282:
The largest of these plutons is the granite mass which forms the
Cairngorms themselves and which was emplaced around 427 million years ago. It is thought that the pluton had been unroofed within 20 million years of its emplacement and that the present landscape of the Cairngorms had begun to form by
55:
Three new national parks have been created in lowland
England since the late 1980s, these being the Broads, South Downs and New Forest national parks. (Strictly speaking the Broads was not created as a national park but the Broads Authority has since adopted the name for marketing purposes.) The
668:
coast. As elsewhere, the names of particular rock strata (and higher level groups) sometimes change as geological knowledge expands and research correlates strata in one area with those of another. Older literature and maps may therefore refer to different names.
778:
coast (which is often referred to as the 'Dinosaur Coast'. The southerly regional dip of the rock strata has produced a landscape of multiple scarps and dip-slopes with the older rocks exposed in the north and progressively younger ones to the south such as the
657:. There are few rock exposures beyond limited outcrops in the banks of streams, the faces of working and abandoned gravel pits, and some low coastal cliffs. However, temporary exposures during construction works and boreholes have added to
254:
between about 490 and 430 million years ago
Geologists recognize a ‘Grampian event’, centred around 470 million years ago, which was responsible for the initial deformation of the Dalradian and relates to the collision of a
390:
and the quarrying of granite were some of the area's significant extractive industries in the past whilst tourism based in large part upon the perceived quality of the area's landscape is important for the modern economy.
1461:
202:
valleys. Extraction of the peat in historic times, and subsequent flooding of the workings, has resulted in the pattern of shallow lakes or 'broads for which the area is widely known.
1521:
522:
162:, they are exposed at the surface to a very limited extent or else are known from boreholes or quarry workings. The area was covered by the southern edge of an icesheet during the
37:
1028:. The V-profile river valleys that had been cut into this upland area during the previous tens of millions of years were modified by widespread glaciation during successive
1454:
1447:
783:
formed from late
Jurassic age limestones. The moors were not glaciated during the last ice age but ice sheets surrounded the area and led to the formation of
1536:
804:
1220:
1183:
1146:
1109:
1531:
745:
1556:
1551:
991:
937:
1526:
1496:
1486:
678:
211:
73:
283:
390 million years ago. Evidence suggests that the granite currently at the surface was initially to be found at a depth of between 4 and 7km.
21:
664:
In broad terms, the oldest rocks occupy the northern part of the area with progressively younger rocks seen to the south, approaching the
40:. With one exception, all of these first ten, together with the two Scottish parks were centred on upland or coastal areas formed from
1546:
872:
1577:
1501:
848:
319:
1373:
732:
affect the sedimentary rocks adjacent to the igneous intrusions. Extensive re-moulding of the land surface took place during the
1311:
1256:
1506:
473:
sedimentary and volcanic rocks, underpinned by a granitic batholith. This sequence was intensely faulted and folded during the
451:
ice-sheets but deposits of head (frost-shattered rock fragments building on and at the foot of hillsides) date from this time.
400:
751:
287:
45:
263:
with
Laurentia caused the ‘Scandian event’ which involved further folding and faulting of the Dalradian rock sequence. The
1429:
997:
527:
1285:
1079:
1587:
1516:
684:
460:
82:
561:
comprises the older division of the
Dalradian; these occur along the northern margin of the national park. The younger
1582:
1351:
466:
1592:
1511:
1478:
963:
943:
628:
90:
1541:
1403:
842:
217:
1231:
1194:
1157:
1120:
1017:
826:
589:
562:
542:
102:
231:
that were deposited between about 800 and 600 million years ago on the margins of the former continent of
1491:
1045:
967:
829:. The exposed central limestone strata and surrounding gritstone edges are the result of erosion of the
616:
142:
982:
is a chalky sandstone which characterises parts of the national park in East
Hampshire and West Sussex
821:
which forms the core of the park in the south, corresponding broadly to the major exposed areas of the
729:
654:
353:
159:
545:
forms a major geological divide between the generally older rocks to its northwest, assigned to the
612:
56:
landscape of these areas reflects the fact that they are all established on rocks and sediments of
1037:
902:
474:
251:
224:
163:
493:
sandstones along the southwest coastal strip. It was heavily glaciated during the succession of
1337:
1423:
921:
788:
725:
646:
554:
291:
268:
118:
78:
36:. Ten of these were established in England and Wales in the 1950s under the provisions of the
912:
Mining and quarrying have played a significant part in the economy of the area, notably for
909:
is an area of much younger rocks though these are wholly concealed by superficial deposits.
713:
638:
425:
349:
337:
264:
236:
151:
110:
1021:
1013:
830:
721:
658:
650:
429:
243:
130:
94:
1065:
1439:
1025:
886:
822:
698:
694:
577:
573:
498:
383:
361:
126:
122:
1571:
1315:
1009:
1001:
971:
860:
810:
780:
717:
709:
478:
345:
187:
302:
both in terms of erosional and depositional features. Post-glacial features include
259:
with
Laurentia over a period of about 20 million years. The subsequent collision of
784:
701:
585:
569:
558:
256:
247:
199:
114:
645:
age laid down between about 66 and about 34 million years ago, in the centre of a
1041:
947:
882:
852:
792:
531:
510:
502:
348:
periods. These rocks were faulted and folded, sometimes, intensely, during the
1029:
955:
925:
894:
856:
818:
733:
642:
634:
608:
597:
535:
494:
470:
448:
444:
387:
376:
372:
365:
299:
195:
191:
147:
41:
979:
917:
878:
814:
775:
771:
767:
759:
546:
486:
482:
421:
413:
232:
228:
221:
179:
86:
1032:
ice ages resulting in the present day landforms. Extensive development of
105:
stretches east-west through the park. It gives rise to characteristically
1005:
898:
890:
817:
in the north, and around the park's eastern and western margins, and the
763:
755:
705:
688:
601:
593:
550:
506:
490:
441:
437:
433:
417:
409:
341:
325:
307:
170:. Overlying these across much the larger part of the 'national park' are
125:
were glaciated during the last ice age and cirque lakes such as those at
98:
61:
57:
49:
33:
851:
is formed from igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks from the late
906:
691:
538:
379:
333:
329:
295:
276:
260:
155:
25:
665:
581:
405:
357:
272:
1012:
in the northwest part of the park. The geological succession of the
1000:
is formed principally from sandstones, mudstones and limestones of
20:
strongly influences the landscape character of each of the fifteen
1033:
975:
959:
951:
913:
497:
glaciations giving rise to many features in its landscape such as
106:
29:
294:, there are no younger solid rocks within the National Park. The
604:
530:
National Park is a mountainous region with good exposure of the
303:
183:
175:
171:
167:
1443:
1221:"Geological Structure and Landscape of the Cairngorm Mountains"
1184:"Geological Structure and Landscape of the Cairngorm Mountains"
1147:"Geological Structure and Landscape of the Cairngorm Mountains"
1110:"Geological Structure and Landscape of the Cairngorm Mountains"
368:
sediments occurs on the eastern boundary of the national park.
279:
to rise up amongst the
Dalradian rocks and then cool in situ.
863:. The coastal cliffs expose each of these rocks extensively.
774:, many of which are well exposed in the cliffs of the park's
1119:. Scottish Natural Heritage. pp. 18, 21. Archived from
24:
which have been designated. There are ten national parks in
386:
have contributed to the character of the modern landscape.
1381:
Education file: information for students and group leaders
271:
at this time and may have played a part in allowing large
1219:
Thomas, C.W.; Gillespie, M.R.; Jordan, C.J.; Hall, A.M.
1182:
Thomas, C.W.; Gillespie, M.R.; Jordan, C.J.; Hall, A.M.
1145:
Thomas, C.W.; Gillespie, M.R.; Jordan, C.J.; Hall, A.M.
1108:
Thomas, C.W.; Gillespie, M.R.; Jordan, C.J.; Hall, A.M.
724:
along the outcrop of which the Romans built sections of
267:, Ericht-Laidon and Glen Tilt faults were all active as
133:
are amongst the most popular destinations for visitors.
1230:. Scottish Natural Heritage. p. 18. Archived from
1193:. Scottish Natural Heritage. p. 22. Archived from
1156:. Scottish Natural Heritage. p. 18. Archived from
360:
altering the character of the sedimentary rocks whilst
356:
has also taken place around the margins of the granite
523:
Geology of Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park
328:
comprises a 625 km (241 sq mi) core of
712:. The rest of the park is formed from gently dipping
420:
age which are folded into a broad east-west oriented
364:
were emplaced within the granite. A small outlier of
38:
National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949
113:
at 274.5m) and several of its longest caves such as
1477:
242:The Dalradian and Moine successions were intensely
584:. Along the Highland Boundary Fault is a zone of
150:are underlain by a suite of generally flat-lying
1036:resulted in England's greatest concentration of
708:and Devonian periods, between them creating the
239:occur along the northwestern edge of the Park.
720:age. The sedimentary rocks are intruded by the
787:around the hills and the development of major
1455:
962:which is formed from older rocks such as the
901:age which were faulted and folded during the
637:comprises a succession of largely flat-lying
477:and is surrounded by a relatively unaffected
8:
1410:. Archived from the original on May 15, 2006
881:is largely characterized by a succession of
607:Landforms reflect the significant impact of
158:age. Almost entirely covered by more recent
154:types of which the most recent are those of
298:of the last 2.5 million years have however
1462:
1448:
1440:
1048:, which is the UK's longest at over 86km.
805:Geology of the Peak District National Park
572:intrude the Dalradian sequence, including
48:which is formed from sedimentary rocks of
746:Geology of North York Moors National Park
1374:"Geology: foundations of natural beauty"
992:Geology of Yorkshire Dales National Park
938:Geology of the South Downs National Park
553:rocks to its southeast, assigned to the
166:which left spreads of glacial debris or
109:landscapes and hosts Britain's deepest (
1057:
679:Geology of Northumberland National Park
212:Geology of the Cairngorms National Park
74:Geology of Brecon Beacons National Park
1421:
447:. Exmoor lay just to the south of the
227:, a thick sequence of sands, muds and
653:. These are overlain by a variety of
216:The majority of the rocks within the
186:deposits form the broad flats of the
7:
1471:Geology of national parks in Britain
541:. The northeast – southwest aligned
18:geology of national parks in Britain
565:forms the larger part of the park.
958:period though it extends into the
873:Geology of Snowdonia National Park
14:
1024:which is in turn overlain by the
849:Pembrokeshire Coast National Park
320:Geology of Dartmoor National Park
408:is formed largely by a suite of
81:is the dominant rock within the
469:is formed from a core of lower
401:Geology of Exmoor National Park
752:North York Moors National Park
436:sandstones in the area around
46:North York Moors National Park
1:
1522:Loch Lomond and The Trossachs
1008:sandstones and shales in the
998:Yorkshire Dales National Park
974:sandstones and mudstones and
661:’ understanding of the area.
528:Loch Lomond and The Trossachs
517:Loch Lomond and The Trossachs
1352:"Geology of the South Downs"
1290:Northumberland National Park
685:Northumberland National Park
513:for which it is well-known.
461:Geology of the Lake District
371:The area was not subject to
235:. Rocks now ascribed to the
83:Brecon Beacons National Park
44:rocks. The exception is the
467:Lake District National Park
440:and a small outlier of the
428:and well exposed along the
1609:
1228:Commissioned report no 064
1191:Commissioned report no 064
1154:Commissioned report no 064
1117:Commissioned report no 064
989:
935:
870:
840:
802:
743:
676:
626:
520:
458:
398:
336:period into a sequence of
332:intruded during the early
317:
209:
140:
97:but to the south of these
71:
1428:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
944:South Downs National Park
697:surrounded by a suite of
683:The highest parts of the
629:Geology of the New Forest
182:age, which together with
1578:Geology of Great Britain
1314:. NYMNPA. Archived from
843:Geology of Pembrokeshire
218:Cairngorms National Park
101:rocks, a narrow band of
85:, forming peaks such as
1404:"World's Longest Caves"
1338:"Chalk – Learning Zone"
1080:"Evolution and history"
1018:Carboniferous Limestone
887:extrusive igneous rocks
827:Carboniferous Limestone
611:on the area during the
590:Highland Border Complex
563:Southern Highland Group
543:Highland Boundary Fault
103:Carboniferous Limestone
1257:"Exmoor National Park"
1089:. The Broads Authority
950:which are formed from
1046:Three Counties System
954:which dates from the
813:is split between the
384:periglacial processes
143:Geology of the Broads
1066:"Teaching Resources"
1004:age though includes
730:thermal metamorphism
655:superficial deposits
547:Dalradian Supergroup
354:Thermal metamorphism
160:superficial deposits
1588:Geology of Scotland
1542:Pembrokeshire Coast
1038:limestone pavements
837:Pembrokeshire Coast
633:The geology of the
600:periods. There are
586:metamorphosed rocks
340:originating in the
324:The geology of the
286:Other than a small
257:volcanic island arc
1583:Geology of England
1237:on 4 February 2018
1200:on 4 February 2018
1163:on 4 February 2018
1126:on 4 February 2018
1020:, overlain by the
946:is centred on the
903:Caledonian Orogeny
789:meltwater channels
687:are formed from a
549:, and the younger
475:Caledonian orogeny
269:strike-slip faults
252:Caledonian Orogeny
164:Anglian glaciation
1565:
1564:
1264:Geology on Exmoor
714:sedimentary rocks
647:sedimentary basin
639:sedimentary rocks
617:previous ice ages
592:and dated to the
555:Old Red Sandstone
432:coast. There are
338:sedimentary rocks
292:Old Red Sandstone
119:Ogof Agen Allwedd
79:Old Red Sandstone
1600:
1593:Geology of Wales
1532:North York Moors
1464:
1457:
1450:
1441:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1378:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1261:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1225:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1188:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1162:
1151:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1125:
1114:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1084:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1062:
740:North York Moors
659:earth scientists
426:Variscan orogeny
350:Variscan orogeny
237:Moine Supergroup
152:sedimentary rock
111:Ogof Ffynnon Ddu
1608:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1557:Yorkshire Dales
1473:
1468:
1438:
1437:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1022:Yoredale Series
1014:Yorkshire Dales
994:
988:
986:Yorkshire Dales
940:
934:
877:The geology of
875:
869:
859:periods to the
845:
839:
831:Derbyshire Dome
807:
801:
754:is formed from
748:
742:
722:Great Whin Sill
681:
675:
651:Hampshire Basin
631:
625:
588:grouped as the
525:
519:
499:glacial cirques
463:
457:
430:Bristol Channel
403:
397:
322:
316:
300:left their mark
214:
208:
145:
139:
131:Llyn y Fan Fach
95:Carmarthen Fans
76:
70:
12:
11:
5:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1527:Northumberland
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1487:Brecon Beacons
1483:
1481:
1479:National parks
1475:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1394:
1365:
1343:
1329:
1318:on 24 May 2020
1303:
1277:
1248:
1211:
1174:
1137:
1100:
1071:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1044:including the
1026:Millstone Grit
990:Main article:
987:
984:
936:Main article:
933:
930:
871:Main article:
868:
865:
841:Main article:
838:
835:
823:Millstone Grit
803:Main article:
800:
797:
744:Main article:
741:
738:
726:Hadrian's Wall
677:Main article:
674:
673:Northumberland
671:
627:Main article:
624:
621:
521:Main article:
518:
515:
481:succession of
459:Main article:
456:
453:
399:Main article:
396:
393:
318:Main article:
315:
312:
220:belong to the
210:Main article:
207:
204:
141:Main article:
138:
135:
127:Llyn Cwm Llwch
123:Brecon Beacons
72:Main article:
69:
68:Brecon Beacons
66:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1605:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:Peak District
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1517:Lake District
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1431:
1425:
1409:
1405:
1402:Gulden, Bob.
1398:
1395:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1088:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:Howgill Fells
1007:
1003:
1002:Carboniferous
999:
993:
985:
983:
981:
977:
973:
972:Wealden Group
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
939:
931:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
874:
866:
864:
862:
861:Carboniferous
858:
854:
850:
844:
836:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:Peak District
806:
799:Peak District
798:
796:
794:
790:
786:
785:glacial lakes
782:
781:Tabular Hills
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
747:
739:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
718:Carboniferous
715:
711:
710:Cheviot Hills
707:
703:
702:igneous rocks
700:
696:
693:
690:
686:
680:
672:
670:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
649:known as the
648:
644:
640:
636:
630:
622:
620:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:igneous rocks
568:A variety of
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
537:
533:
529:
524:
516:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:Carboniferous
476:
472:
468:
462:
455:Lake District
454:
452:
450:
446:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
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970:Greensands,
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559:Argyll Group
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115:Ogof Draenen
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1016:is that of
948:South Downs
932:South Downs
883:sedimentary
853:Precambrian
833:formation.
793:Newton Dale
728:. Zones of
532:Proterozoic
424:during the
375:during the
250:during the
32:and two in
28:, three in
1572:Categories
1512:New Forest
1497:Cairngorms
1492:The Broads
1414:25 October
1387:25 October
1358:25 October
1322:25 October
1296:25 October
1270:25 October
1241:3 February
1204:3 February
1167:3 February
1130:3 February
1093:26 October
1087:The Broads
1052:References
1030:Quaternary
978:clay. The
956:Cretaceous
926:Ffestiniog
905:. West of
895:Ordovician
857:Palaeozoic
819:White Peak
772:limestones
768:siltstones
760:sandstones
736:ice ages.
734:Quaternary
643:Palaeogene
635:New Forest
623:New Forest
609:glaciation
598:Ordovician
536:Palaeozoic
495:Quaternary
487:sandstones
483:limestones
471:Palaeozoic
449:Quaternary
414:sandstones
388:Tin mining
377:Quaternary
373:glaciation
366:Palaeogene
265:Great Glen
229:limestones
225:Supergroup
206:Cairngorms
148:The Broads
137:The Broads
91:Sugar Loaf
42:Palaeozoic
22:such areas
1547:Snowdonia
1312:"Geology"
980:Malmstone
918:Llanberis
879:Snowdonia
867:Snowdonia
815:Dark Peak
776:North Sea
764:mudstones
704:from the
699:extrusive
695:intrusion
422:anticline
410:mudstones
308:landslips
233:Laurentia
222:Dalradian
180:Flandrian
87:Pen y Fan
1502:Dartmoor
1424:cite web
1408:Caverbob
1006:Silurian
922:Bethesda
899:Silurian
891:Cambrian
825:and the
791:such as
756:Jurassic
706:Silurian
689:Devonian
602:outliers
594:Cambrian
551:Devonian
491:Triassic
442:Jurassic
438:Minehead
434:Triassic
418:Devonian
380:ice ages
342:Devonian
314:Dartmoor
296:ice ages
99:Devonian
93:and the
62:Cenozoic
58:Mesozoic
50:Jurassic
34:Scotland
1383:. YDNPA
1354:. SDNPA
1286:"Rocks"
916:around
907:Harlech
692:granite
582:plutons
539:bedrock
334:Permian
330:granite
288:outlier
277:granite
273:plutons
261:Baltica
244:faulted
188:Waveney
156:Neogene
107:karstic
26:England
1507:Exmoor
1292:. NNPA
1266:. ENPA
666:Solent
557:. The
507:aretes
406:Exmoor
395:Exmoor
358:pluton
200:Thurne
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976:Gault
968:Lower
964:Upper
960:Weald
952:chalk
914:slate
578:sills
574:dykes
503:tarns
489:with
176:clays
172:silts
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