295:
into a finely divided condition within a firing portion of the cylinder, or in a communicating firing chamber.” Another part reads, “I have for the first time, so far as my knowledge extends, regulated speed by variably controlling the direct discharge of liquid fuel into the combustion chamber or cylinder into a finely divided condition highly favorable to immediate combustion.” This was likely the first engine to use a lean-burn system to regulate engine speed and output. In this manner, the engine fired on every power stroke and speed and output were controlled solely by the quantity of fuel injected. Bosch later further developed this type of metered injection system. In 1890 Brayton filed a patent (granted in 1892) for another 4 stroke engine with an air blast fuel injection system ( U.S. patent# 432,260) . Rudolf Diesel's first engines used an air blast atomization system that was very similar to
Brayton's . Unlike Diesel's engine Brayton's engine was fairly low compression. The ignition source was a constantly glowing mesh of platinum.
138:
437:
abandoned it and applied chains, but the engine would not move the car with them, would not even slip the wheels on wet ground, but would come to a standstill, so we concluded to give it up. I would like you to get me some information in regard to the experiment he made in Prov. some years ago, how much the engine did, how he succeeded in keeping it cool, and what grade he went up, and, in fact, everything connected with it, if it would not be too much trouble for you. I, goose that I was, put every faith in what the B's and their friends said and did not even enquire from outside parties. I remain, Your friend Jim.
165:, then compressed and stored in a reservoir where it was ignited and then introduced into an expansion cylinder. A metal gauze/mesh was used to prevent the combustion running back to the reservoir. However at times the mesh failed, leading to flash-back or explosion. In 1874 Brayton filed a patent for a liquid fuel injection system. In this version, fuel was introduced as the air passed into the expansion cylinder, thus eliminating the explosion problem. Ignition remained a pilot flame. The principle was referred to as constant pressure combustion, and had been attempted without success by
279:
161:, The engine used one cylinder for compression, a receiver reservoir, and a separate power/expander cylinder in which the products of combustion expanded for the power stroke. The significant difference from other piston driven internal combustion engines is that the two cylinders are arranged so that the fuel/air mixture burns progressively at constant pressure as it is transferred from the compressor cylinder and reservoir to the working/expansion cylinder. In the original version a gas/air mixture was created by a
287:
118:
126:
184:
224:
Clerk only regulated the cut-off to the power cylinder, and used a pressure relief valve to limit the reservoir air pressure. The reservoir on the
Brayton engine allowed it to be readily started if it remained pressurized, though Clerk states that "leakage and loss were so frequent that the apparatus was of little use."
294:
In 1887 Brayton constructed a 4 stroke engine that used a glowing platinum igniter as a source for ignition and a metered pressurized injection system with an oil atomizing direct fuel injector (U.S. patent #432,114). Brayton states: “I have discovered that heavy oils can be mechanically converted
223:
The early
Brayton gas engine had the engine speed governed by varying the point of cut-off for the admission of the combusted gases into the power cylinder, and the admissions of gas and air to the pump was similarly regulated to maintain the reservoir pressure. The liquid fueled engine reported by
436:
I am very sorry to say that the car did not run, the engine not being able to move it. You ask me to explain what I mean by failure. I mean that Mr. B's plan to run the car with that 'hobby' of his, 'fluid circulation,' was a total failure, notwithstanding his contradiction; we, at his advice
179:
Also the Selden auto of 1878 used a
Brayton cycle engine. This design never actually ran. When the Brayton engine was applied to an omnibus in 1878 as part of a project between Brayton and the engineers George and James Fawcett the latter described the attempt as a 'complete failure'.
200:. The petroleum engine in these tests was made by the "New York and New Jersey Ready Motor Company". This is followed by a similar analysis of Simon's engine which was an adaptation of the Brayton engine made by Louis Simon & Sons, in Nottingham, UK and marketed as
211:
Because the
Brayton engine had a slow progressive burn of the fuel/air mixture it was possible to maintain a pilot flame, and so the engine, once lit, needed no form of ignition system. The measured efficiency of the gas engine was intermediate between that of the
191:
The engine's cycle of operations including sectional drawings and indicator diagrams for both gas and petroleum fueled versions. Details of the way the liquid fuel was introduced are described over 11 pages of
584:
169:
c1861 using a 4-cylinder engine with a separate combustion chamber. Brayton not only achieved success in making the constant pressure cycle work, but he also made and marketed a commercial product.
204:. The Simon engine had an added complexity in that it injected some of the water/steam heated by the engine/exhaust into the engine. The indicator diagrams for this engine are also reported by
208:
and show that the addition of the water has little merit in terms of power production, the cooling of the gases and expansion of the steam compensating for each other.
504:
304:
594:
558:
589:
409:
599:
20:
137:
44:
263:
540:
369:
239:
became more popular. However, it was considered the first safe and practical oil engine and also served as inspiration to
232:
508:
278:
251:
98:
220:
atmospheric engine, but the liquid fueled
Brayton engine had an advantage in not requiring a gas supply.
228:
554:
469:
176:
used a
Brayton engine to power the world's first successful self-propelled submarine, the Fenian Ram.
162:
579:
574:
267:
166:
413:
255:
173:
101:
and inventor. He was noted for introducing the constant pressure engine that is the basis for the
529:
286:
243:. As a production engine the design evolved over time, and according to Henry de Graffigny in
213:
24:
314:
240:
259:
172:
Brayton cycle engines were some of the first engines to be used for motive power. In 1881
117:
568:
309:
106:
205:
193:
64:
125:
254:
in the
American History museum, and a later Brayton engine which powered one of
236:
217:
102:
346:
387:
43:
150:
183:
145:
In 1872 George
Brayton patented a constant pressure internal combustion
370:"Catalog of the Mechanical Collections Of The Division Of Engineering"
133:
by Dugald Clerk in 1886, and used on the cover of some later editions)
235:, and for a few years was well regarded, but within a short time the
149:, initially using vaporized gas but later using liquid fuels such as
146:
231:
in
Philadelphia in 1876, and the Simon variant was displayed at the
285:
277:
182:
136:
124:
116:
154:
141:
Brayton double acting constant pressure engine cut away 1877
247:, it was available in both vertical and horizontal forms.
376:, United States Government Printing Office, p. 147
336:
p. 152, Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis, IN, 1945.
585:
People associated with the internal combustion engine
507:. Paterson Friends of the Great Falls. Archived from
16:
American mechanical engineer and inventor (1830–1896)
84:
72:
50:
34:
273:
23:. For the Rhode Island Supreme Court Justice, see
530:Source: Cassier's Magazine Jun 1893, pgs. 155-157
490:Henry de Graffigny (translated from the French),
388:"IMPROVEMENT IN GAS-ENGINES (Patent no. 125166)"
347:"IMPROVEMENT IN GAS-ENGINES (Patent no. 125166)"
451:
449:
8:
274:Brayton's contributions to the Diesel engine
129:The early Brayton engine (image taken from
374:United States National Museum Bulletin 173
42:
31:
305:History of the internal combustion engine
258:'s early submarines is preserved in the
187:Selden Auto showing Brayton cycle engine
325:
282:Brayton air blast injection system 1890
227:Brayton's engine was displayed at the
105:, and which is now referred to as the
250:A Brayton Engine is preserved in the
7:
21:George Brayton (New York politician)
14:
264:Old Great Falls Historic District
19:For the New York politician, see
595:19th-century American engineers
459:, Longman Green & Co, 1897.
434:From a letter to George Fritz:
1:
590:American mechanical engineers
290:Brayton direct injection 1887
202:The Eclipse Silent Gas Engine
97:(1830–1892) was an American
600:Engineers from Rhode Island
541:"Engineering" July 15, 1892
334:Masters of Mass Production,
112:
616:
472:. Today In Science History
18:
494:, Whittaker, London, 1898
492:Gas and Petroleum Engines
470:"George Brayton's Engine"
245:Gas and Petroleum Engines
41:
368:Frank A. Taylor (1939),
216:/Hugon engines, and the
252:Smithsonian Institution
121:Brayton Gas engine 1872
390:. Google Patent Search
291:
283:
188:
142:
134:
122:
310:Brayton cycle history
289:
281:
233:1878 Paris Exhibition
229:Centennial Exposition
186:
159:Brayton's Ready Motor
140:
128:
120:
113:Brayton's Ready Motor
95:George Bailey Brayton
36:George Bailey Brayton
505:"Holland Submarines"
416:on February 16, 2016
268:Paterson, New Jersey
457:Gas and Oil Engines
256:John Philip Holland
198:Gas and Oil Engines
174:John Philip Holland
167:Sir William Siemens
131:Gas and Oil Engines
99:mechanical engineer
511:on August 12, 2007
292:
284:
189:
143:
135:
123:
440:J. Harold Byers:
218:Otto & Langen
92:
91:
76:December 17, 1892
25:George A. Brayton
607:
543:
538:
532:
527:
521:
520:
518:
516:
501:
495:
488:
482:
481:
479:
477:
466:
460:
453:
444:
442:The Selden Case.
432:
426:
425:
423:
421:
412:. Archived from
406:
400:
399:
397:
395:
384:
378:
377:
365:
359:
358:
356:
354:
349:. Google Patents
343:
337:
332:Borth, Christy.
330:
241:George B. Selden
163:vapor carburetor
79:
60:
58:
46:
32:
615:
614:
610:
609:
608:
606:
605:
604:
565:
564:
555:Short biography
551:
546:
539:
535:
528:
524:
514:
512:
503:
502:
498:
489:
485:
475:
473:
468:
467:
463:
454:
447:
439:
433:
429:
419:
417:
408:
407:
403:
393:
391:
386:
385:
381:
367:
366:
362:
352:
350:
345:
344:
340:
331:
327:
323:
301:
276:
260:Paterson Museum
115:
77:
68:
67:, United States
62:
61:October 3, 1830
56:
54:
37:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
613:
611:
603:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
567:
566:
563:
562:
550:
549:External links
547:
545:
544:
533:
522:
496:
483:
461:
455:Dugald Clerk,
445:
427:
401:
379:
360:
338:
324:
322:
319:
318:
317:
312:
307:
300:
297:
275:
272:
114:
111:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
80:(aged 62)
74:
70:
69:
63:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
35:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
612:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
570:
560:
556:
553:
552:
548:
542:
537:
534:
531:
526:
523:
510:
506:
500:
497:
493:
487:
484:
471:
465:
462:
458:
452:
450:
446:
443:
438:
431:
428:
415:
411:
405:
402:
389:
383:
380:
375:
371:
364:
361:
348:
342:
339:
335:
329:
326:
320:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
298:
296:
288:
280:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
225:
221:
219:
215:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
185:
181:
177:
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
139:
132:
127:
119:
110:
108:
107:Brayton cycle
104:
100:
96:
87:
83:
75:
71:
66:
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
26:
22:
536:
525:
513:. Retrieved
509:the original
499:
491:
486:
474:. Retrieved
464:
456:
441:
435:
430:
418:. Retrieved
414:the original
410:"Fenian Ram"
404:
392:. Retrieved
382:
373:
363:
351:. Retrieved
341:
333:
328:
293:
249:
244:
226:
222:
210:
206:Dugald Clerk
201:
197:
194:Dugald Clerk
190:
178:
171:
158:
144:
130:
94:
93:
78:(1892-12-17)
65:Rhode Island
29:
580:1892 deaths
575:1830 births
420:February 6,
315:Selden Auto
237:Otto engine
157:, known as
103:gas turbine
85:Nationality
569:Categories
353:August 23,
321:References
57:1830-10-03
515:July 29,
476:July 29,
394:July 29,
299:See also
196:'s book
151:kerosene
88:American
561:website
557:on the
262:in the
214:Lenoir
147:engine
559:ASME
517:2007
478:2007
422:2013
396:2007
355:2023
153:and
73:Died
51:Born
266:of
155:oil
571::
448:^
372:,
270:.
109:.
519:.
480:.
424:.
398:.
357:.
59:)
55:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
