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1269:, are more fully worked out in the last two (3rd series). He discussed the method of psychology with much insight. Against Comte and his followers he claimed a place for introspection in psychological research. As well as this subjective method there must be an objective one, a reference to nervous conditions and socio-historical data. Biology would help explain mental functions such as feeling and thinking, it would not help us to understand differences of mental faculty in different races and stages of human development. The organic conditions of these differences will probably for ever escape detection, hence they can be explained only as the products of the social environment. The relationship of mental phenomena to social and historical conditions is probably Lewes's most important contribution to psychology.
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528:(1855), probably the best known of his writings. Lewes's versatility, and his combination of scientific with literary tastes, eminently fitted him to appreciate the wide-ranging activity of the German poet. The work became well known in Germany itself, despite the boldness of its criticism and the unpopularity of some of its views (e.g. on the relation of the second to the first part of
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He also emphasised the complexity of mental phenomena. Every mental state is regarded as compounded of three factors in different proportions â sensible affection, logical grouping and motor impulse. But Lewes's work in psychology consists less in discoveries than in method. His biological experience
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From 1840 to 1850, Lewes supported himself by contributing to quarterly and other reviews, articles discussing a wide range of subjects, often imperfect but revealing acute critical judgment enlightened by philosophic study. The most valuable are those on drama, afterwards republished under the title
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activities as a whole. He insists on the radical distinction between organic and inorganic processes and the impossibility of explaining the former by purely mechanical principles. All parts of the nervous system have the same elementary property; sensibility. Thus sensibility belongs as much to the
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illustrates this position. It is a valuable repository of psychological facts, many of them drawn from obscure regions of mental life and from abnormal experience. To suggest and to stimulate the mind, rather than to supply it with any complete system of knowledge, may be said to be Lewes's service
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His identification of the two as phases of one existence is open to criticism not only from the point of view of philosophy but from that of science. In his treatment of such ideas as "sensibility", "sentience" and the like, he does not always make it clear whether he is speaking of physical or of
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From about 1853, Lewes's writings show that he was occupying himself with scientific and more particularly biological work. He always showed a distinctly scientific bent in his writings, though he had not had technical training. More than popular expositions of accepted scientific truths, they
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between metaphysics and science. He was still positivist enough to pronounce all inquiry into the ultimate nature of things fruitless: what matter, form, and spirit are in themselves is a futile question that belongs to the sterile region of "metempirics". But philosophical questions may be
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prepared him to view mind as a complex unity of which the highest processes are identical with and evolved out of the lower. Thus the operation of thought, or "the logic of signs", is a more complicated form of the elementary operations of sensation and instinct or "the logic of feeling".
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doctrine that mind and matter are two aspects of the same existence by attending simply to the parallelism between psychical and physical processes as a given fact (or probable fact) of our experience, leaving out of account their relation as subject and object in the cognitive act.
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Lewes undertook studies on nutrition and physiology; he explored the question whether sugar was injurious to teeth. He conducted experiments on the reflexes and the nervous system of living animals, especially frogs, using ether and chloroform out of consideration for their pain.
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to philosophy. The exceptional rapidity and versatility of his intelligence seems to account at once for the freshness in his way of envisaging the subject matter of philosophy and psychology, and for the want of satisfactory elaboration and of systematic coordination.
309:. Having abandoned successively a commercial and a medical career, he seriously thought of becoming an actor and appeared several times on stage between 1841 and 1850. Finally he devoted himself to literature, science and philosophy.
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to another is altogether illusory. By insisting on the complete coincidence between the regions of nerve action and sentience, that these are but different aspects of one thing, he was able to attack the doctrine of animal and human
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His treatment of the question of the relation of subject to object confused the scientific truth that mind and body coexist in the living organism and the philosophic truth that all knowledge of objects implies a knowing subject. In
381:, who gave written permission for the marriage and witnessed the wedding. There are several theories about how they met, such as Lewes working for Swynfen Jervis as a secretary or tutor for his sons. They may have met through
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and other nerves are simply differences in their mode of action due to the differences of the peripheral structures or sense-organs with which they are connected. This idea was subsequently proposed independently by
466:, 1840, graphite and watercolor. Lewes, age twenty three, "the most amusing little fellow in the whole worldâif you only overlook his unparalleled impudence, which is not impudence at all but man of genius
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contain able criticisms of conventionally accepted ideas and embody the results of individual research and individual reflection. He made several suggestions, some of which have since been accepted by
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region of mental life, while the higher functions of the nervous system, which make up our conscious mental life, are more complex modifications of this fundamental property of nerve substance.
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This marks the transition from more strictly scientific to philosophic work. Lewes had been interested in philosophy from early youth; one of his earliest essays was an appreciative account of
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psychical phenomena. Among other philosophic questions discussed in these two volumes the nature of causal relation is perhaps the one which is handled with most freshness and suggestiveness.
396:. Between 1842 and 1848, Lewes and his wife had four sons together, Charles Lee, Thornton Arnott, Herbert Arthur, and St Vincent Arthy. Agnes also had four children by Lewes's best friend (
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1185:. His sudden death cut short the work, yet it is complete enough to allow a judgment on the author's matured conceptions on biological, psychological and metaphysical problems.
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As early as 1836, he belonged to a club formed for the study of philosophy, and had sketched out a physiological treatment of the philosophy of the
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Lewes, born in London, was the illegitimate son of the minor poet John Lee Lewes and
Elizabeth Ashweek, and the grandson of comic actor
415:(1888) for St Pancras. He was also much interested in the Hampstead Heath extension. Charles married Gertrude Hill, granddaughter of
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The nervous organism acts as a whole, particular mental operations cannot be referred to definite regions of the brain, and the
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he avowed a change in this direction, and this movement is even more plainly discernible in subsequent editions of the work.
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245:; 18 April 1817 â 30 November 1878) was an English philosopher and critic of literature and theatre. He was also an amateur
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began publication, Lewes became its editor, but he retained the post for less than two years, when he was succeeded by
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whose lives and writings were enriched by their relationship, though they never married each other.
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and was not able to divorce Agnes. Lewes left his wife in 1854 to live with Mary Ann Evans.
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Of his sons only one, Charles (1843â1891), survived him. He was elected as the first
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in the houses of Lewes's mother and others. Lewes and Agnes Jervis agreed to have an
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called Lewes a "witty, French, flippant sort of man". He became part of the mid-
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Third Series, Volume 1: The Study of
Psychology: Its Object, Scope, and Method
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1879:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 520â521.
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On 18 February 1841, Lewes married 19-year-old Agnes Jervis, daughter of
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Lewes died on the 30 November 1878 and is buried on the eastern side of
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of nerve action in no way essential to the chain of physical events.
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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1574:"George Henry Lewes and His "Physiology of Common Life", 1859"
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The culmination of Lewes's work in prose literature is the
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George Eliot's life as related in her letters and journals
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George Eliot's Life as
Related in Her Letters and Journals
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a series of papers which had appeared in that journal.
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Lewes met writer Mary Ann Evans, later to be famous as
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Third Series, Volume 2: Mind as a
Function of Organism
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Mr and Mrs George Henry Lewes with
Thornton Leigh Hunt
373:, oil on canvas, 1849â1886, National Portrait Gallery
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of nervous activity by an isolated pathway from one
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1434:First Series: The Foundations of a Creed, Volume 2
1428:First Series: The Foundations of a Creed, Volume 1
1717:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History
1265:, partly explained in the earlier volumes of the
1403:Aristotle, A Chapter from the History of Science
257:ferment of ideas which encouraged discussion of
1316:History of Philosophy (Hungarian edition, 1876)
1254:which affirms that feeling or consciousness is
1162:, he abandoned all faith in the possibility of
1646:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 138â139.
913:Christian thought on persecution and tolerance
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125: 1841; separation 1854)
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1578:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
1512:. New York, New York: Random House. p.
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1440:Second Series: The Physical Basis of Mind
1229:, further develops the writer's views on
427:, the latter of whom jointly founded the
1747:. New York : Scribner. p. 42.
1720:. Oxford University Press. p. 171.
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470:(Mrs Carlyle, Letters, 5 February 1849)
1322:The Biographical History of Philosophy
504:(1849). In 1850, he collaborated with
488:The Biographical History of Philosophy
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1779:
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369:Replica by François D'Albert Durade,
102:Philosopher, literary, theatre critic
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1932:Works by or about George Henry Lewes
419:and sister of the social reformers
1359:Comte's Philosophy of the Sciences
516:Comte's Philosophy of the Sciences
25:
2158:19th-century British philosophers
1192:laid down Lewes's foundation â a
360:National Portrait Gallery, London
301:, and Brittany and finally at Dr
2168:19th-century British journalists
2079:Impressions of Theophrastus Such
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1670:Cross, John Walter, ed. (1885).
1643:George Eliot: The Last Victorian
1256:merely an incidental concomitant
1213:, ii. 40â58). Thus he reached a
640:Unification Church in Japan
435:Relationship with Mary Ann Evans
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1469:(three volumes, New York, 1885)
1293:Grave of George Henry Lewes in
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27:British philosopher (1817â1878)
571:This article is of a series on
1:
1422:The Problems of Life and Mind
1183:The Problems of Life and Mind
1144:. Under the influence of the
371:George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans)
2178:Burials at Highgate Cemetery
2153:19th-century English writers
1405:(1864). Adamant Media 2001:
1374:(1855). Adamant Media 2000:
1361:(1853). Adamant Media 2000:
1324:(1846). Adamant Media 2002:
486:In 1845â46, Lewes published
1923:(public domain audiobooks)
1917:Works by George Henry Lewes
1908:Works by George Henry Lewes
352:William Makepeace Thackeray
2194:
1768:Physiologische Psychologie
1744:George Eliot and her world
1741:Laski, Marghanita (1978).
1676:Cambridge University Press
1590:10.1177/003591576005300722
1572:Smith, R. E. (July 1960).
1227:The Physical Basis of Mind
1190:The Foundations of a Creed
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1714:Smith, Bonnie G. (2008).
1391:Physiology of Common Life
1188:The first two volumes on
620:Latter Day Saint movement
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2173:British male journalists
1684:10.1017/CBO9780511740169
1640:Hughes, Kathryn (2001).
1347:Rose, Blanche and Violet
496:Rose, Blanche and Violet
413:London County Councillor
343:Marriage to Agnes Jervis
2143:British theatre critics
2063:Scenes of Clerical Life
2055:Short story collections
2019:Felix Holt, the Radical
1876:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
1276:The last volume of the
1211:Philosophy of Reflexion
1054:Criticism of monotheism
950:Anti-Christian violence
645:Westboro Baptist Church
323:He became friends with
157:19th-century philosophy
1504:Brooks, David (2015).
1462:(London, October 1879)
1397:Studies in Animal Life
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1124:The Fortnightly Review
701:New religious movement
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417:Thomas Southwood Smith
379:Swynfen Stevens Jervis
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2163:English physiologists
1995:The Mill on the Floss
1826:, 186, Strand. 1847.
1508:The Road to Character
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1176:History of Philosophy
1168:History of Philosophy
630:Seventh-day Adventist
578:Criticism of religion
508:in the foundation of
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1049:Criticism of atheism
753:Charles Taze Russell
635:Unification movement
388:The couple lived in
267:religious skepticism
249:. American feminist
2148:Victorian novelists
2133:Writers from London
1867:Lewes, George Henry
1782:, pp. 520â521.
820:Mormon sacred texts
740:By religious figure
615:Jehovah's Witnesses
506:Thornton Leigh Hunt
2102:George Henry Lewes
1897:George Henry Lewes
1895:Works by or about
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1225:The third volume,
937:Sectarian violence
846:Religious violence
778:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
674:Twelver Shia Islam
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174:British philosophy
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36:George Henry Lewes
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1912:Project Gutenberg
1754:978-0-684-15511-1
1727:978-0-19-514890-9
1693:978-0-511-74016-9
1653:978-0-8154-1121-5
1523:978-0-8129-8341-8
1416:Actors and Acting
1335:The Spanish Drama
1302:Highgate Cemetery
1295:Highgate Cemetery
1261:Lewes's views on
1207:Shadworth Hodgson
1199:scientific method
1159:A System of Logic
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657:Swaminarayan sect
481:The Spanish Drama
477:Actors and Acting
445:Highgate Cemetery
295:Charles Lee Lewes
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152:Modern philosophy
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395:
394:open marriage
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61:18 April 1817
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2017:
2009:
2003:Silas Marner
2001:
1993:
1985:
1972:George Eliot
1874:
1863:Sully, James
1818:
1812:
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1120:
989:Christianity
859:Christianity
605:Christianity
595:BahĂĄËĂ Faith
541:
529:
522:
520:
515:
509:
499:
495:
491:
487:
485:
480:
479:(1875), and
476:
473:
467:
463:
460:Anne Gliddon
441:George Eliot
438:
425:Octavia Hill
421:Miranda Hill
410:
387:
376:
370:
355:
322:
318:
311:
292:
274:George Eliot
247:physiologist
207:
206:
137:George Eliot
112:Agnes Jervis
78:(1878-11-30)
29:
18:George Lewes
2128:1878 deaths
2123:1817 births
2097:Griff House
2030:(1871â1872)
2027:Middlemarch
2014:(1862â1863)
1485:G. E. Moore
1353:Robespierre
1164:metaphysics
1129:John Morley
1009:Scientology
941:By country
908:Persecution
758:Ellen White
711:Scientology
706:Neopaganism
587:By religion
501:Robespierre
139:(1854â1878)
2117:Categories
1901:Wikisource
1843:References
1822:. London:
1805:Sully 1911
1780:Sully 1911
1560:Sully 1911
1263:psychology
1252:automatism
1247:nerve cell
1243:hypothesis
1172:positivist
1146:positivism
1141:Aesthetics
930:In Judaism
696:Monotheism
564:Philosophy
511:The Leader
451:Literature
402:Leigh Hunt
390:Kensington
325:Leigh Hunt
289:Early life
263:positivism
188:Positivism
57:1817-04-18
1987:Adam Bede
1865:(1911). "
1819:Ranthorpe
1598:0035-9157
1480:Emergence
1341:Ranthorpe
1059:Sexuality
1004:Mormonism
955:In Odisha
886:Christian
881:Terrorism
864:Mormonism
721:Yazdânism
679:Wahhabism
492:Ranthorpe
307:Greenwich
278:soulmates
259:Darwinism
255:Victorian
67:, England
1921:LibriVox
1616:13832134
1474:See also
1278:Problems
1267:Problems
1215:monistic
1037:In Islam
1032:Apostasy
967:Pakistan
925:In Islam
854:Buddhism
773:Muhammad
669:Islamism
652:Hinduism
610:Catholic
600:Buddhism
553:auditory
523:Life of
483:(1846).
468:bonhomie
406:adultery
271:pen name
194:Language
2090:Related
1934:at the
1873:(ed.).
1860::
1832:9484423
1607:1870107
1231:organic
1064:Slavery
999:Judaism
962:Nigeria
896:Islamic
871:Judaism
797:By text
716:Sikhism
691:Judaism
686:Jainism
538:Science
197:English
133:Partner
127:
119:
115:
2082:(1879)
2074:(1859)
2066:(1857)
2038:(1876)
2022:(1866)
2011:Romola
2006:(1861)
1998:(1860)
1990:(1859)
1979:Novels
1869:". In
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1079:Jewish
1074:Muslim
901:Jewish
832:Talmud
815:Hadith
525:Goethe
494:, and
299:Jersey
265:, and
183:School
165:Region
107:Spouse
65:London
1491:Notes
1285:Death
1136:Hegel
1027:Abuse
994:Islam
945:India
891:Hindu
876:Islam
810:Quran
805:Bible
768:Moses
763:Jesus
748:Aisha
664:Islam
558:Wundt
549:optic
531:Faust
276:, as
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210:(
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