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was highly regulated in the small intestine and was influenced by the amount of iron stores in the body. They also demonstrated that insignificant amounts of iron were normally excreted or lost in the urine, feces, or bile. During this time, Whipple also formulated his theory on "the dynamic equilibrium between blood and tissue proteins" based on earlier plasmapheresis experiments he had performed (in the early 1930s) which demonstrated the importance of dietary protein on production of plasma proteins. This formed the foundation of research into mammalian protein metabolism, and led
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383:. Rhees was so determined to recruit Whipple, he personally flew to UC San Francisco to offer him the opportunity to build the medical school from the ground up. Whipple found this offer attractive because it would fulfil his passion to create a program which fostered an exchange between clinical and preclinical disciplines. His vision for the school included housing the medical school and hospital at the same site to facilitate this exchange. The first students entered
322:. He received his M.D. degree in 1905. To gain experience and subsidize his medical school studies, Whipple applied for and was accepted to a teaching assistantship in John J. Abel's Department of Physiological Chemistry. Later, his performance in his first year anatomy course earned him a second-year appointment as a student instructor in anatomy. During this time, his interest in
587:, despite the main therapeutic mechanism being through B12 rather than iron. This was a remarkable discovery since previously, pernicious anemia was invariably fatal at a young age. For his contribution to this body of work, he was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1934 along with Minot and Murphy.
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and camping, also hiking, snowshoeing, skating, bob sledding, canoeing, fishing, hunting—all this was an essential part of my life". He even credited his love for the outdoors as a contributor to his successes in work, study, and teaching. In the summers of prep school and undergrad, he worked at a drugstore and at
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derived from animal tissue, and cooked apricots also had a positive effect of increasing red blood cells during anemia. Based on these data, Whipple associated the iron content in these dietary factors to the potency of red blood cell regeneration. This data led directly to successful liver treatment of
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In 1937, Whipple collaborated with
William B. Hawkins to determine the life-span of the red blood cell in dogs. Simultaneously, with the advent of radioactive iron, Whipple, Paul F. Hahn, and William F. Bale collaborated to study iron absorption and utilization. They demonstrated that iron absorption
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In his landmark studies, published as a series "Blood
Regeneration in Severe Anemia" beginning in 1925, Whipple demonstrated that raw liver fed to anemic dogs was the most effective diet additive for reversing the anemia by boosting the production of red blood cells. He would go on to show that foods
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and their production outside the liver by way of bile fistulas at the Hooper
Foundation at UC San Francisco. His interests soon extended to understanding the production of hemoglobin to gain a better understand of how it is metabolized into bile pigments. Co-authored with Hooper, Whipple published 12
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Between 1939 and 1943 Leon L. Miller and
Whipple collaborated to study the hepato-toxic effects of chloroform anesthesia on dogs. They found that dogs in a protein depleted state sustained lethal liver injury from within anesthesia fifteen minutes; but that feeding these depleted dogs a protein rich
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as an undergraduate in 1896, earning A.B. degree in 1900. During these years, he developed as an outdoorsman, an affinity he would hold lifelong. He wrote in his autobiography about growing up in a lake district, "I feel very fortunate that I grew up in the country...I became interested in wild life
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Whipple received honorary doctorates from several
American and international Universities, including the Universities of Athens and Glasgow. In 1930, along with Minot, he received the Popular Science Monthly Gold Medal and Annual Award. In 1934, he was awarded the William Wood Gerhard Gold Medal of
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One of his first publications described the role of the lungs, lymphatic system, and gastrointestinal tract in the spread of tubercle bacillus causing tuberculosis. Another one of his early publications described autopsy results from a patient with an accumulation of fatty acids in the walls of the
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In presenting the Nobel Prize, Professor I. Holmgren of the Nobel committee observed that "Of the three prize winners, it was
Whipple who first occupied himself with the investigations for which the prize is now awarded. ... Whipple's experiments were planned exceedingly well, and carried out very
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when George was just shy of two years old. His maternal grandfather also died when
Whipple was two years old, and his paternal grandfather died a year later. This left Whipple to be raised by his mother, Frances, and grandmother, Frances Moody Hoyt, who impressed on him the value of hard work and
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after his time in Panama, Whipple traveled to Europe and spent time in the laboratories of Krehl and
Morawitz in Heidelberg, where he learned about anemia in rabbits. In 1911, Whipple went to Vienna to study hepatic portal vein blood flow and its effects on hepatic functions in the dog with Hans
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developed. Under the mentorship of
William Welch, Eugene Opie, and William McCallum, Whipple was inspired to correlate clinical illness and disease, to the tissue findings discovered on autopsy. Together, McCallum and Welch conspired to offer Whipple a position as junior member of the pathology
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mixtures that could satisfy the metabolic requirements necessary to maintain weight, nitrogen balance, and plasma protein and hemoglobin regeneration in the dog. This would ultimately led to human clinical trials which demonstrated that these amino acid mixtures, along with enzymatic digest of
407:, Whipple wrote, "I would be remembered as a teacher". He spent his retirement years dabbling in pathology department and medical school activities at the University of Rochester, but returned to his outdoors-man roots, filling his time with pheasant hunting, salmon fishing on the
468:. But he also researched and made significant contributions to tuberculosis, pancreatitis, chloroform poisoning in animals, the metabolism of bile pigments and iron, the constituents of the bile, and the regeneration of plasma protein, protein metabolism, and the stroma of the
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accurately, and consequently their results can lay claim to absolute reliability. These investigations and results of
Whipple's gave Minot and Murphy the idea that an experiment could be made to see whether favorable results might also be obtained in the case of
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during his senior year at Yale left an indelible mark on his life and career. In his autobiography, Whipple describes Mendel as "an unusual man who exerted a strong influence on me ... work with him was exciting and never to be forgotten".
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In 1914, at 34 years old, Whipple married Katherine Ball Waring of Charleston, South Carolina. They had two children. He was also appointed Professor of Research Medicine, and Director of the Hooper Foundation for Medical Research at the
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as a pathologist. In Panama, he worked with Samuel Darling, a resident pathologist, and General Gorgas to gain experience in tropical diseases. This experience afforded him the opportunity to study massive hemolysis associated with
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Whipple categorically discriminated against African-American students during his time as dean, and would send a form letter to applicants rejecting their admission and requesting they apply elsewhere. In 1939, A commission of the
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meal, particularly rich in L-methionine or L-cystine, prior to anesthesia was protective. This and other studies, led Whipple to the conclusion that S-containing amino acids are protective against liver against toxic agents.
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in New Hampshire providing help and ferry services to the tourists and campers. Of his summer experiences, Whipple said, "I sometimes think I learned as much during the summer work periods as during the school terms."
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At the University of Rochester, Whipple's research focus became studying the various factors in diets which contributed to recovery of long-term anemia, particularly in anemic dogs. Along with his research assistant,
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499:. His research in dogs demonstrated that liver cells had an almost unlimited ability to regenerate. Through his chloroform liver injury studies, Whipple demonstrated that the liver was the site of
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as an assistant in pathology. He was promoted successively to Assistant, Instructor, Associate and Associate Professor in pathology until he left in 1914. During this time, he spent a year in
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During World War II, Whipple tested combinations of dietary amino acids, administered, orally or parenterally, and their effects on plasma protein synthesis. He was able to characterize
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department with the hope it would lead to Whipple become a pediatric pathologist. Ultimately, Whipple accepted the position which shaped his career aspirations to become a pathologist.
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253:. Ashley Cooper Whipple was a physician, and his father (George's paternal grandfather) was a physician and President of the New Hampshire Medical Society. Whipple's father died from
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casein, could sustain nourishment in patients who could not intake nutrients through the normal gastrointestinal route for extended periods. Intravenous nutrition, referred to as
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In 1953, at 75 years old, Whipple retired from the Deanship, and retirement from the University would follow in 1955. He was remembered as a superb teacher. In his autobiography,
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Whipple shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934 with George R. Minot and William P. Murphy "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anemia".
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Second report of the New York state Temporary commission on the condition of the colored urban population to the legislature of the state of New York, February, 1939,
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With a shortage of funds to finance further education, Whipple took a year off after graduating Yale. During this year, he worked at Dr. Holbrook Military School in
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fraternity, and proved to be a prize-winning gymnast, oarsman, and an outstanding science student. His excellence in science was exemplified by his election to
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Raju, TN (January 1999). "The Nobel chronicles. 1934: George Hoyt Whipple (1878–1976); George Richard Minot (1885–1950); William Perry Murphy (1892–1987)".
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found this practice to be in violation of New York's anti-discrimination laws, after which the URMC began to admit African-American medical students.
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small intestine and lymph nodes. He named this abnormality lipodystrophia intestinalis (intestinal lipodystrophy), and correctly pointed to the
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synthesis. His research elucidated the route by which bile pigments enter circulation and produce jaundice in various parts of the body.
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The heme moiety of hemoglobin could be converted to bilirubin in both the pleural and peritoneal cavities, in addition to the liver.
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The curve of red blood cell regeneration in anemia, as influenced by dietary factors, like sugar, amino acids and starvation.
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2015:
1991:
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1467:"Who is George H. Whipple? – George H. Whipple Lab for Cancer Research – University of Rochester Medical Center"
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379:, Whipple agreed to become a Professor and Chairman of Pathology, and the founding Dean of the yet-to-be-built
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Whipple and Robscheit-Robbins were regarded as having one of the "great creative partnerships in medicine".
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540:(formally Frieda Robbins), they co-authored 21 publications, from 1925–1930, reporting the following:
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In 1901, under the advice, persuasion, and guidance of his mother, Whipple attended medical school at
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Harvey, AM (1976). "Teacher and distinguished pupil: William Henry Welch and George Hoyt Whipple".
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New York (State). Temporary commission on the condition of the colored urban population. (1939).
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honor society and graduation with senior honors. The interactions Whipple had with biochemists
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1505:"George Eastman created Rochester's middle class. Why was the Black community left behind?"
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Board of Trustees of the Rockefeller Institute, Member; Vice-Chairman; and Trustee Emeritus
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Bile pigment bilirubin was a breakdown product of muscle hemoglobin, though red blood cell
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Over the course of his career, Whipple authored or co-authored more than 300 publications.
213:, biomedical researcher, and medical school educator and administrator. Whipple shared the
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Bile pigment was not reabsorbed and reused in the production of new red blood cells.
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2019:
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1624:"University of Rochester Library Bulletin: The Whipples and George Eastman | RBSCP"
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1269:"George Hoyt Whipple and his friends; The life story of a Nobel Prize pathologist"
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Whipple died in 1976 at the age of 97 and his ashes were scattered in Rochester's
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Miller, LL (1995). "George Hoyt Whipple – August 28, 1878 – February 2, 1976".
34:. For the surgeon responsible for Whipple's procedure and Whipple's triad, see
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433:, the two were lifelong friends. The Whipples also had a deep friendship with
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1109:"Tradition of Discovery :: Research :: University of Rochester"
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Corner, GW (July 1963). "George Hoyt Whipple, Nobel Prize Pathologist".
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Transactions & Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia
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1537:, American Registry of Pathology, Washington, D.C., 1997; pp. 275–285.
315:, teaching mathematics and science, and serving as an athletic coach.
1648:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934: Presentation Speech"
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Normal liver function was essential for the excretion of bilirubin.
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Whipple was born to Ashley Cooper Whipple and Frances Anna Hoyt in
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cause of the lipid deposits, resulting in the disease being named
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Whipple's research interests during his career primarily included
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Autobiographical notes of Lauren V. Ackerman. IN: Rosai J (Ed):
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209:(August 28, 1878 – February 1, 1976) was an American physician,
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Hemoglobin Regeneration as Influenced by Diet and Other Factors
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Sparkman, RS (September 1995). "Two physicians named Whipple".
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Haubrich, William S. (1999). "Whipple of Whipple's disease".
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Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Honorary Member
564:, liver injury, and other factors on plasma fibrinogen levels
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Association of Physicians in Vienna, Corresponding Member
1317:
Whipple, George Hoyt (1959). "Autobiographical Sketch".
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Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
368:. He was dean of that medical school in 1920 and 1921.
862:
Diggs, LW (November 1976). "Dr. George Hoyt Whipple".
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He also was a member of the following organizations:
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marking the modern era of biochemistry and biology.
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In 1905, Whipple joined the pathology department at
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921:Young, LE (1976). "George Hoyt Whipple 1878–1976".
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664:Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland
511:papers, from 1915–1917, reporting the following:
3516:University of California, San Francisco faculty
1680:including the Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1934
1230:George Hoyt Whipple | Biographical Memoirs V.66
411:, and tarpon fishing off the coast in Florida.
38:. For the fictional advertising character, see
3250:
1707:
495:, focusing on the repair and regeneration of
8:
547:The effects of dietary and other factors on
597:The Dynamic State of the Body Constituents,
291:As an undergraduate, he became a member of
233:". This makes Whipple the first of several
42:. For the lawyer and society reporter, see
3476:Burials at Mount Hope Cemetery (Rochester)
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1714:
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1692:
1675:
1549:"A Dozen Doctors. Autobiographic Sketches"
635:the Pathological Society of Philadelphia.
567:Blood regeneration following simple anemia
59:
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27:American biomedical researcher (1878–1976)
3486:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
1580:
1433:
544:Circulating plasma and hemoglobin volumes
1493:pp. 114-115. Albany: J. B. Lyon company.
1279:(3). Philadelphia: Lippincott: 363–364.
841:Carlsson, M; Wiberg J (April 1989). "".
990:
718:New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 100
651:Royal Society of Physicians in Budapest
191:University of California, San Francisco
712:Whipple House (Ashland, New Hampshire)
1727:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
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678:Board of Scientific Directors of the
215:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
159:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
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1319:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
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619:Nobel Prize, honors and distinctions
371:In 1921, through the persistence of
3496:People from Ashland, New Hampshire
1054:"George H. Whipple – Biographical"
225:"for their discoveries concerning
25:
864:The Johns Hopkins Medical Journal
491:as an assistant, he worked under
1233:. The National Academies Press.
696:
489:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
354:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
337:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
320:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
269:prep school and began attending
131:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
3481:Johns Hopkins University alumni
1503:Murphy, Justin (June 7, 2021).
660:, Foreign Corresponding Member.
654:European Society of Haematology
670:American Philosophical Society
1:
1610:10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70485-3
1547:Mottram, M. E. (1964-04-01).
1400:Whipple, G. H. (1976-02-21).
1273:Archives of Internal Medicine
902:Bull. Mem. Acad. R. Med. Belg
805:10.1016/S0002-9610(05)80024-8
768:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77266-4
731:Ortiz-Hidalgo, C (2002). "".
551:salt production and secretion
437:, founder of Rochester-based
421:Though he was not related to
1565:10.7326/0003-4819-60-4-751_2
923:Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians
885:Johns Hopkins Med. J. Suppl.
519:was the major normal source.
366:San Francisco medical school
30:For the civil engineer, see
2819:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
1553:Annals of Internal Medicine
1085:"George H. Whipple – Facts"
942:Sulek, K (April 1968). "".
658:British Medical Association
615:, is routinely used today.
3532:
1534:Guiding the Surgeon's Hand
1371:Catalogue of Beta Theta Pi
1267:Corner, George W. (1983).
487:When Whipple first joined
393:New York state legislature
235:Nobel laureates affiliated
29:
3383:
2016:Charles Scott Sherrington
1992:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
200:
196:
165:
122:
58:
3491:American Nobel laureates
3006:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
1227:Miller, Leon L. (1995).
538:Frieda Robscheit-Robbins
444:
363:University of California
301:Russell Henry Chittenden
3501:Phillips Academy alumni
1628:rbscp.lib.rochester.edu
1406:British Medical Journal
1368:Pi, Beta Theta (1905).
900:Rijlant, P (1976). "".
733:Gaceta MĂ©dica de MĂ©xico
373:University of Rochester
239:University of Rochester
187:University of Rochester
3511:Yale University alumni
3389:Nobel Prize recipients
3354:Physiology or Medicine
1787:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
1510:Democrat and Chronicle
1471:www.urmc.rochester.edu
1418:10.1136/bmj.1.6007.468
643:Rockefeller Foundation
554:Measurements of blood
352:. Before returning to
251:Ashland, New Hampshire
86:Ashland, New Hampshire
3506:American pathologists
2288:Dickinson W. Richards
1972:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1331:10.1353/pbm.1959.0003
720:: George Hoyt Whipple
680:Rockefeller Institute
560:The effects of diet,
381:medical school (URMC)
219:George Richards Minot
116:Ashley Cooper Whipple
2711:Rita Levi-Montalcini
2072:Albert Szent-Györgyi
613:parenteral nutrition
425:, who described the
229:therapy in cases of
223:William Parry Murphy
147:therapy in cases of
3103:William C. Campbell
3014:Elizabeth Blackburn
2851:Robert F. Furchgott
2843:Stanley B. Prusiner
2835:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
2735:George H. Hitchings
2699:Joseph L. Goldstein
2659:Bengt I. Samuelsson
2488:Earl Sutherland Jr.
593:Rudolf Schoenheimer
416:Mount Hope Cemetery
377:Benjamin Rush Rhees
207:George Hoyt Whipple
105:Rochester, New York
72:George Hoyt Whipple
3163:William Kaelin Jr.
3159:Peter J. Ratcliffe
2902:Leland H. Hartwell
2791:Richard J. Roberts
2671:Barbara McClintock
2615:Godfrey Hounsfield
2516:Nikolaas Tinbergen
2448:Marshall Nirenberg
2416:Charles B. Huggins
2205:Tadeusz Reichstein
2193:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
1988:Christiaan Eijkman
1674:on Nobelprize.org
1402:"Obituary notices"
1089:www.nobelprize.org
1058:www.nobelprize.org
506:Later, he studied
445:Whipple's research
313:Ossining, New York
280:Lake Winnipesaukee
44:George Whipple III
3453:
3452:
3374:William P. Murphy
3232:
3231:
3197:Ardem Patapoutian
3046:Ralph M. Steinman
3042:Jules A. Hoffmann
3030:Robert G. Edwards
2998:Harald zur Hausen
2922:H. Robert Horvitz
2823:Eric F. Wieschaus
2759:E. Donnall Thomas
2743:J. Michael Bishop
2731:Gertrude B. Elion
2603:Hamilton O. Smith
2528:Christian de Duve
2264:Frederick Robbins
2141:Alexander Fleming
2080:Corneille Heymans
1926:Frederick Banting
1831:Allvar Gullstrand
1672:George H. Whipple
1412:(6007): 468–470.
1248:978-0-309-05237-5
908:(3–4–5): 139–43.
672:, Honorary Member
666:, Honorary Member
629:pernicious anemia
585:William P. Murphy
577:pernicious anemia
482:Whipple's disease
427:Whipple procedure
265:Whipple attended
204:
203:
167:Scientific career
118:Frances Anna Hoyt
32:George C. Whipple
18:George H. Whipple
16:(Redirected from
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3308:Luigi Pirandello
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470:red blood cells
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431:Whipple's triad
405:A Dozen Doctors
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127:Alma mater
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508:bile pigments
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259:typhoid fever
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217:in 1934 with
216:
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57:
50:
45:
41:
37:
36:Allen Whipple
33:
19:
3419:
3368:George Minot
3361:
3208:Svante Pääbo
3193:David Julius
3147:Tasuku Honjo
3095:Edvard Moser
3087:John O'Keefe
3050:posthumously
3049:
2986:Martin Evans
2962:Robin Warren
2946:Richard Axel
2893:2001–present
2771:Bert Sakmann
2639:Roger Sperry
2631:George Snell
2627:Jean Dausset
2595:Werner Arber
2548:Howard Temin
2472:Bernard Katz
2456:Max DelbrĂĽck
2412:Francis Rous
2388:Feodor Lynen
2384:Konrad Bloch
2372:Alan Hodgkin
2356:James Watson
2332:Frank Burnet
2320:Severo Ochoa
2308:Edward Tatum
2296:Daniel Bovet
2209:Philip Hench
2121:Edward Doisy
2052:Hans Spemann
2040:George Minot
2035:
2020:Edgar Adrian
2008:Otto Warburg
1930:John Macleod
1899:August Krogh
1891:Jules Bordet
1807:Paul Ehrlich
1759:Niels Finsen
1743:Emil Behring
1681:
1651:. Retrieved
1642:
1631:. Retrieved
1627:
1618:
1601:
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1515:. Retrieved
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1363:
1322:
1318:
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1229:
1116:. Retrieved
1112:
1103:
1092:. Retrieved
1088:
1061:. Retrieved
1057:
968:
964:
950:(7): 627–9.
947:
943:
926:
922:
905:
901:
884:
867:
863:
846:
842:
825:
821:
799:(3): 306–7.
796:
792:
759:
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739:(4): 371–6.
736:
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637:
633:
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389:
370:
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334:
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264:
248:
206:
205:
183:Institutions
166:
99:(1976-02-01)
3471:1976 deaths
3466:1878 births
3284:Harold Urey
3267:Nobel Prize
3059:John Gurdon
2974:Craig Mello
2970:Andrew Fire
2883:Eric Kandel
2859:Ferid Murad
2767:Erwin Neher
2679:Niels Jerne
2444:Har Khorana
2432:George Wald
2400:André Lwoff
2368:John Eccles
2256:John Enders
2228:Max Theiler
2189:Walter Hess
2181:Paul MĂĽller
2145:Ernst Chain
1815:Emil Kocher
1775:Robert Koch
1767:Ivan Pavlov
1751:Ronald Ross
1517:December 8,
793:Am. J. Surg
497:liver cells
262:education.
211:pathologist
40:Mr. Whipple
3460:Categories
3295:Literature
2910:Paul Nurse
2244:Hans Krebs
2169:Gerty Cori
2117:Henrik Dam
2064:Otto Loewi
2060:Henry Dale
1633:2017-10-11
1604:(3): 576.
1559:(4): 751.
1476:2017-10-11
1118:2017-10-11
1094:2017-10-11
1063:2017-10-10
985:References
828:: 371–93.
608:amino acid
562:hemorrhage
556:fibrinogen
517:hemoglobin
501:fibrinogen
458:physiology
399:Retirement
375:President
276:Squam Lake
245:Early life
78:1878-08-28
3276:Chemistry
3269:laureates
3111:Tu Youyou
2663:John Vane
2558:1976–2000
2219:1951–1975
2165:Carl Cori
1955:1926–1950
1734:1901–1925
1723:Laureates
1653:3 January
1573:0003-4819
1426:0007-1447
1339:1529-8795
944:Wiad. Lek
887:: 39–48.
645:, Trustee
595:to write
478:bacterial
462:pathology
387:in 1925.
324:histology
287:Education
255:pneumonia
237:with the
113:Parent(s)
2906:Tim Hunt
1355:45464654
1347:13645198
977:14044626
971:: 40–1.
929:: 34–7.
834:11616328
784:54322564
745:12200882
690:See also
682:, Member
456:and the
297:Sigma Xi
177:Medicine
3338:Physics
3310:(Italy)
1725:of the
1582:1515522
1435:1638905
956:4876155
855:2468979
813:7661304
776:9923916
464:of the
357:Meyer.
267:Andover
161:in 1934
3153:2019:
3141:2018:
3125:2017:
3117:2016:
3101:2015:
3085:2014:
3069:2013:
3057:2012:
3036:2011:
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2765:1991:
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2034:1934:
2026:1933:
2014:1932:
2006:1931:
1998:1930:
1986:1929:
1978:1928:
1970:1927:
1962:1926:
1936:1924:
1924:1923:
1912:1922:
1897:1920:
1889:1919:
1853:1914:
1845:1913:
1837:1912:
1829:1911:
1821:1910:
1813:1909:
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935:798387
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914:798621
912:
893:801545
891:
876:792552
874:
853:
832:
811:
782:
774:
755:Lancet
743:
454:anemia
341:Panama
331:Career
231:anemia
173:Fields
155:Awards
149:anemia
107:, U.S.
88:, U.S.
3420:1934
3319:Peace
3265:1934
1444:56205
1351:S2CID
780:S2CID
466:liver
227:liver
145:Liver
3445:1939
3440:1938
3435:1937
3430:1936
3425:1935
3415:1933
3410:1932
3405:1931
3400:1930
3395:1929
3345:None
3299:1934
3215:2023
3204:2022
3189:2021
3170:2020
2109:1942
2102:1941
2095:1940
1945:1925
1906:1921
1883:1918
1876:1917
1869:1916
1862:1915
1655:2010
1569:ISSN
1519:2022
1440:PMID
1422:ISSN
1343:PMID
1335:ISSN
1243:ISBN
973:PMID
952:PMID
931:PMID
910:PMID
889:PMID
872:PMID
851:PMID
830:PMID
809:PMID
772:PMID
741:PMID
583:and
549:bile
460:and
429:and
385:URMC
303:and
278:and
221:and
94:Died
68:Born
1606:doi
1602:117
1577:PMC
1561:doi
1430:PMC
1414:doi
1327:doi
1281:doi
1277:115
1235:doi
906:131
868:139
801:doi
797:170
764:doi
760:353
737:138
579:by
343:at
257:or
3462::
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1567:.
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1555:.
1551:.
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1452:^
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76:(
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20:)
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