284:). His paternal grandfather, William Trenholm (1737-1822), was born in Yorkshire, England, but he lived and worked in Charleston most of his adult life. He was forced to leave during the American Revolutionary War due to his Loyalist sympathies and business associations. He lived in New York, the Netherlands, and Santo Domingo but returned to Charleston in 1785, shortly after the war's end, and lived there for another 37 years. He introduced his son William (1772-1824) into the family business. When his father died, George Trenholm left school and went into business.
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631:. U.S. lawyers filed suit in Britain against the firm's assets to recover funds and against several principals, including T.D. Wagner and Charles Prioleau. The U.S. Government sued Canada for reparations for damages caused by British firms acting on behalf of the Confederacy but settled claims including $ 3 million for damages to U.S. shipping by the British-built
304:, John Fraser and Company in Charleston. He rose to become a partner, and by 1853, when he was 46, he led the company. Fraser died in 1854, and it became Fraser and Trenholm. By 1860 Trenholm became one of the wealthiest men in the Southern United States, owning real estate worth $ 90,000 (equivalent to $ 3,052,000 in 2023) and personal property (including
291:
outside
Charleston. The couple had thirteen children; five (including their first four) died in infancy. In 1860, their daughters Emily (b. 1839), Anna (b. 1842), Eliza (b. 1848), Christiana (b. 1851), and sons Alfred (b. 1844), Frances (b. 1846), Edwin (b. 1850) were still living with their parents.
829:
1860 U.S. Federal Census--Slave
Schedule for Ward 6, Charleston, South Carolina. The federal census is taken by geographic locale. South Carolina's state slave schedules are unavailable online; no source is given for one estimate of Trenholm's slaveholdings as "thousands", but 230 were recorded at
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and contact with the
Confederate Congress. Trenholm had a "never give up the ship" personality but could do little to stop the financial havoc as the rebel government grew insolvent and printing money caused inflation. Trenholm advocated direct taxation, reducing the circulation of paper currency,
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Trenholm's son Fred sailed home from
England to attend his sister Helen's wedding to James Morris Morgan. Trenholm also created trusts and deeded plantations to his children and their spouses. The U.S. government ultimately confiscated some of these properties based on the failure of the Trenholm
260:
His merchant firm was estimated to have made $ 9 million by blockade running with its 60 ships during the war. Although he was imprisoned briefly after the war and suffered economic setbacks, Trenholm prospered. In the postwar years, Trenholm was a prominent philanthropist, aiding black and white
472:
Other accounts trace $ 40,000 used by Major
Raphael J. Moses (General Longstreet's commissary officer) to assist Confederate veterans struggling to return home. Some believe Trenholm ordered the bullion dumped off railroad bridges on the journey described below (noting his son William patented a
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During the war's final days, Trenholm arranged for the
Confederate treasury, archives, and bullion owned by it and Richmond banks to be transported from the imperiled capital into North Carolina by a train guarded by Captain William Howard Parker and Confederate naval midshipmen. The bullion and
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He signed off on payments for
Confederate spies, including operations in Canada and Washington, D.C., as well as for the defense of Richmond, Virginia. He moved to the Confederate capital after severing ties with his businesses in Charleston. Trenholm arranged for a large loan to the Confederate
663:. He led an effort to invest in public welfare and infrastructure, which resulted in a trebling of state debt as there had been little public investment before the war. He survived an impeachment vote. Voters elected Trenholm to the South Carolina legislature in 1874, and he died in office.
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as
Confederate foreign agents in Britain to manage their arrangements, especially shipping munitions home. Britain depended on the South's cotton exports. Continuing cotton exports to Britain helped the Confederacy financially and shaped British public opinion toward the Confederate cause.
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in 1868; the railroad was planned to link
Charleston and the American Midwest, but it reportedly went bankrupt due to embezzlement by an official who escaped to the North. It was also likely to have been mismanaged, as the southern railroads were over-capitalized in this period.
408:
In
January 1864, Trenholm's daughter Emily married William Miles Hazzard, a Confederate scout. Trenholm deeded the Annandale and Beneventum plantations to Hazzard shortly after the war's end, trying to protect them from potential confiscation by the United States government.
416:, a fellow Charlestonian and friend, used Trenholm as an unofficial adviser for almost four years. When Memminger resigned on July 1, 1864 (due to public outcry after he issued millions of Confederate bank notes at one-third the value of the old ones), and moved back to
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specie were later estimated to be worth between a quarter to a half million dollars. The last published account of it reported $ 86,000 in specie hidden in the false bottom of a carriage and entrusted to James A. Semple, a Naval paymaster and son-in-law of ex-President
606:, R.M.T. Hunter, former Florida governor A. K. Allison, Charles Clark of Mississippi, A. G. Magrath, and assistant Secretary of War, James A. Campbell—all of whom were allowed liberty around the island after giving their parole of honor on August 21.
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In the postwar period, Trenholm became known for his philanthropy to blacks and whites in the South Carolina Low County. He wrote in 1865 that emancipation of blacks was necessary and argued for their uplift. Many South Carolinians were unhappy with
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Around June 12, a U.S. officer asked Trenholm to come to them in Charleston to answer questions. Escorted by his future son-in-law James M. Morgan (or by his son William, under alternate accounts) and carrying a bag of gold pieces, Trenholm drove to
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of Texas), Trenholm returned to his business. Manager James Welsman had been pardoned in August. On September 29, President Johnson had ordered property returned to Charleston firms, including Trenholm's, over the objection of Quartermaster General
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496:, where they met their brother William Trenholm and his family. Though ill, George Trenholm (with his wife as his nurse, the only woman among 30 male officials) evacuated Richmond on Sunday night, April 5, 1865, bound for
579:, who knew him and of his kindnesses toward U.S. prisoners during the war and recognizing his physical disability, issued him a written parole on June 25 to allow him to return to his home and the corporate limits of
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arranged cotton sales and financed its own fleet. The U.S. consul in Liverpool, Thomas Dudley, estimated Trenholm's fleet imported $ 4.5 million of cotton into Great Britain. However, Confederate President
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for the wedding on June 1, 1865, of his son Frank to Mary Elizabeth Burroughs in the house of the college president. Trenholm, his wife, and daughters moved into their newly purchased estate, now named
361:
Trenholm's wealth increased as his 60 commercial ships ran the U.S. Navy blockade. The ships carried cotton, tobacco, and turpentine to England and brought back coal, iron, salt, guns, and ammunition.
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and the remaining Confederate cabinet members in Fort Mill. Trenholm asked President Davis to accept his resignation, citing his ill health, and Davis accepted with his thanks on April 27, 1865.
527:, had offered his troops the choice of surrendering or continuing to fight. Half his cavalry and almost all infantry left for home. Only 1,000 men followed General Echols to meet with President
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further public subscriptions for war bonds, and purchasing blockade runners (rather than continuing to rely on private shippers), but the Confederate Congress refused to pass those measures.
420:, Trenholm succeeded him. He was formally appointed on July 18, 1864. Trenholm was a more charismatic figure than his predecessor. Together with his constant published updates, he had better
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on June 13. The U.S. government accused him of making off with millions in Confederate assets. He was soon joined in jail by Theodore Dehon Wagner, the manager of Trenholm, Fraser & Co.
436:) and paying for a massive Christmas dinner (postponed until New Year's Day 1865) endeared him to Richmond's elite. On February 6, 1865, the Confederate Congress proposed to President
249:(February 25, 1807 – December 9, 1876) was a South Carolina businessman, financier, politician, and slaveholding planter who owned several plantations and strongly supported the
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Trenholm's cotton brokerage firm went bankrupt in 1867. It successfully reorganized as George A. Trenholm & Son and shifted to take advantage of the state's postwar
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were armed and rode openly in groups; they were particularly militant and succeeded in intimidating many black voters. Despite the black Republican majority, Democrat
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500:, on the same train as the rest of the Confederate government. He was said to have self-medicated with peach brandy, shared with fellow travelers, and morphine.
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to Elizabeth Irene (de Greffin) Trenholm and her merchant husband, William Trenholm. His maternal grandfather, Comte de Greffin, was a major plantation owner in
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Days later, Trenholm was transported by ambulance to another train carrying the Confederate government into North Carolina, where they learned President
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323:'s election in 1860, Trenholm strongly supported the secession of the Confederacy, which South Carolina led among the top six of the major slave states.
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365:, the Confederate chief of ordnance, estimated that by March 1863, Trenholm's company had made $ 9 million (equivalent to $ 90 million in 2023) by
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316:. Trenholm's family enslaved about 39 persons as domestic staff Trenholm was also director of the Bank of Charleston and a South Carolina railroad.
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677:, a former Confederate general, was elected governor. White Democrats retained state legislature control for most of the following century.
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A member of the Democratic Party, Trenholm was elected to the South Carolina legislature in 1852 and served until 1856. After President
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The 1874 campaign season for governor was filled with violence as white Democrats worked to suppress the black Republican vote. The
556:, near Columbia, South Carolina. U.S. Army troops had burned it in a raid. They left the Abbeville house to William and his family.
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308:) valued at about $ 35,000 (equivalent to $ 1,186,889 in 2023). His financial investments included steamships, hotels, wharves,
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South Carolinians. He also served on railroad and bank boards. He was elected to state office again in 1874 and died in office.
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Also in the household were their married eldest son William Trenholm (b. 1846), his wife, their young sons, and Anna's mother.
696:, where he and Memminger spent summers during his final years. Trenholm is the great-great-grandfather of Virginia politician
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by train, escorted by midshipman James Morris Morgan (who would later marry one of the Trenholm daughters). The women rode to
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369:. His company - now called Fraser, Trenholm and Company - became the Confederate government's overseas banker. The office in
343:. He was appointed to South Carolina's State Marine Battery Commission, where he oversaw the construction of the Confederate
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At age 21, George Alfred Trenholm married Anna Helen Holmes on April 3, 1828. Her father, John Holmes, owned a plantation on
264:
He was one of the few Confederate cabinet members who returned to political office in the United States after the Civil War.
405:; located south of Georgetown, it was a highly successful rice operation that had worked 230 enslaved people in the 1850s.
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583:. In July, Gillmore was relieved of his command, and Trenholm was arrested again on July 12. Secretary of War
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Blockade runners Theodore Jervey and A.S. Johnson were also arrested in July. Trenholm was imprisoned at
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had been assassinated on April 14. Eventually, the Confederate government, including Trenholm, reached
598:. He was allowed guests, including many former high Confederate officials. Fellow prisoners included
481:(who later returned to Georgia, where it became an endowment to educate orphans), or taken to Canada.
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350:. Trenholm personally financed the construction of a twelve-vessel flotilla for Charleston's defense.
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Trenholm served again in the South Carolina legislature from 1860 to 1863. In 1863, he purchased the
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government from a French consortium, but the proceeds arrived too late to assist their war effort.
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and ordered released on October 11, 1865 (along with Clark, Campbell, Confederate Vice President
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alone, having bought many in 1863 before assuming his public role. He traveled from Abbeville to
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Former offices of Fraser, Trenholm & Co. in Rumford Place, Liverpool (photographed in 2019).
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used a $ 1,500 gold warrant signed by Trenholm to secure his passage on a boat to Britain.
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Trenholm died in Charleston on December 9, 1876, and was buried in Magnolia Cemetery. The
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firm to pay customs duties on the many items imported by blockade runners during the war.
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that he fire his entire cabinet except for Trenholm. Davis declined, but Secretary of War
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for finding lost items in the water after the war), or had money smuggled to England by
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Trenholm sent his daughters out of Richmond on Friday, April 3, 1865, with First Lady
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broke out, Trenholm immediately moved his company's head office from New York to the
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Treasures of the Confederate Coast: The "Real Rhett Butler" & Other Revelations
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Treasures of the Confederate Coast: the "real Rhett Butler" & other revelations
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253:. He was appointed as its Secretary of the Treasury during the final year of the
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Trenholm's lavish entertaining in Richmond (at the house that later became the
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344:
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Listing of business records of Fraser, Trenholm & Company, 1860-1877
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Last Train South: The Flight of the Confederate Government from Richmond
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Executive members of the Cabinet of the Confederate States of America
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vetoed Trenholm's suggestion that the Confederacy buy decommissioned
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holds the Confederate Treasury's records, many created by Trenholm.
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North Carolina erected a historical highway marker near his estate
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suspected him of involvement in President Lincoln's assassination.
1307:
Lifeline of the Confederacy; Blockade Running during the Civil War
1258:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 234–243.
352:
281:
801:. JSTOR. The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine.
820:
1860 U.S. Federal Census for Ward 6, Charleston, South Carolina.
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Popular legend suggests that Trenholm and his exploits inspired
1414:
933:
National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory
811:
1860 U.S. Federal Census for Charleston, South Carolina ward 6
1010:
Richmond Burning: The Last Days of the Confederate Capital
389:(son of a Charleston lawyer) worked with fellow American
272:
George Alfred Trenholm was born on February 25, 1807, in
1075:(illustrated ed.). University of Missouri. p.
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Confederate States Department of the Treasury officials
1354:
George A. Trenholm, Financial Genius of the Confederacy
1335:
George Alfred Trenholm and the Company That Went to War
1051:
George Alfred Trenholm and the Company That Went to War
830:
Annandale in the 1850s, a plantation he bought in 1863.
646:
mining boom. Trenholm was elected as a director of the
1235:
The Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe
908:"George A. Trenholm - Last Secretary of the Treasury"
300:
At 16, George Trenholm had begun working for a major
1286:. University, Alabama: University of Alabama Press.
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South Carolina House of Representatives
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South Carolina House of Representatives
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South Carolina House of Representatives
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1068:
913:. Confederate Historical Association of Belgium.
465:to pay Confederate accounts. Secretary of State
838:
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539:Trenholm had six rice plantations to manage in
1311:. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina.
1426:
1135:"Interview with Chuck Robb by Brien Williams"
8:
1389:Confederate States Secretary of the Treasury
54:Confederate States Secretary of the Treasury
1697:Politicians from Charleston, South Carolina
868:(McFarland & Company, Inc. 1984), p. 32
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1113:"George Alfred Trenholm papers, 1853-1897"
734:Blockade runners of the American Civil War
40:
29:
1352:Nepveux, Ethel Trenholm Seabrook (1999).
1333:Nepveux, Ethel Trenholm Seabrook (1973).
964:Wolf, Elizabeth Huntsinger (2013-04-10).
385:Trenholm and his Liverpool-based partner
1356:. Anderson, South Carolina: The Author.
1337:. Anderson, South Carolina: The Author.
1239:. New York: Random House International.
1062:
1060:
280:(before the slave revolution; it is now
1139:George J. Mitchell Oral History Project
1133:Robb, Charles 'Chuck' (4 August 2009).
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
763:
761:
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66:July 18, 1864 – April 27, 1865
610:Postwar business, charity and politics
1184:Foster, Mary Preston (Oct 28, 2013).
444:resigned and was replaced by General
7:
1100:Jefferson Davis: Unconquerable Heart
1071:Jefferson Davis, Unconquerable Heart
795:Holmes, Henry Schulz (1915-10-01).
571:Trenholm was briefly imprisoned at
519:on April 9, the local commander in
492:and then reached a rented house in
1190:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 59.
967:Georgetown Mysteries & Legends
906:Hawkins, Gerald; Noirsain, Serge.
25:
1692:19th-century American politicians
541:Georgetown County, South Carolina
1475:
768:Downey, "George Alfred Trenholm"
517:Appomattox Court House, Virginia
461:. He was supposed to take it to
1256:Jefferson Davis and His Cabinet
412:Confederate Treasury Secretary
1284:The Confederate Navy In Europe
1187:Legendary Locals of Charleston
878:"Fraser, Trenholm and Company"
1:
251:Confederate States of America
1254:Patrick, Rembert W. (1944).
657:Congressional Reconstruction
566:United States Colored Troops
289:Johns Island, South Carolina
161:from the Charleston district
138:from the Charleston district
115:from the Charleston district
1282:Spencer, Warren F. (1983).
1159:Spence, Edward Lee (1995).
924:Betty Myers (August 1973).
880:, Exhibit, Liverpool Museum
772:South Carolina Encyclopedia
573:Hilton Head, South Carolina
1723:
1231:Bulloch, James D. (2001).
1049:Nepveux, Ethel S. (1973).
990:Patrick 1944, pp. 237–238.
889:Patrick 1944, pp. 236–237.
562:Orangeburg, South Carolina
511:. Upon hearing of General
380:British East India Company
274:Charleston, South Carolina
216:Charleston, South Carolina
199:Charleston, South Carolina
1517:Secretary of the Treasury
1473:
1395:
1386:
1378:
1373:
1303:Wise, Stephen R. (1988).
521:Charlotte, North Carolina
509:Fort Mill, South Carolina
494:Abbeville, South Carolina
490:Charlotte, North Carolina
240:
176:
165:
142:
119:
59:
48:
39:
1267:. Miami: Narwhal Press.
1067:Allen, Felicity (1999).
718:in her Civil War novel,
581:Columbia, South Carolina
549:Columbia, South Carolina
382:ships for $ 10 million.
1263:Spence, E. Lee (1995).
698:Charles S. "Chuck" Robb
535:Imprisonment and parole
926:"Annandale Plantation"
848:North Carolina Markers
783:Appleton's Cyclopedia,
739:James Dunwoody Bulloch
614:Pardoned by President
545:South Carolina College
391:James Dunwoody Bulloch
358:
247:George Alfred Trenholm
18:George Alfred Trenholm
1707:American slave owners
1591:Secretary of the Navy
1466:Alexander H. Stephens
1382:Christopher Memminger
1115:. Library of Congress
1030:Patrick 1944, p. 242.
661:Robert Kingston Scott
414:Christopher Memminger
356:
268:Early and family life
87:Christopher Memminger
1580:John C. Breckinridge
452:Flight from Richmond
446:John C. Breckinridge
399:Annandale Plantation
1500:Robert M. T. Hunter
1097:- Article on book:
1012:(Viking 2002) p. 90
798:The Trenholm Family
687:Library of Congress
648:Blue Ridge Railroad
629:Montgomery C. Meigs
387:Charles K. Prioleau
27:American politician
1610:Postmaster-General
1599:Stephen R. Mallory
1568:George W. Randolph
1486:Secretary of State
1374:Political offices
721:Gone with the Wind
705:Gone with the Wind
620:Alexander Stephens
498:Danville, Virginia
359:
333:American Civil War
327:American Civil War
255:American Civil War
1664:
1663:
1637:Judah P. Benjamin
1562:Judah P. Benjamin
1506:Judah P. Benjamin
1409:
1408:
1396:Succeeded by
1163:. Narwhal Press.
1008:Nelson Lankford,
977:978-0-89587-532-7
712:Margaret Mitchell
622:, and Postmaster
596:Savannah, Georgia
479:Sylvester Mumford
244:
243:
236:Anna Helen Holmes
196:February 25, 1807
16:(Redirected from
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1629:Attorney-General
1548:Secretary of War
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1379:Preceded by
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864:James C. Clark,
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850:. Archived from
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802:
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786:
780:
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765:
714:'s character of
681:Death and legacy
675:Wade Hampton III
515:'s surrender at
434:Valentine Museum
403:Andrew Johnstone
367:blockade running
212:
209:December 9, 1876
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181:Personal details
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1649:Thomas H. Watts
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1574:James A. Seddon
1556:Leroy P. Walker
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1525:C. G. Memminger
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1449:Jefferson Davis
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1327:Further reading
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600:James A. Seddon
577:Quincy Gillmore
537:
529:Jefferson Davis
505:Abraham Lincoln
454:
442:James A. Seddon
438:Jefferson Davis
422:press relations
376:Jefferson Davis
329:
321:Abraham Lincoln
306:enslaved people
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223:Political party
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75:Jefferson Davis
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34:George Trenholm
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633:CSS Alabama
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314:plantations
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1092:2009-03-03
745:References
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475:hydroscope
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