726:
soldiers who had sought sanctuary with you together with many hundreds of innocent civilians are taken out before your eyes to be shot or used for bayonet practice and you have to listen to the sounds of the guns that are killing them; while a thousand women kneel before you crying hysterically, begging you to save them from the beasts who are preying on them; to stand by and do nothing while your flag is taken down and insulted, not once but a dozen times, and your home is being looted and then to watch the city you have come to love and the institution to which you have planned to devote your best deliberately and systematically burned by fire-this is a hell I had never before envisaged.
509:
1009:
592:
883:
678:
1998:
612:
The
Japanese had been telling the world that Koreans were backward, inept, and incapable of self-government. Instead, they are highly intelligent and inventive. They are generous, almost to the point of improvidence. Many of the Christians are conscientious tithers. The way they have supported their
807:
The destruction of
Nanking was the blackest page in modern history The Japanese for two months kept up continuous looting, burning, robbing and murdering Chinese men by the thousands were taken out to be killed by machine guns or slaughtered for hand grenade practice. The poorest of the poor were
725:
Complete anarchy has reigned for ten days-it has been hell on earth... to have to stand by while even the very poor are having their last possession taken from them-their last coin, their last bit of bedding (and it is freezing weather), the poor ricksha man his ricksha; while thousands of disarmed
822:
I heard the cries of tens of thousands of women kneeling and praying for help which we were helpless to give. First, their husbands and sons were torn from them and ruthlessly murdered. Then night after night squads of
Japanese soldiers would invade the neutral zone and drag away hundreds of them,
953:
branch. On July 7, 1947, the Fitch couple arrived on the peninsula. Fitch established YMCA meeting halls around the country and distributed relief aid for two years. He also reunited with his long-time friends
Syngman Rhee and Kim Ku. He was present on the peninsula during the 1949
1085:
missionary in
Shanghai. They had two sons together. Townsend was also active in supporting the Chinese Nationalist government and the Korean Provisional Government, for which she is remembered fondly in Korea. In 1947, she helped integrate the female branch of
367:
Fitch was born and raised in China, and was a fluent speaker of
Chinese. He and his siblings went to the United States for their education, but all returned afterwards and worked in various religious and humanitarian roles. Fitch himself worked with the
387:, was one of the few foreigners in the city at that time. When he eventually left the city, he smuggled with him evidence of the atrocities. He then embarked on a public awareness tour across the United States that drew significant media attention.
425:, China. He was born the fourth child of his parents, Presbyterian missionaries George Field Fitch (1845–1923) and Mary McLellan Fitch (1848–1918). He had a brother and three sisters. Fitch and his siblings were all born in China.
2109:, An East Gate Book, 2001. (includes documentation of American missionaries; M.S. Bates, George Ashmore Fitch, E.H. Foster, J.G. Magee, J.H. MaCallum, W.P. Mills, L.S.C. Smyth, A.N. Steward, Minnie Vautrin and R.O. Wilson.)
899:. She also advocated for the formal recognition of the KPG by the Kuomintang and by the US government via her connections to Soong Mei-ling and Eleanor Roosevelt. Through these efforts, she became close to influential
516:
Fitch and his siblings all returned to the United States for schooling and went back to China to work as missionaries. Fitch returned to the United States in 1900 to pursue his education. He graduated from the
2173:
808:
robbed of their last coins, deprived of their bedding and all that they could gather out of a city systematically destroyed by fire. There were hundreds of cases of bestiality inflicted upon
Chinese women.
2183:
607:
Like his father, Fitch assisted
Koreans for much of his lifetime, and in his autobiography stated that he considered many prominent Koreans as his friends. In his 1967 autobiography, he said of Koreans:
2153:
1046:
The personal documents of him and his wife between 1909 and 1949, including their correspondence with
Syngman Rhee, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Chiang Kai-shek, are held in the Fitch collection at the
613:
churches and the YMCA, when they have so little for themselves, is noteworthy. Is it any wonder that I look back upon my three years in Korea as among the richest and most gratifying in my life?
2115:
Biographical sketches: one from The
National Cyclopedia of American Biography; one by George A. Fitch entitled "Grand Old Man of the Pacific-and of YMCA"; a March 1949 issue of Science of Mind.
1879:
917:
George also advocated for the formal recognition of the KPG. In June 1944, he sent a letter to the US Department of State with twelve points that advocated for the recognition of the KPG.
890:
During the early 1940s, Geraldine stayed in the United States and actively participated in both of these groups. She wrote an article on behalf of the KAA and KPG that was published in
1511:
1013:
930:
833:
541:
His first official post was as chaplain at the Riverview Military Academy from 1906 to 1907. He then served as assistant pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in New York City.
706:
380:
2168:
1789:
754:
950:
741:
On January 23, 1938, Fitch and 13 other Americans were allowed to leave the city on a Japanese military train. He smuggled in the lining of his coat eight reels of
626:
575:
In February 1923, his father also died, and Fitch briefly returned to the United States. Around this time, his wife Geraldine became close friends with the wife of
485:
403:
353:
177:
150:
1043:, awarded Fitch and five others the Zijin Grass International Commemorative Medal of Peace for their role in protecting civilians during the Nanjing Massacre.
663:
In September 1936, Fitch went to Nanjing (then called "Nanking") after being appointed general manager of the Nanjing YMCA. However, after the outbreak of the
2178:
496:
in 1909. In addition to providing direct aid, they also shared their connections to important people with the Koreans. For example, they introduced Lyuh to
2198:
522:
1093:
In total, Fitch had five children, including three sons (Albert, John, and Robert) and two daughters (Marion and Edith). Marion was also born in China.
787:
Afterwards, he toured the United States and gave speeches and showed movies of the massacre to various audiences. He visited cities like San Francisco,
2148:
2143:
1746:
1062:
Fitch's first wife was Alberta Casterlin Kempton (1887–1919), whom he met while studying in the United States in 1910. They married around 1911 in
2077:
2158:
1029:
2067:
1977:
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115:
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on July 7, 1937, Fitch became an advisor for the War Area Service Corps, a Chinese organization that provided soldiers with basic needs.
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on November 28, 1918. However, these activities drew the ire of the Japanese government, who went on to monitor the family for decades.
31:
2193:
349:
146:
1020:
For his role in the Korean independence movement, Fitch is remembered fondly in South Korea. On January 8, 1952, Fitch received the
781:
970:
1137:
595:
The Fitch couple and notable Korean independence activists. Bottom row from the right are Fitch, his wife Geraldine, Kim Ku, and
1100:
Grand Lodge of China website, Fitch was a Freemason that served as the fifth Grand Master of that lodge, between 1958 and 1959.
433:
Fitch's parents had arrived in China on November 5, 1870. During that time, they were active in the Christian community in both
1130:
1112:
845:
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was elected administrative director of the successor to the Nanking Safety Zone, the Nanjing International Relief Committee.
298:
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1070:. The couple had four children together, two daughters and two sons. However, she died in February 1919 from
814:
746:
508:
136:
2036:"[Foreigners Who Loved Korea] The George Fitch family, supporters of Korean independence activists"
398:. They provided aid to and befriended notable Korean politicians, including first President of South Korea
1067:
997:
718:
89:
1864:
1685:
312:
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1305:
886:
Geraldine Townsend Fitch (1892–1976). Missionary, Korean independence activist, and second wife of Fitch
758:
497:
461:
929:
in August 1945, Fitch announced his retirement from the YMCA. He then served as deputy director of the
409:. After he left China, Fitch eventually served as head of the South Korean YMCA between 1947 and 1949.
757:(also "Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal") in 1946, which he would later testify in. After Fitch's departure,
2133:
2128:
1116:
1087:
526:
904:
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crying hysterically, to be subjected to unspeakable indignities. Theirs was a fate worse than death.
682:
1154:
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1040:
530:
120:
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1938:
1051:
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978:
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714:
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518:
360:. Fitch notably smuggled out of Nanjing some of the only known reels of film that documented the
110:
73:
2063:
2016:
1973:
1790:"The Party thanks Protestant missionaries who saved Chinese lives during the Nanjing massacre"
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2006:
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release after Ahn's arrest for allegedly being connected to the bombing. He also introduced
596:
489:
376:
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231:
208:
167:
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sessions every Wednesday, in which they encountered high-profile Chinese people, including
2208:
1264:
1241:; 1873–1954), Mary Elliot (1875–?), Jeannette Griswold (1878–1945), and Alice (1884–1971).
1104:
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698:
617:
According to Fitch's autobiography, he helped facilitate the later South Korean president
576:
469:
345:
2035:
1216:
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into a coed program. For these efforts, she received an honorary degree from the school.
252:
1933:
1008:
1965:
1905:
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1987:
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that contained evidence of the massacre. The film mainly contained evidence filmed by
2122:
1071:
792:
454:
77:
629:(KPG) in the aftermath of the KPG's assassination of Japanese colonial personnel at
472:. While the Fitches’ interest in Korea was initially primarily religious, after the
437:
and Suzhou. Fitch's father served as the chairman of the Chinese branch of the U.S.
30:
934:
852:
to counter the Japanese invasion. He also worked as a Chinese-English interpreter.
812:
Fitch was quoted in a June 11, 1938, story about Fitch's advocacy published in the
773:
621:
move to the United States. In 1932, Fitch helped hide and facilitate the escape of
618:
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399:
238:
55:
1686:"The US missionary who brought film of Japanese atrocities out of Nanjing in 1938"
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2011:
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commemorating Fitch as the independence activist of the month for January 2018.
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article about his death says he retired to Pomona. Pomona assumed because the
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in 1946. After this role, Fitch, then around 63 year old, intended to retire.
856:
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173:
2020:
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2001:[George Fitch Family’s Support for Independence Movement of Korea],
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721:. He kept a diary and collected photo and video evidence of the war crimes.
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He is most notable for his assistance of civilians and documentation of the
996:
Fitch and his wife Geraldine are now buried in the Valley View Cemetery of
993:. There, he died at the age of 95 on January 21, 1979, in a nursing home.
670:
Fitch was one of 27 Westerners who chose to remain in the city during the
1794:
1036:
962:. Fitch left Korea on August 8, 1949, and returned to the United States.
871:
The Fitch couple joined two organizations that Syngman Rhee founded: the
848:. Around this time, Fitch provided intelligence and assistance to the US
549:
434:
1032:. As of 2015, Fitch was among 46 foreigners to have received the award.
1063:
1028:. On March 1, 1968, Fitch was among 56 foreigners who were awarded the
949:
However, Fitch was called back to work for the YMCA as the head of its
938:
860:
855:
Around 1944, he helped coordinate logistics for the US military on the
800:
796:
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422:
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Fitch returned to China in 1939 to serve with YMCA and later with the
2085:
2059:
Project Eagle: The American Christians of North Korea in World War II
1206:
966:
965:
In 1951, he resigned his post as head of the Korean YMCA and went to
955:
803:. In a speech at the Cleveland Heights Presbyterian Church, he said:
780:, on March 17 and provided his first-hand account of the Massacre to
622:
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418:
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51:
1146:, wrote an unproduced screenplay that featured Fitch as a character.
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2078:"The Nanjing Atrocities Reported in the U.S. Newspapers, 1937-38"
1172:
George A. and Geraldine T. Fitch, My Eighty Years in China (1967)
557:
369:
142:
1817:"Papers of George A. and Geraldine Fitch, 1909-ca. 1950 (bulk)"
1664:
1662:
1399:"George A. Witch Dies; Worked for Y.M.CA. In China for Decades"
1250:
Also on the boat were Korean independence activists, including
844:. Between 1941 and 1943, he served as executive advisor to the
560:. In 1912, he briefly visited Korea during one of his trips to
977:. In Taiwan he served as advisor to the physics department of
1066:, United Kingdom. To get there from Shanghai, they took the
681:
Nanking Safety Zone International Committee, left to right:
2005:(in Korean), vol. 57, no. 57, pp. 153–184,
776:
and arrived in San Francisco on March 9. He then flew to
753:
Hospital. This evidence later proved instrumental in the
2174:
Recipients of the Order of Merit for National Foundation
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1339:
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492:, as the original had been forcefully absorbed into the
2184:
Recipients of the Order of Cultural Merit (South Korea)
1512:
Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs (South Korea)
931:
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
834:
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
1601:
1599:
1597:
1077:
In 1924, he married Geraldine Townsend (1892–1976) in
344:(January 23, 1883 – January 21, 1979) was an American
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
709:
at the time. When the massacre began, he worked with
257:
243:
2154:
People assisting Chinese during the Nanjing Massacre
1880:"Former Warrenton mayor George Fitch dies of cancer"
317:
303:
981:in Taiwan between 1958 and his retirement in 1963.
707:
International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone
460:Fitch's parents also corresponded with a number of
381:
International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone
311:
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166:Documentation and assistance of victims during the
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1934:"Giving Testimony on the Horror That Was Nanking"
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1886:(published December 31, 2014), December 31, 2014
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1304:A Korean encyclopedic source says he retired to
755:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
717:to protect civilians from the atrocities of the
1966:"Introduction: Documenting the Rape of Nanking"
820:
805:
723:
610:
548:in the Presbyterian Church. He then arrived in
1755:] (in Korean), May 8, 2018, archived from
1668:
731:George Ashmore Fitch, Diary, December 24, 1937
213:
8:
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859:. He was also appointed head of the YMCA in
476:, the Fitches began providing assistance to
280:
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1677:
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1366:
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1096:He was fluent in Chinese. According to the
587:Assisting the Korean independence movement
390:Fitch and his wife are also remembered in
289:
222:
29:
18:
16:American Presbyterian minister (1883–1979)
2169:Foreign supporters of Korean independence
2010:
1014:Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs
474:Japanese formally colonized Korea in 1910
1103:Fitch was the grandfather of politician
881:
507:
1329:
1221:
1182:
417:Fitch was born on January 23, 1883, in
1283:) and the Christian Friends of Korea (
1030:Order of Merit for National Foundation
464:during their time in China, including
1932:Holden, Stephen (December 12, 2007),
1904:Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (May 21, 2006),
1733:
1653:
1641:
1605:
7:
1972:, Ann Arbor paperbacks, p. 87,
480:. For example, in 1919, they helped
348:missionary that lived and worked in
2179:American expatriates in South Korea
1850:
1776:
1753:This Month's Independence Activists
1629:
1617:
1588:
1567:
1345:
958:, and he attended Kim's funeral in
641:to the Kuomintang Foreign Minister
512:The Fitch family in New York (1897)
1721:
379:. Fitch served as director of the
14:
2199:Union Theological Seminary alumni
836:until 1947. He also followed the
2149:Protestant missionaries in China
2144:American Protestant missionaries
1970:Documents on the Rape of Nanking
1866:About 1958-59 MW George A. Fitch
1506:[George Ashmore Fitch],
1140:, the creator of the HBO series
705:Fitch served as director of the
488:with the reestablishment of the
2034:Kim, Joo-sung (June 27, 2016),
1397:Cook, Joan (January 23, 1979),
1131:Black Sun: The Nanking Massacre
846:Chinese Industrial Cooperatives
764:He briefly stayed in Shanghai,
737:Awareness and advocacy campaign
404:Provisional Government of Korea
1999:"미국 선교사 Fitch 一家의 한국독립운동 지원활동"
1291:
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1279:
1269:
1211:
1202:
1194:
1169:To the Mecca of Inner Mongolia
318:
304:
258:
244:
214:
1:
2159:American expatriates in China
1942:(published December 12, 2007)
1684:Pan, Qi (September 7, 2015),
1316:article is more contemporary.
1153:in the 2007 documentary film
1012:Poster from the South Korean
973:after their 1949 loss of the
627:Korean Provisional Government
486:Korean Provisional Government
478:Korean independence activists
396:Korean independence activists
178:Korean Provisional Government
867:Continued activism for Korea
850:Office of Strategic Services
556:on 25 December to work with
529:in 1909. He also studied at
428:
2084:, vol. 7, no. 2,
2012:10.15799/kimos.2017..57.005
1263:Korea-America Association (
1128:Portrayed in the 1995 film
1111:, and founded the infamous
971:Kuomintang had retreated to
439:Presbyterian Mission Agency
2225:
2189:Columbia University alumni
1041:Party Secretary of Jiangsu
989:In 1963, Fitch retired to
877:Christian Friends of Korea
652:
537:Career before World War II
523:Union Theological Seminary
116:Union Theological Seminary
2194:College of Wooster alumni
2076:Lu, Suping (April 2012),
2044:(published June 27, 2016)
1986:Fitch, George A. (1967),
1906:"The good man of Nanking"
1238:
1233:Siblings: Robert Ferris (
1107:, who served as mayor of
873:Korea–America Association
743:16 mm negative movie film
625:and other members of the
601:First Lady of South Korea
333:
329:
288:
281:
221:
198:
194:
28:
2107:Eyewitnesses to Massacre
1989:My eighty years in China
1914:(published May 21, 2006)
1911:South China Morning Post
1048:Harvard–Yenching Library
665:Second Sino-Japanese War
633:. He also advocated for
413:Early life and education
372:for most of his career.
2062:, U of Nebraska Press,
2056:Kim, Robert S. (2017),
1964:Brook, Timothy (1999),
1189:Father's Chinese name:
1026:South Korean government
1022:Order of Cultural Merit
956:assassination of Kim Ku
815:San Francisco Chronicle
319:Choji Aeshwimoŏ P'ich'i
2111:(Google Books version)
1997:Kim, Joo-sung (2017),
1068:Trans-Siberian Railway
1035:On December 12, 2016,
1017:
998:Essex County, New York
887:
875:(KAA) in 1942 and the
825:
810:
734:
719:Imperial Japanese Army
702:
701:, George Ashmore Fitch
615:
604:
513:
429:Parents' work in China
90:Essex County, New York
88:Valley View Cemetery,
1669:Kim, Robert S. (2017)
1306:Claremont, California
1115:that competed in the
1113:Jamaican Bobsled Team
1011:
885:
782:U.S. State Department
759:Hubert Lafayette Sone
680:
594:
511:
498:Charles Richard Crane
402:and President of the
141:Various roles in the
2105:Zhang, Kaiyuan, ed.
1992:, Internet Archive,
1508:e-gonghun.mpva.go.kr
1138:William J. MacDonald
1117:1988 Winter Olympics
1088:Chung-Ang University
527:Bachelor of Divinity
521:, Ohio in 1906, and
342:George Ashmore Fitch
305:Joji Aeswimoeo Pichi
299:Revised Romanization
23:George Ashmore Fitch
2139:American Freemasons
1644:, pp. 310–314.
1620:, pp. 167–168.
1591:, pp. 159–162.
1348:, pp. 156–157.
1199:traditional Chinese
1109:Warrenton, Virginia
828:End of World War II
772:. He then took the
531:Columbia University
525:in New York with a
394:for their roles as
121:Columbia University
2204:People from Suzhou
1939:The New York Times
1403:The New York Times
1191:simplified Chinese
1123:In popular culture
1052:Harvard University
1018:
991:Pomona, California
979:Tamkang University
888:
774:Philippine Clipper
751:Nanjing University
703:
605:
533:around this time.
519:College of Wooster
514:
494:Japanese Red Cross
111:College of Wooster
74:Pomona, California
2069:978-1-61234-930-5
1979:978-0-472-11134-3
1081:. Townsend was a
975:Chinese Civil War
903:such as Rhee and
683:Ernest H. Forster
672:Battle of Nanking
659:Battle of Nanking
599:(later the first
504:Return to America
462:Korean Christians
337:
336:
325:
324:
313:McCune–Reischauer
265:
264:
232:Standard Mandarin
2216:
2095:
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2092:
2072:
2052:
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2041:The Korea Herald
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2014:
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1187:
1079:Albion, Michigan
985:Death and legacy
945:Korea and Taiwan
913:
901:Korean Americans
778:Washington, D.C.
732:
655:Nanjing Massacre
649:Nanjing Massacre
597:Franziska Donner
544:In 1909, he was
490:Korean Red Cross
423:Jiangsu Province
377:Nanjing Massacre
362:Nanjing Massacre
321:
320:
307:
306:
290:
284:
283:
261:
260:
247:
246:
223:
217:
216:
168:Nanjing Massacre
69:
66:January 21, 1979
48:January 23, 1883
47:
45:
33:
19:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2119:
2118:
2102:
2100:Further reading
2090:
2088:
2075:
2070:
2055:
2047:
2045:
2033:
2025:
2023:
1996:
1985:
1980:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1945:
1943:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1917:
1915:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1853:, pp. 158.
1849:
1836:
1827:
1825:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1799:
1798:, July 17, 2018
1788:
1787:
1783:
1779:, pp. 153.
1775:
1771:
1762:
1760:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1705:
1696:
1694:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1660:
1656:, pp. 312.
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1632:, pp. 168.
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1608:, pp. 311.
1604:
1595:
1587:
1574:
1566:
1525:
1516:
1514:
1502:
1501:
1424:
1415:
1413:
1396:
1395:
1352:
1344:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1303:
1299:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1232:
1228:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1166:
1125:
1105:George B. Fitch
1060:
1006:
987:
947:
933:in the flooded
923:
907:
869:
830:
739:
733:
730:
699:Eduard Sperling
661:
651:
589:
577:Chiang Kai-shek
539:
506:
470:Lyuh Woon-hyung
431:
415:
182:
155:
125:
80:
71:
67:
58:
49:
43:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2222:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2073:
2068:
2053:
2031:
1994:
1983:
1978:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1924:
1896:
1871:
1863:Au, David WK,
1855:
1834:
1808:
1781:
1769:
1759:on May 8, 2018
1738:
1726:
1703:
1673:
1671:, pp. 44.
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1593:
1572:
1523:
1422:
1350:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1310:New York Times
1297:
1256:
1243:
1226:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1147:
1135:
1124:
1121:
1059:
1056:
1005:
1002:
986:
983:
946:
943:
927:end of the war
922:
921:End of the War
919:
905:Yong-jeung Kim
896:New York Times
868:
865:
863:in that year.
829:
826:
738:
735:
728:
691:John H.D. Rabe
650:
647:
619:Syngman Rhee's
588:
585:
581:Soong Mei-ling
538:
535:
505:
502:
430:
427:
414:
411:
335:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
315:
309:
308:
301:
295:
294:
293:Transcriptions
286:
285:
278:
272:
271:
267:
266:
263:
262:
255:
249:
248:
241:
235:
234:
228:
227:
226:Transcriptions
219:
218:
211:
205:
204:
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
181:
180:
172:Assisting the
170:
163:
161:
160:Known for
157:
156:
154:
153:
139:
133:
131:
127:
126:
124:
123:
118:
113:
107:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
86:
82:
81:
72:
70:(aged 95)
64:
60:
59:
50:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2221:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2087:
2083:
2082:Readex Report
2079:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1276:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1222:Fei Ch'i-hung
1218:
1214:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1149:Portrayed by
1148:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1072:typhoid fever
1069:
1065:
1058:Personal life
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1010:
1003:
1001:
999:
994:
992:
984:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
963:
961:
957:
952:
944:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
920:
918:
915:
911:
906:
902:
898:
897:
894:
884:
880:
878:
874:
866:
864:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
840:'s flight to
839:
835:
827:
824:
819:
818:
816:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
793:New York City
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
736:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
675:
673:
668:
666:
660:
656:
648:
646:
644:
640:
636:
635:Ahn Changho's
632:
628:
624:
620:
614:
609:
602:
598:
593:
586:
584:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
536:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
510:
503:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
455:Wang Chonghui
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
426:
424:
420:
412:
410:
408:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
332:
328:
316:
314:
310:
302:
300:
296:
291:
287:
279:
277:
273:
268:
256:
254:
250:
242:
240:
236:
233:
229:
224:
220:
212:
210:
206:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
179:
175:
171:
169:
165:
164:
162:
158:
152:
148:
144:
140:
138:
135:
134:
132:
128:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
78:United States
75:
65:
61:
57:
53:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
2164:YMCA leaders
2106:
2089:, retrieved
2081:
2058:
2046:, retrieved
2039:
2024:, retrieved
2002:
1988:
1969:
1944:, retrieved
1937:
1927:
1916:, retrieved
1909:
1899:
1888:, retrieved
1884:Fauquier Now
1883:
1874:
1865:
1858:
1826:, retrieved
1820:
1811:
1800:, retrieved
1793:
1784:
1772:
1763:February 23,
1761:, retrieved
1757:the original
1752:
1747:
1741:
1734:Brook (1999)
1729:
1695:, retrieved
1689:
1654:Fitch (1967)
1649:
1642:Fitch (1967)
1637:
1625:
1613:
1606:Fitch (1967)
1515:, retrieved
1507:
1504:"조지 애쉬모어 피치"
1414:, retrieved
1402:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1259:
1246:
1229:
1220:
1210:
1185:
1164:Bibliography
1155:
1141:
1129:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1076:
1061:
1045:
1034:
1019:
995:
988:
969:, where the
964:
951:South Korean
948:
935:Yellow River
924:
916:
895:
892:
889:
870:
854:
831:
821:
813:
811:
806:
786:
763:
740:
724:
715:Searle Bates
704:
695:Lewis Smythe
687:Lewis Strong
669:
662:
631:Hongkou Park
616:
611:
606:
574:
543:
540:
515:
482:Ahn Chang-ho
459:
441:. They held
432:
416:
400:Syngman Rhee
389:
374:
366:
346:Presbyterian
341:
340:
338:
259:Fei Wu-sheng
239:Hanyu Pinyin
203:Chinese name
85:Burial place
68:(1979-01-21)
2134:1979 deaths
2129:1883 births
1822:ArchiveGrid
1691:China Daily
1277::
1267::
1039:, then the
908: [
789:Los Angeles
784:officials.
451:Tang Shaoyi
447:Sun Yat-sen
443:bible study
392:South Korea
383:, and like
354:South Korea
270:Korean name
245:Fèi Wúshēng
151:South Korea
130:Occupations
96:Nationality
2123:Categories
2003:한국독립운동사연구
1851:Kim (2017)
1777:Kim (2017)
1630:Kim (2017)
1618:Kim (2017)
1589:Kim (2017)
1568:Kim (2016)
1346:Kim (2017)
1324:References
1308:, but the
1217:Wade–Giles
1212:Fèi Qǐhóng
857:Burma Road
838:Kuomintang
747:John Magee
653:See also:
466:Yun Chi-ho
282:조지 애쉬모어 피치
253:Wade–Giles
174:Kuomintang
56:Qing China
44:1883-01-23
2021:1225-7028
1748:이달의 독립운동가
1722:Lu (2012)
1411:0362-4331
1252:Maria Kim
1151:John Getz
1098:Freemason
1083:Methodist
1024:from the
925:Upon the
842:Chongqing
770:Guangzhou
766:Hong Kong
711:John Rabe
643:Guo Taiqi
639:Jo So-ang
566:Manchuria
385:John Rabe
104:Education
2091:June 16,
2048:June 16,
2026:June 16,
1946:June 16,
1918:June 16,
1890:June 16,
1828:June 16,
1802:June 16,
1795:AsiaNews
1697:June 16,
1517:June 16,
1416:June 16,
1037:Li Qiang
937:area of
879:in 1943.
729:—
550:Shanghai
546:ordained
484:and the
435:Shanghai
187:Children
137:Minister
99:American
1958:Sources
1292:基督敎人親韓會
1286:기독교인친한회
1235:Chinese
1156:Nanking
1064:Bristol
939:Kaifeng
861:Lanzhou
801:Seattle
797:Chicago
749:at the
570:Siberia
209:Chinese
2209:Kim Ku
2086:Readex
2066:
2019:
1976:
1409:
1289:;
1273:;
1265:Korean
1237::
1219::
1209::
1207:pinyin
1201::
1193::
1004:Legacy
967:Taiwan
799:, and
768:, and
623:Kim Ku
562:Moscow
453:, and
419:Suzhou
407:Kim Ku
358:Taiwan
356:, and
276:Hangul
52:Suzhou
1751:[
1314:Times
1275:Hanja
1177:Notes
960:Seoul
912:]
554:China
350:China
147:China
2093:2023
2064:ISBN
2050:2023
2028:2023
2017:ISSN
1974:ISBN
1948:2023
1920:2023
1892:2023
1830:2023
1804:2023
1765:2023
1699:2023
1519:2023
1418:2023
1407:ISSN
1280:韓美協會
1270:한미협회
1239:司徒華林
1143:Rome
713:and
657:and
568:and
564:via
558:YMCA
468:and
370:YMCA
176:and
149:and
143:YMCA
63:Died
38:Born
2007:doi
1203:費啓鴻
1195:费启鸿
1050:of
893:The
215:費吾生
145:of
2125::
2080:,
2038:,
2015:,
1968:,
1936:,
1908:,
1882:,
1837:^
1819:,
1792:,
1706:^
1688:,
1676:^
1661:^
1596:^
1575:^
1526:^
1510:,
1425:^
1405:,
1401:,
1353:^
1332:^
1215:;
1205:;
1197:;
1119:.
1074:.
1054:.
1000:.
914:.
910:ko
795:,
791:,
697:,
693:,
689:,
685:,
645:.
603:).
583:.
579:,
572:.
552:,
457:.
449:,
421:,
364:.
352:,
76:,
54:,
2009::
1736:.
1724:.
1570:.
1295:)
1254:.
1159:.
1134:.
817::
674:.
190:5
46:)
42:(
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