51:. Booth developed the idea of 'classifying neighborhoods', exemplified by his multivariate classification of the 1891 UK Census data to create a generalized social index of London's (then) registration districts. Research at the Chicago School – though generally qualitative in nature – strengthened the idea that such classifications could be meaningful by developing the idea of 'natural areas' within cities: conceived as geographical units with populations of broadly homogenous social-economic and cultural characteristics.
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groupings makes it difficult to assess the significance of trends found in data. This may not matter for commercial and service planning applications but is of some concern for public sector and social research. Others wonder if geography is the best way to group people together, e.g. if there is a retirement home next to a student residence, geography alone will not give the right answers. A way forward is to integrate geodemographics with more statistical frameworks of analysis, for example, using multilevel methods.
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those variables were weighted, or how similar (or otherwise) each of the neighbourhoods within a class type actually are. Open geodemographics provides such information (because it is not constrained by commercial interests) and is an important development for applied social research that also seeks to understand and to explain the roots causes or processes that generate aggregate spatial patterns of social behaviour and attitudes. The Output Area
Classification is now supported by a user group
31:. It includes the application of geodemographic classifications for business, social research and public policy but has a parallel history in academic research seeking to understand the processes by which settlements (notably, cities) evolve and neighborhoods are formed. Geodemographic systems estimate the most probable characteristics of people based on the pooled profile of all people living in a small area near a particular address.
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industry was the development of clustering techniques to group statistically similar neighborhoods into classes on a 'like with like' basis. More recently, data has become available at finer geographical resolutions (such as postal units), often originating from private commercial (i.e. non-governmental) sources.
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Geodemographics has drawn critical attention. Some focus on the possible discriminatory and intrusive effects of geodemographic practices. Others wonder whether members of geodemographic groups really are sufficiently alike to be analysed together. The generally unknown variance within geodemographic
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in the UK is a move to 'open geodemographics' and reflects a concern that applications of commercial geodemographics in policy and social research can otherwise be 'black box'. It is not always clear exactly what variables were used to classify small areas and to define their neighbourhood type, how
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data that this provides can then be used by marketers to target information towards those that they want to influence. This can be in the form of sales, services, or even political information. At heart, geodemographics is just a structured method of making sense of complex socio-economic datasets.
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in the UK. Geodemography has been used to target consumer services to 'ideal' populations based on their lifestyle and location. These parameters have been taken from geographical databases as well as from electoral lists and credit agencies. Combining these builds a picture of the population
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The idea that census outputs could serve to identify and to characterize the geographies of cities gathered momentum with the increased availability of national census data and the computational ability to look for patterns in such data. Of particular importance to the emerging geodemographic
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of the
University of Leeds, released a free small scale social area classification of the UK based on 2001 UK small area census data. Similar classifications had been developed for earlier censuses, notably by
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to create a thumbnail sketch of the type of people living in a particular small area. These small areas are either CCD (Census
Collection District) or a sub-CD area, like a Meshblock.
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Geodemographic profiles have widened their application in the UK. Many UK life insurance companies and pension funds using them to assess longevity for pricing and reserving.
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Censation postcode level classification system distributed free with all AFD Software UK name and address validation solutions
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and colleagues at
Newcastle and Leeds Universities, but access to these generally was restricted to the academic communities.
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Cloud Client – Free online tool for geodemographic mapping, segmentation and output. Covers
England and Wales only
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Cultural factors, such as ethnicity, language spoken, country of birth, and (but not limited to) religion;
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Commercial geodemographics emerged from the late 1970s with the launch of PRIZM by
Claritas in the US and
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The types of characteristics mainly taken into account in geodemographic system construction are:
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In 1987, geodemographic systems were first introduced as social analysis tools with CCN's (later
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105:. CACI have also released detailed documentation on how their classification utilizes Open Data
177:) introduction of the MOSAIC system. In 1990, RDA Research built their first system, geoSmart.
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Employment factors, such as type of job, type of industry, and hours of work;
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is the study of people based on where they live; it links the sciences of
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Household economic factors, like indebtedness, investments, and poverty;
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Internet-based neighbourhood information systems and their consequences
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and his studies of deprivation and poverty in early twentieth century
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Regional factors (e.g. whether the resided area is classified as
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Market
Research Society of the UK Geodemographics Knowledge Base
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indicators like income, education, and occupational status;
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American
Marketing Association definition of geodemography
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HomeTypes and ZoneTypes by Arvato Services (Bertlsmann)
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The origins of geodemographics are often identified as
393:"Applying Survival Models to Pensioner Mortality Data"
514:Health Geodemographics: Southwark Atlas of Health
423:"CATEGORIES OF FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQ)"
484:Geodemographic mapping and reporting for the UK
159:Consumer behavior, like household expenditures;
23:, the study of human population dynamics, and
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499:Demographic mapping and reporting for the UK
489:National Statistics 2001 Area Classification
67:characteristics in different locations. The
338:"BTL Consulting -- Geodemographic Research"
441:"Rda research - geodemographic resources"
356:"rda research - geodemographic resources"
549:Interdisciplinary subfields of sociology
166:, provincial, or sparsely settled), and;
374:"Home - Office for National Statistics"
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84:in collaboration with Dan Vickers and
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82:Office for National Statistics (ONS)
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147:Household and family composition;
358:. 5 January 2009. Archived from
340:. 30 August 2005. Archived from
509:Claritas Geodemography History
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190:Commercial demography systems
504:Articles on geodemographics
411:– via Cambridge Core.
318:Geodemographic segmentation
199:CanaCode Lifestyle Clusters
49:Chicago School of sociology
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270:MicroVision by NDS/Equifax
222:by ONS/University of Leeds
409:10.1017/S1357321700001720
397:British Actuarial Journal
210:Censation by AFD Software
391:Richards, S. J. (2008).
169:Residential stability.
378:www.statistics.gov.uk
292:P People & Places
257:Pathfinder Solutions
248:Pathfinder Solutions
239:Pathfinder Solutions
203:Manifold Data Mining
142:Socioeconomic status
554:Market segmentation
294:by Beacon Dodsworth
207:CAMEO by Callcredit
362:on 5 January 2009.
344:on 30 August 2005.
302:DemographicDrapes
195:PRIZM by Claritas
126:Australian Census
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469:Acorn micro site
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443:. Archived from
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449:. Retrieved
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226:CLOUD CLIENT
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80:In 2005 the
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235:C-Australia
559:Demography
538:Categories
451:2008-09-19
324:References
313:Demography
181:Criticisms
47:, and the
21:demography
122:Australia
86:Phil Rees
76:In the UK
29:sociology
25:geography
307:See also
283:geoSmart
274:Crucible
266:Experian
175:Experian
253:C-Japan
216:by CACI
35:Origins
300:NuMaps
262:Mosaic
45:London
278:Tesco
214:Acorn
98:Acorn
60:Acorn
107:here
103:here
64:CACI
405:doi
276:by
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220:OAC
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120:In
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