739:
93:
74:
2470:
964:
This combination of mathematical model and physical binding mean that anyone using the same datum will obtain the same location measurement for the same physical location. However, two different datums will usually yield different location measurements for the same physical location, which may appear
773:
of a point on Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or close to) the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called
1704:). Aside from rounding, this is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 m of each other if the two points are one degree of longitude apart.
1199:
at sea level, one longitudinal second measures 30.92 m, a longitudinal minute is 1855 m and a longitudinal degree is 111.3 km. At 30° a longitudinal second is 26.76 m, at
Greenwich (51°28′38″N) 19.22 m, and at 60° it is 15.42 m.
1195:, one latitudinal minute is 1843 m and one latitudinal degree is 110.6 km. The circles of longitude, meridians, meet at the geographical poles, with the west–east width of a second naturally decreasing as latitude increases. On the
1849:
Like any series of multiple-digit numbers, latitude-longitude pairs can be challenging to communicate and remember. Therefore, alternative schemes have been developed for encoding GCS coordinates into alphanumeric strings or words:
1292:
1367:
841:
1629:
1000:
Datums may be global, meaning that they represent the whole Earth, or they may be local, meaning that they represent an ellipsoid best-fit to only a portion of the Earth. Examples of global datums include
1444:
1553:
2412:
676:
1698:
1672:
1482:
1014:
1897:, a proprietary system that encodes GCS coordinates as pseudorandom sets of words by dividing the coordinates into three numbers and looking up words in an indexed dictionary.
2384:
2502:
2018:
Alternative versions of latitude and longitude include geocentric coordinates, which measure with respect to Earth's center; geodetic coordinates, which model Earth as an
1078:
965:
to differ by as much as several hundred meters; this not because the location has moved, but because the reference system used to measure it has shifted. Because any
1510:
1395:
1058:
452:
2148:
1575:
957:, surveyed locations at which monuments are installed, and were only accurate for a region of the surface of the Earth. Some newer datums are bound to the
274:
2269:
1220:
442:
410:
2326:
791:
2528:
420:
1304:
3260:
2495:
2410:
1985:
973:
is ultimately calculated from latitude and longitude, it is crucial that they clearly state the datum on which they are based. For example, a
931:
In order to use the theoretical definitions of latitude, longitude, and height to precisely measure actual locations on the physical earth, a
2474:
2339:
2061:
596:
improved on this system by determining latitude from stellar measurements rather than solar altitude and determining longitude by timings of
400:
1580:
866:, which diverges from it in several places for political and convenience reasons, including between far eastern Russia and the far western
667:
2190:
2082:
181:
2488:
2253:
2184:
1862:
1492:, not spherical, that result can be off by several tenths of a percent; a better approximation of a longitudinal degree at latitude
703:
480:
2375:
986:
922:
873:
The combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of
2212:
1211:(that is, the number of meters you would have to travel along a north–south line to move 1 degree in latitude, when at latitude
1963:
1164:
541:
1160:
945:
is used to measure elevation or altitude. Both types of datum bind a mathematical model of the shape of the earth (usually a
266:
640:
credited him with the full adoption of longitude and latitude, rather than measuring latitude in terms of the length of the
1922:
1402:
974:
282:
2303:
2022:; and geographic coordinates, which measure with respect to a plumb line at the location for which coordinates are given.
1517:
1151:. These changes are insignificant if a local datum is used, but are statistically significant if a global datum is used.
537:, the geographic coordinate system is not cartesian because the measurements are angles and are not on a planar surface.
3270:
1901:
These are not distinct coordinate systems, only alternative methods for expressing latitude and longitude measurements.
1866:
827:
707:
2135:
1958:
534:
502:
738:
2450:
2006:
1107:
Points on the Earth's surface move relative to each other due to continental plate motion, subsidence, and diurnal
609:
2112:
1855:
1010:
245:
38:
706:, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the
679:
to use a prime meridian around 10° east of
Ptolemy's line. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following
2273:
1970:
1371:(Those coefficients can be improved, but as they stand the distance they give is correct within a centimeter.)
966:
954:
926:
580:
526:
212:
65:
2243:
1397:
is to assume a spherical Earth (to get the width per minute and second, divide by 60 and 3600, respectively):
159:
1677:
2637:
1642:
1454:
879:
863:
310:
2345:
994:
990:
330:
92:
2009:, causing their degree measurements to overstate its length west from Rhodes or Alexandria, respectively.
1916:
1180:
1140:
1002:
585:
529:
that are in use, and forms the basis for most others. Although latitude and longitude form a coordinate
473:
390:
140:
1025:. The distance to Earth's center can be used both for very deep positions and for positions in space.
3265:
2515:
1029:
815:
688:
506:
380:
350:
290:
240:
166:
3280:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2702:
2697:
2668:
2663:
2618:
2585:
2548:
1022:
946:
918:
914:
799:
795:
723:
649:
510:
202:
150:
1080:. In the United Kingdom there are three common latitude, longitude, and height systems in use. WGS
3163:
3111:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2511:
1940:
1872:
851:
847:
846:—continue to use other meridians for internal purposes. The prime meridian determines the proper
775:
715:
561:
552:), as different datums will yield different latitude and longitude values for the same location.
122:
692:
2804:
2714:
2335:
2249:
2180:
2174:
2078:
2057:
1949:
1115:
and the Sun. This daily movement can be as much as a meter. Continental movement can be up to
1063:
1018:
727:
672:
222:
207:
3275:
2628:
2613:
2599:
2578:
2562:
2541:
1977:
1736:
953:
for a vertical datum) to the earth. Traditionally, this binding was created by a network of
867:
680:
466:
217:
1978:
Mathematical data for bibliographic descriptions of cartographic materials and spatial data
1495:
1380:
1043:
877:
or depth. The visual grid on a map formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a
2454:
2416:
1910:
617:
605:
549:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
2031:
WGS 84 is the default datum used in most GPS equipment, but other datums can be selected.
2005:
The pair had accurate absolute distances within the
Mediterranean but underestimated the
2707:
2673:
1928:
1560:
1124:
1084:
84 differs at
Greenwich from the one used on published maps OSGB36 by approximately 112
970:
958:
933:
908:
884:
835:
621:
613:
601:
545:
430:
197:
171:
2434:
Portions of this article are from Jason Harris' "Astroinfo" which is distributed with
1952: – Celestial coordinate system used to specify the positions of celestial objects
1296:
The returned measure of meters per degree latitude varies continuously with latitude.
818:
to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great
3254:
2623:
2592:
2555:
2220:
1882:
699:
597:
575:
2527:
1287:{\displaystyle 111132.92-559.82\,\cos 2\phi +1.175\,\cos 4\phi -0.0023\,\cos 6\phi }
862:
meridian of
Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E. This is not to be conflated with the
1449:
985:
for the same location. Converting coordinates from one datum to another requires a
823:
662:
571:
155:
77:
Longitude lines are perpendicular to and latitude lines are parallel to the
Equator
2480:
1377:
An alternative method to estimate the length of a longitudinal degree at latitude
854:, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the
1802:
1132:
896:
683:' recovery of Ptolemy's text a little before 1300; the text was translated into
112:
73:
3210:
3106:
3061:
2295:
1894:
1299:
Similarly, the length in meters of a degree of longitude can be calculated as
1170:
1108:
783:
779:
633:
625:
589:
2019:
1865:(GEOREF), developed for global military operations, replaced by the current
1758:
1188:
859:
855:
831:
826:), which converge at the North and South Poles. The meridian of the British
759:
711:
641:
567:
522:
191:
117:
2469:
1362:{\displaystyle 111412.84\,\cos \phi -93.5\,\cos 3\phi +0.118\,\cos 5\phi }
1028:
Local datums chosen by a national cartographical organization include the
1934:
1875:
or "Plus Codes", developed by Google and released into the public domain.
1780:
1701:
1489:
1144:
874:
794:
of all geographic coordinate systems. The
Equator divides the globe into
755:
518:
370:
187:
176:
2447:
17:
3015:
2607:
2570:
2533:
2144:
2104:
1888:
1878:
1196:
819:
814:
of a point on Earth's surface is the angle east or west of a reference
787:
654:
637:
250:
107:
84:
1207:
84 spheroid, the length in meters of a degree of latitude at latitude
2435:
1937:, standard representation of geographic point location by coordinates
1624:{\displaystyle \textstyle {\tan \beta ={\frac {b}{a}}\tan \phi }\,\!}
1037:
809:
719:
658:
629:
593:
360:
320:
258:
671:
corrected
Marinus' and Ptolemy's errors regarding the length of the
2439:
1913: – Angular measurements, typically for latitude and longitude
1824:
1192:
982:
978:
950:
892:
737:
684:
530:
514:
145:
72:
525:. It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various
1112:
1093:
1089:
1033:
888:
447:
340:
2484:
2443:
2179:, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 102–103,
2105:"Using the EPSG geodetic parameter dataset, Guidance Note 7-1"
1925: – System to capture, manage, and present geographic data
768:
1009:
84, also known as EPSG:4326), the default datum used for the
941:
is used to precisely measure latitude and longitude, while a
842:
Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière
786:
is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the
778:, as they are parallel to the Equator and to each other. The
653:
used the same prime meridian but measured latitude from the
1139:
a year as a result of the melting of the ice sheets of the
570:
of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to
883:. The origin/zero point of this system is located in the
1919: – Distance measured along the surface of the Earth
1954:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1891:, an open-source system originally developed at TomTom.
1191:
at the
Equator, one latitudinal second measures 30.715
42:
2242:
American
Society of Civil Engineers (1 January 1994).
1708:
Longitudinal length equivalents at selected latitudes
1681:
1647:
1645:
1584:
1458:
750:
angle measurements for a spherical model of the Earth.
540:
A full GCS specification, such as those listed in the
2219:. Greenwich 2000 Limited. 9 June 2011. Archived from
1680:
1583:
1563:
1520:
1498:
1457:
1405:
1383:
1374:
The formulae both return units of meters per degree.
1307:
1223:
1066:
1046:
834:, in southeast London, England, is the international
1945:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1439:{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{180}}M_{r}\cos \phi \!}
1040:. Given a location, the datum provides the latitude
1015:
International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame
1548:{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{180}}a\cos \beta \,\!}
544:and ISO 19111 standards, also includes a choice of
1692:
1666:
1623:
1569:
1547:
1504:
1476:
1438:
1389:
1361:
1286:
1072:
1052:
1931: – System of geographic location identifiers
1688:
1619:
1544:
1472:
1435:
981:will be different than a UTM coordinate based on
838:, although some organizations—such as the French
628:, and measured north or south of the island of
2419:Geographic Information Systems – Stackexchange
2377:A guide to coordinate systems in Great Britain
2296:"WGS 84: EPSG Projection -- Spatial Reference"
2054:Introduction to Geographic Information Systems
657:instead. After their work was translated into
616:at the westernmost known land, designated the
2496:
2176:The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy
2137:Reconstructing Eratosthenes' Map of the World
1881:, a public domain system based on the Morton
620:, off the coast of western Africa around the
588:in the 3rd century BC. A century later,
474:
8:
2272:. Government of Ireland 1999. Archived from
1973: – System to specify locations on Earth
839:
949:for a horizontal datum, and a more precise
718:voted against the motion, while France and
26:
2503:
2489:
2481:
2334:(5th ed.). Atlas books. p. 102.
1127:high-pressure area can cause a sinking of
993:, although in certain situations a simple
714:, England as the zero-reference line. The
481:
467:
448:Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID)
443:International Terrestrial Reference System
80:
2056:(9th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 24.
1687:
1682:
1679:
1646:
1644:
1618:
1598:
1585:
1582:
1562:
1543:
1521:
1519:
1497:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1420:
1406:
1404:
1382:
1346:
1327:
1311:
1306:
1271:
1252:
1233:
1222:
1065:
1045:
887:about 625 km (390 mi) south of
1706:
1171:Arc length § Great circles on Earth
726:in place of local determinations by the
64:For broader coverage of this topic, see
32:This is an accepted version of this page
2406:
2404:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2213:"The International Meridian Conference"
2147:: University of Otago, pp. 20–24,
2044:
1998:
1693:{\displaystyle \textstyle {\beta }\,\!}
1667:{\textstyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}=0.99664719}
612:using coordinates measured east from a
509:system for measuring and communicating
83:
28:
2383:, D00659 v3.6, Ordnance Survey, 2020,
2079:"The Nature of Geographic Information"
1477:{\displaystyle \textstyle {M_{r}}\,\!}
895:, a location often facetiously called
2115:from the original on 15 December 2021
2085:from the original on 19 February 2024
1943: – method of spatial referencing
7:
2217:Millennium Dome: The O2 in Greenwich
668:Book of the Description of the Earth
608:compiled an extensive gazetteer and
306:
59:System to specify locations on Earth
453:Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
415:European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989
2448:The KDE Education Project – KStars
2248:. ASCE Publications. p. 224.
2193:from the original on 17 March 2023
325:Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936
291:Discrete Global Grid and Geocoding
182:Horizontal position representation
57:
2390:from the original on 2 April 2020
2270:"Making maps compatible with GPS"
2154:from the original on 2 April 2015
1863:World Geographic Reference System
1450:Earth's average meridional radius
704:International Meridian Conference
2526:
2468:
2306:from the original on 13 May 2020
2245:Glossary of the Mapping Sciences
1702:reduced (or parametric) latitude
1557:where Earth's equatorial radius
923:Geographic coordinate conversion
610:mathematically plotted world map
241:Global Nav. Sat. Systems (GNSSs)
91:
2109:EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset
1964:Selenographic coordinate system
1858:, popular with radio operators.
1165:Length of a degree of longitude
405:N. American Vertical Datum 1988
1988:Commission on Map Projections.
1161:Length of a degree of latitude
435:Internet link to a point 2010
365:Geodetic Reference System 1980
283:Quasi-Zenith Sat. Sys. (QZSS)
1:
3261:Geographic coordinate systems
1923:Geographic information system
604:. In the 1st or 2nd century,
425:Chinese obfuscated datum 2002
2475:Geographic coordinate system
2438:, a desktop planetarium for
1867:Global Area Reference System
1017:(ITRF), used for estimating
578:, who composed his now-lost
495:geographic coordinate system
375:Geographic point coord. 1983
1959:Planetary coordinate system
677:medieval Arabic cartography
535:cartesian coordinate system
335:Systema Koordinat 1942 goda
3297:
2052:Chang, Kang-tsung (2016).
2007:circumference of the Earth
1168:
1158:
912:
906:
753:
722:abstained. France adopted
559:
395:World Geodetic System 1984
63:
2525:
2522:
2134:McPhail, Cameron (2011),
1982:Geographical co-ordinates
1856:Maidenhead Locator System
1011:Global Positioning System
840:
527:spatial reference systems
385:North American Datum 1983
355:South American Datum 1969
1971:Spatial reference system
1488:. Since the Earth is an
1096:, differs from about 120
1073:{\displaystyle \lambda }
967:spatial reference system
927:Spatial reference system
742:Diagram of the latitude
246:Global Pos. System (GPS)
213:Spatial reference system
66:Spatial reference system
39:latest accepted revision
1577:equals 6,378,137 m and
1111:movement caused by the
1088:m. The military system
864:International Date Line
2325:Bolstad, Paul (2012).
2111:. Geomatic Solutions.
1694:
1668:
1625:
1571:
1549:
1506:
1478:
1440:
1391:
1363:
1288:
1074:
1054:
991:Helmert transformation
858:on a single side. The
751:
734:Latitude and longitude
647:Ptolemy's 2nd-century
78:
2173:Evans, James (1998),
1917:Geographical distance
1695:
1669:
1626:
1572:
1550:
1507:
1505:{\displaystyle \phi }
1479:
1441:
1392:
1390:{\displaystyle \phi }
1364:
1289:
1075:
1055:
1053:{\displaystyle \phi }
1003:World Geodetic System
913:Further information:
741:
586:Library of Alexandria
141:Geographical distance
76:
2477:at Wikimedia Commons
2415:29 June 2016 at the
2300:spatialreference.org
1678:
1643:
1581:
1561:
1518:
1496:
1455:
1403:
1381:
1305:
1221:
1064:
1044:
1030:North American Datum
987:datum transformation
977:coordinate based on
800:Southern Hemispheres
661:in the 9th century,
315:Sea Level Datum 1929
167:Geodetic coordinates
3271:Geographic position
2619:Tropic of Capricorn
2587:Tropic of Capricorn
2550:Tropic of Capricorn
2512:Circles of latitude
2453:17 May 2008 at the
1845:Alternate encodings
1709:
1023:crustal deformation
997:may be sufficient.
947:reference ellipsoid
919:Reference ellipsoid
915:Figure of the Earth
852:Western Hemispheres
782:is 90° N; the
724:Greenwich Mean Time
507:geodetic coordinate
345:European Datum 1950
303:Standards (history)
203:Reference ellipsoid
151:Figure of the Earth
29:Page version status
2351:on 15 October 2020
1976:Jan Smits (2015).
1941:Linear referencing
1873:Open Location Code
1707:
1690:
1689:
1664:
1656:
1621:
1620:
1567:
1545:
1502:
1474:
1473:
1436:
1387:
1359:
1284:
1155:Length of a degree
1147:is rising by only
1143:, but neighboring
1070:
1050:
1036:, and the British
752:
716:Dominican Republic
626:Cape Verde Islands
562:History of geodesy
223:Vertical positions
79:
35:
3248:
3247:
2473:Media related to
2341:978-0-9717647-3-6
2063:978-1-259-92964-9
1950:Primary direction
1842:
1841:
1655:
1606:
1570:{\displaystyle a}
1529:
1414:
1019:continental drift
828:Royal Observatory
792:fundamental plane
728:Paris Observatory
708:Royal Observatory
673:Mediterranean Sea
491:
490:
439:
438:
218:Spatial relations
208:Satellite geodesy
163:
16:(Redirected from
3288:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
2629:Antarctic Circle
2614:Tropic of Cancer
2602:
2601:Antarctic Circle
2595:
2588:
2581:
2580:Tropic of Cancer
2573:
2565:
2564:Antarctic Circle
2558:
2551:
2544:
2543:Tropic of Cancer
2536:
2530:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2482:
2472:
2420:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2382:
2372:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2344:. Archived from
2333:
2328:GIS Fundamentals
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2223:on 6 August 2012
2209:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2142:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2077:DiBiase, David.
2074:
2068:
2067:
2049:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2016:
2010:
2003:
1955:
1946:
1737:Saint Petersburg
1710:
1700:is known as the
1699:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1648:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1607:
1599:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1530:
1522:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1425:
1424:
1415:
1407:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1184:
1178:
1150:
1138:
1130:
1123:in a century. A
1122:
1118:
1103:
1099:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1008:
937:must be used. A
868:Aleutian Islands
845:
844:
812:
771:
749:
745:
681:Maximus Planudes
483:
476:
469:
307:
286:
278:
270:
262:
254:
194:
153:
95:
81:
47:9 September 2024
21:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2518:
2509:
2465:
2460:
2455:Wayback Machine
2429:
2424:
2423:
2417:Wayback Machine
2409:
2402:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2331:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2276:on 21 July 2011
2268:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2187:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2140:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2017:
2013:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1953:
1944:
1911:Decimal degrees
1907:
1847:
1676:
1675:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1579:
1578:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1516:
1515:
1494:
1493:
1490:oblate spheroid
1485:
1460:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1416:
1401:
1400:
1379:
1378:
1369:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1159:Main articles:
1157:
1148:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1101:
1097:
1085:
1081:
1062:
1061:
1042:
1041:
1032:, the European
1006:
961:of the Earth.
939:horizonal datum
929:
911:
905:
810:
769:
762:
754:Main articles:
747:
743:
736:
693:Jacopo d'Angelo
618:Fortunate Isles
606:Marinus of Tyre
564:
558:
550:Earth ellipsoid
487:
458:
457:
304:
296:
295:
284:
276:
268:
260:
252:
236:
228:
227:
186:
136:
128:
127:
103:
69:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3294:
3292:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3253:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2531:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2464:
2463:External links
2461:
2459:
2458:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2400:
2362:
2340:
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2287:
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2254:
2234:
2204:
2185:
2165:
2126:
2096:
2069:
2062:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2024:
2011:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1932:
1929:Geo URI scheme
1926:
1920:
1914:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1876:
1870:
1859:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:1.855 km
1830:
1829:111.3 km
1827:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1807:96.49 km
1805:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1785:78.85 km
1783:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1766:1.158 km
1764:
1763:69.47 km
1761:
1756:
1755:51° 28′ 38″ N
1752:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1744:0.930 km
1742:
1741:55.80 km
1739:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1685:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1639:84 spheroids,
1616:
1613:
1610:
1605:
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1597:
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1566:
1542:
1539:
1536:
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1423:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1399:
1386:
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1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1217:
1156:
1153:
1125:weather system
1069:
1060:and longitude
1049:
971:map projection
959:center of mass
955:control points
943:vertical datum
934:geodetic datum
909:Geodetic datum
907:Main article:
904:
903:Geodetic datum
901:
885:Gulf of Guinea
836:prime meridian
822:(often called
746:and longitude
735:
732:
614:prime meridian
602:dead reckoning
600:, rather than
598:lunar eclipses
557:
554:
548:(including an
546:geodetic datum
489:
488:
486:
485:
478:
471:
463:
460:
459:
456:
455:
450:
445:
437:
436:
433:
427:
426:
423:
417:
416:
413:
407:
406:
403:
397:
396:
393:
387:
386:
383:
377:
376:
373:
367:
366:
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357:
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347:
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343:
337:
336:
333:
327:
326:
323:
317:
316:
313:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
294:
293:
288:
280:
272:
264:
256:
248:
243:
237:
234:
233:
230:
229:
226:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
198:Map projection
195:
184:
179:
174:
172:Geodetic datum
169:
164:
148:
143:
137:
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:
88:
87:
58:
56:
36:
30:
27:
25:
24:
23:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3293:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2630:
2625:
2624:Arctic Circle
2620:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2596:
2594:Arctic Circle
2589:
2582:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2559:
2557:Arctic Circle
2552:
2545:
2538:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2386:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2330:
2329:
2321:
2318:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2255:9780784475706
2251:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2235:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2192:
2188:
2186:9780199874453
2182:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2166:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2138:
2130:
2127:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2045:
2038:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1883:Z-order curve
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1838:11.13 m
1837:
1835:30.92 m
1834:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1813:26.80 m
1812:
1810:1.61 km
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1791:21.90 m
1790:
1788:1.31 km
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1769:19.30 m
1768:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1747:15.50 m
1746:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1683:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1631:; for the GRS
1614:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1564:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1513:
1499:
1491:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1398:
1384:
1375:
1372:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1297:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1216:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1135:is rising by
1134:
1126:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1095:
1091:
1067:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1004:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
935:
928:
924:
920:
916:
910:
902:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
843:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:great circles
821:
817:
813:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
767:
761:
757:
740:
733:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:United States
698:In 1884, the
696:
695:around 1407.
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:
577:
573:
569:
563:
555:
553:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
484:
479:
477:
472:
470:
465:
464:
462:
461:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
434:
432:
429:
428:
424:
422:
419:
418:
414:
412:
409:
408:
404:
402:
399:
398:
394:
392:
389:
388:
384:
382:
379:
378:
374:
372:
369:
368:
364:
362:
359:
358:
354:
352:
349:
348:
344:
342:
339:
338:
334:
332:
329:
328:
324:
322:
319:
318:
314:
312:
309:
308:
300:
299:
292:
289:
287:
281:
279:
273:
271:
265:
263:
259:BeiDou (BDS)
257:
255:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
232:
231:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
193:
189:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
161:
160:circumference
157:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
132:
131:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
105:
99:
98:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
75:
71:
67:
62:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3189:
3166:
3137:
3114:
3014:
2708:
2691:
2674:
2657:
2633:
2606:
2569:
2532:
2433:
2392:, retrieved
2376:
2353:. Retrieved
2346:the original
2327:
2320:
2308:. Retrieved
2299:
2290:
2278:. Retrieved
2274:the original
2264:
2244:
2237:
2225:. Retrieved
2221:the original
2216:
2207:
2195:, retrieved
2175:
2168:
2156:, retrieved
2136:
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2108:
2099:
2087:. Retrieved
2072:
2053:
2047:
2027:
2014:
2001:
1981:
1900:
1848:
1816:9.65 m
1794:7.89 m
1772:6.95 m
1750:5.58 m
1556:
1447:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1298:
1295:
1215:), is about
1202:
1187:spheroid at
1174:
1141:last ice age
1106:
1027:
999:
963:
942:
938:
932:
930:
878:
872:
806:
804:
765:
763:
697:
666:
663:Al-Khwārizmī
648:
646:
579:
572:Eratosthenes
565:
539:
513:directly on
498:
494:
492:
235:Technologies
190: /
102:Fundamentals
70:
61:
46:
37:This is the
31:
3266:Cartography
2394:17 December
2119:15 December
2089:18 February
1803:New Orleans
1486:6,367,449 m
1133:Scandinavia
1119:a year, or
1109:Earth tidal
995:translation
897:Null Island
702:hosted the
113:Geodynamics
3281:Navigation
3255:Categories
2355:27 January
2227:31 October
2039:References
1895:What3words
1662:0.99664719
1635:80 and WGS
1203:On the WGS
1175:On the GRS
1169:See also:
1092:, used by
1013:, and the
989:such as a
784:South Pole
780:North Pole
675:, causing
634:Asia Minor
590:Hipparchus
560:See also:
2516:meridians
2020:ellipsoid
1759:Greenwich
1728:±0.0001°
1713:Latitude
1684:β
1615:ϕ
1612:
1593:β
1590:
1541:β
1538:
1524:π
1500:ϕ
1433:ϕ
1430:
1409:π
1385:ϕ
1357:ϕ
1351:
1338:ϕ
1332:
1322:−
1319:ϕ
1316:
1309:111412.84
1282:ϕ
1276:
1266:−
1263:ϕ
1257:
1244:ϕ
1238:
1228:−
1225:111132.92
1189:sea level
1068:λ
1048:ϕ
880:graticule
860:antipodal
856:Old World
832:Greenwich
807:longitude
776:parallels
760:Longitude
730:in 1911.
712:Greenwich
650:Geography
642:midsummer
581:Geography
568:invention
523:longitude
511:positions
503:spherical
192:Longitude
118:Geomatics
2451:Archived
2413:Archived
2385:archived
2304:Archived
2280:15 April
2191:archived
2158:14 March
2149:archived
2113:Archived
2083:Archived
1935:ISO 6709
1905:See also
1781:Bordeaux
1145:Scotland
1100:m to 180
875:altitude
820:ellipses
816:meridian
796:Northern
766:latitude
756:Latitude
689:Florence
519:latitude
371:ISO 6709
269:(Europe)
267:Galileo
253:(Russia)
251:GLONASS
188:Latitude
177:Geodesic
135:Concepts
43:reviewed
18:Geocoord
3276:Geodesy
2608:Equator
2572:Equator
2535:Equator
2427:Sources
2145:Dunedin
1889:Mapcode
1879:Geohash
1869:(GARS).
1725:Second
1722:Minute
1719:Degree
1197:Equator
848:Eastern
788:Equator
655:Equator
638:Ptolemy
584:at the
556:History
533:like a
501:) is a
431:Geo URI
401:NAVD 88
311:NGVD 29
285:(Japan)
277:(India)
261:(China)
123:History
108:Geodesy
85:Geodesy
2446:. See
2436:KStars
2338:
2252:
2183:
2060:
1637:
1633:
1448:where
1269:0.0023
1231:559.82
1205:
1183:
1179:80 or
1177:
1149:0.2 cm
1102:
1098:
1086:
1082:
1038:OSGB36
1007:
925:, and
790:, the
720:Brazil
659:Arabic
630:Rhodes
622:Canary
594:Nicaea
576:Cyrene
421:GCJ-02
411:ETRS89
391:WGS 84
381:NAD 83
361:GRS 80
321:OSGB36
275:NAVIC
156:radius
3238:45x90
3231:45x90
3224:45x90
3217:45x90
2440:Linux
2388:(PDF)
2381:(PDF)
2349:(PDF)
2332:(PDF)
2310:5 May
2197:5 May
2152:(PDF)
2141:(PDF)
1993:Notes
1825:Quito
1716:City
1344:0.118
1250:1.175
1117:10 cm
983:NAD27
979:WGS84
951:geoid
893:Ghana
685:Latin
644:day.
531:tuple
515:Earth
351:SAD69
331:SK-42
146:Geoid
3010:170°
3005:160°
3000:140°
2995:130°
2990:110°
2985:100°
2950:170°
2945:160°
2940:140°
2935:130°
2930:110°
2925:100°
2890:175°
2885:165°
2880:155°
2875:145°
2870:135°
2865:125°
2860:115°
2855:105°
2800:175°
2795:165°
2790:155°
2785:145°
2780:135°
2775:125°
2770:115°
2765:105°
2709:180°
2703:150°
2698:120°
2675:180°
2669:150°
2664:120°
2396:2021
2357:2018
2336:ISBN
2312:2020
2282:2008
2250:ISBN
2229:2012
2199:2020
2181:ISBN
2160:2015
2121:2021
2091:2024
2058:ISBN
1861:the
1854:the
1799:30°
1777:45°
1733:60°
1325:93.5
1163:and
1137:1 cm
1129:5 mm
1121:10 m
1113:Moon
1094:NATO
1090:ED50
1034:ED50
1021:and
1005:(WGS
889:Tema
850:and
805:The
798:and
764:The
758:and
632:off
566:The
542:EPSG
521:and
341:ED50
158:and
3211:85°
3206:75°
3201:65°
3196:55°
3190:45°
3184:35°
3179:25°
3174:15°
3159:85°
3154:75°
3149:65°
3144:55°
3138:45°
3132:35°
3127:25°
3122:15°
3107:90°
3102:80°
3097:70°
3092:60°
3087:50°
3082:40°
3077:30°
3072:20°
3067:10°
3062:90°
3057:80°
3052:70°
3047:60°
3042:50°
3037:40°
3032:30°
3027:20°
3022:10°
2980:80°
2975:70°
2970:50°
2965:40°
2960:20°
2955:10°
2920:80°
2915:70°
2910:50°
2905:40°
2900:20°
2895:10°
2850:95°
2845:85°
2840:75°
2835:65°
2830:55°
2825:45°
2820:35°
2815:25°
2810:15°
2760:95°
2755:85°
2750:75°
2745:65°
2740:55°
2735:45°
2730:35°
2725:25°
2720:15°
2692:90°
2686:60°
2681:30°
2658:90°
2652:60°
2647:30°
2444:KDE
1986:ICA
1821:0°
1674:. (
1609:tan
1587:tan
1535:cos
1527:180
1512:is
1484:is
1427:cos
1412:180
1348:cos
1329:cos
1313:cos
1273:cos
1254:cos
1235:cos
1181:WGS
1104:m.
975:UTM
969:or
830:in
710:in
691:by
687:at
665:'s
624:or
592:of
574:of
517:as
505:or
499:GCS
45:on
3257::
3164:5°
3112:5°
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2805:5°
2715:5°
2638:0°
2514:/
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2365:^
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2189:,
2143:,
2107:.
2081:.
1984:.
1980:.
1185:84
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2258:.
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