42:
30:
1639:
98:
277:
459:
406:, some half a million years ago. At this time, most of what are now considered to be native Irish trees were already established on the island. The action of the ice during the cold stages was the major factor in bringing the Irish landscape to its current form.
306:
were eroded. The thinner layers of limestone in the south of the country were also partially affected by this erosion. The limestone that was exposed by the disappearance of its sandstone mantle was subject to solution by weakly acidic water resulting in a
517:
sandstones with softer
Carboniferous limestones below them. In central Ulster, the mountains are predominantly made from metamorphic rocks. In the west of both Connacht and Ulster, the mountains are mostly metamorphic rocks with some granite. The
389:
and fauna that would millions of years later be familiar to the first human inhabitants began to emerge. The present landscape of
Ireland had more or less formed. Before the Quaternary glaciations the Irish landscape had a thick weathered
401:
Since about 1.7 million years ago, the Earth has been subjected to a cycle of warm and cold stages and these have, inevitably, affected
Ireland. The earliest evidence we have for this effect comes from the period known as the
444:, divides the northern and southern halves of the island and its ridge once served as the main highway connecting the east and west coasts. About one half of the coastline consists of a low-lying dune pasture land known as
905:"Geochronology of the Tardree Rhyolite Complex, Northern Ireland: Implications for zircon fission track studies, the North Atlantic Igneous Province and the age of the Fish Canyon sanidine standard"
1160:
353:
and other mountains in the northern part of the island formed as a result of this activity. Climatic conditions at this time were warm and vegetation thrived. Vegetable debris in the
960:
268:
which saw
Ireland drift further northward. The resulting pressure created those Irish mountain and hill ranges that run in a northeast to southwest direction.
538:
on the north coast, a mainly basalt formation caused by volcanic activity between 50 and 60 million years ago. The basalts were originally part of the great
1280:
728:
873:
2133:
1022:
Simms, Michael J.; Coxon, Peter (2017). "The Pre-Quaternary
Landscape of Ireland". In Coxon, Peter; McCarron, Stephen; Mitchell, Fraser (eds.).
668:
Daly, J. Stephen (1996). "Pre-Caledonian
History of the Annagh Gneiss Complex North-Western Ireland, and Correlation with Laurentia-Baltica".
1205:
1031:
369:
By 25 million years ago, Ireland was close to assuming its present position. From then on, a long period of erosion resulted in considerable
1047:
754:
429:, a common feature of the landscape across the north midlands. Streams also formed under the ice and the material deposited by these formed
1219:
1837:
1340:
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652:
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is one of the largest bogs. The coastal mountains vary greatly in geological structure. In the south, the mountains are composed of
193:
from both sides of the original dividing ocean. The mountains of northwest
Ireland were formed during the collision, as was the
2178:
1273:
361:
which remain untouched. The warm conditions produced high rainfall that accelerated erosion and formed the karstic landscape.
331:. Then, about 150 million years ago, Ireland was again submerged, this time in a chalky sea that resulted in the formation of
1152:
821:
790:
139:. However, because of the effects of later upheavals, it is almost impossible to sequence these early rock layers correctly.
609:
177:
Over the next 150 million years, these two parts moved towards each other, eventually uniting about 440 million years ago.
1930:
1709:
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1360:
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1880:
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813:
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super-eon, what would later become the Irish landmass was in two parts, with one half on the north-western side of the
2294:
1591:
964:
205:, and fossil traces of land-based life forms survive from this period. These include fossilised trees from Kiltorcan,
1626:
1494:
1489:
1266:
1910:
732:
561:. In contrast, in the south and east the soils are free-draining brown earths and brown and grey-brown podzols.
2038:
1960:
1807:
1454:
1206:
Brittle tectonism in relation to the
Palaeogene evolution of the Thulean/NE Atlantic domain: a study in Ulster
881:
2248:
1817:
403:
135:
deposits, demonstrating that at this early period, part of what was to become
Ireland was in the grip of an
1822:
1754:
1566:
904:
1990:
1536:
1484:
1464:
1439:
1325:
903:
Ganerød, M.; Chew, D.M.; Smethurst, M.A.; Troll, V.R.; Corfu, F.; Meade, F.; Prestvik, T. (2011-07-22).
41:
89:. The geological detail follows the major events in Ireland's past based on the geological timescale.
29:
2091:
2086:
1749:
1606:
1504:
1459:
916:
783:
Ingenious
Ireland: A County-by-County Exploration of the Mysteries and Marvels of the Ingenious Irish
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1985:
1920:
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are almost as old. In other parts of Donegal, scientists have discovered rocks that originated as
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1980:
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together with geologically significant sections of the adjacent coast have been declared a
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1970:
1935:
1900:
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in the lowlands. Pre-Quaternary relief was more dramatic than today's smoothed landforms.
249:
222:
206:
319:. Shortly after this period, organic debris in the seas around Ireland began to form the
920:
807:
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that still makes up about 65 per cent of the area of the island. As the waters receded,
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2013:
2005:
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1950:
1905:
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514:
377:, the covering consisted of brown or grey soil, while in poorly drained areas, black
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261:
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flourished. The resulting vegetation eventually formed coal, most of which was later
162:
of around 80° South, close to what is now northwest Africa. From the evidence of the
147:
101:
1098:
Moody, Theodore William; Francis John Byrne; Francis X Martin; Art Cosgrove (2005).
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1955:
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70:
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425:, or glacial lakes. Mounds of debris deposited under the melting ice created
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1965:
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554:
543:
490:
471:
463:
324:
303:
245:
214:
167:
151:
54:
1026:. Atlantis Advances in Quaternary Science. Atlantis Press. pp. 19–42.
806:
Plant, J.A.; Whittaker, A.; Demetriades, A.; De Vivo, B.; Lexa, J. (2005).
201:
and Wicklow. The Irish landmass was now above sea level and lying near the
97:
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rock surface, and extensive cave systems have been formed in some areas.
577:
510:
391:
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74:
50:
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1255:; Irish Virtual Research Library and Archive, University College Dublin
708:. Dublin: Lord Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury. pp. 15, 21
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358:
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226:
202:
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136:
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Hull, Edward; Nolan, Joseph; Cruise, R.J.; M'Henry, Alexander (1890).
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By 250 million years ago, Ireland was at the latitude of present-day
257:
240:, including much of Ireland, sank beneath a warm tropical sea. Great
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over large parts of the surface. Traces of this survive under the
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covered with glacial deposits of clay and sand, with widespread
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and a large variety of different rock types is represented. The
1262:
154:
and the other on the south-eastern side in the micro-continent
494:
410:
65:
consists of the study of the rock formations on the island of
1161:
Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government
588:
is the site of one of the world's longest known free-hanging
994:. Department of Geology, Trinity College Dublin. p. 36.
373:
formation mantling most of the bedrock. In areas with good
174:, both parts of Ireland were below sea level at this time.
549:
The soils of the north and west tend to be poorly drained
236:
Between 400 million and 300 million years ago, parts of
1208:(Subscription required) Retrieved on 10 November 2007
615:. National Parks and Wildlife Service. Archived from
564:
An unusual environment is present in north Clare, in
1128:
Nature in Ireland: A Scientific and Cultural History
2119:
2062:
1999:
1889:
1846:
1773:
1655:
1646:
1296:
776:
774:
772:
1125:Foster, John Wilson; Helena C. G. Chesney (1998).
244:formed in these waters, eventually creating the
809:The Geological and Tectonic Framework of Europe
142:About 600 million years ago, at the end of the
115:is about 1.7 billion years old and is found on
1075:Geology and Environment in Britain and Ireland
1011:. Dublin: Hodges, Figgis & Co. p. 13.
1274:
580:, where surface water disappears through the
8:
357:Depression formed deposits of brown coal or
213:fossils and the footprints of a four-footed
534:plateau. An area of particular note is the
381:tended to dominate. As the climate cooled,
1652:
1281:
1267:
1259:
729:"Precambrian History of England and Wales"
413:on the landscape include the formation of
349:activity that formed this lava began. The
1220:"Blasting threatens future of stalactite"
936:
727:Hill, Jon; Davis, Katie (November 2007).
644:Geological History of Britain and Ireland
505:with limestone river valleys. Around the
530:. Much of the northeast of Ireland is a
189:, show the coming together of shoreline
69:. It includes rocks from every age from
1104:. Oxford University Press. p. 37.
785:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 11, 13.
601:
298:. It was at this time that most of the
1182:"Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast"
988:Six Common Kinds of Rock from Ireland
963:. BBC. September 2004. Archived from
342:that is found in parts of the north.
327:deposits that now play a role in the
7:
1131:. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 16.
1024:Advances in Irish Quaternary Studies
1005:Lloyd Praeger D.Sc., Robert (1934).
647:. Blackwell Publishing. p. 57.
513:border, the mountains are made from
311:landscape that can still be seen in
731:. GeologyRocks.com. Archived from
25:
1253:Geological Survey Maps Collection
961:"Northern Ireland – Living World"
1637:
702:Memoirs of the Geological Survey
572:landscape consists of limestone
489:The large central lowland is of
345:About 66 million years ago, the
670:Irish Journal of Earth Sciences
1218:Deegan, Gordon (27 May 1999).
781:Mulvihill, Mary (1 Dec 2003).
610:"Site Synopsis (Inishtrahull)"
440:). The greatest of these, the
197:that is found in locations in
1:
1931:European Cenozoic Rift System
929:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.05.007
878:Geological Survey of Ireland
853:Geological Survey of Ireland
814:Geological Survey of Finland
260:. This period, known as the
2121:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
1186:Unesco World Heritage Sites
264:period, ended with further
209:, widespread bony fish and
18:Geology of Northern Ireland
2311:
233:also formed at this time.
33:Bedrock geological map of
1635:
1077:. CRC Press. p. 13.
1048:"GSI geology and cuisine"
2039:Jan Mayen Microcontinent
1101:A New History of Ireland
1073:Woodcock, N. H. (1994).
845:"Landscapes for living!"
641:Woodcock, N. H. (2000).
1981:Peri-Caspian Depression
1710:Hallandian-Danopolonian
1008:The Botanist in Ireland
409:Obvious impacts of the
119:off the north coast of
111:The oldest known Irish
1823:Scandinavian Mountains
1341:Bosnia and Herzegovina
486:
404:Ballylinian Warm Stage
287:
108:
58:
38:
1991:White Sea Rift System
1050:. GSI. Archived from
985:Sanders, Ian (2007).
755:"Fossil at Bray head"
461:
279:
100:
53:) sedimentary rocks,
44:
32:
2097:Fennoscandian Craton
2092:East European Craton
1054:on 22 September 2012
454:Rocks and soil types
1986:Timan-Pechora Basin
1921:Dnieper–Donets Rift
1838:Western Carpathians
921:2011ChGeo.286..222G
849:European Landscapes
678:Royal Irish Academy
474:can be seen in the
394:on the uplands and
117:Inishtrahull Island
87:World Heritage Site
47:Upper Carboniferous
2295:Geology of Ireland
2139:Calanques de Piana
1893:basins and grabens
874:"The Ulster Chalk"
735:on 7 December 2007
557:, including peaty
542:formed during the
487:
421:in Wicklow and of
329:economy of Ireland
288:
109:
63:geology of Ireland
59:
39:
2282:
2281:
2219:Monte San Giorgio
2115:
2114:
2072:Armorican terrane
1876:Mediterranean Sea
1290:Geology of Europe
1157:Ask About Ireland
1033:978-94-6239-219-9
884:on 5 October 2015
524:Wicklow Mountains
503:Old Red Sandstone
283:landscape in the
266:tectonic movement
231:Old Red Sandstone
211:freshwater mussel
166:fossils found at
16:(Redirected from
2302:
2179:Jungfrau-Aletsch
2164:Giant's Causeway
2102:Sarmatian Craton
2019:Aegean Sea Plate
1916:Central Lowlands
1911:Baltic Sea Basin
1891:Intracontinental
1653:
1648:Geologic regions
1641:
1592:Northern Ireland
1283:
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1269:
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1226:. Archived from
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915:(3–4): 222–228.
909:Chemical Geology
900:
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880:. Archived from
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536:Giant's Causeway
351:Mourne Mountains
250:tropical forests
238:Northwest Europe
181:discovered near
129:Mullet Peninsula
83:Giant's Causeway
21:
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2129:Aeolian Islands
2111:
2058:
2024:Anatolian Plate
2006:microcontinents
2004:
2001:Tectonic plates
1995:
1971:Pannonian Basin
1961:North Sea Basin
1936:Hellenic Trench
1901:Aquitaine Basin
1892:
1885:
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1775:Mountain ranges
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1495:North Macedonia
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497:and lakes. The
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223:Valentia Island
207:County Kilkenny
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1247:External links
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1224:Irish Examiner
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1153:"Bog of Allen"
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385:slowed, and a
383:soil formation
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296:desert climate
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123:. Outcrops at
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57:, County Clare
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2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:Monte Perdido
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:Curonian Spit
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2044:Moesian Plate
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Iberian Plate
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:Molasse Basin
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:Barents Basin
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1881:Norwegian Sea
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Bay of Biscay
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1813:Ore Mountains
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
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1708:
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1698:
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1668:
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1654:
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1649:
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1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
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1584:
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1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
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1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
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1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:Liechtenstein
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1388:Ă…land Islands
1386:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1371:Faroe Islands
1369:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1230:on 2011-06-29
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1138:0-7735-1817-7
1134:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1111:0-19-821737-4
1107:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1084:1-85728-054-7
1080:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1001:
998:
990:
989:
981:
978:
967:on 2012-04-07
966:
962:
956:
953:
948:
944:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
896:
883:
879:
875:
869:
866:
854:
850:
846:
840:
837:
825:
819:
815:
811:
810:
802:
799:
794:
788:
784:
777:
775:
773:
769:
756:
750:
747:
734:
730:
723:
720:
704:
703:
695:
692:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
664:
661:
656:
654:0-632-03656-7
650:
646:
645:
637:
634:
622:on 2009-03-27
618:
611:
605:
602:
595:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
515:Carboniferous
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
453:
451:
449:
448:
443:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
399:
397:
393:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
364:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
301:
297:
293:
286:
282:
278:
271:
269:
267:
263:
262:Carboniferous
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
217:preserved in
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:Iapetus Ocean
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
107:
103:
102:Slieve League
99:
92:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
56:
52:
48:
43:
36:
31:
27:
19:
2264:Stevns Klint
2107:Volgo–Uralia
1956:Moscow Basin
1861:Arctic Ocean
1798:Dinaric Alps
1750:Svecofennian
1424:
1232:. Retrieved
1228:the original
1213:
1201:
1189:. Retrieved
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1156:
1147:
1127:
1120:
1100:
1093:
1074:
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1052:the original
1042:
1023:
1017:
1007:
1000:
987:
980:
969:. Retrieved
965:the original
955:
912:
908:
898:
886:. Retrieved
882:the original
868:
856:. Retrieved
848:
839:
827:. Retrieved
808:
801:
782:
759:. Retrieved
749:
737:. Retrieved
733:the original
722:
710:. Retrieved
701:
694:
673:
669:
663:
643:
636:
624:. Retrieved
617:the original
604:
563:
548:
499:Bog of Allen
488:
445:
437:
408:
400:
368:
344:
317:County Clare
289:
235:
187:County Louth
176:
158:, both at a
141:
110:
62:
60:
26:
2274:Thingvellir
2244:Rhine Gorge
2054:Tisza Plate
2049:Pelso Plate
1976:Paris Basin
1946:Mezen Basin
1695:Dalslandian
1627:Isle of Man
1567:Switzerland
1490:Netherlands
1166:22 November
757:. Museum.ie
590:stalactites
586:Doolin Cave
526:are mainly
442:Esker Riada
419:Glendalough
321:natural gas
242:coral reefs
183:Clogherhead
144:Precambrian
125:Annagh Head
104:in western
71:Proterozoic
2229:Nærøyfjord
2224:Mount Etna
2204:Messel Pit
2174:High Coast
1926:Ebro Basin
1720:Laxfordian
1690:Carpathian
1685:Caledonian
1675:Belomorian
1537:San Marino
1485:Montenegro
1465:Luxembourg
1440:Kazakhstan
1326:Azerbaijan
1234:23 January
1191:23 January
1058:4 February
971:2013-11-22
938:2262/57422
858:11 January
823:9516909213
792:0684020947
761:4 February
739:23 January
712:3 February
676:. Dublin:
626:30 January
596:References
566:the Burren
462:Layers of
313:the Burren
294:and had a
45:Layers of
2149:Dolomites
1966:Oslo Rift
1871:Black Sea
1788:Apennines
1607:Gibraltar
1505:Jan Mayen
1460:Lithuania
1298:Countries
947:0009-2541
888:31 August
829:31 August
578:sinkholes
544:Paleogene
491:limestone
472:sandstone
464:siltstone
325:petroleum
304:sandstone
246:limestone
215:amphibian
168:Bray Head
152:Laurentia
55:Loop Head
2289:Category
2259:St Kilda
2249:Scandola
2239:Plitvice
2154:Durmitor
2134:Aggtelek
2087:Cimmeria
2077:Avalonia
2064:Terranes
1818:Pyrenees
1793:Caucasus
1765:Variscan
1745:Timanide
1740:Scourian
1735:Scandian
1715:Hellenic
1705:Grampian
1680:Cadomian
1617:Guernsey
1612:Alderney
1597:Scotland
1552:Slovenia
1547:Slovakia
1522:Portugal
1510:Svalbard
1346:Bulgaria
686:30002311
680:: 5–18.
546:period.
511:Connacht
427:drumlins
417:such as
392:regolith
375:drainage
365:Cenozoic
347:volcanic
272:Mesozoic
172:Leinster
164:Oldhamia
160:latitude
156:Avalonia
93:Timeline
75:Holocene
51:Namurian
2269:Surtsey
2254:Ĺ kocjan
2209:Meteora
2199:Laponia
2194:Kvarken
2082:Baltica
1828:Sudetes
1760:Uralian
1730:Saamian
1700:Gothian
1665:Acadian
1657:Orogens
1587:England
1577:Ukraine
1527:Romania
1475:Moldova
1425:Ireland
1420:Iceland
1415:Hungary
1405:Germany
1400:Georgia
1383:Finland
1378:Estonia
1366:Denmark
1351:Croatia
1336:Belgium
1331:Belarus
1321:Austria
1316:Armenia
1311:Andorra
1306:Albania
917:Bibcode
574:bedrock
568:. This
559:podzols
528:granite
484:Munster
478:, near
447:machair
423:corries
359:lignite
309:karstic
227:Munster
203:equator
199:Donegal
195:granite
179:Fossils
137:ice age
133:glacial
127:on the
67:Ireland
35:Ireland
2169:Glarus
1725:Lopian
1670:Alpine
1622:Jersey
1572:Turkey
1562:Sweden
1542:Serbia
1532:Russia
1517:Poland
1500:Norway
1480:Monaco
1450:Latvia
1445:Kosovo
1434:Sicily
1410:Greece
1395:France
1356:Cyprus
1135:
1108:
1081:
1030:
945:
820:
789:
684:
651:
582:porous
532:basalt
520:Mourne
507:Ulster
480:Doolin
438:eiscir
431:eskers
355:Antrim
337:basalt
285:Burren
258:eroded
254:swamps
121:Ulster
106:Ulster
79:basalt
2234:Pirin
1833:Urals
1602:Wales
1557:Spain
1470:Malta
1430:Italy
992:(PDF)
706:(PDF)
682:JSTOR
620:(PDF)
613:(PDF)
570:karst
555:gleys
551:peats
468:shale
435:Irish
396:karst
387:flora
333:chalk
292:Egypt
281:Karst
219:slate
191:fauna
2189:Komi
1803:Harz
1783:Alps
1236:2008
1193:2008
1168:2013
1133:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1079:ISBN
1060:2016
1028:ISBN
943:ISSN
890:2015
860:2008
831:2015
818:ISBN
787:ISBN
763:2016
741:2008
714:2016
649:ISBN
628:2008
553:and
522:and
495:bogs
470:and
379:clay
371:soil
340:lava
323:and
302:and
300:coal
252:and
113:rock
61:The
2003:and
933:hdl
925:doi
913:286
482:in
411:ice
315:in
225:in
221:on
170:in
150:in
73:to
2291::
1222:.
1184:.
1159:.
1155:.
941:.
931:.
923:.
911:.
907:.
876:.
851:.
847:.
816:.
812:.
771:^
674:15
672:.
592:.
466:,
450:.
229:.
185:,
1436:)
1432:(
1282:e
1275:t
1268:v
1238:.
1195:.
1170:.
1141:.
1114:.
1087:.
1062:.
1036:.
974:.
949:.
935::
927::
919::
892:.
862:.
833:.
795:.
765:.
743:.
716:.
688:.
657:.
630:.
509:/
433:(
49:(
37:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
