term, used during the times when Albania and the wider area was included in the empire, was Gegalık, meaning land of the Ghegs. During the late Ottoman period apart from the term Arnavudluk (Albania) being used for Albanian regions, the designation Gegalık was also used in

252:

annexed and ruled the Tosk-inhabited south at the beginning of the 15th century, while the territory populated by Ghegs remained out of the reach of the regular Ottoman civil administration until the beginning of the 20th century. As a consequence, the Ghegs evolved isolated from the Tosks.

2144:

and an Orthodox south. Prior to the Turkish conquest, the ghegs (the chief tribal group in northern Albania) had found in Roman Catholicism a means of resisting the Slavs, and though Albanian Orthodoxy remained important among the tosks (the chief tribal group in southern Albania)

3450:

Exploiting the historic Gheg (north)-Tosk (south) rivalry, he encouraged rioters in the northern town of Shkoder (a traditional DPA stronghold) in February 1998 and, in September, led his armed supporters in anti-Government protests that led to resignation to prime minister Fatos

683:, in both of which they form of a majority of population, while they have a thinner distribution in central Albania and northeastern Albania and Kosovo. There are also Ghegs who practice Orthodox Christianity, mainly living in the southwest of the Gheg-speaking region, especially 2184:

The Albanian church north of Shkumbin River was entirely Latin and under the pope's jurisdiction. During the twelfth century, the Catholic church in Albania intensified efforts to strengthen its position in middle and southern Albania. The Catholic Church was organized in 20

963:

members were Tosks. Therefore, the communist takeover was accompanied by the transfer of political power from the Ghegs to the Tosks. The Ghegs were consistently persecuted by the predominantly Tosk regime, which saw them as traditionalist and less developed. After

316:

The popular perception in non-Albanian literature of all northern Albanians as Ghegs is a product of identifying major dialect groups with all corresponding regional groupings. Likewise, only the people of certain regions in southern Albania identify as Tosks.

894:

to end the Hamidian regime. Subsequent centralising policies and militarism toward the Albanian Question by the new Young Turk government resulted in four years of local revolts by Ghegs who fought to keep tribal privileges and the defense system of

3488:...national solidarity for the refugees was overwhelming, albeit coupled with inevitable grumbles about theft and community disruption. Gheg-Tosk rivalry faded and the nation was able to cater for a vast refugee influx without internal conflict 620:(a social arrangement where marriage is allowed only outside of a social group). The land belongs to the clan, and families are traditionally extended, consisting of smaller families of many brothers who all live in one extended ménage ( 1786:... the Ghegs being split up into a number of distinct tribal groups, such as the powerful and very independent Mirdite clan in the mountain fastnesses to the south-east of Scutari; the Klementi, Hoti, Kastrati; the Pulti, Shala,... 979:

After the fall of the communist regime, religion was again the major factor which determined social identity, and rivalry between Ghegs and Tosks re-emerged. The new political leaders of post-communist Albania appointed by Gheg

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Religious differences also existed before the coming of the Turks. Originally, all Albanians had belonged to the Eastern Orthodox Church... Then the Ghegs in the North adopted in order to better resist the pressure of Orthodox

497:

were almost all Ghegs, they chose to write in Tosk for political reasons. This change of literary language has significant political and cultural consequences because the language is the main criterion for Albanian

1205:

the two ethnic sub-groups to which Albanians actually belong: the Ghegs in the north and the Tosks in the south... The Ghegs and Tosks differ from each other in linguistic, historical-cultural and socio-religious

337:

was initially used for confessional denotation, being used in pre-Ottoman Albania by its Orthodox population when referring to their Catholic neighbors. Some theories say that the term Gegë is derived from the

937: 1000:, rivalry between Ghegs and Tosks faded, and a huge number of refugees from Kosovo were catered for with no internal conflict, despite unavoidable grumbles about the disruption of the community and theft. 2109:

Gheg clan society lasted until the 1950s in northern Albania. ... Children were betrothed sometimes even before birth, often in respect of an existing alliance or in order to establish friendship or piece

605:(standard bearer). Several bajraks composed a tribe, which was led by a man from a notable family, while major issues were decided by the tribe assembly whose members were male members of the tribe. 2520:

A new important impulse to the rise of Gheg culture is due to the revival of Albanian Catholicism, traditionally distinguished for ils highly prestigious cultural tradition and generic Albanianism.

972:, who was one of the few Ghegs among the leaders of the country. He took cautious steps towards changing direction on the national identity issue by gradually assuming the cause of the Ghegs from 1516:

Most of the ethnic Albanians that live outside the country are Ghegs, although there is a small Tosk population clustered around the shores of lakes Presp and Ohrid in the south of Macedonia.

2715:

These differences existed before appearance of Turks. Traditionally there has been the division between the Ghegs in the north and the Tosks in the south, the Shkumbi River being the line

913:(1912-1913) Gheg and Tosk Albanians managed to secure two concessions from the Ottoman government: the rights of Albanian ethnicity and rights for the highlander population during the 2333:

Zuckerman, Phil. "Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns ", chapter in The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, ed. by Michael Martin, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK (2005) -

309:, while moving northwards it is not a form of regional self-identification. For example, the people of the Dukagjin highlands when asked about their regional appellation would reply 518:. The Ghegs of Northern Albania are one of only two tribal societies which survived in Europe until the middle of the 20th century (the other being the Montenegrin highlanders in 847:). In areas of Albania were Malësors (highlanders) lived, the empire only posted Ottoman officers who had prior experience of service in other tribal regions of the state like 3510:

at the Symposium: Albanese Tradities en Taal: 100 Jaar Onafhankelijk Albanië / Albanian Language and Culture: 100 Years of Independence, University of Leiden, 10 November 2012

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Goring, Rosemary (ed). Larousse Dictionary of Beliefs & Religions (Larousse: 1994); pg. 581-584. Table: "Population Distribution of Major Beliefs" (Nonreligious 74.00%) -

2267:. Social Science History Association Annual Meeting St. Louis, October 24–27, 2002. Data ultimately from the 1918 Albanian census. Urban city data displayed on this map here: 305:. None of these regions overlap with one another and each has its own self-identification. This is reflected in the fact that only the people of proper Gegnia call themselves 1098:

The Albanians comprise two ethnic subgroups: the Ghegs, who generally occupy the area north of the Shkumbin river; and the Tosks, most of whom live south of the river.

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Northern Ghegs were consistently persecuted by the largely Tosk-run socialist regime, stereotyped as less developed, steeped in traditional culture and communal law

2352:

O'Brien, Joanne and Martin Palmer (1993). The State of Religion Atlas. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster ("Over 50% of Albanians claim 'no religious alliance.'") -

2287:"Instantanés d’Albaníe, un autre regard sur les Balkans" (2005), Etudiants en Tourisme et Actions Patrimoniales. (Plus de 72% irréligieux ou non pratiquants.) - 253:

Similarly, the Islamization of the Ghegs was incomplete, with a large area of northwestern Albania remaining Catholic. The Ottomans never completely subdued the

1601:

Although the Albanian population in Yugoslavia is almost exclusively Gheg, the Albanian writers there have chosen, for sheer political reasons, to write in Tosk

823:

is raised to the level of orthodoxy among the members of the tribes. A possible explanation is that the Ottomans did not have any real interest in subduing the

870:(memorandum) that declared both Ghegs and Tosks had made an oath to defend the state and homeland in the name of Islam. During the crisis Ghegs and Tosks made 595:(clan) was headed by the oldest male and formed the basic unit of tribal society. A political and territorial equivalent consisting of several clans was the 2320: 2289: 485:

The Ghegs speak Gheg Albanian, one of the two main Albanian dialects. The Albanian communist regime based the standard Albanian language mostly on

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During the Ottoman period in the history of Albania (1385–1912), the majority of Albanians converted to Islam. Today, the majority of Ghegs are

459:

as well as southern North Macedonia, the ethnic Albanians in the Balkans who live in Kosovo, North Macedonia (mostly) and Montenegro are Ghegs.

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Gheg (Gege) seems to be derived from an onomatopoeic word for 'babbling,' as contrasted with Shqiptare, or 'those who speak clearly, correctly.

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suppress the League of Prizren movement, especially after Gheg Albanians revolted in 1881 and posed a military challenge to Ottoman authority.

766: 3474: 3436: 3399: 3362: 3325: 3236: 3202: 3173:

It is furthermore undeniable that the entry into Albania of 1.5 million Ghegs from Kosovo would change the balance of power between Ghegs ...

3159: 3125: 3070: 3033: 2996: 2962: 2787: 2738: 2701: 2643: 2613: 2576: 2543: 2479: 2436: 2402: 2228: 2095: 2058: 2021: 1987: 1929: 1892: 1858: 1747: 1651: 1587: 1502: 1459: 1398: 1323: 1286: 1229: 1191: 1154: 1084: 636:

was basically an economic and political deal arranged among the members of the tribe, while those who got married had no say in the matter.

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The fact that former president Sali Berisha, elected in April 1992, was a northerner from Tropojë has only intensified Gheg-Tosk rivalry.

1906:

The Ghegs, who live in the northern mountainous regions, were traditionally herders and were organized around the exogamous, patrilineal

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The political-cultural relevance of the abolition of literary Gheg with literary Tosk....Albanians identify themselves with language...

747:

and the Scutarine Catholic School of Letters led by Fishta significantly contributed to this blossoming. The Ghegs are known for their

2170: 577:

The Ghegs, particularly those who lived in the north-eastern area, were the most faithful supporters of the set of traditional laws (

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vilayets. In the 1880s, Albanians defined the wider region of Gegalık (Ghegland) as encompassing the Ottoman administrative units of

3250:

Religion was once again a major factor in social identity, and elements of traditional Gheg- Tosk, north-south rivalries re-emerged.

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regime, many people don't identify with any faith, and a large number of people do not usually attend the services of any religion.

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river and in areas of the mountainous north. This region is widely referred to by Albanians as Gegënia or Gegnia and as Gegëria.

691:(where they formed 17% of the population in 1918). Orthodox Ghegs were traditionally also heavily concentrated in the region of 1721:

Ghegs of northern Albania present the only true example of a tribal system surviving in Europe until the mid-twentieth century.

933: 2271: 653: 534:

pattern of separate, scattered, mostly fortified homesteads. There are several distinct tribal groups of Ghegs which include

2450:... a golden age in the first decades of the 20th century, and much credit for this blossoming of Gheg culture goes to him 867: 640:

was occasionally practised among the Ghegs. Child betrothal was also practised by the Ghegs, sometimes even before birth.

1048:(both Latin and Greek-Byzantine rites) is the largest Christian denomination of the Albanian people in northern Albania, 675:, with a large minority being Catholic. Catholic Albanians are most heavily concentrated in northwestern Albania and the 346:

which is the Albanian word for those who speak clearly. This is sometimes considered illogical because the self-ethnonym

2375: 2356: 2337: 891: 815:

There was a distinction between Ghegs and Tosks before the Ottomans appeared in Albania at the end of the 14th century.

696: 2605:

Twenty Years' Residence among the People of Turkey; Bulgarians, Greeks, Albanians, Turks, and Armenians: in large print

897: 3339:

By contrast, the new leaders, including former president Sali Berisha, ousted in 1997, are almost all northern Ghegs

960: 719: 3047:

The Communist victory had realized the transference of political power from the Ghegs to the Tosks, and as around

2550:

The Ghegs - are, characteristically , an immensely tall people, round - headed, long - faced and strong - nosed.

257:

of Ghegs because they were more useful to them as a stable source of mercenaries. Instead, they implemented the

2730:

The Modernization of Public Education in the Ottoman Empire, 1839-1908: Islamization, Autocracy, and Discipline

835:(banner chiefs) in exchange for their obligation to mobilize local fighters to support military actions of the 824: 265:(banner chiefs) in exchange for their obligation to mobilize local fighters to support military actions of the 254: 1451:

Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, and Analysis

1076:

Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, and Analysis

2296: 914: 906: 871: 984:

were almost all Ghegs from northern Albania. The administration of Sali Berisha was identified as northern

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The Ghegs are known for a distinctive variety of epic poetry called Rapsodi Kreshnike sung by elderly men.

637: 1168:

There were and there remain distinct cultural and linguistic differences between Albanian Ghegs and Tosks

902: 2562: 1256: 887: 657: 441: 417: 1036:

is the largest denomination of the Albanian people in Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro and North Macedonia.

890:(1908) some Ghegs were one group in Albanian society that gave its support for the restoration of the 827:

because they were more useful to them as a stable source of mercenaries. The Ottomans implemented the

2590:

Ghegs, who are often described as fair, are taller than Tosks, who are darker and more Mediterranean.

1554:

Canadian review of studies in nationalism: Revue canadienne des études sur le nationalisme, Volume 19

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Canadian review of studies in nationalism: Revue canadienne des études sur le nationalisme, Volume 19

985: 859: 676: 531: 433: 3376:

administration was identified as northern Gheg 'nationalist' as opposed to southern Tosk 'Socialist'

1243:

Thus the Tosks and the Ghegs evolved virtually in isolation until Albania obtained its independence.

955:. That was perceived by many Ghegs as the Tosk takeover of Gheg lands. Most members of the post-war 740: 535: 294: 3117:

East Central Europe in the Modern World: The Politics of the Borderlands from Pre-To Postcommunism

2676: 940:. This recruitment was also supported by some anthropological research which considered Ghegs an 3523: 1146:

When East Meets West: Examining Classroom Discourse at the Albanian Socio-political Intersection

1119: 1850: 3470: 3464: 3432: 3426: 3395: 3358: 3352: 3321: 3232: 3198: 3194: 3155: 3121: 3115: 3066: 3029: 3023: 2992: 2958: 2931: 2783: 2777: 2734: 2728: 2697: 2691: 2639: 2633: 2609: 2572: 2539: 2475: 2432: 2426: 2398: 2314: 2224: 2218: 2166: 2160: 2132: 2128: 2091: 2054: 2048: 2017: 2011: 1983: 1925: 1888: 1854: 1743: 1703: 1697: 1647: 1583: 1498: 1455: 1449: 1394: 1388: 1319: 1282: 1225: 1219: 1187: 1181: 1150: 1080: 1074: 1045: 1009: 862:

resulted in Albanian resistance to partition by neighbouring powers with the formation of the

786:, long faces, broad chests, robust builds, convex-shaped noses, and flat skulls. According to 739:

seminaries and hospitals, and trained native clergy, which all resulted in the development of

621: 437: 432:(Shkodër) and Duraç (Durrës) sanjaks that composed İșkodra vilayet (province), the sanjaks of 429: 385: 238: 198: 175: 3391:

Central and southeastern Europe in transition: perspectives on success and failure since 1989

3317:

Central and southeastern Europe in transition: perspectives on success and failure since 1989

2392: 1919: 1882: 1737: 1641: 1144: 951:, communist forces predominantly composed of Tosks captured Albania after the retreat of the 665:

Orthodoxy, while local leaders found an ally in Catholicism against Slavic Orthodox states.

3290: 3226: 2925: 2779:

Contested Cultural Heritage: Religion, Nationalism, Erasure, and Exclusion in a Global World

2666: 2255: 1494: 840: 795: 728: 567: 559: 425: 157: 79: 56: 2035:...Albanian sworn virginity can never have been more than occasional phenomenon among Ghegs 2471: 2379: 2360: 2341: 2275: 2264: 1049: 732: 731:

in the second half of the 19th century, aiming to gain influence over Catholic Albanians,

591: 578: 563: 445: 222: 153: 141: 91: 543: 3503: 1643:

Albania and the European Union: The Tumultuous Journey Towards Integration and Accession

735:, with Ottoman approval, opened and financed many schools in the Albanian language, and 400: 384:ë (dialectal and archaic) "glatë" (tall, long) (Standard Albanian "gjatë", Gheg "gat"); 2670: 2629: 2257:

Regional variation in marriage patterns in Albania at the beginning of the 20th century

1843: 1112: 875: 863: 820: 787: 771: 649: 629: 613: 515: 421: 409: 359: 351: 249: 242: 214: 925:

The Ghegs were dominant in the political life of Albania in the pre-communist period.

601:(standard). The leader of a bajrak, whose position was hereditary, was referred to as 3517: 3187: 2122: 1487: 783: 744: 695:(Reka e Epërme) in North Macedonia. There are also some groups of Ghegs who practice 571: 551: 486: 478: 468: 371: 234: 107: 2072:

Ghegs practiced childhood betrothal — there are reports of the betrothal of fetuses.

905:

that called for Albanian sociopolitical rights within the Ottoman Empire during the

3507: 1348:“Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch”, J. Pokorny, 1959, Bern : Francke 981: 948: 929: 883: 836: 799: 555: 339: 290: 266: 137: 2268: 2200:

Regnum Albaniae, the Papal Curia, and the Western Visions of a Borderline Nobility

3389: 3315: 3262: 3149: 3060: 2986: 2952: 2603: 2566: 2533: 2505: 2464: 2085: 1977: 1952: 1771: 1613: 1577: 1552: 1528: 1313: 1276: 782:

The Ghegs have been characterized as an immensely tall people, with round, hyper-

616:(a system in which an individual belongs to his or her father's lineage), and on 1033: 965: 910: 755: 748: 708: 669: 582: 501: 381: 355: 350:

seems to have been developed by Ghegs. According to the Austrian-Czech linguist

128: 120: 776:

The Mountains of Giants: A Racial and Cultural Study of the North Albanian Gheg

473: 451:

Little more than half of ethnic Albanians from Albania are Ghegs. Except for a

47: 1272: 997: 990: 969: 941: 758:

among Albanians gave a new and important impulse to the rise of Gheg culture.

736: 704: 692: 680: 586: 519: 494: 490: 330: 302: 230: 133: 95: 3010:

However, many Ghegs perceived this event as the Tosk conquest of Gheg lands.

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The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913

2394:

The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913

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Social Change in Developing Areas: A Reinterpretation of Evolutionary Theory

956: 952: 848: 652:

until the eighth century. Then, dioceses in Albania were transferred to the

452: 366: 326: 183: 52: 831:

system within northern Albanian tribes, and granted some privileges to the

684: 628:. Gheg Albanian: shpija). Girls were married without their consent, while 2510:. Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France). 2001. p. 179 2372: 2353: 2334: 2198: 1412:...the Ghegs in the north (Ghegeria) and the Tosks in the south (Toskeria) 1014: 700: 661: 633: 539: 376:

and probably denoting originally warlike invading tribes descending from

286: 206: 3267:. Department of Political Science, Columbia University. 1997. p. 11 2206:, Central European University, Department of Medieval Studies, p. 1 743:. The culture of the Ghegs blossomed at the beginning of 20th century. 688: 672: 617: 547: 363: 210: 202: 194: 3151:

The Yugoslav Conflict and Its Implications for International Relations

1773:

A handbook of Serbia, Montenegro, Albania and adjacent parts of Greece

1473:

The Ghegs account for slightly more than half of the resident Albanian

1255:

Zojzi, Rrok; Dajaka, Abaz; Gjergji, Andromaqi; Qatipi, Hasan (1962).

973: 707:. Additionally, as is the case with all Albanians as a legacy of the 609: 597: 523: 456: 377: 226: 218: 87: 1979:

Identity in a Post-Communist Balkan State: An Albanian Village Study

17: 289:

river along its right bank and extends up to modern border between

1739:

Out of Albania: From Crisis Migration to Social Inclusion in Italy

852: 718: 500: 472: 399: 389: 329:

of the term Gheg is not completely clear. According to the writer

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The politics of language and nationalism in modern Central Europe

1315:

The politics of language and nationalism in modern Central Europe

1221:

Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture

938:

21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg (1st Albanian)

656:. In 1054 after the schism, the north became identified with the 1489:

World music: the rough guide. Africa, Europe and the Middle East

932:

Nazi Germany recruited Ghegs from the northern territory of the

527: 2162:

Monasticism in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Republics

2124:

Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics

901:(tower houses). Ghegs from the Shkodër region supported the 1665:

The traditional social organization of the Ghegs was tribal

632:

still existed to some extent until the early 20th century.

648:

Christianity in Albania was under the jurisdiction of the

313:(we are not Gheghs, the Ghegs live beyond the mountains). 2568:

Land of eagles: riding through Europe's forgotten country

2047:

Gary David Comstock; Susan E. Henking (1 February 1997).

2010:

Gary David Comstock; Susan E. Henking (1 February 1997).

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documents by Ottomans. Gegëni or Gegalık encompassed the

241:. The social organization of the Ghegs was traditionally 1485:

Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham; Richard Trillo (1999).

855:

that could bridge cultural divides with Gheg tribesmen.

1557:. University of Prince Edward Island. 1992. p. 207 1533:. University of Prince Edward Island. 1992. p. 206 514:

The social organization of the Ghegs was traditionally

3388:

Hall Gardner; Elinore Schaffer; Oleg Kobtzeff (2000).

3314:

Hall Gardner; Elinore Schaffer; Oleg Kobtzeff (2000).

770:

A Gheg given as an example of the Dinaric type of the

723:

Albanian wedding ceremony in Valbona, northern Albania

687:(where they formed 36% of the population in 1918) and 3277:

Sali Berisha, a Gheg intellectual from the North-East

1957:. U.S. Government Pub. Press Office. 1973. p. 80 2954:

Hitler's Jihadis: Muslim volunteers of the Waffen-SS

455:population in north-western Greece and around lake 147: 113: 101: 73: 63: 38: 3186: 2463: 1842: 1486: 1300:...was a confessional name in pre-Ottoman Albania. 1111: 774:by 20th-century race theorist Carleton S. Coon in 408:In Albania, Ghegs predominantly live north of the 301:begins. Leknia itself is bordered to the north by 436:(Novi Pazar), İpek (Pejë), Priștine (Prishtinë), 1180:Hugh Poulton; Suha. Taji Faruqi (January 1997). 489:. This practice has been criticized, notably by 245:, with several distinct tribal groups of Ghegs. 3148:Stefano Bianchini; Robert Craig Nation (1998). 2602:Blunt, Fanny Janet Sandison (23 October 2023). 2269:http://www-gewi.uni-graz.at/seiner/density.html 1640:Mirela Bogdani; John Loughlin (15 March 2007). 2696:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 497. 2223:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 498. 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1731: 1729: 1186:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 117. 3264:The International Journal of Albanian Studies 2907: 2905: 2880: 2878: 2759: 2757: 1387:Jaroslav Krej cí; Vitězslav Velímský (1981). 1278:The Politics of Language in Socialist Albania 1261:. Academy of Sciences of Albania. p. 27. 444:(Skopje) of Kosovo vilayet and the sanjak of 8: 3466:The Albanian Question: Reshaping the Balkans 3354:The Albanian Question: Reshaping the Balkans 3231:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 4. 3109: 3107: 2635:The Albanian Question: Reshaping the Balkans 1982:. Ashgate Publishing, Limited. p. 104. 1736:Russell King; Nicola Mai (15 January 2011). 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1370: 1368: 1366: 660:. Since that time all churches north of the 526:). The tribal organization was based on the 477:Gheg dialect and sub-dialects shown in red. 33: 3289:Human Rights Watch. Helsinki Watch (1995). 2507:Archives de sciences sociales des religions 1138: 1136: 261:system, and granted some privileges to the 182:) are one of two major ethnic subgroups of 3193:. University of California Press. p. 3120:. Stanford University Press. p. 287. 2690:Leften Stavros Stavrianos (January 2000). 2217:Leften Stavros Stavrianos (January 2000). 2154: 2152: 2050:Que(e)rying Religion: A Critical Anthology 2013:Que(e)rying Religion: A Critical Anthology 311:na nuk jemi gegë, gegët janë përtej maleve 46: 32: 1281:. East European Monographs. p. 190. 3225:Miranda Vickers; James Pettifer (1997). 2535:The Europeans: An Ethnohistorical Survey 1921:Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia 1884:Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia 1579:Albanian literature: social perspectives 1118:. Schenkman Publishing Company. p. 765: 589:. Among Gheg Malësors (highlanders) the 3504:Northern Albanian Culture and the Kanun 3096:Dennis Kavanagh (1998). "Alia, Ramiz". 2911: 2896: 2884: 2869: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2809: 2763: 2373:http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_472.html 2354:http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_472.html 2335:http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_472.html 1828: 1809: 1797: 1683: 1435: 1423: 1374: 1357: 1065: 1026: 612:Gheg tribes was traditionally based on 608:The organization of once predominantly 3428:Central and South-Eastern Europe: 2003 3065:. Cambridge Scholars Pub. p. 54. 3062:The politics and aesthetics of refusal 2319:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2312: 1849:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1390:Ethnic And Political Nations In Europe 3185:Donald L. Horowitz (1 January 1985). 3100:. Oxford University Press. p. 9. 1702:. Taylor & Francis. p. 254. 1393:. Taylor & Francis. p. 205. 7: 2985:Tomasz Kamusella (15 January 2009). 2776:Helaine Silverman (1 January 2011). 1776:. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 40 1312:Tomasz Kamusella (15 January 2009). 1183:Muslim Identity and the Balkan State 886:into the Ottoman system. During the 342:word for "babbling", in contrast to 74:Regions with significant populations 3098:A Dictionary of Political Biography 3059:Caroline Hamilton (1 August 2007). 2991:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 244. 2391:George Gawrych (26 December 2006). 1318:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 242. 741:literature in the Albanian language 209:characteristics. The Ghegs live in 2930:. London: IB Tauris. p. 189. 968:died in 1985, he was succeeded by 237:, one of the two main dialects of 25: 2127:. Duke University Press. p. 1841:Barbara Jelavich (29 July 1983). 1770:Great Britain. Admiralty (1916). 959:regime and three quarters of the 404:Ethnographic regions of the Ghegs 193:They are differentiated by minor 2431:. Scarecrow Press. p. 139. 2428:Historical Dictionary of Albania 1448:Piotr Eberhardt (January 2003). 1073:Piotr Eberhardt (January 2003). 798:classified them as part of the " 132: 119: 27:Linguistic subgroup of Albanians 3295:. Human Rights Watch. p. 6 3025:The Albanians: A Modern History 2951:Jonathan Trigg (1 April 2009). 2397:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 29, 30. 1918:Jeffrey E. Cole (31 May 2011). 1881:Jeffrey E. Cole (31 May 2011). 1699:History and social anthropology 2957:. History Press. p. 146. 2425:Robert Elsie (19 March 2010). 2087:Encyclopedia of world cultures 1742:. Berghahn Books. p. 62. 1618:. Telos Press. 1989. p. 1 811:Pre-Ottoman and Ottoman period 654:patriarchate of Constantinople 1: 3529:Albanian ethnographic regions 2571:. I. B. Tauris. p. 128. 530:system of loyalties, and the 505:Gheg woman from North Albania 448:(Debar) in Monastir vilayet. 1954:Area Handbook for Yugoslavia 1582:. R. Trofenik. p. 173. 1454:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 433. 1079:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 433. 892:Ottoman constitution of 1876 55:, Gheg tribal leader of the 3469:. I.B.Tauris. p. 123. 3357:. I.B.Tauris. p. 219. 3028:. I.B.Tauris. p. 164. 2727:Selçuk Akşin Somel (2001). 2638:. I.B.Tauris. p. 270. 2632:; Vickers, Miranda (2007). 1976:Douglas Saltmarshe (2001). 1110:Barringer, Herbert (1965). 3545: 3431:. Routledge. p. 641. 3292:Albania the Greek Minority 2165:. Routledge. p. 352. 2121:Ramet, Sabrina P. (1989). 2053:. Continuum. p. 147. 2016:. Continuum. p. 146. 1646:. I.B.Tauris. p. 75. 1218:Richard C. Frucht (2005). 961:Communist Party of Albania 882:and co-opted leaders like 699:, living in areas such as 466: 424:, and a small area of the 362:"γίγας" (giant). From the 285:) is located north of the 3189:Ethnic Groups in Conflict 2782:. Springer. p. 120. 2608:. BoD – Books on Demand. 1224:. ABC-CLIO. p. 698. 152: 118: 106: 78: 68: 45: 3463:Miranda Vickers (2007). 3394:. Praeger. p. 107. 3351:Miranda Vickers (2007). 3320:. Praeger. p. 107. 3114:Andrew C. Janos (2000). 3022:Miranda Vickers (1999). 2924:Gawrych, George (2006). 2378:26 December 2018 at the 2359:26 December 2018 at the 2340:26 December 2018 at the 2090:. G.K. Hall. p. 5. 1924:. ABC-CLIO. p. 10. 1887:. ABC-CLIO. p. 10. 1493:. Rough Guides. p. 825:northern Albanian tribes 255:northern Albanian tribes 2466:World Music: The Basics 2274:27 October 2019 at the 2084:David Levinson (1992). 915:Albanian revolt of 1912 907:Albanian revolt of 1911 481:dialects shown in blue. 3154:. Longo. p. 160. 2733:. BRILL. p. 208. 2693:The Balkans Since 1453 2462:Richard Nidel (2005). 2263:3 October 2019 at the 2220:The Balkans Since 1453 2159:Murzaku, Ines (2015). 1845:History of the Balkans 866:(1878) which issued a 844: 779: 724: 625: 506: 482: 405: 179: 2563:Robin Hanbury-Tenison 2532:Geipel, John (1969). 2470:. Routledge. p. 2197:Lala, Etleva (2008), 1143:Monika Shehi (2007). 888:Young Turk Revolution 769: 762:Physical anthropology 722: 658:Roman Catholic Church 504: 476: 403: 186:(the other being the 148:Related ethnic groups 3425:Imogen Bell (2002). 1696:I. M. Lewis (1970). 909:. On the eve of the 860:Great Eastern Crisis 792:The Races of Europe 784:brachycephalic heads 532:dispersed settlement 498:self-identification. 3506:- Lecture given by 2872:, pp. 60, 210. 2672:The Races of Europe 2254:Gruber, Siegfried. 1576:Arshi Pipa (1978). 1258:Etnografa Shqiptare 510:Social organization 388:"gatë" (heron) and 354:, it derived from ( 35: 2899:, pp. 3, 141. 1360:, pp. 21, 29. 780: 725: 507: 483: 406: 370:the giants of the 233:. The Ghegs speak 3476:978-1-86064-974-5 3438:978-1-85743-136-0 3401:978-0-275-96460-3 3364:978-1-86064-974-5 3327:978-0-275-96460-3 3238:978-1-85065-279-3 3204:978-0-520-05385-4 3161:978-88-8063-155-2 3127:978-0-8047-4688-5 3072:978-1-84718-244-9 3035:978-1-86064-541-9 2998:978-0-230-55070-4 2964:978-1-86227-487-7 2812:, pp. 46–47. 2789:978-1-4419-7305-4 2740:978-90-04-11903-1 2703:978-1-85065-551-0 2667:Coon, Carleton S. 2645:978-1-86064-974-5 2615:978-3-387-30368-1 2578:978-1-84511-855-6 2545:978-0-582-11243-8 2481:978-0-415-96800-3 2438:978-0-8108-7380-3 2404:978-1-84511-287-5 2230:978-1-85065-551-0 2097:978-0-8168-8840-5 2060:978-0-8264-0924-9 2023:978-0-8264-0924-9 1989:978-0-7546-1727-3 1931:978-1-59884-303-3 1894:978-1-59884-303-3 1860:978-0-521-27458-6 1831:, pp. 30–31. 1812:, pp. 34–35. 1800:, pp. 35–36. 1749:978-0-85745-390-7 1653:978-1-84511-308-7 1589:978-3-87828-106-1 1504:978-1-85828-635-8 1461:978-0-7656-1833-7 1438:, pp. 28–29. 1400:978-0-85664-988-2 1325:978-0-230-55070-4 1288:978-0-88033-168-5 1231:978-1-57607-800-6 1193:978-1-85065-276-2 1156:978-0-549-12813-7 1086:978-0-7656-1833-7 1046:Roman Catholicism 1010:Tribes of Albania 392:"gigas" (giant). 281:(the land of the 239:Albanian language 170:(also spelled as 164: 163: 16:(Redirected from 3536: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3483: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3447: 3445: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3192: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3168: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3111: 3102: 3101: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3007: 3005: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2565:(15 July 2009). 2559: 2553: 2552: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2490: 2488: 2469: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2388: 2382: 2369: 2363: 2350: 2344: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2318: 2310: 2308: 2307: 2301: 2295:. 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