173:, making US hegemony impossible. Though it sought to emulate the sort of dominance Britain enjoyed in the nineteenth century in the twentieth, not only did the US have to lower its sights, forsaking the acquisition of a formal empire, and settling for making the dollar the world's money, geopolitical economy argues it failed to realise even this diluted ambition. Geopolitical economy articulates how these efforts foundered first on its deficits, as the
149:
states") are essential to preventing or counteracting imperialism. This tenet of geopolitical economy, the centrality of states throughout capitalism's history, leads geopolitical economy to conclude that ideas such as "globalization", in which no state matters, or those of "US hegemony" or "empire", in which only one does, were never accurate.
95:" as the Cold War ended. Desai's work has operationalized the term geopolitical economy into a full-fledged approach to understanding the international relations of the capitalist world. Her geopolitical economy approach has traced its roots in the works of Marx and Engels and other Marxists, linked that tradition to the
208:
and the centrality of developmental concerns to the foreground. It shows that the uneven and combined development of capitalism, the dialectic and contest between imperialism and anti-imperialism, has been the historical motor driving the evolution of the capitalist world and that, since the peak of
160:
In this struggle, geopolitical economy argues that in the dialectic between dominant states’ desire to maintain the unevenness of capitalism, and that of states resisting such domination through capitalist or socialist combined development, the latter has prevailed, in the long run and against great
152:
The "materiality of nations" also insists that, thanks to its contradictions, and resulting imperialism, capitalism is necessarily characterized not just by a state but by multiple states locked in struggle over uneven and combined development, or what geopolitical economy argues is the same thing,
139:
must be managed by social agents (pre-eminently states). Geopolitical economy therefore puts imperialism and anti-imperialism, whose interplay Leon
Trotsky dubbed that of the Uneven and Combined Development of capitalism, at the heart of both IR and IPE as the motor that drives the international
148:
or otherwise, which have advanced development after them. Essentially, geopolitical economy argues that while imperialism seeks to produce and maintain the unevenness of capitalist development (development in capitalism's core and underdevelopment elsewhere), developmental states (or "contender
86:
in his work relating to human geography in a 1991 article seeking to designate an approach "which builds upon uneven development theory and which affirms, once again, the insistently spatial foundations of capitalist production, exchange, and regulation." Around the same time
203:
In proposing these theses, geopolitical economy seeks to make the emergence of multipolarity, which none of the orthodox theories of IR anticipated, comprehensible, and enables an appreciation of the potential in it since it brings the perspective of the
165:, the Dutch United Provinces, the United Kingdom and the United States – were never accurate. In relation to theories of hegemony, geopolitical economy argues that while British dominance, for a time, was inevitable given the historical priority of
115:
The three main components of the geopolitical economy analysis are the "materiality of nations" thesis, the argument that capitalism develops in an uneven and combined fashion resulting in the tendency towards
144:", focusing on the central role of states in the economic development of today's first world countries, which geopolitical economy understands as the imperial core of capitalism, and for any other countries,
161:
odds. That is why, geopolitical economy argues, ideas about the capitalist world expanding peaceably through markets or through a succession of hegemonies of leading capitalist states – the
1187:
Saidi, Hamed. 2021. ‘The
Geopolitical Economy of Chinese Influence in Iran: Empire of Capital and Uneven Development,’ PhD diss., Master Thesis, Leiden University, pp. 30–31.
46:(IR). Geopolitical economy's critique rests on a rejection of orthodox views of the world economy as a seamless whole, united either by markets or by a single leading state, as in
1097:
Montalbano, Giuseppe. 2015. ‘Geopolitical economy and competing capitalist blocs in the EU post-crisis financial regulation: two cases from the reform of the banking sector’,
185:, vast expansions of financial demand for the dollar to counteract downward pressure on the dollar thanks to the still effective Triffin Dilemma, on which it came to depend.
1210:
Silvius, Ray. 2015. ‘Understanding
Eurasian integration and contestation in the post-Soviet conjuncture: Lessons from geopolitical economy and critical historicism’, in
62:" theories respectively. Instead, geopolitical economy emphasizes the interplay of political entities, namely, states, in the development of capitalism by going back to
192:, discourses articulating distinct phases of the US's increasingly desperate pursuit of its formatively vain hegemonic ambition. Globalization was the rhetoric of the
169:, so were challenges to it. By the late nineteenth centuries, such challenges, from the US, Germany and Japan, to name the most successful, had already created a
1167:
Rioux, Sébastien. 2015. ‘The collapse of “the international imagination”: A critique of the transhistorical approach to uneven and combined development’, in
166:
209:
imperialism in 1914, combined development/anti-imperialism has increasingly prevailed, making for the more than century long trend toward multipolarity.
928:
849:
Barredo-Zuriarrain, Juan. 2016. ‘The inherent instability of
National Monetary Power in the 21st century: the Triffin Dilemma revisited,’ in
1240:
Wolf, Christina. 2016. ‘China and latecomer industrialization processes in sub-Saharan Africa: a case of combined and uneven development’,
1050:
Kurečić, Petar. 2015. ‘Geopolitical
Economy: After US Hegemony, Globalization and Empire. The Future of World Capitalism, Radhika Desai’,
140:
relations of capitalism. In arguing that states are material agents, geopolitical economy also connects
Marxism with the literature on "
602:
282:
131:
Geopolitical economy's "materiality of nations" thesis insists on the key role of states in capitalism based on an understanding of
953:
Glassman, Jim. 2018. ‘Geopolitical economies of development and democratization in East Asia: Themes, concepts, and geographies,’
980:
Hoffmann, Sophia. 2022. ‘The geopolitical economy of state-led intelligence-commerce: two examples from Iraq and West
Germany,’
104:
39:
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Kurečić, Petar. 2015. ‘Geoeconomic and geopolitical conflicts: Outcomes of the geopolitical economy in a contemporary world,’
1152:
91:, economist and author of military-strategy books also made use of similar terms to proclaim a shift from "geopolitics" to "
1030:
Krpec, Oldrich, and Vladan
Hodulak. 2015. ‘Military Power and Trade Policy–Roots of Contemporary Geopolitical Economy,’ in
1000:İşeri, Emre, and Volkan Özdemir. 2020. ‘Geopolitical Economy of Russia’s Foreign Policy Duality in the Eurasian Landmass’,
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Chadwick, Simon. 2022. ‘From utilitarianism and neoclassical sport management to a new geopolitical economy of sport,’
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Regmi, Sudeep. 2014. ‘“Geopolitical
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Gürcan, Efe Can. 2020. ‘The construction of “post-hegemonic multipolarity” in
Eurasia: A comparative perspective,’
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Palludeto, Alex WA, and Saulo C. Abouchedid. 2016. ‘The currency hierarchy in center-periphery relationships’, in
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Parisot, James. 2015. ‘Expanding geopolitical economy: A critique of the theory of successive hegemonies’, in
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Shariati, Shahrouz, and Masoud Ghaffari. 2019. ‘The Iran-Iraq War: Geopolitical Economy of the Conflict’,
1188:
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Reid, Ben. 2016. ‘China’s “South-South” trade: Unequal exchange and uneven and combined development’, in
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Finally, geopolitical economy argues that "globalization" and "US hegemony/empire" were not theories but
839:
Assa, Jacob. 2015. ‘Gross Domestic Power: Geopolitical Economy and the History of National Accounts’, in
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Luttwak, Edward N. (1990). "From geopolitics to geo-economics: Logic of conflict, grammar of commerce".
226:
Shariati, Shahrouz; Masoud, Ghaffari (2019). "The Iran-Iraq War: Geopolitical Economy of the Conflict".
70:, which geopolitical economy argues should be considered the first theories of international relations.
628:"The geopolitical economy of state-led intelligence-commerce: two examples from Iraq and West Germany"
414:"Geoeconomic and geopolitical conflicts: Outcomes of the geopolitical economy in a contemporary world"
1265:
1087:
McIntyre, Richard. 2015. ‘Combined development and the critique of international political economy’,
879:
Buzgalin, Alexander, Andrey Kolganov, and Olga Barashkova. 2016. ‘Russia: a new imperialist power?’,
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Lee, Seung-Ook. 2020. ‘China meets Jeju Island: provincializing geopolitical economy in East Asia’,
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141:
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31:
1107:
Mundy, Jacob. 2023. ‘A Theoretical War: Accounting for American Imperialism in the Middle East,’
733:
645:
608:
533:"The Geopolitical Economy of Chinese Influence in Iran: Empire of Capital and Uneven Development"
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366:
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Pratschke, Jonathan. 2015. ‘Clearing the minefield: State theory and geopolitical economy’,
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Desai, Radhika. 2021. ‘Marx’s Geopolitical Economy: “The relations of producing nations”’,
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Harris, Jerry. 2015. ‘Geopolitical Economy: After US Hegemony, Globalization and Empire’,
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Desai, Radhika. 2015. ‘Introduction: The materiality of nations in geopolitical economy,’
339:"The US trade and budget deficits in global perspective: an essay in geopolitical-economy"
300:"The construction of "post-hegemonic multipolarity" in Eurasia: A comparative perspective"
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Winseck, Dwayne. 2017. ‘The geopolitical economy of the global internet infrastructure,’
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Van der Pijl, Kees. 2018. ‘A transnational class analysis of the current crisis,’ in
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tradition and placed the dialectic of imperialism and anti-imperialism, or what
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Serfati, Claude. 2016. ‘EU integration as uneven and combined development’, in
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23:
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362:
448:"Marx's Geopolitical Economy: "The relations of producing nations""
680:"Introduction: The materiality of nations in geopolitical economy"
487:"Introduction: The materiality of nations in geopolitical economy"
338:
908:
Geopolitical Economy: After US Hegemony, Globalization and Empire
859:
Bin, Daniel. 2016. ‘The politics of financialization in Brazil,’
813:
Geopolitical Economy: After US Hegemony, Globalization and Empire
798:
Geopolitical Economy: After US Hegemony, Globalization and Empire
783:
Geopolitical Economy: After US Hegemony, Globalization and Empire
768:
Geopolitical Economy: After US Hegemony, Globalization and Empire
753:
Geopolitical Economy: After US Hegemony, Globalization and Empire
665:
Geopolitical Economy: After US Hegemony, Globalization and Empire
518:
Geopolitical Economy: After US Hegemony, Globalization and Empire
247:
Geopolitical Economy: After US Hegemony, Globalization and Empire
36:
Geopolitical Economy: After US Hegemony, Globalization and Empire
990:
Hudson, Michael. 2016. ‘Ukraine and the new economic Cold War,’
120:, and geopolitical economy's skepticism towards theories of
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https://www.academia.edu/10789674/Fragility_of_US_Supremacy
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designed to encourage flows of foreign capital into the US
135:
as contradictory value production, and the fact that these
1010:
Kellogg, Paul. 2015. ‘Contours of a Multipolar Century’,
107:, at the centre of the understanding of world affairs.
1214:, 30, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 237.
1197:, 30, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 258.
1181:, 30, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 114.
1161:, 30, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 162.
1131:, 30, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 156.
939:
https://doi-org.uml.idm.oclc.org/10.4324/9781315734705
843:, 30, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 178.
177:
predicted, leading in 1971 to the end of the dollar's
1171:, 30, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 86.
1121:, 30, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 56.
1061:, 30, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 93.
853:, 30, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 40.
38:
as a critique of contemporary mainstream theories of
1034:
30, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 231.
899:
DasGupta, Chirashree. 2014. ‘Whither Imperialism?’,
1246:https://doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.7.2.0249
1143:https://doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.6.4.0459
1103:https://doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.6.4.0498
1046:https://doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.6.4.0522
919:https://doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.6.4.0449
865:https://doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.7.1.0106
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869:Bland, Sally. 2013. ‘Fragility of US Supremacy’,
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1199:https://doi.org/10.1108/s0161-72302015000030b009
1183:https://doi.org/10.1108/s0161-72302015000030a012
1173:https://doi.org/10.1108/s0161-72302015000030a011
1163:https://doi.org/10.1108/s0161-72302015000030b006
1133:https://doi.org/10.1108/s0161-72302015000030a013
1123:https://doi.org/10.1108/s0161-72302015000030b003
1063:https://doi.org/10.1108/s0161-72302015000030b004
1036:https://doi.org/10.1108/s0161-72302015000030a015
1032:Theoretical engagements in geopolitical economy,
855:https://doi.org/10.1108/s0161-72302015000030b002
845:https://doi.org/10.1108/s0161-72302015000030a014
835:https://doi.org/10.1108/s0161-72302015000030b005
1212:Theoretical engagements in geopolitical economy
1179:Theoretical engagements in geopolitical economy
1169:Theoretical engagements in geopolitical economy
1129:Theoretical engagements in geopolitical economy
841:Theoretical engagements in geopolitical economy
955:Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space,
1236:https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.7.2017.0228
1093:https://doi.org/10.1080/08935696.2015.1076971
1073:https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2020.1840428
1026:https://doi.org/10.1080/08935696.2015.1076961
1016:https://doi.org/10.1080/08935696.2015.1076962
996:https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2016.1242344
986:https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2022.2075527
969:https://doi.org/10.1080/2329194x.2020.1839911
895:https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2022.2032251
885:https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2016.1242085
343:Environment and Planning D: Society and Space
8:
1006:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21832-4_7
1002:Russia in the Changing International System
949:https://doi.org/10.1177%2F03098168211017433
1222:Transnational Capital and Class Fractions
1113:https://doi.org/10.1163/24714607-bja10106
1083:https://doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-00001508
639:
586:Transnational Capital and Class Fractions
567:
1226:https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351251945-21
1195:Analytical gains of geopolitical economy
1159:Analytical gains of geopolitical economy
1119:Analytical gains of geopolitical economy
1059:Analytical gains of geopolitical economy
959:https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518x17737170
851:Analytical gains of geopolitical economy
831:Analytical gains of geopolitical economy
1052:Croatian International Relations Review
714:"Ukraine and the new economic Cold War"
337:Corbridge, Stuart; Agnew, John (1991).
218:
78:The terms "geo-political economy" and "
30:world historically. It was proposed by
82:’ had been used by British geographer
16:Contemporary political economic theory
707:
705:
7:
441:
439:
407:
405:
403:
401:
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269:. India: Routledge. pp. 75–77.
258:
256:
1149:Marx and Philosophy Review of Books
891:European Sport Management Quarterly
861:World Review of Political Economy,
815:. London: Pluto. pp. 124–125.
800:. London: Pluto. pp. 224–225.
785:. London: Pluto. pp. 119–123.
770:. London: Pluto. pp. 103–106.
755:. London: Pluto. pp. 260–261.
696:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.6.4.0449
569:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.7.2.0249
556:World Review of Political Economy7
503:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.6.4.0449
430:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.6.4.0522
14:
1242:World Review of Political Economy
1139:World Review of Political Economy
1099:World Review of Political Economy
1042:World Review of Political Economy
915:World Review of Political Economy
684:World Review of Political Economy
491:World Review of Political Economy
418:World Review of Political Economy
520:. London: Pluto. pp. 29–63.
1069:Territory, Politics, Governance
167:Britain's industrial revolution
105:Uneven and combined development
40:International political economy
992:International Critical Thought
965:The Japanese Political Economy
881:International Critical Thought
718:International Critical Thought
667:. London: Pluto. pp. 6–7.
304:The Japanese Political Economy
26:approach to understanding the
1:
1232:Journal of Information Policy
1109:Journal of Labor and Society,
901:Economic and Political Weekly
730:10.1080/21598282.2016.1242344
641:10.1080/14747731.2022.2075527
316:10.1080/2329194x.2020.1839911
266:Marxism: With And Beyond Marx
181:, and then repeatedly on the
1044:6(4), pp. 522,524–525.
537:PhD Diss., Leiden University
1224:, Routledge, pp. 242.
1101:, 6(4), pp. 498, 500.
1054:, 21(73), pp. 163,166.
64:classical political economy
1287:
1244:, 7(2), pp. 251–252.
994:, 6(4), pp. 556–557.
917:, 6(4), pp. 449–458.
589:. Routledge. p. 242.
1207:, 14(52), pp. 47–48.
903:, 49(37), pp. 44–46.
626:Hoffmann, Sophia (2022).
464:10.1177/03098168211017433
712:Hudson, Michael (2016).
595:10.4324/9781351251945-21
550:Wolf, Christina (2016).
298:Gürcan, Efe Can (2020).
1091:, 27(4), pp. 551.
1024:, 27(4), pp. 547.
1014:, 27(4), pp. 558.
967:46 (2–3), pp. 130–131.
811:Desai, Radhika (2013).
796:Desai, Radhika (2013).
781:Desai, Radhika (2013).
766:Desai, Radhika (2013).
751:Desai, Radhika (2013).
678:Desai, Radhika (2015).
663:Desai, Radhika (2013).
516:Desai, Radhika (2013).
485:Desai, Radhika (2015).
446:Desai, Radhika (2022).
412:Kurečić, Petar (2015).
245:Desai, Radhika (2013).
68:theories of imperialism
44:International relations
1234:7, pp. 237, 255.
1141:, 6(4), pp. 460.
1079:Historical Materialism
977:, 79(4), pp. 632.
906:Desai, Radhika. 2013.
883:, 6(4), pp. 649.
194:Clinton administration
1205:Geopolitics Quarterly
1081:, 1(13), pp. 1.
975:Science & Society
957:50(2), pp. 408.
893:22(5), pp. 693.
863:7(1), pp. 4,18.
531:Saidi, Hamed (2021).
386:The National Interest
275:10.4324/9781315734705
228:Geopolitics Quarterly
1111:26(1), pp. 30.
1004:, pp. 125–126.
142:developmental states
20:Geopolitical economy
945:Capital & Class
937:, Routledge India.
452:Capital & Class
355:1991EnPlD...9...71C
163:Italian city states
97:developmental state
66:and to the Marxist
1089:Rethinking Marxism
1022:Rethinking Marxism
1012:Rethinking Marxism
22:is a contemporary
1261:Marxian economics
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183:financializations
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910:. London: Pluto.
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171:multipolar world
155:anti-imperialism
153:imperialism and
84:Stuart Corbridge
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101:Leon Trotsky
80:geo-politics
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1266:Geopolitics
1151:, 3 March,
458:(1): 3–10.
206:Third World
126:US hegemony
48:free market
1255:Categories
213:References
190:ideologies
133:capitalism
111:Components
74:Background
52:free trade
42:(IPE) and
28:capitalist
947:, 46(1),
738:157588950
650:249328382
613:240304134
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371:143669935
349:(1): 88.
324:228949715
179:gold link
146:socialist
539:: 30–31.
392:: 17–23.
60:hegemony
935:Marxism
351:Bibcode
103:called
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34:in her
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