86:
220:
61:
42:
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one time. Factors affecting the size of the tunnel system appeared to be influenced more by the amount of energy needed to maintain and patrol it rather than the amount of vegetation present. Tunnels include nests, located about 50 cm (20 in) under ground, and lined with grass and other plant material, as well as food caches containing grasses, roots, and tubers.
504:
The gophers spend 72% of their time in their nests, coming above ground to search for food or mates, and for young animals to establish new burrows. Territorial and aggressive, especially in male-to-male interaction, these rodents appear to use their greatly increased sensitivity to soil vibration to
417:
arches are widely flared, providing ample room for muscle attachment, although, unlike other pocket gophers, this species does not use the curved incisors to assist the feet in digging. The external cheek pouches, which distinguish this family from other mammals, can be turned inside-out for grooming
513:
Plains pocket gophers typically breed only once a year, although they may sometimes breed twice in good years or warmer climates. The breeding season varies with latitude, ranging from April to May in
Wisconsin to as long as January to September in Texas. Females give birth to one to six young after
448:
A long-term controlled study of tunnel excavation by plains pocket gophers found that the rate of tunnel construction ranges from a high of 2,059 cm/week of new tunnels to a low of none over several weeks during the summer. About 30 to 50 m (98 to 164 ft) of tunnels were open at any
432:
Males are significantly larger than females, with a total body length of 25 to 35 cm (9.8 to 13.8 in), compared with 21 to 32 cm (8.3 to 12.6 in) in females. The tail is short and hairless, reaching 5 to 11 cm (2.0 to 4.3 in) in length, and only marginally longer in
550:. Though pocket gophers are considered to be no more than pests by farmers and suburban lawn owners, they play active roles in soil aeration, flood control via improved drainage, and soil and plant diversity.
533:
by five weeks of age. Although they initially move around in their mother's burrow, after weaning, they quickly leave to establish burrows of their own, and reach the full adult size after about three months.
492:
pattern of activity during the day with increased activity occurring from 1300–1700 and then again from 2200–0600. For a fossorial animal with a metabolically expensive lifestyle (360–3400 times as much as
408:
has short fur with brown to black coloration over the upper body and lighter brown or tan fur on the underparts. Whitish hairs cover the tops of the feet, while the short, tapered tail is nearly naked.
445:
diet of plant roots. The local vegetation is less significant than the nature of the soil, and the gophers are found in prairie grasslands, agricultural land, and even urban areas.
1876:
505:
maintain their solitary lifestyle. They rarely explore burrows inhabited by other gophers, although they sometimes investigate those that have been previously abandoned.
1901:
529:
The young are born hairless and blind, and initially weigh about 5 g (0.18 oz). They begin to develop fur at 10 days, open their eyes at three weeks, and are
287:. Eight subspecies are currently recognised, although some former subspecies have since been considered to be species in their own right, and are no longer included:
1709:
1906:
1787:
542:
Due to the widespread distribution of this species, its adaptability to suitable habitat, the lack of any major threats, and an apparently stable population,
1851:
867:
Gordon, R. D. and
Skelley, P. E. (2007). "A monograph of the Aphodiini inhabiting the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae)".
1683:
1722:
993:
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a gestation period around 30 days. However, pregnancies lasting up to 51 days have been recorded, and this variation may indicate some form of
497:
creatures), planning daily activity around burrow temperature, where lack of air flow and high humidity lead to a decrease in evaporative and
1861:
381:
population. This would support the hypothesis that drier environmental conditions with extensive prairies extended further south during the
488:
Plains pocket gophers show no seasonal change in activity, except for an increased level of activity during mating season. They do show a
1896:
1891:
1871:
1748:
882:
1766:
390:
1727:
433:
males. Adults males weigh from 230 to 473 g (8.1 to 16.7 oz) and females 128 to 380 g (4.5 to 13.4 oz).
429:/g/h, and high conductance, a tolerance for low oxygen levels and high carbon dioxide levels, and a decreased water intake.
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purposes. They are used for carrying food up to 7 cm (2.8 in) in length and have a forward opening.
85:
1424:
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515:
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1515:
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Plains pocket gophers prefer deep, sandy, friable soils to facilitate their burrowing lifestyle and their
1443:
1418:
1813:
1488:
1191:
180:
1622:
1450:
971:
949:
Reichman, O.J.; et al. (2002). "The role of pocket gophers as subterranean ecosystem engineers".
1657:
1631:
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1307:
1289:
1154:
1113:
519:
267:
Plains pocket gophers are found throughout the Great Plains of North
America, ranging from southern
1497:
1433:
1349:
1213:
1086:
593:
473:
50:
1779:
829:
Thorne, D.H. & Andersen, D.C. (1990). "Long-term soil-disturbance pattern by a pocket gopher,
850:
811:
780:
707:
494:
80:
1818:
1714:
1644:
1316:
1828:
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958:
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adaptations include small eyes, short, naked ears, and large fore feet with heavy claws.
394:
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414:
219:
962:
570:
1845:
1735:
1042:
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Benedix Jr., J. H. (1994). "A predictable pattern of daily activity by pocket gopher
606:
Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern
579:
547:
70:
65:
902:
784:
1649:
1262:
461:
453:
452:
The gophers share their tunnels with numerous species of insects, including flies,
272:
252:
251:. They are burrowing animals, found in grasslands and agricultural land across the
798:
Pitts, R.M. & Choate, J.R. (1007). "Reproduction of the plains pocket gopher (
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374:
248:
17:
1607:
41:
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Sullivan, R. M. (1981). "A late
Pleistocene population of the pocket gopher,
255:
of North
America, from Manitoba to Texas. Pocket gophers are the most highly
1670:
410:
370:
363:
295:
256:
244:
97:
883:"Small carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae) from burrows of
776:
1805:
1601:
1030:
1024:
378:
354:
339:
335:
304:
268:
117:
815:
1688:
925:"Insects inhabiting the burrows of the Ozark pocket gopher in Arkansas"
854:
711:
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284:
871:, Vol. 79. The American Entomological Institute, Gainesville, Florida.
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in the United States, and as far east as the extreme western parts of
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Other adaptations to a fossorial lifestyle include a low resting
331:
1662:
1582:
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247:, so named in reference to their externally located, fur-lined
891:
pocket gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae) in the United States"
1591:
1541:
1478:
1407:
1386:
1362:
1338:
1260:
1135:
1057:
744:Mammals of the Great Lakes Region, Revised Edition
869:Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute
369:Fossil remains have been found as far south as
594:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42588A22217794.en
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644:
642:
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8:
1877:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
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932:Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science
385:glacial period, supporting populations of
218:
59:
40:
31:
754:
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670:
614:
612:
592:
1902:Least concern biota of the United States
723:
721:
881:Peck. S.B. & Skelley, P.E. (2001).
558:
690:, in the Nashville Basin, Tennessee".
564:
562:
7:
1907:Least concern biota of North America
501:cooling, is likely to be important.
1852:IUCN Red List least concern species
746:. The University of Michigan Press.
580:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
389:and other prairie species such as
227:Range of the plains pocket gopher
25:
923:Kavorik, P.; et al. (2001).
618:Vaughan, Terry A. et al. (2000)
259:rodents found in North America.
84:
951:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
391:thirteen-lined ground squirrels
360:Geomys bursarius wisconsinensis
1078:Oriental Basin pocket gopher (
476:, feral cats, coyotes, foxes,
345:Geomys bursarius missouriensis
1:
1239:Central Texas pocket gopher (
963:10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02329-1
546:has a conservation status of
1862:Rodents of the United States
1223:Southeastern pocket gopher (
1198:Knox Jones's pocket gopher (
1069:Yellow-faced pocket gopher (
901:(3): 139–148. Archived from
301:Geomys bursarius illinoensis
1326:Underwood's pocket gopher (
1123:Flat-headed pocket gopher (
351:Geomys bursarius ozarkensis
328:Geomys bursarius majusculus
321:– Texas, Oklahoma, eastern
310:Geomys bursarius industrius
1923:
1457:Townsend's pocket gopher (
1164:Attwater's pocket gopher (
464:. Known predators include
292:Geomys bursarius bursarius
243:) is one of 35 species of
1897:Taxa named by George Shaw
1892:Mammals described in 1800
1872:Fauna of the Great Plains
1565:
1553:Michoacan pocket gopher (
1281:Cherrie's pocket gopher (
1105:Merriam's pocket gopher (
1096:Goldman's pocket gopher (
1013:
1002:Extant species of family
226:
217:
210:
205:
186:
179:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
1525:Northern pocket gopher (
1516:Mountain pocket gopher (
1466:Southern pocket gopher (
1374:Buller's pocket gopher (
1299:Variable pocket gopher (
1272:Chiriqui pocket gopher (
1248:Tropical pocket gopher (
1145:(Eastern pocket gophers)
622:. Thomson Learning, Inc.
1489:Wyoming pocket gopher (
1425:Botta's pocket gopher (
1173:Baird's pocket gopher (
804:Southwestern Naturalist
733:. Animal Diversity Web.
294:– Canada, the Dakotas,
1507:Mazama pocket gopher (
1308:Hispid pocket gopher (
1290:Darien pocket gopher (
1182:Plains pocket gopher (
1155:Desert pocket gopher (
1114:Perote pocket gopher (
777:10.1006/anbe.1994.1271
655:(Rodentia: Geomyidae)"
649:Connior, M.B. (2011).
620:Mammalogy, 4th Edition
587:: e.T42588A115192675.
319:Geomys bursarius major
271:(Canada), and eastern
1814:Paleobiology Database
1498:Idaho pocket gopher (
1434:Camas pocket gopher (
1350:Giant pocket gopher (
1214:Texas pocket gopher (
1192:Geomys jugossicularis
1087:Smoky pocket gopher (
742:Kurta, Allen (1995).
569:Cassola, F. (2017) .
516:delayed fertilization
338:and Kansas, northern
35:Plains pocket gopher
835:Journal of Mammalogy
692:Journal of Mammalogy
688:Geomys cf. bursarius
520:delayed implantation
373:, indicating a late
235:plains pocket gopher
1444:Thomomys nayarensis
1419:Thomomys atrovarius
1317:Big pocket gopher (
480:, hawks, and owls.
51:Conservation status
727:Teeter, K. (2000)
470:prairie kingsnakes
347:– eastern Missouri
1887:Fauna of Manitoba
1882:Fauna of Nebraska
1867:Rodents of Canada
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1838:
1585:Taxon identifiers
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1451:Thomomys sheldoni
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1007:
659:Mammalian Species
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172:G. bursarius
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27:Species of rodent
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802:) in Missouri".
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810:(2): 238–240.
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1500:T. idahoensis
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1459:T. townsendii
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1436:T. bulbivorus
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1250:G. tropicalis
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1216:G. personatus
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1200:G. knoxjonesi
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1080:C. fulvescens
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1047:Superfamily:
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905:on 2017-07-30
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895:Insecta Mundi
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548:Least Concern
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537:
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526:development.
525:
522:, or delayed
521:
517:
508:
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502:
500:
496:
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474:gopher snakes
471:
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463:
462:cave crickets
459:
455:
450:
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434:
430:
425:of 0.946 ml O
424:
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412:
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406:G. bursarius
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181:Binomial name
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66:Least Concern
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1592:
1567:
1555:Z. trichopus
1554:
1542:
1527:T. talpoides
1526:
1518:T. monticola
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1508:
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1458:
1449:
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1410:Megascapheus
1409:
1387:
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1339:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1301:H. heterodus
1300:
1292:H. dariensis
1291:
1282:
1273:
1263:Heterogeomys
1261:
1249:
1240:
1233:G. streckeri
1231:
1224:
1215:
1208:G. lutescens
1206:
1199:
1190:
1184:G. bursarius
1183:
1181:
1175:G. breviceps
1174:
1166:G. attwateri
1165:
1157:G. arenarius
1156:
1136:
1125:C. planiceps
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1071:C. castanops
1070:
1058:
954:
950:
944:
935:
931:
918:
907:. Retrieved
903:the original
898:
894:
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868:
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841:(1): 84–89.
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619:
598:. Retrieved
584:
578:
572:
544:G. bursarius
543:
541:
538:Conservation
528:
512:
509:Reproduction
503:
487:
466:rattlesnakes
451:
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386:
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359:
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344:
327:
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291:
273:North Dakota
266:
263:Distribution
253:Great Plains
239:
238:
234:
232:
211:
189:
187:
171:
170:
158:
29:
1775:NatureServe
1697:iNaturalist
1617:Wikispecies
1468:T. umbrinus
1365:Pappogeomys
1341:Orthogeomys
1310:H. hispidus
1283:H. cherriei
1241:G. texensis
1107:C. merriami
1098:C. goldmani
1060:Cratogeomys
495:terrestrial
443:herbivorous
401:Description
375:Pleistocene
206:Subspecies
1846:Categories
1544:Zygogeomys
1491:T. clusius
1376:P. bulleri
1352:O. grandis
1274:H. cavator
1225:G. pinetis
1089:C. fumosus
1049:Geomyoidea
1041:Suborder:
1004:Geomyidae
909:2011-08-21
554:References
499:convective
362:– western
334:, eastern
323:New Mexico
277:New Mexico
1509:T. mazama
1479:Subgenus
1427:T. bottae
1408:Subgenus
1319:H. lanius
1017:Kingdom:
957:: 44–49.
415:Zygomatic
411:Fossorial
371:Tennessee
364:Wisconsin
296:Minnesota
275:south to
257:fossorial
212:See text
166:Species:
148:Geomyidae
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1780:2.106455
1767:12800063
1715:10201156
1608:Q1426222
1602:Wikidata
1569:Category
1481:Thomomys
1389:Thomomys
1037:Rodentia
1031:Mammalia
1025:Chordata
1023:Phylum:
1019:Animalia
938:: 75–78.
889:Thomomys
816:30055269
785:54429471
484:Behavior
379:Holocene
377:, early
355:Arkansas
340:Missouri
336:Nebraska
305:Illinois
269:Manitoba
144:Family:
138:Rodentia
128:Mammalia
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1829:7018976
1754:1001858
1689:2439378
1035:Order:
1029:Class:
855:1381322
712:1380607
490:bimodal
478:badgers
437:Ecology
285:Indiana
200:, 1800)
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1857:Geomys
1826:uBio:
1728:180216
1676:GEOMDU
1663:328027
1138:Geomys
885:Geomys
853:
814:
783:
710:
600:17 May
531:weaned
524:zygote
460:, and
454:scarab
387:Geomys
314:Kansas
159:Geomys
1819:46610
1806:83523
1793:27682
1741:42588
1710:IRMNG
1702:44059
1650:3FQBV
928:(PDF)
851:JSTOR
812:JSTOR
781:S2CID
708:JSTOR
281:Texas
1788:NCBI
1736:IUCN
1723:ITIS
1684:GBIF
1671:EPPO
887:and
602:2023
585:2016
456:and
393:and
332:Iowa
279:and
233:The
198:Shaw
1762:MSW
1749:MDD
1658:EoL
1645:CoL
1632:ADW
959:doi
843:doi
833:".
773:doi
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700:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
