604:
475:. It consists of classes, properties, individuals and restrictions. Table 1 shows all classes, gives a brief description and lists some individuals that belong to each class. Note that the current version of the geopolitical ontology does not provide individuals of the class "disputed" territories. Table 2 and Table 3 illustrate datatype properties and object properties.
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When a non-information resource is looked up without any specific representation format, then the server needs to redirect the request to information resource with an HTML representation. For example, to retrieve the resource “Italy”, which is a non-information resource, the server redirects to the
517:
In addition the current URIs used for OWL format needed to be kept to allow for backwards compatibility for other systems that are using them. Therefore, the new URIs for the FAO Geopolitical
Ontology in LOD were carefully created, using “Cool URIs for Semantic Web” and considering other good
900:
The value of the datatype property "validSince" is the first year of validity of a territory or group. The geopolitical ontology traces back historic changes only until 1985. Therefore if an area has a validSince = 1985, this indicates that the area is valid at least since
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When an area (territory or group) changed but kept the same name, the ontology differentiates the two areas by sub-fixing the name of the obsolete one with the year (e.g. “FAO 2006”). The year indicates the beginning of validity of that particular
491:
version of the geopolitical ontology in March 2011. The term 'Linked Open Data' refers to a set of best practices for publishing and connecting structured data on the Web. The key technologies that support Linked Data are URIs, HTTP and RDF.
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The URIs of the geopolitical ontology need to be permanent, consequently all transient information, such as year, version, or format was avoided in the definition of the URIs. The new URIs can be accessed
225:
291:
The FAO geopolitical ontology provides a structured description of data sources. This includes: source name, source identifier, source creator and source's update date. Concepts are described using the
503:
Every resource in the OWL format of the FAO Geopolitical
Ontology has a unique URI. Dereferenciation was implemented to allow for three different URIs to be assigned to each resource as follows:
580:
The total number of triple statements in FAO Geopolitical
Ontology is 22,495. At least 50 links to a dataset already in the current LOD Cloud: FAO Geopolitical Ontology has 195 links to
212:
The geopolitical ontology provides names in seven languages (Arabic, Chinese, French, English, Spanish, Russian and
Italian) and identifiers in various international coding systems (
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The value of the datatype property "validUntil" is the last year of validity of the territory or group. In case the area is currently valid, this value is set by default to 9999.
450:
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The RDF version of the geopolitical ontology is compliant with all Linked data principles to be included in the Linked Open Data cloud, as explained in the following.
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system provides access to country-based heterogeneous data sources. By using the geopolitical ontology in the system, the following benefits are expected:
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by defining hierarchical structures of classes, adding individuals, setting object properties and datatype properties, and assigning restrictions.
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603:
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The RDF version of the FAO Geopolitical
Ontology has been already registered in CKAN and it was requested to add it into the LOD Cloud.
55:
is a kind of dictionary that describes information in a certain domain using concepts and relationships. It is often implemented using
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value, this means that a self-governing territory (or country) can only have one internationally recognized official
English name.
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Enhanced system functionality for content aggregation and synchronization from the multiple source repositories.
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is an information retrieval tool which groups the FAO's vast archive of information on its global activities in
385:
Names (official, short and names for lists) in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Spanish, Russian and
Italian.
354:
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Integrating country-based heterogeneous data at the United
Nations: FAO's geopolitical ontology and services.
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Improved information access and browsing through comparison of data in neighbor countries and groups.
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are concepts. Concepts are explicitly implemented in the ontology with individuals and classes:
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To provide the most updated geopolitical information (names, codes, relationships, statistics)
106:
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280:; and disseminates country statistics including country area, land area, agricultural area,
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Special groups term is used for non-economical or greographical territory groups like the
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is defined as a set of individuals sharing common properties. In the geopolitical domain,
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the FAO geopolitical ontology in OWL and RDF formats. Documentation is available in the
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Basic country statistics: country area, land area, agricultural area, GDP, population.
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1090:"FAO's Geopolitical Ontology and Services (Slides about FAO's geopolitical ontology)"
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Reports of the United
Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names
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Figure 3. a website of introducing the geopolitical ontology in FAO Country
Profiles.
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The advantage of describing information in an ontology is that it enables to acquire
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geopolitical ontology tracks historical changes from 1985 up until today; provides
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is defined as an object perceived from the real world. In the geopolitical domain
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Figure 1. An example of concepts and relationship in the geopolitical ontology.
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is defined as abstract knowledge. For example, in the geopolitical ontology a
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United Nations Statistics Division - country or area codes added or changed
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921:"Linked Data | Linked Data - Connect Distributed Data across the Web"
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entities such as countries, territories, regions and other similar areas.
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http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/geoinfo/geopolitical/resource/Italy
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In summary, the main objectives of the FAO geopolitical ontology are:
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FAO Geopolitical Ontology provides the entire dataset as a RDF dump.
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446:
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and countries, or countries and groups, including properties such as
316:
To demonstrate the benefits of the geopolitical ontology to improve
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For example, for the resource “Italy” the URIs are the following:
456:
Historic changes: predecessor, successor, valid since, valid until.
1127:
602:
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http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/geoinfo/geopolitical/page/Italy
543:
http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/geoinfo/geopolitical/data/Italy
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110:
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identifies the information resource with an HTML representation.
63:-based standard language that can be interpreted by computers.
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To improve information management and facilitate standardized
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Relationships between concepts are explicitly implemented by:
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in one single area and catalogues it exclusively by country.
37:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
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which has no government and belongs to no country. See also
252:(geographical coordinates); implements relationships among
233:
1057:
Inventory of data sources used in the FAO country profiles
924:
581:
563:” is used to map the new URIs to the OWL representation.
174:
in classes and/or properties. For example, the property
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identifies the resource with an RDF/XML representation.
306:
To track historical changes in geopolitical information
1144:"ISO - Maintenance Agency for ISO 3166 country codes"
244:
ID codes) for territories and groups. Moreover, the
510:
Information resource with an RDF/XML representation
483:The FAO Geopolitical ontology is embracing the W3C
139:between individuals of two classes. For example,
39:to describe, manage and exchange data related to
513:Information resource with an HTML representation
681:International Organization for Standardization
645:where the geopolitical ontology is described.
655:Agricultural Information Management Standards
507:URI identifying the non-information resource
8:
182:territory has been restricted to have only
736:Country or area code changes since 1982:
584:, which is already part of the LOD Cloud.
518:practices for URIs, such as DBpedia URIs.
346:The geopolitical ontology contains :
987:"Resource: Geopolitical ontology - Italy"
479:Geopolitical ontology in Linked Open Data
539:identifies the non-information resource.
471:geopolitical ontology is implemented in
692:
160:datatypes. For example, the individual
868:, Low Income Food Deficit Countries,
789:
787:
576:At least 1000 triples in the datasets
7:
1152:"Geopolitical ontology module maker"
1136:"UN Statistics Division - M49 codes"
388:International codes: UN code – M49,
156:between individuals and literals or
338:Geopolitical information web page.
487:(LOD) initiative and released its
25:
795:"FAO Geopolitical ontology (RDF)"
699:Official names of countries from
675:Global Administrative Unit Layers
147:properties, as shown in Figure 1.
1120:"FAO Terminology] (FAOTERM)"
1194:Geographic data and information
1179:Ontology (information science)
862:Small Island Developing States
121:is an individual of the class
1:
641:Figure 3 shows a page in the
113:are individuals of the class
967:"The Linked Open Data Cloud"
588:Access to the entire dataset
342:Features of the FAO ontology
73:non-self-governing territory
59:(Web Ontology Language), an
1040:"FAO geopolitical ontology"
313:of geopolitical information
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436:Adjectives of nationality.
164:has the datatype property
870:Least Developed Countries
433:Currency names and codes.
119:least developed countries
92:least developed countries
29:FAO geopolitical ontology
1184:Knowledge representation
701:FAO terminology database
463:Implementation into OWL
47:Definitions and examples
1019:"FAO Geopolitical data"
813:"Geopolitical ontology"
572:HTML page of “Italy”.
499:Resolvable http:// URIs
1102:"FAO Country Profiles"
849:Politics in Antarctica
608:
197:
94:group are individuals.
866:Land Locked Countries
750:"DCMI Metadata Terms"
606:
449:), administration of
411:Coordinates: maximum
392:Alpha-2 and Alpha-3,
195:
176:official English name
168:with the value "AFG".
670:FAO Country Profiles
643:FAO Country Profiles
628:FAO Country Profiles
613:FAO Country Profiles
336:FAO Country Profiles
881:UN official names:
380:and special groups.
325:information systems
18:Geopolitical entity
1062:2009-09-25 at the
945:Berners-Lee, Tim.
888:2009-01-30 at the
706:2009-04-25 at the
609:
567:Dereferencing URIs
559:In addition, “owl:
451:non-self-governing
442:Groups membership.
359:non-self-governing
330:It is possible to
270:is administered by
198:
77:geographical group
752:. 20 January 2020
720:"FAO TERMINOLOGY"
621:rural development
445:Neighbours (land
262:is predecessor of
107:Republic of Korea
35:developed by the
16:(Redirected from
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400:code, FAOSTAT,
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266:is successor of
258:has border with
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117:territory; and
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1083:External links
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839:The area type
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771:"OWL ontology"
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843:is used for
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817:the original
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665:Country code
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404:FAOTERM and
350:Area types:
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311:data sharing
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208:FAO ontology
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172:Restrictions
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617:agriculture
439:Relations:
296:vocabulary
294:Dublin Core
278:is in group
274:has members
250:geolocation
228:, FAOTERM,
162:Afghanistan
145:is in group
1173:Categories
1161:2024-03-02
1111:2024-03-02
972:2024-03-02
952:2024-03-02
931:2011-07-08
845:Antarctica
756:2024-03-02
688:References
423:, minimum
419:, maximum
415:, minimum
374:geographic
286:population
154:properties
141:has member
137:properties
84:individual
1128:"FAOSTAT"
1005:"Unknown"
425:longitude
421:longitude
394:UNDP code
322:corporate
254:countries
1060:Archived
886:Archived
704:Archived
649:See also
522:New URIs
417:latitude
413:latitude
390:ISO 3166
378:economic
368:Groups:
365:, other.
363:disputed
332:download
166:CodeISO3
152:Datatype
103:Ethiopia
90:and the
88:Ethiopia
53:ontology
33:ontology
660:AGROVOC
582:DBpedia
406:DBPedia
402:AGROVOC
242:DBPedia
226:FAOSTAT
222:AGROVOC
69:Concept
872:, etc.
677:(GAUL)
561:sameAs
447:border
276:, and
135:Object
75:and a
31:is an
1026:(XML)
901:1985.
841:Other
830:area.
778:(XML)
683:(ISO)
111:Italy
99:class
626:The
619:and
611:The
467:The
398:GAUL
240:and
238:UNDP
230:GAUL
218:ISO3
214:ISO2
143:and
109:and
27:The
1156:FAO
1106:FAO
489:RDF
473:OWL
469:FAO
408:ID.
320:of
284:or
282:GDP
246:FAO
184:one
158:XML
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