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Carter believed that independent invention of the same item was a rarity. He claimed that the probability of something being independently invented was fifty percent. Therefore, the probably of the same thing being independently invented elsewhere was twenty-five percent. This meant that the
500:, arguing the AAG should not accept not Marxist and gay geography groups into the discipline. He claimed that allowing these groups to participate in the annual meeting opened the door to other groups such as "Whores in Geography, and Russian Communist Geography".
447:
processes. Carter's theories about the early peopling of the New World could have been influencing his observations. Because of Carter's tendency to exhibit questionable artifacts as data, some scholars began to call any dubious artifacts "cartifacts".
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316:
in 1929, and the museum had them dated at 5,000 to 7,000 years old. Bada tested the specimens in 1974, and the dates came back ranging from 20,000 to 70,000 years ago. Carter saw this as definitive proof of the early populating of the
Americas.
464:
are similar in appearance, they must be related in some manner. Similarities between tool shape, size, and manufacturing processes could simply be coincidental, making it impossible to assume relatedness.
460:
for a variety of reasons. The theory assumes that humanity is singularly uninventive and can rarely create tools to meet the challenges of the environment. Hyperdiffusionism also assumes that if
336:
Critics quickly refuted Bada's results. When using amino acid racemization to date bones, one must know the approximate temperature the bones were exposed to while buried. Additionally, the
737:
294:
approximately 100,000 years ago. Much of the information presented had already been published by Carter in the past, but technological advances allowed for a new dating technique called
78:, who was the museum's curator. Rogers allowed the young Carter to volunteer at the museum, and in the summer of 1930, Carter accompanied Rogers on a five-week expedition to
752:
150:, and Carter wanted to document and publish the find at once. Rogers was not comfortable rushing the publication and preferred to gather as much data about the
154:
as possible. Aside from the publication issues, Carter and Rogers soon found themselves at odds regarding the approximate dates of human occupation for the
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of the area to support his estimation. This disagreement led to a rift between Rogers and Carter which resulted in Carter's eventual dismissal from the
308:. The new technique allowed bones to be dated by extracting their protein. Learning of this new means of dating, Carter selected some skulls from the
722:
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717:
242:. Critics dismissed much of Carter's claims for early inhabitance, questioning his dating techniques and the possibility that most of the
91:
600:
Carter, George F. and
Stephen C. Jett. A Comment on Rowe's "Diffusionism and Archaeology". American Antiquity, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp.867-870
305:
384:
179:
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area. Rogers thought occupation dated back to only 4,000 years ago. Carter pushed the date back to 40,000 years ago, using the
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establishment throughout the book, claiming that some scholars are closed-minded and too caught up in the generally accepted
348:
207:
203:
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363:, or the theory that all major inventions and cultures can be traced back to one original culture. For example, in
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at a much earlier date than accepted by mainstream scholars. In 1957, Carter's findings were published in his book
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484:. After many years of research and debates about the stone's authenticity, it was generally dismissed as a
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31:
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Padden, R.C. "On
Diffusionism and Historicity". The American Historical Review, Vol. 78, No. 4, pp.987-1004
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as evidence that humans could in fact have made the same journey in past. Carter also mentions the
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in 1934. While at
Berkeley, Carter was able to take classes with the noted cultural anthropologist
372:
253:. Throughout the 1960s to the 1980s, Carter continued to publish papers and articles dealing with
83:
43:
272:, where he was a distinguished professor of geography until 1978, retiring to become a professor
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probability of humans independently inventing the same tools all over the world was very low.
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by boat is possible, but there is no reasonable evidence to support it. For example, the
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In
December 1984, Bada came forward and retracted all the dates of bones gleaned from
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99:
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35:
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Williams, Stephen. Fantastic
Archaeology. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991
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126:. The two conducted field work on the coasts of Southern California and in the
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23:
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Carter, George F. Pleistocene Man at San Diego. Johns
Hopkins Press, 1957
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of the bones suggested dates around 10,000 years ago rather than 70,000.
273:
250:
481:
404:
159:
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Gay and
Marxist Geographers in the Association of American Geographers
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was pioneered by Jeffry Bada, who at the time was a geochemist at the
230:, in which he describes the climate of Southern California during the
312:
to be tested. The skulls were excavated on the
California coast by
555:
Carter, George F. Earlier than You Think. Texas A&M Press, 1980
429:
485:
376:
290:. The book describes Carter's evidence for humans arriving in
183:
174:
Bouncing back from his dismissal, Carter was quickly hired by
74:. At the age of fifteen, Carter befriended the archaeologist
22:(6 April 1912 – 16 March 2004) was an American professor of
383:
by boat and spread their technologies and cultures to the
66:
on 6 April 1912. As a teenager, he expressed interest in
288:
Earlier than You Think: A Personal View of Man in
America
214:. Summers between the semesters, Carter would return to
496:
Upon retirement, Carter penned a short opinion piece in
439:, rocks that have a similar appearance to human-worked
379:. Carter thought that ancient people had reached the
118:
Immediately after graduating, Carter was hired by the
351:
gave the same bones dates of less than 10,000 years.
178:
in 1939 as a part-time teacher before he returned to
46:. He is best known for supporting the theories of
480:, was purportedly left by an exploratory party of
738:UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
86:. The following autumn, Carter began classes at
468:Carter's theory that ancient people visited the
70:and began to spend much of his free time at the
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238:, some of which Carter dated to the upper
222:, seeking to prove that man had inhabited
194:and completed his degree in 1941. During
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90:. He would eventually transfer to the
142:. Up until this time, nothing of the
122:and began working with his old mentor
16:American anthropologist and geographer
753:20th-century American anthropologists
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298:to be used on ancient human remains.
134:in the Mojave, Carter found a fluted
130:. While surveying in 1937-1938 near
7:
428:scholars dismissed many of Carter's
347:. Newer methods of dating, such as
92:University of California at Berkeley
456:Most anthropology scholars dismiss
320:Carter also attacks the mainstream
306:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
14:
758:20th-century American geographers
743:San Diego State University alumni
407:' maritime abilities as support.
728:Texas A&M University faculty
723:Johns Hopkins University faculty
647:10.1111/j.0033-0124.1977.00101.x
387:already living there. He cites
276:. Carter died on 16 March 2004.
82:, where they excavated numerous
202:to work as an analyst for the
34:. Carter had a background in
1:
623:"Communications from Readers"
349:accelerator mass spectrometry
718:Archaeologists of California
681:Pleistocene Man at San Diego
673:Pleistocene Man at San Diego
365:Pleistocene Man at San Diego
228:Pleistocene Man at San Diego
204:Office of Strategic Services
106:, who had been a student of
627:The Professional Geographer
498:The Professional Geographer
367:, Carter proposes that the
774:
692:George Carter on Diffusion
633:(1): 101–111. 1977-02-01.
359:Carter was a proponent of
286:In 1980, Carter published
220:archaeological excavations
138:which he recognized to be
52:settlement of the Americas
40:archaeological excavations
510:Trans-cultural diffusion
476:, discovered in 1898 in
328:to accept his evidence.
270:Texas A&M University
259:Peopling of the Americas
212:Johns Hopkins University
206:. In 1943, he left the
58:Early life and education
48:trans-cultural diffusion
32:Texas A&M University
28:Johns Hopkins University
685:American Anthropologist
375:was brought there from
345:amino acid racemization
326:archaeological theories
310:San Diego Museum of Man
302:Amino acid racemization
296:amino acid racemization
176:San Diego State College
124:Malcolm Jennings Rogers
120:San Diego Museum of Man
114:San Diego Museum of Man
88:San Diego State College
76:Malcolm Jennings Rogers
72:San Diego Museum of Man
420:Artifacts vs. geofacts
281:Earlier Than You Think
210:to teach geography at
170:Later career and death
733:People from San Diego
525:Calico Early Man Site
391:solo crossing of the
264:In 1967, Carter left
234:and the accompanying
64:San Diego, California
20:George Francis Carter
474:Kensington Runestone
240:Wisconsin glaciation
236:archaeological sites
190:. He studied under
639:1977ProfG..29..101.
373:Southern California
332:Criticism of dating
62:Carter was born in
44:Southern California
389:Hannes Lindemann's
198:, Carter moved to
146:had been found in
80:San Nicolas Island
748:Hyperdiffusionism
515:Pseudoarchaeology
458:hyperdiffusionism
452:Hyperdiffusionism
369:lithic technology
361:hyperdiffusionism
355:Hyperdiffusionism
255:hyperdiffusionism
104:Alfred L. Kroeber
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385:Native Americans
200:Washington, D.C.
152:projectile point
144:Folsom tradition
136:projectile point
50:and early human
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665:Further reading
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322:archaeological
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257:and the early
249:were actually
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38:and conducted
26:who taught at
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415:Controversies
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164:Museum of Man
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128:Mojave Desert
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671:Overview of
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397:dugout canoe
364:
358:
342:
338:stratigraphy
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287:
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227:
224:the Americas
196:World War II
182:to pursue a
173:
117:
100:anthropology
68:anthropology
61:
36:anthropology
19:
18:
713:2004 deaths
708:1912 births
441:stone tools
426:archaeology
424:Mainstream
401:Polynesians
314:M.J. Rogers
232:Pleistocene
218:to conduct
156:Silver Lake
132:Silver Lake
94:and earn a
702:Categories
679:Review of
531:References
520:Barry Fell
445:weathering
192:Carl Sauer
148:California
108:Franz Boas
30:and later
655:0033-0124
478:Minnesota
470:New World
462:artifacts
433:artifacts
381:New World
371:found in
247:artifacts
216:San Diego
188:geography
24:geography
504:See also
437:geofacts
393:Atlantic
274:emeritus
251:geofacts
180:Berkeley
635:Bibcode
482:Vikings
405:Vikings
160:geology
653:
435:to be
430:lithic
403:' and
244:lithic
140:Folsom
395:in a
84:sites
651:ISSN
486:hoax
377:Asia
268:for
96:B.A.
683:in
643:doi
208:OSS
186:in
184:PhD
98:in
42:in
704::
649:.
641:.
631:29
629:.
625:.
605:^
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261:.
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