114:
19:
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421:
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1419:
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403:
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331:
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207:, which are widespread in central and northern Namibia. These are high grade metamorphics, but granitic intrusions are also frequent. In the Neoproterozoic Damara Orogen and Gariep Belt, mineralisation is associated with successive phases of intracontinental rifting (copper, graphite), spreading and the formation of passive continental margins. The overlying rocks of the
385:
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1170:. Major base metal production in Namibia includes copper, lead and zinc. Large-scale mining of base metals, especially copper, plays an important role in the economy of the country. Copper occurs at several locations, but is dominated by the Damara deposits: Otavi Mountainland (including the defunct Tsumeb Mine) and the
1652:
on Earth, is well protected as a national monument and attracts many visitors at the site and in the museum. The famous copper deposit at Tsumeb in northern
Namibia was closed as a mine in 1996, but in addition to commercial sales of blister copper, Tsumeb is noted for its mineralogical diversity,
1113:
The diamonds originated in the interior of southern Africa and were transported by the Orange River to the
Atlantic coast, where they were deposited within beach sediments. Almost the entire coastline is covered by exploration and mining licenses. Offshore mining techniques have been pioneered in
2436:
The stratigraphy, sedimentology, and age of the Late
Palaeozoic Mesosaurus Inland Sea, SW-Gondwana - New implications from studies on sediments and altered pyroclastic layers of the Dwyka and Ecca Group (lower Karoo Supergroup) in southern Namibia (PhD
1653:
having provided innumerable specimens of unique or rare minerals to the world's museums. Tsumeb therefore also deserves to achieve the status of a geosite. Other locations in
Namibia that are of geological significance include traces of Triassic
88:
character. Due to the exposure of the formations in a desert climate and the former German colony, the geology of
Namibia is relatively well studied compared to the more tropical less exposed northern neighbors.
1433:
NamibiaÊŒs geological exposures contribute to a wide variety of geological sites. Some of them have already been protected, but some are unfortunately already spoiled. A formal inventory has provided 32 sites:
281:, and the formation of the South Atlantic Ocean during the Cretaceous. The currently last chapter of the geological history of the country is represented by the widespread Cenozoic to recent deposits of the
1178:. Minor amounts come from Rosh Pinah. A feasibility study of the Skorpion zinc project has confirmed that Skorpion could rank as one of the worldÊŒs largest integrated zinc mining and refining operations.
1122:
of post-Karoo age have been identified. The northeast of the country also hosts some kimberlites, which are currently being explored for their diamond potential. The main occurrences of gold are in the
1102:
copper, while calc-alkaline units of the same age have potential for porphyry and hydrothermal copper, as well as vein-type gold mineralization. Namibia is one of the major producers of
1629:. The head was almost 12 metres (39 ft) high and weighed about 450 tonnes (440 long tons; 500 short tons). On 8 December 1988, the Mukarob collapsed, possibly due to a destructive
931:. The age is estimated to be 4.81 ± 0.5 Ma and the crater is exposed at the surface, but its original floor is covered by sand deposits at least 100 metres (330 ft) thick. The
113:
792:
203:
and metabasic intrusions also occur. It is of
Mesoproterozoic age and covers large areas in the south and southwest of the country. Of Neoproterozoic age are the rocks of the
1671:
2787:
2557:
2379:
2251:
1055:
Targets for mineral exploration have been identified throughout the stratigraphic column. Metamorphic complexes host a variety of prospective environments such as
2301:
18:
2327:
2434:
2062:
A quantitative approach to the evolution of the central Walvis Basin offshore NW-Namibia: structure, mass balancing, and hydrocarbon potential (PhD thesis)
2225:
2171:
North
Namibia margin: regional tectonic evolution based on integrated analysis of seismic reflection and potential field data and modelling (MSc. thesis)
2702:
1621:
or "Finger of God", a weather resistant remnant of a sandstone pinnacle that was left standing on its own as erosion slowly cut back the surrounding
105:
1182:, at the border with South Africa, is a classic porphyry copper-gold-molybdenum deposit featuring oxide and sulphide copper with a predominance of
2542:
2074:
2479:
1625:
of the Karoo
Supergroup in southern Namibia. The Mukorob consisted of a large head of sandstone supported by a narrow neck of soft, fragmented
296:
1644:
in northwest
Namibia is an impressive paleontological monument, which may serve as an already well protected geological site. Similarly, the
2562:
429:
61:
age. About 46% of the countryÊŒs surface are bedrock exposure, while the remainder is covered by the young overburden sediments of the
1895:
2075:"Stratigraphy of the Port Nolloth Group of Namibia and South Africa and implications for the age of Neoproterozoic iron formations"
137:(or Namibian System), while in the south large areas are underlain by the unmetamorphosed, relatively undisturbed sediments of the
2035:
1402:
1303:, exploration intersected oil-prone source rocks in boreholes, of merely five wells until 2004. The Walvis Basin is bound by the
2276:"The Fossilised Desert: recent developments in our understanding of the Lower Cretaceous deposits in the Huab Basin, NW Namibia"
2275:
1114:
Namibia and the country has firmly been established as the world leader in marine diamond mining. Inland, in the vicinity of
1106:, 95% of which are of gem quality. The bulk of the countryÊŒs known diamonds occur along the southern coastline, north of the
2199:
191:, whilst the Grootfontain and the volcano-sedimentary formations of the Rehoboth-Sinclair Complexes were assembled with the
1878:
1862:
1846:
2813:
1205:
is composed of high quality flake graphite, but the mine has not yet gone into operation. Wollastonite is produced in the
2577:
2117:
1463:
1686:
1008:
Tsumeb is a world-famous site for minerals. In the district, 309 different minerals are recorded and the area hosts 72
2886:
2856:
2260:
2082:
169:
2353:
211:
in central southern
Namibia consist of marine sediments indicating a shallow shelf environment, deposited during the
2472:
1568:
1378:
1154:. Graphitic deposits in the Damara Sequence, calcrete hosted deposits of the Tertiary and sedimentary deposits in
2860:
2444:
2328:"Zegdoumyidae (Rodentia, Mammalia) from the Middle Eocene of Black Crow, Namibia : taxonomy, dental formula"
2065:
196:
2302:"The Fossil Collections from the Sperrgebiet at the National Earth Science Museum, Geological Survey of Namibia"
1394:
1249:, granite and other dimension stone for export or local processing are produced between Swakopmund and Karibib.
1171:
2617:
1448:
176:
153:
1429:
period. Specimen found in the Ediacaran Kliphoek member of the Dabis Formation on Farm Aar, near Aus, Namibia.
1320:
1319:
deposits to the south. The ridge, in South America correlated with the Rio Grande Rise, both related with the
1158:
of the Karoo Supergroup, are the three major types of uranium hosting lithologies in Namibia. The deposits at
871:
219:. The clastic components of the Nama Group were mainly derived from the Damara Orogenic Belt, while the basal
2149:
1201:. The Okorusu Fluorspar Mine produces high quality acid-grade fluorspar. The Okanjande graphite deposit near
2852:
2727:
2717:
2522:
2408:
1743:
1483:
1323:, also represents the boundary between volcanic and non-volcanic areas to the south and north respectively.
1009:
882:
2073:
MacDonald, Francis A.; Strauss, Justin V.; Rose, Catherine V.; Duda, Francis O.; Schrag, Daniel P. (2010),
2732:
2622:
2552:
1622:
1603:
1209:
area. Namibia also produces a variety of semi-precious stones through both small and medium scale mining.
204:
1772:
2821:
2792:
2712:
2677:
2662:
2647:
2602:
2537:
2465:
1214:
919:
Roter Kamm crater is a 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) diameter and 130 metres (430 ft) deep circular
2843:
1488:
1163:
282:
2817:
1268:
1063:
2667:
2091:
719:
636:
512:
467:
2190:
1458:
1021:
1013:
947:
765:
731:
689:
587:
548:
521:
494:
449:
2767:
2742:
2592:
2587:
2567:
2532:
2517:
1738:
1665:
in southern Namibia is the second largest canyon of the world and is famous for its scenic beauty.
1513:
875:
846:
817:
813:
707:
675:
641:
623:
503:
485:
243:
180:
122:
1370:
1284:
1280:
1175:
943:
775:
758:
746:
557:
539:
530:
184:
161:
2839:
2830:
2752:
2722:
2707:
2692:
2672:
2637:
2632:
2582:
2527:
2502:
2175:
1583:
1443:
1147:
806:
145:
1532:
1312:
1300:
652:
601:
476:
458:
2142:"Karoo Supergroup palaeontology of Namibia and brief description of a thecodont from Omingonde"
2762:
2757:
2697:
2652:
2612:
2507:
2488:
2253:
Origin and Surface Form of the Tsondab Sandstone Formation, Central Namib Desert (MSc. thesis)
1733:
1662:
1552:
1478:
1272:
1003:
910:
121:
Large areas of the Namibian geology exposed onshore are associated with the Late Proterozoic
2737:
2687:
2642:
2627:
2607:
2597:
2572:
2512:
2099:
1658:
1563:
1527:
1438:
1128:
957:
924:
825:
680:
665:
231:
157:
42:
1139:
is present in several deposits mined principally for their copper, lead and zinc contents.
2747:
2657:
2547:
1899:
1654:
1503:
1498:
1179:
1151:
1115:
251:
192:
62:
46:
31:
2095:
1418:
2404:
2221:
1711:
1677:
1649:
1645:
1573:
1493:
857:
854:
821:
712:
698:
657:
627:
619:
50:
553:
97:
2880:
2226:"Cenozoic deformation and geomorphic evolution of the Sperrgebiet (Southern Namibia)"
1725:
1593:
1557:
1518:
1258:
1246:
1166:
are of granitic origin. In the mid-2000s, Rössing was the countryÊŒs only producer of
1132:
920:
879:
810:
736:
724:
694:
661:
592:
81:
1098:
mineralization. Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic rocks locally contain extensive
901:
1705:
1542:
1359:
1304:
1292:
1262:
1230:
1183:
1107:
797:
While fossiliferous stratigraphic units are relatively rare in Namibia, the unique
614:
440:
188:
149:
130:
77:
66:
27:
2409:"Fossil ratite eggshells: A useful tool for Cainozoic biostratigraphy in Namibia"
199:
consists of metasediments originally eroded from the Congo and Kalahari Cratons.
1882:
1866:
1850:
1522:
1332:
1238:
1226:
1202:
986:
982:
864:
829:
235:
152:
the oldest rocks of the country belong to the Paleoproterozoic (about 2,100 Ma)
134:
23:
2141:
1609:
992:
179:
in NamibiaÊŒs southwest is of late Paleoproterozoic or Mesoproterozoic age. The
1953:
1938:
1923:
1701:
1630:
1598:
1588:
1578:
1508:
1473:
1453:
1347:
1324:
1210:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:
Salt is recovered on a large scale from coastal solar evaporation pans in the
1159:
1119:
1083:
1060:
1017:
928:
834:
802:
481:
267:
247:
224:
208:
141:
2220:
Dauteuil, Olivier; Picart, Carole; Guillocheau, François; Pickford, Martin;
2169:
1426:
1425:
scheiderhoehni is one of the special fossils from Namibia which is from the
1386:
1355:
1351:
1316:
1222:
1155:
1087:
1037:
996:
972:
962:
850:
798:
499:
274:
239:
212:
85:
54:
234:, which in its initial phase is characterized by glacial sediments of the
1641:
1626:
1547:
1350:
coal deposits are located along the coastline between the Huab River and
1328:
1242:
1218:
1095:
1079:
976:
916:
861:
843:
839:
278:
263:
259:
216:
138:
58:
1919:
1346:, at depths of 250 to 300 metres (820 to 980 ft). Large, low-grade
1307:, which formed a barrier in the opening of the Southern Atlantic in the
2380:"Mio-Plio-Pleistocene geology and palaeobiology of Etosha Pan, Namibia"
2103:
1949:
1634:
1618:
1537:
1410:
1276:
1167:
1124:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1067:
966:
951:
454:
436:
255:
230:
No deposition is recorded from the Cambrian until the beginning of the
200:
126:
1934:
1338:
Namibia imports all its power station requirements. A large low-grade
1012:
of minerals and one first reported locality of an unapproved mineral,
544:
535:
526:
508:
463:
1468:
1422:
1343:
1308:
1296:
1288:
1234:
1206:
1143:
1136:
1056:
932:
890:
868:
271:
242:
of northwest Namibia. It is followed by continental sediments of the
220:
73:
2457:
517:
490:
445:
277:
and alkaline sub-volcanic intrusions, are related to the breakup of
1279:. Both basins are compared to their northern counterparts, for the
472:
1637:, but which was recorded strongly on the seismograph in Windhoek.
1608:
1417:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1369:
991:
981:
971:
956:
942:
927:
in the Kalahari Desert, about 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of
900:
886:
165:
112:
104:
96:
17:
2036:"Metallogenesis of Neoproterozoic basins in Namibia and Botswana"
2126:
1339:
1075:
1071:
2461:
1975:
1973:
1354:. Industrial mineral production in Namibia includes salt,
1299:, underexplored. Apart from the discovery of the offshore
144:. Locally, within the Damaran terrain, inliers of older
76:, as well as many geological sites of interest, from
793:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Namibia
148:
occur, for instance in the extreme northwest at the
2801:
2776:
2495:
1335:have been penetrated by wells in the Walvis Basin.
168:. Similar ages are also recorded from rocks of the
2416:Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia
2387:Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia
2361:Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia
2354:"New Ratite Eggshells from the Miocene of Namibia"
2335:Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia
2309:Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia
2283:Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia
2233:Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia
2043:Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
935:that hit it was approximately the size of an SUV.
72:The country is famous for its mineral deposits of
1680:, the largest known meteorite (as a single piece)
2119:Acreage portfolio of Namibian sedimentary basins
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1648:in northern Namibia, which is the largest known
564:Namibia hosts the following sedimentary basins:
238:. This type of rocks is well-distributed in the
1245:are quarried in various parts of the country.
262:Karoo Sequence is intruded by mostly Mesozoic
2473:
8:
816:has provided fossil fishes and the younger
805:are a major paleontological highlight. The
2480:
2466:
2458:
566:
420:
411:
402:
393:
384:
375:
366:
357:
348:
339:
330:
321:
312:
303:
2018:
1979:
1964:
753:
702:
2445:Julius-Maximilians-UniversitĂ€t WĂŒrzburg
2066:Julius-Maximilians-UniversitĂ€t WĂŒrzburg
1754:
1667:
578:
1633:that had occurred the previous day in
1613:Aerial view of Mukorob, after collapse
22:Geological map of Namibia showing the
1617:A spoiled geological monument is the
878:contain numerous fossil fish and the
109:Tectonic evolution of the Damara Belt
7:
1398:Dinosaur track at Otjihaenamaparero
14:
1142:It is found in the ore bodies of
1066:, volcanic base metals and gold,
270:, which, together with extensive
172:in the northeast of the country.
101:Geological map of central Namibia
2788:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2558:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1718:
1704:
1685:
1670:
1406:Bushman's Paradise at Spitzkoppe
1315:to the north and basins without
1291:, and for the Pelotas Basin the
1267:The Namibian Atlantic margin is
552:
543:
534:
525:
516:
507:
498:
489:
480:
471:
462:
453:
444:
435:
419:
410:
401:
392:
383:
374:
365:
356:
347:
338:
329:
320:
311:
302:
295:
170:Grootfontain Metamorphic Complex
117:Cross-section of the Damara Belt
1692:Aerial view of Weissrand (2019)
1052:)(OH)) are named after Tsumeb.
801:to Early Cambrian biota of the
1:
1780:. Springer. pp. 172â175.
433:Sedimentary basins of Namibia
129:is dominated in the north by
684:
669:
645:
631:
605:
596:
223:and carbonates have eastern
156:. Only slightly younger are
2261:University of Witwatersrand
2083:American Journal of Science
885:shows a diverse fauna with
197:Namaqua Metamorphic Complex
2903:
2274:Jerram, Dougal A. (2000),
2250:Fenwick, Gordon A (1990),
2168:Sakariassen, Rune (2007),
2060:Kukulus, Matthias (2004),
1774:Geological Atlas of Africa
1640:The petrified forest near
1569:Petrified forest, Khorixas
1271:with the Pelotas Basin of
1256:
1172:Matchless Amphibolite Belt
1127:and Rehoboth regions, the
1001:
908:
790:
583:
123:Pan-African orogenic cycle
93:Stratigraphy and tectonics
2378:Pickford, Martin (2009),
2352:Pickford, Martin (2014),
2326:Pickford, Martin (2018),
2189:Various, Authors (2011),
2140:Pickford, Martin (1995),
1771:Schluter, Thomas (2006).
750:
742:
591:
177:Rehoboth-Sinclair Complex
154:Epupa Metamorphic Complex
2543:Central African Republic
2116:Negonga, Martin (2014),
1661:in central Namibia; the
1390:Geological map of Erongo
1321:Tristan da Cunha hotspot
254:in central Namibia. The
2150:Paleontologica Africana
1847:Otjihaene-Maparero farm
1744:Geology of South Africa
883:Elisabeth Bay Formation
2433:Werner, Mario (2006),
2192:The Geology of Namibia
2127:AAPG Annual Convention
2000:Sakariassen, 2007, p.2
1614:
1430:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1186:in the sulphide ores.
999:
989:
979:
969:
954:
906:
842:is represented by the
133:of the Neoproterozoic
118:
110:
102:
34:
2703:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2563:Republic of the Congo
2300:Mocke, Helke (2018),
1612:
1421:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1362:and dimension stone.
1118:, 60 barren pipes of
995:
985:
975:
965:due to inclusions of
960:
946:
904:
187:were attached to the
116:
108:
100:
41:encompasses rocks of
21:
2009:Kukulus, 2004, p.149
1991:Kukulus, 2004, p.146
1810:Pickford, 1995, p.52
1623:Weissrand Escarpment
1070:copper, sedimentary
876:Langental Formations
430:class=notpageimage|
205:Damara Orogenic Belt
2778:States with limited
2096:2010AmJS..310..862M
1896:"Roter Kamm crater"
1761:Kukulus, 2004, p.10
1739:Geology of Botswana
1562:Dinosaur tracks at
847:Omingonde Formation
814:Ganigobis Formation
642:Otjozondjupa Region
624:Otjozondjupa Region
244:Omingonde Formation
2887:Geology of Namibia
2489:Geology of Africa
2407:, Brigite (2000),
2176:University of Oslo
2104:10.2475/09.2010.05
1828:Negonga, 2014, p.6
1615:
1489:Gibeoan Meteorites
1444:Brukkaros Mountain
1431:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1376:
1000:
990:
980:
970:
955:
907:
807:Late Carboniferous
289:Sedimentary basins
119:
111:
103:
39:geology of Namibia
35:
2874:
2873:
2805:other territories
2578:Equatorial Guinea
1837:Borg, 1995, p.110
1734:Geology of Angola
1663:Fish River Canyon
1553:Omatako Mountains
1479:Fish River Canyon
1382:Brukkaros volcano
1275:and northeastern
1273:Rio Grande do Sul
1253:Petroleum geology
1004:Mining in Namibia
911:Roter Kamm crater
905:Roter Kamm crater
897:Roter Kamm crater
826:Gai-As Formations
784:
783:
283:Kalahari Sequence
158:metamorphic rocks
125:. The geology of
2894:
2866:
2865:(United Kingdom)
2861:Tristan da Cunha
2857:Ascension Island
2849:
2836:
2827:
2803:Dependencies and
2496:Sovereign states
2482:
2475:
2468:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2447:, pp. 1â428
2442:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2413:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2384:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2358:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2332:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2306:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2280:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2263:, pp. 1â128
2258:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2230:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2146:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2079:
2069:
2068:, pp. 1â241
2056:
2055:
2054:
2040:
2034:Borg, G (1995),
2022:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1947:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1898:. Archived from
1892:
1886:
1876:
1870:
1860:
1854:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1811:
1808:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1689:
1674:
1659:Otjihaenamparero
1564:Otjihaenamparero
1464:Etendeka Plateau
1374:Brandberg massif
1366:Geological sites
1152:Rosh Pinah mines
939:Economic geology
853:fossils and the
567:
556:
547:
538:
529:
520:
511:
502:
493:
484:
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466:
457:
448:
439:
423:
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359:
351:
350:
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341:
333:
332:
324:
323:
315:
314:
306:
305:
299:
252:Stormberg Groups
82:geomorphological
43:Paleoproterozoic
32:Kalahari Cratons
2902:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2891:
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2403:
2396:
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2299:
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2290:
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2273:
2266:
2264:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2240:
2228:
2222:Senut, Brigitte
2219:
2216:
2214:Further reading
2205:
2203:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2178:, pp. 1â94
2167:
2160:
2158:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2130:
2129:, pp. 1â31
2122:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2077:
2072:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1971:
1963:
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1944:
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1724:
1719:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1681:
1675:
1655:dinosauromorpha
1504:Karas Mountains
1499:Kalahari Desert
1368:
1342:was found near
1283:in Namibia the
1265:
1255:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:. The minerals
1016:, a variety of
1010:type localities
1006:
941:
913:
899:
795:
789:
720:Klein Aub Basin
697:
664:
660:
651:
637:Waterberg Basin
626:
622:
613:
611:
562:
561:
560:
551:
542:
533:
524:
515:
513:Klein Aub Basin
506:
497:
488:
479:
470:
468:Waterberg Basin
461:
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443:
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425:
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335:
334:
326:
325:
317:
316:
308:
307:
291:
193:Kalahari Craton
95:
78:paleontological
47:Mesoproterozoic
26:separating the
12:
11:
5:
2900:
2898:
2890:
2889:
2879:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2850:
2837:
2828:
2814:Canary Islands
2810:
2809:
2807:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
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2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
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2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2430:
2401:
2375:
2349:
2323:
2297:
2271:
2247:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2202:, pp. 1â2
2186:
2165:
2137:
2113:
2090:(9): 862â888,
2070:
2057:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2021:, p. 175.
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1982:, p. 174.
1969:
1967:, p. 172.
1957:
1942:
1935:Arsentsumebite
1927:
1912:
1887:
1871:
1855:
1839:
1830:
1812:
1792:
1790:MME, 2011, p.1
1783:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1715:
1712:Geology portal
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1684:
1682:
1678:Hoba meteorite
1676:
1669:
1650:iron meteorite
1646:Hoba Meteorite
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1574:Sesriem Canyon
1571:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1494:Hoba Meteorite
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1459:Dolerite Hills
1456:
1451:
1449:Burnt Mountain
1446:
1441:
1367:
1364:
1301:Kudu Gas Field
1254:
1251:
1197:areas, and at
1049:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:arsentsumebite
1014:zinclavendulan
1002:Main article:
948:Arsentsumebite
940:
937:
909:Main article:
898:
895:
872:Buntfeldschuch
858:Etjo Sandstone
855:Early Jurassic
788:
785:
782:
781:
778:
772:
771:
768:
766:LĂŒderitz Basin
762:
761:
755:
754:
752:
749:
744:
740:
739:
734:
732:Sinclair Basin
728:
727:
722:
716:
715:
713:Omaheke Region
710:
704:
703:
701:
699:Omaheke Region
692:
690:Dordabis Basin
686:
685:
683:
678:
671:
670:
668:
658:Omaheke Region
655:
647:
646:
644:
639:
633:
632:
630:
628:Omaheke Region
620:Kavango Region
617:
607:
606:
604:
598:
597:
595:
590:
588:Orupembe Basin
585:
581:
580:
577:
574:
571:
549:LĂŒderitz Basin
522:Sinclair Basin
495:Dordabis Basin
450:Orupembe Basin
428:
427:
418:
417:
409:
408:
400:
399:
391:
390:
382:
381:
373:
372:
364:
363:
355:
354:
346:
345:
337:
336:
328:
327:
319:
318:
310:
309:
301:
300:
294:
293:
292:
290:
287:
185:Huab Complexes
94:
91:
51:Neoproterozoic
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2899:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2815:
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2811:
2808:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2775:
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2759:
2756:
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2696:
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2679:
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2674:
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2669:
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2659:
2656:
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2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:Guinea-Bissau
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
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2255:
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2031:
2027:
2020:
2019:Schluter 2006
2015:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1980:Schluter 2006
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1965:Schluter 2006
1961:
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1943:
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1936:
1931:
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1916:
1913:
1902:on 2016-03-04
1901:
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1879:Elizabethfeld
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1726:Africa portal
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1594:Twyfelfontein
1592:
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1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1519:Lake Otjikoto
1517:
1515:
1514:Kuiseb Canyon
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
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1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1259:Pelotas Basin
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
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1177:
1173:
1169:
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1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1131:area and the
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1109:
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1101:
1097:
1093:
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1077:
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1053:
1039:
1023:
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1005:
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994:
988:
984:
978:
974:
968:
964:
959:
953:
949:
945:
938:
936:
934:
930:
926:
925:ÇKaras Region
922:
921:impact crater
918:
912:
903:
896:
894:
892:
888:
884:
881:
880:Early Miocene
877:
873:
870:
866:
863:
859:
856:
852:
848:
845:
841:
838:fossils. The
837:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
812:
811:Early Permian
808:
804:
800:
794:
786:
779:
777:
774:
773:
769:
767:
764:
763:
760:
757:
756:
748:
745:
741:
738:
737:Hardap Region
735:
733:
730:
729:
726:
725:Erongo Region
723:
721:
718:
717:
714:
711:
709:
708:Witvlei Basin
706:
705:
700:
696:
695:Khomas Region
693:
691:
688:
687:
682:
681:ÇKaras Region
679:
677:
676:Warmbad Basin
674:Karasberg or
673:
672:
667:
666:ÇKaras Region
663:
662:Hardap Region
659:
656:
654:
649:
648:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
629:
625:
621:
618:
616:
609:
608:
603:
600:
599:
594:
593:Kunene Region
589:
586:
582:
575:
572:
569:
568:
565:
559:
555:
550:
546:
541:
537:
532:
528:
523:
519:
514:
510:
505:
504:Witvlei Basin
501:
496:
492:
487:
486:Warmbad Basin
483:
478:
474:
469:
465:
460:
456:
451:
447:
442:
438:
431:
298:
288:
286:
284:
280:
276:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:Karoo episode
228:
226:
222:
218:
215:and earliest
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
131:metasediments
128:
124:
115:
107:
99:
92:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
67:Namib deserts
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
29:
25:
20:
16:
2853:Saint Helena
2824:
2728:South Africa
2718:Sierra Leone
2682:
2523:Burkina Faso
2449:, retrieved
2435:
2424:, retrieved
2419:
2415:
2395:, retrieved
2390:
2386:
2369:, retrieved
2364:
2360:
2343:, retrieved
2338:
2334:
2317:, retrieved
2312:
2308:
2291:, retrieved
2286:
2282:
2265:, retrieved
2252:
2241:, retrieved
2236:
2232:
2204:, retrieved
2191:
2180:, retrieved
2170:
2159:, retrieved
2154:
2148:
2131:, retrieved
2118:
2107:, retrieved
2087:
2081:
2061:
2051:, retrieved
2046:
2042:
2028:Bibliography
2014:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1960:
1945:
1930:
1915:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:the original
1890:
1874:
1858:
1842:
1833:
1786:
1773:
1766:
1757:
1639:
1616:
1543:Namib Desert
1432:
1360:wollastonite
1337:
1333:source rocks
1305:Walvis Ridge
1293:Santos Basin
1285:Kwanza Basin
1281:Walvis Basin
1266:
1263:Santos Basin
1231:smoky quartz
1188:
1184:chalcopyrite
1176:Swakop Group
1141:
1112:
1108:Orange River
1068:volcanogenic
1054:
1007:
914:
833:
796:
787:Paleontology
776:Orange Basin
759:Walvis Basin
747:Namibe Basin
615:Owambo Basin
563:
558:Orange Basin
540:Walvis Basin
531:Namibe Basin
441:Owambo Basin
229:
189:Congo Craton
174:
162:Huab Complex
150:Kunene River
120:
71:
38:
36:
15:
2780:recognition
2733:South Sudan
2623:Ivory Coast
1883:Fossilworks
1867:Fossilworks
1851:Fossilworks
1584:Tsondabvlei
1558:Organ Pipes
1523:Lake Guinas
1313:salt basins
1311:leading to
1239:chrysocolla
1227:rose quartz
1203:Otjiwarongo
1036:)(OH)) and
987:Smithsonite
849:comprising
830:Dwyka Group
650:Kalahari or
570:On/offshore
268:dyke swarms
236:Dwyka Group
135:Damara Belt
24:Damara Belt
2835:(Portugal)
2793:Somaliland
2713:Seychelles
2678:Mozambique
2663:Mauritania
2648:Madagascar
2603:The Gambia
2538:Cape Verde
2451:2018-08-26
2426:2018-08-26
2397:2018-08-26
2371:2018-08-26
2345:2018-08-26
2319:2018-08-26
2293:2018-08-26
2267:2018-08-26
2243:2018-08-26
2206:2018-08-26
2182:2018-06-08
2161:2018-08-26
2133:2018-08-26
2109:2018-08-26
2053:2018-08-26
1954:Mindat.org
1939:Mindat.org
1924:Mindat.org
1906:2018-06-09
1750:References
1631:earthquake
1599:Vingerklip
1589:Spitzkoppe
1579:Sossusvlei
1533:Mount Etjo
1509:Kolmanskop
1474:Etosha Pan
1454:Dieprivier
1414:Vingerklip
1348:anthracite
1331:oil-prone
1325:Cenomanian
1257:See also:
1215:aquamarine
1211:tourmaline
1199:Cape Cross
1195:Walvis Bay
1191:Swakopmund
1156:sandstones
1120:kimberlite
1086:gold, and
1084:shear zone
1061:molybdenum
1018:lavendulan
961:Blood red
929:Oranjemund
835:Mesosaurus
818:White Hill
803:Nama Group
791:See also:
780:Southwest
653:Nama Basin
602:Huab Basin
477:Nama Basin
459:Huab Basin
266:sills and
225:provenance
209:Nama Group
142:Nama Group
2668:Mauritius
2422:: 421â428
2315:: 124â131
2289:: 303â313
2049:: 109â119
1950:Tsumebite
1863:Bogenfels
1604:Waterberg
1439:Brandberg
1427:Ediacaran
1356:fluorspar
1352:Toscanini
1340:coalfield
1317:evaporite
1269:conjugate
1223:morganite
1088:beryllium
1038:tsumebite
997:Wulfenite
963:cerussite
893:fossils.
865:trackways
851:therapsid
799:Ediacaran
751:Northwest
275:volcanism
240:Kaokoveld
213:Ediacaran
55:Paleozoic
2881:Category
2859: /
2855: /
2848:(France)
2842: /
2820: /
2816: /
2768:Zimbabwe
2743:Tanzania
2593:Ethiopia
2588:Eswatini
2568:Djibouti
2533:Cameroon
2518:Botswana
2393:: 95â139
2224:(2018),
1698:See also
1642:Khorixas
1627:mudstone
1548:Naukluft
1484:Gamsberg
1329:Turonian
1243:dioptase
1219:heliodor
1164:Valencia
1135:region.
1104:diamonds
1096:tantalum
1080:fluorite
1064:porphyry
977:Dioptase
917:Pliocene
862:dinosaur
844:Triassic
840:Mesozoic
832:contain
743:Offshore
612:Rundu or
576:Location
279:Gondwana
272:basaltic
264:dolerite
260:Triassic
217:Cambrian
201:Granitic
164:west of
146:basement
139:Cambrian
86:volcanic
63:Kalahari
59:Cenozoic
2844:RĂ©union
2840:Mayotte
2831:Madeira
2826:(Spain)
2822:Melilla
2753:Tunisia
2723:Somalia
2708:Senegal
2693:Nigeria
2683:Namibia
2673:Morocco
2638:Liberia
2633:Lesotho
2583:Eritrea
2553:Comoros
2528:Burundi
2503:Algeria
2437:thesis)
2367:: 70â90
2341:: 48â63
2157:: 51â66
2092:Bibcode
1635:Armenia
1619:Mukorob
1538:Mukorob
1277:Uruguay
1174:of the
1168:uranium
1160:Rössing
1129:Omaruru
1125:Karibib
1110:mouth.
1100:red bed
1092:niobium
967:cuprite
952:azurite
828:of the
610:Etosha,
584:Onshore
246:of the
227:areas.
221:pelites
160:of the
127:Namibia
2863:
2846:
2833:
2763:Zambia
2758:Uganda
2698:Rwanda
2653:Malawi
2613:Guinea
2508:Angola
2239:: 1â18
1920:Tsumeb
1528:Messum
1469:Erongo
1423:Rangea
1344:Aranos
1309:Aptian
1297:Brazil
1289:Angola
1247:Marble
1235:garnet
1207:Usakos
1148:Kombat
1144:Tsumeb
1137:Silver
1133:Kunene
1116:Gibeon
1057:copper
1028:Cu(AsO
933:meteor
891:mammal
869:Eocene
867:. The
579:Notes
195:. The
74:Tsumeb
2818:Ceuta
2738:Sudan
2688:Niger
2643:Libya
2628:Kenya
2608:Ghana
2598:Gabon
2573:Egypt
2513:Benin
2441:(PDF)
2412:(PDF)
2405:Senut
2383:(PDF)
2357:(PDF)
2331:(PDF)
2305:(PDF)
2279:(PDF)
2257:(PDF)
2229:(PDF)
2196:(PDF)
2145:(PDF)
2123:(PDF)
2078:(PDF)
2039:(PDF)
1778:(PDF)
1044:Cu(PO
887:snake
860:with
770:West
256:Permo
181:Epupa
166:Outjo
28:Congo
2748:Togo
2658:Mali
2548:Chad
1885:.org
1869:.org
1853:.org
1521:and
1261:and
1241:and
1193:and
1180:Haib
1162:and
1150:and
1076:zinc
1074:and
1072:lead
1048:)(SO
1032:)(SO
950:and
915:The
889:and
874:and
824:and
822:Huab
573:Name
250:and
248:Ecca
183:and
175:The
84:and
65:and
53:and
49:and
37:The
30:and
2200:MME
2100:doi
2088:310
1881:at
1865:at
1849:at
1657:at
1295:of
1287:of
1040:(Pb
1024:(Pb
923:in
809:to
57:to
2883::
2443:,
2420:12
2418:,
2414:,
2391:14
2389:,
2385:,
2365:15
2363:,
2359:,
2339:18
2337:,
2333:,
2313:18
2311:,
2307:,
2287:12
2285:,
2281:,
2259:,
2237:18
2235:,
2231:,
2198:,
2174:,
2155:32
2153:,
2147:,
2125:,
2098:,
2086:,
2080:,
2064:,
2047:10
2045:,
2041:,
1972:^
1952:-
1937:-
1922:-
1815:^
1795:^
1358:,
1237:,
1233:,
1229:,
1225:,
1221:,
1217:,
1213:,
1146:,
1082:,
1078:,
820:,
285:.
80:,
69:.
45:,
2481:e
2474:t
2467:v
2102::
2094::
1909:.
1327:-
1094:-
1090:-
1059:-
1050:4
1046:4
1042:2
1034:4
1030:4
1026:2
258:-
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