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421:, he entered into an essay contest on the topic of "Christian Prayer considered in relation to the belief that Almighty governs the world by general laws". Romanes did not have much hope in winning, but much to his surprise he took first place in this contest and received the Burney prize. After winning the Burney prize, Romanes came to the conclusion that he could no longer be faithful to his Christian religion due to his love and commitment for science. This is interesting due to the fact that when Romanes was growing up, his father was a Reverend. Therefore, Romanes went into great detail about religion and how all aspects of the mind need to be involved to be faithfully committed to religion in his book
321:
51:
260:. During his youth, Romanes resided temporarily in Germany and Italy, developing a fluency in both German and Italian. His early education was inconsistent, undertaken partly in public schools, and partly at home. He developed an early love for poetry and music, at which he excelled. However, his true passion resided elsewhere, and the young Romanes decided to study science, abandoning a prior ambition to become a clergyman like his father.
179:
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of speciation. These were: species characteristics that have no evolutionary purpose; the widespread fact of inter-specific sterility; and the need for varieties to escape the swamping effects of inter-crossing after permanent species are established. At the end of his career the majority of his work
362:
Romanes's and Darwin's relationship developed quickly and they became close friends. This relationship began when
Romanes became Darwin's research assistant during the last eight years of Darwin's life. The association Romanes had with Darwin was essential in Darwin's later works. Therefore, Darwin
328:
As a young man, Romanes was a
Christian, and some, including his religious wife, later said that he regained some of that belief during his final illness. In fact, he became an agnostic due to the influence of Darwin. In a manuscript left unfinished at the end of his life he said that the theory of
475:
Romanes' own solution to this was called 'physiological selection'. His idea was that variation in reproductive ability, caused mainly by the prevention of inter-crossing with parental forms, was the primary driving force in the production of new species. The majority view then (and now) was that
408:
It is speculated that Darwin may have been viewed as a father figure to
Romanes. Darwin did not agree with the teachings of the Catholic Church because the fundamental teachings were not supported by his scientific findings at the time. This could explain Romanes' conversion to agnosticism.
380:
was directed towards the development of a relationship between intelligence and placement on an evolutionary tree. Romanes believed that the further along an organism was on an evolutionary standpoint, the more likely that organism would be to possess a higher level of functioning.
280:: "How glad I am that you are so young!" said Darwin. Forging a relationship with Darwin was not difficult for Romanes, who reputedly inherited a "sweetness of temper and calmness of manner" from his father. The two remained friends for life. Guided by
363:
confided volumes of unpublished work which
Romanes later used to publish papers. Like Darwin, Romanes's theories were met with scepticism and were not accepted initially. The majority of Romanes's work attempted to make a connection between
523:
Romanes illustrated the evolution of the cognitive and physical functions associated with animal life. Romanes believed that animal intelligence evolves through behavioural conditioning, or positive reinforcement. Romanes then published
464:
which showed that particulate inheritance could underlie continuous variation. Romanes also made the acute point that Darwin had not actually shown how natural selection produced species, despite the title of his famous book
316:"In no case is an animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes, if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the scale of psychological evolution and development".
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268:
Although he came from an educated home, his school education was erratic. He entered university half-educated and with little knowledge of the ways of the world. He studied medicine and physiology, graduating from
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The swamping influence upon an incipient species-split of free inter-crossing. [Here we strike the problem which most perplexed Darwin, with his ideas of blending inheritance. It was solved by the rediscovery of
404:
Church during his childhood. Romanes was baptised
Anglican and was heavily involved with the Anglican teachings during his youth, despite the fact his parents were not heavily involved with any religion.
392:
tribes. His father, Reverend George
Romanes, was a professor at Queens College in Kingston, Canada and taught Greek at the local university until the family moved back to England. Romanes and his wife
503:
died, Romanes defended Darwin's theories by attempting to rebut criticisms and attacks levied by other psychologists against the
Darwinian school of thought. Romanes expanded on Darwin's theories of
396:
were married on 11 February 1879. They were happily married and studied together. Romanes was said to be an "ideal father" to their six children. Both
Romanes' mother and father were involved in the
1644:
1738:
467:
244:(now Ontario), in 1848, the youngest of three children, all boys, in a well-to-do and intellectually cultivated family. His father was Rev George Romanes (1805–1871), a Scottish
425:. He believed that you had to have an extremely high level of will to be dedicated to God or Christ. He had earlier published a book on the subject in general called
388:
Romanes was the last child born of three children from George
Romanes and Isabella Cair Smith. The majority of his immediate and extended family were descendant from
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1768:
1773:
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220:, which in the late 19th century was considered as a theory of evolution that focuses on natural selection as the main evolutionary force. However,
484:
224:
used this term with a similar meaning in 1880. Romanes' early death was a loss to the cause of evolutionary biology in
Britain. Within six years
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Darwin's Disciple: George John Romanes, A Life in Letters, was published July 2010 by Lightning Rod Press at the American Philosophical Society.
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1136:"Out from Darwin's Shadow: George John Romanes's Efforts to Popularize Science in 'Nineteenth Century' and Other Victorian Periodicals,"
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471:). Natural selection could be the 'machine' for producing adaptation, but still in question was the mechanism for splitting species.
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where he attempted to explain the relationship between science and religion. All of his notes on this subject were left to
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281:
429:, where he concluded that God's existence was not supported by the evidence, but stated his unhappiness with the fact.
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Romanes demonstrated similarities and dissimilarities between cognitive and physical functions of various animals. In
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216:'s academic friends, and his views on evolution are historically important. He is considered to invent the term
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304:. However, Romanes' tendency to support his claims by anecdotal evidence rather than empirical tests prompted
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Structures which serve to distinguish allied species are often without any known utilitarian significance.
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1129:"George John Romanes's Defense of Darwinism: The Correspondence of Charles Darwin and His Chief Disciple,"
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968:"The Origin of Species Revisited: a Victorian who Anticipated Modern Developments in Darwin's Theory"
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157:
491:, a strict selectionist. Romanes came into a dispute with Wallace over the definition of Darwinism.
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Unconscious Memory: A Comparison Between the Theory of Dr. Ewald Hering, and the "Philosophy of ...
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351:
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1030:
Romanes, George, (1893). Mental Evolution in Animals. London: Degan Paul, trench, Trubner & Co
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with the degree of BA in 1871, and is commemorated there by a stained glass window in the chapel.
256:, United Kingdom, which would set Romanes on the path to a fruitful and lasting relationship with
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371:. Some problems were encountered during his research that he addressed with the development of
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McGrew T. 2009. "A Pilgrim's Regress: George John Romanes and the Search for Rational Faith"
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The difference between natural species and domesticated varieties in respect to fertility.
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Anecdotal method: the use of observational methods to collect data on animal behaviour.
1113:"Intelligence as the Plasticity of Instinct: George J. Romanes and Darwin's Earthworms,"
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Taking influence from Darwin, Romanes was a proponent of both natural selection and the
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Romanes, George, (1897). Darwin and after Darwin. Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Co
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Jelly-Fish, Star-Fish and Sea Urchins, Being a Research on Primitive Nervous Systems,
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140:
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George Romanes' procedures for compiling anecdotes about the intelligence of animals
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 172, Part III, 1882.
1323:"Christian Prayer and General Laws: Being the Burney Prize Essay for the Year 1873,"
480:) and secondarily was the increased sterility of crosses between incipient species.
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Romanes tackled the subject of evolution frequently. For the most part he supported
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Mental Evolution in Animals, with a Posthumous Essay on Instinct by Charles Darwin,
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198:
17:
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Christian Prayer and General Laws: Being the Burney Prize Essay for the Year 1873
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Epstein R. 1984. The principle of parsimony and some applications in psychology.
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1079:
Marcum, A., & Bradley, M. (n.d.). Psyography: Biographies on Psychologists.
816:"Romanes [née Duncan], Ethel (1856–1927), writer and religious activist"
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241:
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81:
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830:
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Darwinism Illustrated: Wood-engravings Explanatory of the Theory of Evolution,
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1105:“A Pilgrim's Regress: George John Romanes and the Search for Rational Faith,”
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922:"Physiological Selection; an Additional Suggestion on the Origin of Species"
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477:
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was the leading evolutionary theoretician at the turn of the 19th century).
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Physiological Selection: an Additional Suggestion on the Origin of Species,
1097:"The Role of Isolation in Evolution: George J. Romanes and John T. Gulick,"
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which focused on the evolution of human cognitive and physical functions.
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These lectures are currently still held once a year in memory of Romanes.
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on 23 May 1894. A memorial to Romanes exists in the north west corner of
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Romanes.Un discepolo di Darwin alla ricerca delle origini del pensiero.
228:'s work was rediscovered, and a whole new agenda opened up for debate.
1250:(1892–97, a work of significance for historians of evolution theory):
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geographical separation is the primary force in species splitting (or
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Romanes is also known for creating the following words and meanings:
347:
253:
100:
284:, Romanes continued to work on the physiology of invertebrates at
445:. However, he perceived three problems with Darwinian evolution:
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Post-Darwinian Questions: Isolation and Physiological Selection,
1131:
Journal of the History of Biology, Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer, 1995.
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Spirited dispute: the secret split between Wallace and Romanes
1526:"The Darwinism of Darwin, and of the Post-Darwinian Schools,"
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Rees, L. (2 November 2011). The Romanes Lecture – Lord Rees.
375:. This was Romanes's answer to three objections to Darwin's
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Victorian Periodicals Review, Vol. 35, No. 2, Summer, 2002.
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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Romanes, George John. (n.d.).
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It was at Cambridge that he came first to the attention of
248:
minister. Two years after his birth, his parents moved to
1143:
Darwin's Disciple: George John Romanes, A Life In Letters,
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offers a semi-autobiographical account of Romanes's life.
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Towards the end of his life, he returned to Christianity.
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Catalogue of the Papers of George John Romanes, 1867–1927
804:. Washington, D.C.: University Publications of America.
1552:
Observations on the Locomotor System of Echinodermata,
468:
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
332:
Romanes founded a series of free public lectures, the
27:
Canadian-Scots evolutionary biologist and physiologist
594:: attributing human-like qualities to other animals.
868:(Undergraduate thesis). Newnham College, Cambridge.
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The Romanes grave, Greyfriars Kirkyard in Edinburgh
300:on the basis of his work on the nervous systems of
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108:
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41:
1568:A Selection from the Poems of George John Romanes,
1236:The Journal of the Linnean Society, Vol. 19, 1886.
1115:Theoretical Biology Forum", Vol. 104, N°. 2, 2011.
825:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
814:
649:
926:Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology
336:, which continue to this day. He was a friend of
209:and mechanisms between humans and other animals.
193:(20 May 1848 – 23 May 1894) was a Canadian-Scots
1621:Genealogy, Background and Works of G. J. Romanes
574:, Romanes created a series of lectures known as
1739:Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
1486:Vol. 2, No. 1, October 1891; No. 3, April 1892.
1444:"Mr. A. R. Wallace on Physiological Selection,"
1263:Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility,
1186:The Scientific Evidences of Organic Evolution,
857:
855:
800:Romanes, G. J., & Robinson, D. N. (1977).
681:Samuel Butler, Ewald Hering (1 January 1880).
329:evolution had caused him to abandon religion.
8:
1121:The Life and Letters of George John Romanes,
897:(5th ed.). Chicago, Ill.: Open court Pub. Co
778:. ed Charles Gore. Open Court, Chicago. p169
543:and published the work under Romanes' name.
511:by advancing a theory of behaviour based on
1399:"Mental Differences Between Men and Women,"
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1108:The Christendom Review, Vol. II (2), 2009.
354:in Edinburgh on the grave of his parents.
201:who laid the foundation of what he called
49:
38:
1292:The Open Court Publishing company, 1893 (
1274:The Open Court Publishing Company, 1914 .
1266:The Open Court Publishing Company, 1906 .
1258:The Open Court Publishing Company, 1910 .
970:. J R Soc Med. 2002 Dec; 95(12): 628–629.
625:Charles Darwin : Victorian mythmaker
1563:The Open Court Publishing Company, 1892.
1081:Psyography: Biographies on Psychologists
319:
296:. In 1879, at 31, Romanes was elected a
893:Romanes, G. J., & Gore, C. (1902).
865:The Early Career of George John Romanes
822:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
706:Life and letters of George John Romanes
615:
485:inheritance of acquired characteristics
340:, who gave the second Romanes lecture.
1734:Academics of University College London
1462:"The Psychic Life of Micro-Organisms,"
756:. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, London.
563:1886–1890: Romanes was a professor at
545:The Life and Letters of George Romanes
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979:Bolles, R. C; Beecher, M. D. (1987).
889:
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656:. Harvard University Press. pp.
652:The Structure of Evolutionary Thought
602:He developed the stepping stairs for
570:1892: When he was a professor at the
271:Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
121:Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
7:
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419:Gonville and Caius College Cambridge
30:For the 20th-century anatomist, see
1645:Pilgrim's Regress by George Romanes
1244:Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1888.
1213:Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1883.
1017:Abbott, C. (n.d.). George Romanes.
556:1879: Romanes was selected for the
539:. Gore used the notes in preparing
1769:Fullerian Professors of Physiology
1504:Vol. VII, N°. 315, September 1893.
1490:"Critical Remarks on Weismannism,"
1152:Harcourt College Publishers, 2000.
938:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1886.tb01869.x
920:Romanes, George J. (1 July 1886).
719:"Romanes, George John (RMNS867GJ)"
25:
1686:Fullerian Professor of Physiology
1535:"Isolation in Organic Evolution,"
413:Philosophical and political views
1774:Pre-Confederation Ontario people
1612:Works by or about George Romanes
1571:Longmans, Green & Co., 1896.
1435:"Weismann's Theory of Heredity,"
1312:Longmans, Green & Co., 1897.
1304:Longmans, Green & Co., 1895.
1221:K. Paul, Trench & Co., 1885.
1099:Isis, Vol. 66, No. 4, Dec. 1975.
177:
1495:Vol. VII, N°. 313, August 1893.
1284:Longmans, Green, and Co., 1895.
1205:D. Appleton and Company, 1892 .
1169:Armando Armando Editore, 2007.
1150:A History of Modern Psychology,
1148:Schultz, D., & Schultz, S.
1145:Diane Publishing Company, 2010.
32:George John Romanes (anatomist)
1633:Psyography George John Romanes
1513:Vol. LXIV, July/December 1893.
1456:Brain; a Journal of Neurology,
1417:"Recent Critics of Darwinism,"
1289:An Examination of Weismannism,
1124:Longmans, Green and co., 1896.
908:A Candid Examination of Theism
906:Romanes, George John, (1878).
754:A Candid Examination of Theism
427:A Candid Examination of Theism
205:, postulating a similarity of
1:
1531:Vol. VI, N°. 1, October 1895.
1440:Vol. LVII, January/June 1890.
1431:Vol. LVI, July/December 1889.
1422:Vol. LIII, January/June 1888.
1379:Vol. 139, No. 333, Aug. 1884.
1194:Candid Examination of Theism,
1161:C.F. Hodgson & Son, 1887.
862:Barnes, Elizabeth J. (1998).
708:. Longmans, Green, London. p3
1764:Fellows of the Royal Society
1522:Vol. V, N°. 2, January 1895.
1476:Vol. LIX, January/June 1891.
1471:"Aristotle as a Naturalist,"
1449:Vol. I, N°. 1, October 1890.
1404:Vol. XXI, January/June 1887.
1395:Vol. XXI, January/June 1887.
1343:Vol. VI, July/December 1879.
881:, Macmillan & Co., 1874.
846:UK public library membership
737:Journal of Mind and Behavior
627:. John Murray. p. 332.
531:In 1890, Romanes published
521:Mental Evolution in Animals,
1729:19th-century English people
1724:19th-century British people
1426:"Mr. Wallace on Darwinism,"
1382:"Mind in Men and Animals,"
1281:Mind and Motion and Monism,
983:. Psychology Press. p. 45.
723:A Cambridge Alumni Database
558:Fellow of the Royal Society
487:. The latter was denied by
298:Fellow of the Royal Society
236:George Romanes was born in
1790:
1603:Works by George J. Romanes
1453:"Origin of Human Faculty,"
1390:"Physiological Selection,"
1384:The North American Review,
1377:The North American Review,
1325:Macmillan & Co., 1874.
725:. University of Cambridge.
29:
1692:
1683:
1675:
1670:
1248:Darwin, and after Darwin,
1197:TrĂĽbner & Co., 1878 .
1189:Macmillan and Co., 1882 .
999:Elsdon-Baker, F. (2008).
910:. London: TrĂĽbner and Co.
533:Darwin, and After Darwin,
286:University College London
176:
167:
146:
48:
1638:22 February 2020 at the
1596:22 February 2020 at the
1511:The Contemporary Review,
1474:The Contemporary Review,
1438:The Contemporary Review,
1429:The Contemporary Review,
1420:The Contemporary Review,
1368:The Contemporary Review,
1241:Mental Evolution in Man,
1158:Mr. Romanes's Catechism,
1003:. Endeavour 32(2): 75–78
526:Mental Evolution in Man,
1759:Evolutionary biologists
1582:Works by George Romanes
1480:"Thought and Language,"
1402:The Nineteenth Century,
1393:The Nineteenth Century,
1341:The Nineteenth Century,
1329:"Fetichism in Animals,"
1118:Romanes, Ethel Duncan.
648:Gould, Stephen (2002).
565:University of Edinburgh
373:physiological selection
212:He was the youngest of
1517:"Longevity and Death,"
1499:"Weismann and Galton,"
1370:Vol. XLIII, June 1883.
1155:Tollemache, Lionel A.
1063:- University of Oxford
981:Evolution and Learning
831:10.1093/ref:odnb/42324
789:The Christendom Review
623:Wilson, A. N. (2017).
513:comparative psychology
417:When Romanes attended
325:
203:comparative psychology
195:evolutionary biologist
131:Comparative psychology
103:, Oxfordshire, England
1626:23 April 2020 at the
1508:"A Note on Panmixia,"
1365:"Nature and Thought,"
1301:Thoughts on Religion,
1255:The Darwinian Theory,
1232:23 April 2020 at the
966:Emery, Alan. (2002).
704:Romanes, Ethel 1896.
604:cognitive development
541:Thoughts on Religion,
489:Alfred Russel Wallace
323:
84:(now Ontario), Canada
1202:Animal Intelligence,
1111:Morganti, Federico.
895:Thoughts on religion
776:Thoughts on Religion
572:University of Oxford
517:Animal Intelligence,
433:Romanes on evolution
423:Thoughts on Religion
365:animal consciousness
158:Evolutionary biology
1660:9 July 2020 at the
1467:Vol. IV, 1890–1891.
1408:"Concerning Women,"
802:Animal intelligence
774:Romanes G.J. 1895.
369:human consciousness
352:Greyfriars Kirkyard
338:Thomas Henry Huxley
207:cognitive processes
188:George John Romanes
18:George John Romanes
1749:English zoologists
1744:British zoologists
1141:Schwartz, Joel S.
1134:Schwartz, Joel S.
1127:Schwartz, Joel S.
1019:Psychology History
752:'Physicus' 1878.
458:Mendelian genetics
326:
1702:
1701:
1693:Succeeded by
1671:Academic offices
1607:Project Gutenberg
1334:27 December 1877.
1102:McGrew, Timothy.
844:(Subscription or
667:978-0-674-00613-3
634:978-1-4447-9488-5
509:natural selection
443:natural selection
394:Ethel Mary Duncan
390:Scottish Highland
358:Professional life
308:warning known as
185:
184:
148:Scientific career
57:Elliott & Fry
16:(Redirected from
1781:
1676:Preceded by
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1616:Internet Archive
1540:Vol. VIII, 1898.
1374:"Man and Brute,"
1356:"American Ants,"
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592:Anthropomorphism
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441:and the role of
377:isolation theory
334:Romanes Lectures
294:Burdon-Sanderson
250:Cornwall Terrace
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1502:The Open Court,
1493:The Open Court,
1465:The Open Court,
1458:Vol. XII, 1890.
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1294:August Weismann
1234:Wayback Machine
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1754:Ethologists
1719:1894 deaths
1714:1848 births
1538:The Monist,
1529:The Monist,
1520:The Monist,
1484:The Monist,
1447:The Monist,
1386:March 1885.
346:He died in
242:Canada West
109:Citizenship
93:23 May 1894
82:Canada West
74:20 May 1848
1708:Categories
1690:1888–1891
1664:by Romanes
1586:Wikisource
1545:Miscellany
1411:The Forum,
1347:"Suicide,"
1041:Wikisource
848:required.)
836:14 October
611:References
460:, and the
398:Protestant
232:Early life
162:Physiology
70:1848-05-20
1655:Evolution
1482:Part II,
946:1096-3642
687:D. Bogue.
505:evolution
478:allopatry
439:Darwinism
264:Adulthood
172:Signature
1658:Archived
1636:Archived
1624:Archived
1594:Archived
1317:Articles
1230:Archived
402:Anglican
238:Kingston
78:Kingston
1614:at the
1359:Nature,
1350:Nature,
1332:Nature,
1309:Essays,
954:4132264
743:119–130
302:medusae
112:British
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791:2 (2).
664:
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384:Family
348:Oxford
288:under
254:London
226:Mendel
154:Fields
137:Spouse
101:Oxford
950:S2CID
515:. In
499:When
985:ISBN
942:ISSN
838:2020
662:ISBN
629:ISBN
507:and
400:and
367:and
292:and
197:and
90:Died
64:Born
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252:in
191:FRS
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