596:
467:. It consists of classes, properties, individuals and restrictions. Table 1 shows all classes, gives a brief description and lists some individuals that belong to each class. Note that the current version of the geopolitical ontology does not provide individuals of the class "disputed" territories. Table 2 and Table 3 illustrate datatype properties and object properties.
563:
When a non-information resource is looked up without any specific representation format, then the server needs to redirect the request to information resource with an HTML representation. For example, to retrieve the resource “Italy”, which is a non-information resource, the server redirects to the
509:
In addition the current URIs used for OWL format needed to be kept to allow for backwards compatibility for other systems that are using them. Therefore, the new URIs for the FAO Geopolitical
Ontology in LOD were carefully created, using “Cool URIs for Semantic Web” and considering other good
892:
The value of the datatype property "validSince" is the first year of validity of a territory or group. The geopolitical ontology traces back historic changes only until 1985. Therefore if an area has a validSince = 1985, this indicates that the area is valid at least since
821:
When an area (territory or group) changed but kept the same name, the ontology differentiates the two areas by sub-fixing the name of the obsolete one with the year (e.g. “FAO 2006”). The year indicates the beginning of validity of that particular
483:
version of the geopolitical ontology in March 2011. The term 'Linked Open Data' refers to a set of best practices for publishing and connecting structured data on the Web. The key technologies that support Linked Data are URIs, HTTP and RDF.
518:
The URIs of the geopolitical ontology need to be permanent, consequently all transient information, such as year, version, or format was avoided in the definition of the URIs. The new URIs can be accessed
217:
283:
The FAO geopolitical ontology provides a structured description of data sources. This includes: source name, source identifier, source creator and source's update date. Concepts are described using the
495:
Every resource in the OWL format of the FAO Geopolitical
Ontology has a unique URI. Dereferenciation was implemented to allow for three different URIs to be assigned to each resource as follows:
572:
The total number of triple statements in FAO Geopolitical
Ontology is 22,495. At least 50 links to a dataset already in the current LOD Cloud: FAO Geopolitical Ontology has 195 links to
204:
The geopolitical ontology provides names in seven languages (Arabic, Chinese, French, English, Spanish, Russian and
Italian) and identifiers in various international coding systems (
902:
The value of the datatype property "validUntil" is the last year of validity of the territory or group. In case the area is currently valid, this value is set by default to 9999.
442:
350:
64:
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The RDF version of the geopolitical ontology is compliant with all Linked data principles to be included in the Linked Open Data cloud, as explained in the following.
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system provides access to country-based heterogeneous data sources. By using the geopolitical ontology in the system, the following benefits are expected:
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by defining hierarchical structures of classes, adding individuals, setting object properties and datatype properties, and assigning restrictions.
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595:
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The RDF version of the FAO Geopolitical
Ontology has been already registered in CKAN and it was requested to add it into the LOD Cloud.
47:
is a kind of dictionary that describes information in a certain domain using concepts and relationships. It is often implemented using
1031:
804:
1175:
877:
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value, this means that a self-governing territory (or country) can only have one internationally recognized official
English name.
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853:
480:
44:
24:
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385:
229:
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126:
110:
83:
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Enhanced system functionality for content aggregation and synchronization from the multiple source repositories.
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is an information retrieval tool which groups the FAO's vast archive of information on its global activities in
377:
Names (official, short and names for lists) in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Spanish, Russian and
Italian.
346:
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Integrating country-based heterogeneous data at the United
Nations: FAO's geopolitical ontology and services.
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48:
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Improved information access and browsing through comparison of data in neighbor countries and groups.
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are concepts. Concepts are explicitly implemented in the ontology with individuals and classes:
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To provide the most updated geopolitical information (names, codes, relationships, statistics)
98:
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309:
272:; and disseminates country statistics including country area, land area, agricultural area,
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881:
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Special groups term is used for non-economical or greographical territory groups like the
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is defined as a set of individuals sharing common properties. In the geopolitical domain,
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the FAO geopolitical ontology in OWL and RDF formats. Documentation is available in the
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729:
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Basic country statistics: country area, land area, agricultural area, GDP, population.
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1082:"FAO's Geopolitical Ontology and Services (Slides about FAO's geopolitical ontology)"
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Reports of the United
Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names
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Figure 3. a website of introducing the geopolitical ontology in FAO Country
Profiles.
361:
354:
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The advantage of describing information in an ontology is that it enables to acquire
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656:
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geopolitical ontology tracks historical changes from 1985 up until today; provides
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is defined as an object perceived from the real world. In the geopolitical domain
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153:
32:
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715:
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Figure 1. An example of concepts and relationship in the geopolitical ontology.
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is defined as abstract knowledge. For example, in the geopolitical ontology a
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United Nations Statistics Division - country or area codes added or changed
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913:"Linked Data | Linked Data - Connect Distributed Data across the Web"
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entities such as countries, territories, regions and other similar areas.
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http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/geoinfo/geopolitical/resource/Italy
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In summary, the main objectives of the FAO geopolitical ontology are:
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FAO Geopolitical Ontology provides the entire dataset as a RDF dump.
552:
438:
248:
and countries, or countries and groups, including properties such as
308:
To demonstrate the benefits of the geopolitical ontology to improve
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For example, for the resource “Italy” the URIs are the following:
448:
Historic changes: predecessor, successor, valid since, valid until.
1119:
594:
543:
http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/geoinfo/geopolitical/page/Italy
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http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/geoinfo/geopolitical/data/Italy
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102:
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identifies the information resource with an HTML representation.
55:-based standard language that can be interpreted by computers.
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1111:
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To improve information management and facilitate standardized
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149:
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Relationships between concepts are explicitly implemented by:
52:
28:
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in one single area and catalogues it exclusively by country.
29:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
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which has no government and belongs to no country. See also
244:(geographical coordinates); implements relationships among
225:
1049:
Inventory of data sources used in the FAO country profiles
916:
573:
555:” is used to map the new URIs to the OWL representation.
166:
in classes and/or properties. For example, the property
539:
identifies the resource with an RDF/XML representation.
298:
To track historical changes in geopolitical information
1136:"ISO - Maintenance Agency for ISO 3166 country codes"
236:
ID codes) for territories and groups. Moreover, the
502:
Information resource with an RDF/XML representation
475:The FAO Geopolitical ontology is embracing the W3C
131:between individuals of two classes. For example,
31:to describe, manage and exchange data related to
505:Information resource with an HTML representation
673:International Organization for Standardization
637:where the geopolitical ontology is described.
647:Agricultural Information Management Standards
499:URI identifying the non-information resource
8:
174:territory has been restricted to have only
728:Country or area code changes since 1982:
576:, which is already part of the LOD Cloud.
510:practices for URIs, such as DBpedia URIs.
338:The geopolitical ontology contains :
979:"Resource: Geopolitical ontology - Italy"
471:Geopolitical ontology in Linked Open Data
531:identifies the non-information resource.
463:geopolitical ontology is implemented in
684:
152:datatypes. For example, the individual
860:, Low Income Food Deficit Countries,
781:
779:
568:At least 1000 triples in the datasets
7:
1144:"Geopolitical ontology module maker"
1128:"UN Statistics Division - M49 codes"
380:International codes: UN code – M49,
148:between individuals and literals or
330:Geopolitical information web page.
479:(LOD) initiative and released its
14:
787:"FAO Geopolitical ontology (RDF)"
691:Official names of countries from
667:Global Administrative Unit Layers
139:properties, as shown in Figure 1.
1112:"FAO Terminology] (FAOTERM)"
1186:Geographic data and information
1171:Ontology (information science)
854:Small Island Developing States
113:is an individual of the class
1:
633:Figure 3 shows a page in the
105:are individuals of the class
959:"The Linked Open Data Cloud"
580:Access to the entire dataset
334:Features of the FAO ontology
65:non-self-governing territory
51:(Web Ontology Language), an
1032:"FAO geopolitical ontology"
305:of geopolitical information
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428:Adjectives of nationality.
156:has the datatype property
862:Least Developed Countries
425:Currency names and codes.
111:least developed countries
84:least developed countries
21:FAO geopolitical ontology
1176:Knowledge representation
693:FAO terminology database
455:Implementation into OWL
39:Definitions and examples
1011:"FAO Geopolitical data"
805:"Geopolitical ontology"
564:HTML page of “Italy”.
491:Resolvable http:// URIs
1094:"FAO Country Profiles"
841:Politics in Antarctica
600:
189:
86:group are individuals.
858:Land Locked Countries
742:"DCMI Metadata Terms"
598:
441:), administration of
403:Coordinates: maximum
384:Alpha-2 and Alpha-3,
187:
168:official English name
160:with the value "AFG".
662:FAO Country Profiles
635:FAO Country Profiles
620:FAO Country Profiles
605:FAO Country Profiles
328:FAO Country Profiles
873:UN official names:
372:and special groups.
317:information systems
1054:2009-09-25 at the
937:Berners-Lee, Tim.
880:2009-01-30 at the
698:2009-04-25 at the
601:
559:Dereferencing URIs
551:In addition, “owl:
443:non-self-governing
434:Groups membership.
351:non-self-governing
322:It is possible to
262:is administered by
190:
69:geographical group
16:Type of dictionary
744:. 20 January 2020
712:"FAO TERMINOLOGY"
613:rural development
437:Neighbours (land
254:is predecessor of
99:Republic of Korea
27:developed by the
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194:domain knowledge
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392:code, FAOSTAT,
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258:is successor of
250:has border with
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109:territory; and
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1075:External links
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831:The area type
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811:on 2016-04-13.
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763:"OWL ontology"
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835:is used for
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809:the original
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767:the original
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657:Country code
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303:data sharing
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200:FAO ontology
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164:Restrictions
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431:Relations:
288:vocabulary
286:Dublin Core
270:is in group
266:has members
242:geolocation
220:, FAOTERM,
154:Afghanistan
137:is in group
1165:Categories
1153:2024-03-02
1103:2024-03-02
964:2024-03-02
944:2024-03-02
923:2011-07-08
837:Antarctica
748:2024-03-02
680:References
415:, minimum
411:, maximum
407:, minimum
366:geographic
278:population
146:properties
133:has member
129:properties
76:individual
1120:"FAOSTAT"
997:"Unknown"
417:longitude
413:longitude
386:UNDP code
314:corporate
246:countries
1052:Archived
878:Archived
696:Archived
641:See also
514:New URIs
409:latitude
405:latitude
382:ISO 3166
370:economic
360:Groups:
357:, other.
355:disputed
324:download
158:CodeISO3
144:Datatype
95:Ethiopia
82:and the
80:Ethiopia
45:ontology
25:ontology
652:AGROVOC
574:DBpedia
398:DBPedia
394:AGROVOC
234:DBPedia
218:FAOSTAT
214:AGROVOC
61:Concept
864:, etc.
669:(GAUL)
553:sameAs
439:border
268:, and
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67:and a
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893:1985.
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770:(XML)
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103:Italy
91:class
618:The
611:and
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390:GAUL
232:and
230:UNDP
222:GAUL
210:ISO3
206:ISO2
135:and
101:and
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1148:FAO
1098:FAO
481:RDF
465:OWL
461:FAO
400:ID.
312:of
276:or
274:GDP
238:FAO
176:one
150:XML
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