George Church (geneticist) - Knowledge (XXG)

672:, with the purpose to improve privacy and security while also giving the possibility to people to have free sequencing in exchange of their genomic and personal data but, despite that, re-identification of people starting from the genetic data could still be possible (DNA itself is a unique identifier), law enforcement could still issue search warrants or subpoena the data and this technology, given also the fact that is hard to implement, could still be vulnerable to data breaches. 44: 565: 1089: 1676: 826:

time. Despite leading to mixed reactions the project is considered to be part of an effort to use the genetic data of 15,000 individuals to support genetic research. By using NFTs the project wants to ensure that the users submitting their genetic data are able to receive direct payment for their contributions.

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Church lab at Harvard created adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based single combination gene therapy "for simultaneous treatment of several age-related diseases", detailing the technology's efficacy in mitigating obesity, type II diabetes, heart failure, and renal failure in mice, and the work was published in

822:(PGP) in 2005, providing the world's only open-access human genome and trait data sets. Eight trios (mother, father, and child) from the Personal Genome Project are in the process of being chosen to act as the primary genome standards (reference materials) for the NIST+FDA genomeinabottle.org program. 825:

Church furthermore announced his intention to publish his DNA via NFT and use the profits made through its sale to finance research conducted by Nebula Genomics. In June 2022 20 NFTs with his likeness were published instead of the originally planned NFTs of his DNA due to the market conditions at the

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On February 18, 2020, Nebula Genomics, a personal genomics company founded by Church, announced that had partnered up with BGI; the saliva samples sent to Nebula Genomics for decoding are then sent by the company to BGI labs in Hong Kong for sequencing. Nebula Genomics said that this partnership was

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Church spearheaded the concept and implementation of open access sequencing hardware and shareable human medical data. He has noted the potential for re-identification of human research participants and the tendency for consent forms to be opaque – proposing an alternative "open consent" mechanism.

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Professor George Church is a legend in this field for his creative achievements in gene editing and genome synthesis. With support of advanced technology platform of China National GeneBank, the collaboration between BGI and Professor Church will bring top resources and talents together to overcome

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This marked the first time that woolly mammoth genes had been functionally active since the species became extinct. Their work has not been subject to peer review, however. Church stated that "Just making a DNA change isn't that meaningful. We want to read out the phenotypes." To do that, the team

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in 2021 and showed the possibility of a less immunogenic gene therapy with the new TLR9-edited Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) as a safer viral vector. Based on the research, Church and a postdoc from his lab who was also the first-author of the research, co-founded Ally Therapeutics. In 2017, the

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As a graduate student at Duke ... he used x-ray crystallography to study the three-dimensional structure of "transfer" RNA, which decodes DNA and carries instructions to other parts of the cell. It was groundbreaking research, but Church spent so much time in the lab—up to a hundred hours a

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As a result, Church was not compliant with Duke graduate academic policies, and was withdrawn from the degree program in January 1976. He was told that " hope that whatever problems ... contributed to your lack of success ... at Duke will not keep you from a successful pursuit of a

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to prevent and treat several age-related diseases in dogs, extending their overall lifespan. In the February 2020, Rejuvenate Bio, the company co-founded by Church, received an exclusive worldwide license from the Harvard Office of Technology Development to commercialise their gene therapy

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who he knew who was poised to make profound changes in the field of genomics, and he said: George Church. So in June 2014, I visited George at his lab in Boston. I immediately knew I'd be looking for an opportunity to collaborate with George. Global Space Ventures is excited to be backing

1323:" animals are deprived of medicines that humans use), and risks of spreading pathogens (not just the flu) ... veganism is an issue for which personal and global love of life, health and wealth align. It's a pity to lose parts of our humanity and planet just due to a lack of recipes. 675:

In 2021, Church joined as a co-founder of HLTH.network (formerly Shivom), a healthcare blockchain startup which created the world's first global genomics data sharing and analytics marketplace. The HLTH.network aims to be the "world's first base layer protocol for global health data."

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and has spent a day teaching at The Jemicy School. He has championed citizen science, especially in the fields of synthetic biology and personal genomics. Since 2008, his team has been hosting an annual Genomes, Environments and Traits (GET) Conference with free online videos.

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and barcode tags, and his genome was the fifth whole human genome ever sequenced. Church was the first person to make his medical records and genome publicly available to researchers. Technology transfer of automated sequencing and software from his Harvard laboratory to

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Through his Harvard lab Church has co-founded around 50 biotech companies. In 2018, the Church lab at Harvard spun off 16 biotech companies in one year. The Church lab works on research projects that are distributed in diverse areas of modern biology like

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He has participated in the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, cautioning about the risk of synthetic DNA and proposing risk-reduction via licensing and surveillance. His laboratory has a major bio-safety engineering focus.

877:(WIMPs), anti-cancer "nano-robots", and strategies for digital data storage that are over a million times denser than conventional disk drives. Together with polymerase, DNA can be used to sense and store variation in photons, nucleotides, or ions. 4000: 3122: 2286: 920: 500: 619:

faculty as an assistant professor in 1986. Church is now the Robert Winthrop Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical School, and a member of the Harvard-MIT health sciences and technology faculty. He was also a founding member of the

1044:(human genomics, 2007, with Jorge Conde and Sundar Subramaniam), Pathogenica (microbe and viral NGS diagnostics, 2009, with Yemi Adesokan), AbVitro (immunomes, 2010, with Francois Vigneault), Gen9 Bio (synthetic biology, 2009, with 2466: 2720: 2803:"Genomic sequencing reveals a positive correlation between the kinetics of strand-specific DNA demethylation of the overlapping estradiol/glucocorticoid-receptor binding sites and the rate of avian vitellogenin mRNA synthesis" 4074:

Jaijyan, Dabbu Kumar; Selariu, Anca; Cruz-Cosme, Ruth; Tong, Mingming; Yang, Shaomin; Stefa, Alketa; Kekich, David; Sadoshima, Junichi; Herbig, Utz; Tang, Qiyi; Church, George; Parrish, Elizabeth L.; Zhu, Hua (May 17, 2022).

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picked Church for their 2008 "Power of Ideas" recognition in the category of Medicine (for the Personal Genome Project). In September 2010, Church was honored for his work in genetics with the Mass High Tech All-Star Award.

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Davidsohn, Noah; Pezone, Matthew; Vernet, Andyna; Graveline, Amanda; Oliver, Daniel; Slomovic, Shimyn; Punthambaker, Sukanya; Sun, Xiaoming; Liao, Ronglih; Bonventre, Joseph V.; Church, George M. (November 19, 2019).

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Church has co-developed "genome engineering" technologies since 1997 via either general homologous recombination (recA and lambda-red) or via sequence-specific nucleases. Since 2004, his team has developed the use of

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plans to perform further tests to get the hybrid cells into becoming specialized tissues, and from there attempting to turn the hybrid elephant/mammoth skin cells into hybrid embryos that can be grown in artificial

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method in 1984. Described in that publication were the cyclic application of fluids to a solid phase alternating with imaging, plus avoidance of bacterial cloning, strategies that are still used in current dominant

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DNA editing technique, his group spliced genetic segments from frozen mammoth specimens, including genes from the ears, subcutaneous fat, and hair attributes, into the DNA of skin cells from a modern elephant.

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In 2017, BGI established the "George Church Institute of Regenesis", a research collaboration between Church's lab and about a dozen staffers at BGI in China. Dr. Xun Xu, executive director of BGI Group said,

5445: 2185: 1463: 1040:, Yining Zhao, Joe Thakuria), Warp Drive Bio (natural products, 2011, with Greg Verdine and James Wells), Alacris (cancer systems therapeutics, 2010, with Hans Lehrach, Bernhard Herrmann, and Shahid Imran), 3126: 4189: 4792:

charlierose.com, 2009, "Personalized Medicine, ...Guests/Affiliations: ...Steven Pinker, Harvard University, George Church, Harvard Medical School, Personal Genome Project", air date June 19, 2009, see

893:", as well as new technologies that will have to be developed in the course of the project, including wireless, minimally invasive methods to detect and manipulate neuronal activity, either utilizing 1274:

Other honors include the Triennial International Steven Hoogendijk Award in 2010 and the Scientific American Top 50 twice (for "Designing artificial life" in 2005 and "The $ 1000 genome" in 2006).

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Like an engineer, he (George Church) tends to see the universe not as a disparate set of mysteries but as a machine with a vast array of buttons and levers, each begging to be pushed and pulled.

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Science hasn't yet found a way to make complex animals like dogs live forever, so the next best thing we can do is find a way to maintain health for as long as possible during the aging process.

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for engineering a variety of genomes ranging from yeast to human. His laboratory's use of CRISPR in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS) is the latest contender for precise gene therapy.

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NHGRI, 2015, Active Centers of Excellence in Genomic Science Awards: Causal Transcriptional Consequences of Human Genetic Variation (P50 HG005550, George M. Church, Harvard University), see

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Direct genomic sequencing, first described by Church and Gilbert (15) and further developed in our laboratory (16), overcomes the disadvantages inherent to the use of restriction enzymes.

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David Ewing Duncan, 2010, "On a Mission to Sequence the Genomes of 100,000 People: The geneticist George Church advises or licenses technology to most companies involved in sequencing,

4452: 2710: 1354:, and high cholesterol (one of the motivations for his vegan diet). Church has many of his best ideas during the brief naps caused by his narcolepsy, and therefore does not treat it. 2499: 4316: 3610:

Isaacs FJ, Carr PA, Wang HH, Lajoie MJ, Sterling B, Kraal L, Tolonen AC, Gianoulis TA, Goodman DB, Reppas NB, Emig CJ, Bang D, Hwang SJ, Jewett MC, Jacobson JM, Church GM (2011).

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made to bring down the cost of whole-genome sequencing (they offer 30x whole-genome sequencing for $ 299), since normally it has a cost that makes it inaccessible to most people.

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Church's dreams of engineering a hybrid mammoth first deepened after an interview he did with the New York Times in 2008 about efforts to sequence the woolly mammoth genome.

889:(Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies). They outlined specific experimental techniques that might be used to achieve what they termed a "functional 5120: 393:. Research and technology developments at the Church lab have impacted or made direct contributions to nearly all "next-generation sequencing (NGS)" methods and companies. 4629: 4270: 839:(aka DNA chip) synthesizers for combinatorial libraries and assembling large genome segments. He co-developed Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering (MAGE) and optimized 4655: 1252: 1471: 5390: 858:

His team is the first to tackle a genome-scale change in the genetic code. This was done in a 4.7 million basepair genome of an industrially useful microbe (

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and its European and Latin American subsidiary, Veritas Intercontinental, with the idea of bringing the benefits of genomic data to millions of people globally.

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paper from the Church group has already been the subject of two corrections, one for incomplete conflict of interest disclosures and one for image duplication.

4946: 3926: 2688: 2565: 2126:"On a Mission to Sequence the Genomes of 100,000 People: The geneticist George Church advises or licenses technology to most companies involved in sequencing" 5425: 4569: 2200:, January 16, 1976, private letter from W.G. Katzenmeyer, Associate Dean, to George McDonald Church, in the archives of G.M. Church. Retrieved March 4, 2015. 2149: 1422: 2305: 4367: 2532: 1311:

off-and-on since 1974 when I was inspired by participating in an MIT nutritional study, and quite strictly since 2004." He goes on to elaborate 4 reasons:

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lifestyle, for reasons concerned with health, and with environmental and moral issues. When asked about his dietary choice, Church replied, "I've been

3123:"Genia Technologies Collaborates with Professors Jingyue Ju at Columbia and George Church at Harvard to Develop a Nanopore-based Sequencing Platform" 2999: 2019: 632: 5465: 5420: 5034: 4818: 4694: 4401: 3667: 605: 2587: 1036:

Through his Harvard lab, Church has co-founded around 50 biotech companies, including Veritas Genetics (human genomics, 2014, with Mirza Cifric,

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The Church Of George Church: From reviving extinct species to hunting for dark matter, can a single scientist transform biology—and our lives?

1122:(RaDVaC), a group formed early in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic to create an easily produced, free and open-source vaccine for self-administration. 4721: 4456: 338: 184: 4142: 913:

Church worked on engineered adeno-associated viral vectors to evade innate immune and inflammatory responses. The research was published in

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In his science and popular efforts, Church has promoted open access genome sequencing and shareable human medical data, as well as online,

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by reconstructing its DNA and modifying living human cells accordingly. Church pointed out that he was not working on such a project.

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publications and videos and is a member of the Xconomists, an ad hoc team of editorial advisors for the tech news and media company,

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Jeffrey M. Perkel, 2011, "Charting the Course: Three gene jockeys share their thoughts on past and future tools of the trade", in

5455: 5395: 4046: 2057: 5460: 5450: 5405: 4994: 1244: 795: 650: 4881: 4737: 4608: 3703: 5186: 4251: 3780: 2355:"Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells" 5485: 5385: 4769: 1131: 863: 636: 612:, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and joint-discoverer of a technique to extract mouse embryonic stem cells. 145: 4757: 1802: 1444: 4372: 2334: 2153: 2111: 1963: 1410: 1362: 1240: 812: 5480: 5435: 5252: 5205: 1015: 476: 4795: 2863:

Shendure J, Porreca GJ, Reppas NB, Lin X, McCutcheon JP, Rosenbaum AM, Wang MD, Zhang K, Mitra RD, Church GM (2005).

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Church has served as director of the Center on Bioenergy Technology at Harvard, funded by a multiyear award from the

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technologies. These technologies began to affect genome-scale sequencing in 2005. Church also helped initiate the

3384: 2084: 1392: 1194: 2711:"Nebula Genomics, Partnering with BGI, Sets Industry Standard by Offering 30x Whole-Genome Sequencing for $ 299" 2457:"Nebula Genomics, Partnering with BGI, Sets Industry Standard by Offering 30x Whole-Genome Sequencing for $ 299" 2303: 2104:

George M. Church, Transcript of Interviews Conducted by David C. Brock in New Orleans, Louisiana on 3 March 2008

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George M. Church, Transcript of Interviews Conducted by David C. Brock in New Orleans, Louisiana on 3 March 2008

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Zamft BM, Marblestone AH, Kording K, Schmidt D, Martin-Alarcon D, Tyo K, Boyden ES, Church G (August 2012).

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Genetic Elements within Yeast Mitochondrial and Mouse Immunoglobulin Introns (Sequence, Enhancer, Technique)

1488: 819: 665: 631:, and of the Center of Excellence in Genomic Science (CEGS) at Harvard, funded by a P50-type award from the 536: 5052: 3519: 1934: 885:

Church was part of a team who, in a 2012 scientific commentary, proposed a Brain Activity Map, later named

5370: 2637: 1929: 1797: 1073: 1057: 954: 852: 736:, and in an emerging area of neuroscience that proposes to map brain activity and establish a "functional 616: 446: 430: 326: 74: 5475: 3672: 1595: 1573: 350: 306: 5226: 5038: 4169: 2679:"California rejected Chinese company's push to help with coronavirus testing. Was that the right move?" 2000:"Harvard Geneticist George Church Gives Moving Toast At 2017 Time 100 Gala | Time 100 | Time" 5020: 4630:"Scientist George Church talks about accepting donations from Jeffrey Epstein – 60 Minutes – CBS News" 5365: 5289: 4609:"Some scientists are taking a DIY coronavirus vaccine, and nobody knows if it's legal or if it works" 4504: 4088: 4033:"Harvard's Wyss Institute launches start-up Rejuvenate Bio to help dogs live longer, healthier lives" 3954: 3813: 3623: 3534: 3474: 3339: 3004: 2964: 2876: 2814: 2755: 2366: 2223: 1724: 1001: 786: 107: 5144: 4768:

TEDx, 2013, "Hybridizing with extinct species: George Church at TEDxDeExtinction", May 8, 2013, see

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Mali P, Yang L, Esvelt KM, Aach J, Guell M, DiCarlo JE, Norville JE, Church GM (February 15, 2013).

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The research group's progress toward gene therapy for aging has been very limited, however. A 2022

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in 2012 for contributions to human genome sequencing technologies and DNA synthesis and assembly.

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TEDx, 2012, "TEDxCambridge: George Church on genomics and human diversity", March 21, 2012, see

3927:"Biotech entrepreneur George Church launches gene therapy startup to design safer viral vectors" 3909:"Biotech entrepreneur George Church launches gene therapy startup to design safer viral vectors" 5076: 4781: 3226:"Eyes wide open: the Personal Genome Project, citizen science and veracity in informed consent" 2080: 1769: 1388: 468:

In the fall of 1973, Church began research work at Duke University with assistant professor of

5294: 5260: 4717: 4522: 4343:"Scientist at Work: George M. Church – On a Mission to Sequence the Genomes of 100,000 People" 4124: 4106: 3982: 3890: 3861:"Engineering adeno-associated viral vectors to evade innate immune and inflammatory responses" 3841: 3761: 3649: 3560: 3500: 3440: 3357: 3255: 3171: 3104: 3053: 2980: 2937: 2894: 2842: 2783: 2715: 2394: 2259: 2241: 2180:

Peter Miller, 2015, "News, The Innovators Project: George Church, The Future Without Limits",

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Church has been an early advocate of online, open education since 2002. He is advisor to the

5346: 5210: 5125: 4512: 4317:"Juno Acquires Harvard Spinout, AbVitro, For $ 125M To Discover More Cancer Immunotherapies" 4114: 4096: 3972: 3962: 3880: 3872: 3831: 3821: 3751: 3743: 3734: 3639: 3631: 3550: 3542: 3490: 3482: 3430: 3422: 3347: 3245: 3237: 3161: 3153: 3094: 3084: 3043: 2972: 2929: 2884: 2832: 2822: 2773: 2763: 2527: 2384: 2374: 2249: 2231: 1898: 1840: 1742: 1732: 1366: 1342: 1190: 1093: 894: 886: 643: 442: 362: 212: 97: 4859: 4342: 2125: 1433: 504:

report with Church as lead author on an early model for molecular interactions between the

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In March 2015, Church and his genetics research team at Harvard successfully copied some

4508: 4092: 3958: 3817: 3627: 3538: 3478: 3343: 2968: 2880: 2818: 2759: 2370: 2227: 1728: 4119: 4076: 3977: 3942: 3885: 3860: 3836: 3799: 3756: 3729: 3644: 3611: 3495: 3462: 3250: 3225: 3166: 3141: 3099: 3073:"The Oxford Nanopore MinION: Delivery of nanopore sequencing to the genomics community" 3072: 2461: 1747: 1712: 1545: 1374: 1156: 1018:, founder-CEO of Global Space Ventures and an investor in Colossal Biosciences, said: 966: 798:

resulted in the first bacterial genome sequence and first commercial genome (the human

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Jeffrey Perkel, 2013, "BioTechniques: Celebrating 30 Years of Methods Development",

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is a naturalistic worldview that grants moral consideration to all sentient beings.

1088: 1076:), and ReadCoor (spatial biology, 2016, with Richard Terry and Evan R. Daugharthy). 475:, work that continued a year later in a graduate biochemistry program at Duke on an 4534: 3612:"Precise Manipulation of Chromosomes in vivo Enables Genome-wide Codon Replacement" 3572: 2411:

Heidi Legg, 2014, "Harvard Professor George Church and the future of genomics", at

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Heidi Legg, 2014, "Harvard Professor George Church and the future of genomics", at

1320: 1186: 1069: 1065: 528: 505: 472: 469: 386: 370: 354: 314: 261: 235: 5318:"Games on steroids? Inside an Indian-origin man's plan to organise Enhanced Games" 4907: 4294:"Pathogenica Bets on Next-Gen Sequencing for Fast, Multiplexed Pathogen Detection" 3800:"Measuring Cation Dependent DNA Polymerase Fidelity Landscapes by Deep Sequencing" 1902: 815:), but not in the form embodied in Church's contribution to the original patents. 3876: 3826: 3747: 4660: 4587: 3728:

Alivisatos AP, Chun M, Church GM, Greenspan RJ, Roukes ML, Yuste R (June 2012).

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Jain, Miten; Olsen, Hugh E.; Paten, Benedict; Akeson, Mark (November 25, 2016).

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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in proteins, and is metabolically and genetically isolated from other species.

862:) with the goal of making a safer and more productive strain; this strain uses 200: 4190:"Mammoth-elephant hybrids could be created within the decade. Should they be?" 3089: 2418:"Harvard Professor George Church and the future of genomics | BetaBoston" 1999: 1844: 1792: 1365:

on the Supercentenarian Research Study, which aims to sequence the genomes of

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Church is married to fellow Harvard Medical School faculty member in genetics

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technology. As the co-founder of Rejuvenate Bio in an interview Church said,

890: 737: 669: 302: 251: 5264: 4973:"National Academy of Engineering Elects 66 Members and 10 Foreign Associates" 4267:"Geneticist George Church: Sequencing human genome 'high priority' for China" 4110: 3730:"The Brain Activity Map Project and the Challenge of Functional Connectomics" 2245: 2143:

Alex Salton, 2009, "Geneticist George Church '72 Sought Independence at PA",

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Alex Salton, 2009, "Geneticist George Church '72 Sought Independence at PA",

413:. In 2022, he was featured among the most influential people in biopharma by 4833: 4387: 4101: 3967: 3635: 3486: 2976: 2889: 2864: 2827: 2379: 1737: 1569: 1370: 1319:

in fish & dairy), energy conservation (up to 20-fold impact), cruelty ("

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Mammoth-elephant hybrids could be created within the decade. Should they be?

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Genetic Elements within Yeast Mitochondrial and Mouse Immunoglobulin Introns

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Matthew Allen, 2015, "Artificial Natures (interview with George Church)",

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On September 13, 2021, Church founded a biosciences and genetics company,

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To aid in the interpretation and sharing of genomes, Church initiated the

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George Church Institute of Regenesis: collaboration with BGI Group, China

403: 366: 5253:"The Secret to Long Life? It May Lurk in the DNA of the Oldest Among Us" 3943:"A single combination gene therapy treats multiple age-related diseases" 3546: 2197: 1464:"News, The Innovators Project: George Church, The Future Without Limits" 924:. In early 2018, Rejuvenate Bio was launched from the Church lab at the 4077:"New intranasal and injectable gene therapy for healthy life extension" 3157: 2638:

https://media.defense.gov/2024/Jan/31/2003384819/-1/-1/0/1260H-LIST.PDF

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Harvard Professor George Church and the future of genomics | BetaBoston

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De-extinction, woolly mammoth revival project, and Colossal Biosciences

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After completing his doctoral work, Church spent six months of 1984 at

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Technology transfer, translational impact, and serial entrepreneurship

4947:"National Academy of Sciences Members and Foreign Associates Elected" 3592: 3048: 3031: 2865:"Accurate Multiplex Polony Sequencing of an Evolved Bacterial Genome" 2322: 1773: 1517: 1336: 970: 840: 597: 540: 194: 5206:"How the Personal Genome Project Could Unlock the Mysteries of Life" 4517: 4492: 2663: 1143:

where he speculated that it could be technically possible to make a

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productive career." The work gave rise to publications including a

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Tian J, Gong H, Sheng N, Zhou X, Gulari E, Gao X, Church G (2004).

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Regenesis: How Synthetic Biology Will Reinvent Nature and Ourselves

4213:"A New Company With a Wild Mission: Bring Back the Woolly Mammoth" 3298:"Okay, You've Sequenced My Genome: Are You Sure You Got it Right?" 1885:

Church, George M.; Philippidis, Alex; Davies, Kevin (April 2022).

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Since 2007, Church has served on the scientific advisory board of

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TEDx, 2013, "DNA , George-Church-at-TEDxCERN", May 24, 2013, see

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Church GM, Kieffer-Higgins S (1988). "Multiplex DNA sequencing".

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He has co-invented several uses for DNA, including detectors for

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have noted Church's openness about his health issues, including

994: 844: 3668:"Revolutionary 'DNA Tracking Chamber' Could Detect Dark Matter" 3520:"Accurate Multiplex Gene Synthesis from Programmable DNA Chips" 3194:"Researchers explore genomic data privacy and risk (NIH NHGRI)" 2490:"Genetics Start-Up Wants to Sequence People's Genomes for Free" 2212:"Secondary structural complementarity between DNA and proteins" 1369:

in hopes of discovering potential genetic factors behind their

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in 1984. He invented the broadly applied concepts of molecular

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In the context of the Personal Genome Project, journalists at

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sequencing in 1995, which is now commercially available (e.g.

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current bottleneck issues and further improve the technology.

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Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering

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National Academy of Future Physicians and Medical Scientists

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Church was partly funded from 2005 to 2007 by the nonprofit

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would serve as a "ticker tape record" of neuronal activity.

740:". Church is known for pioneering the specialized fields of 417:. As of January 2023, Church serves as a member of the 5021:"American Society for Microbiology honors George M. Church" 4171:

Woolly Mammoth DNA Successfully Spliced into Elephant Cells

3385:"A Harvard Scientist is Selling his Genetic Code as an NFT" 2196:

Duke University Graduate School, Office of the Dean, 1976,

1137:

Church faced criticism for his response to a question from

5100:"SRF's Research Advisory Board Welcomes Dr. George Church" 1669:"The Future of Synthetic Biology with Prof. George Church" 5446:

Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences

5168:"A Bill of Rights for the Age of Artificial Intelligence" 2920:

Cook-Deegan RM (1989). "The Alta summit, December 1984".

146:

Franklin Institute Bower Prize for Achievement in Science

2612: 2321:

LSRF, 2015, "Fellows:Alumni, George Church (1984)", see

2302:

LSRF, 2015, "Resources, 1983 Fellow George Church", see

1986:"George Church: The World's 100 Most Influential People" 1303:

Church has been outspoken in his support of following a

1239:

Church has received accolades including election to the

668:

service. The company says that it is developing its own

1787: 1785: 577: 4882:"Church Writings, Master Class and Videos on Edge.org" 1434:

On a Mission to Sequence the Genomes of 100,000 People

1423:

Geneticist George Church '72 Sought Independence at PA

969:

genes into the genome of an Asian elephant. Using the

901:. In one such proposed method, enzymatically produced 724:

Church is known for his professional contributions in

4695:"Spiegel responds to brouhaha over neanderthal clone" 4656:"How DNA will be construction material of the future" 2034:"Most influential people in biopharma—the scientists" 325:. He is the Robert Winthrop Professor of Genetics at 5351:

Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering

4388:"Tech Transfer, Advisory Roles, and Funding Sources" 4238:"The Science of Genetics. The Business of Discovery" 622:

Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering

343:

Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering

5075:. Mass High Tech. September 8, 2010. Archived from 4588:"Genomes, Environments and Traits (GET) Conference" 4252:"Global Space Ventures backs Colossal's seed round" 2677:Whalen, Jeanne; Dwoskin, Elizabeth (July 2, 2020). 274: 244: 223: 211: 193: 172: 162: 138: 128: 117: 86: 53: 34: 4995:"Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science" 4548: 4471:"A Synthetic Biohazard Non-proliferation Proposal" 4402:"10x Genomics Signs Agreement to Acquire ReadCoor" 4570:"Jemicy School for Dyslexia, David Malin Lecture" 2664:"Meet Prof. George Church | Nebula Genomics" 2523:"You Can Soon Get Your DNA Sequenced Anonymously" 1880: 1878: 1284:He is a member of the Research Advisory Board of 1253:Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science 5411:Fellows of the American Academy of Microbiology 4908:"About Our Mission, Team, and Editorial Ethics" 4081:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3947:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2216:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1717:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1537: 1535: 1313: 1228: 1064:(green chemistry, 2005, with Chris Somerville, 1020: 986: 931: 708: 490: 3463:"RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9" 3321: 3319: 5121:"Do inventors get enough respect in science?" 3781:"Obama Seeking to Boost Study of Human Brain" 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 2343:, April 1, 2009. Retrieved February 26, 2015. 2176: 2174: 2172: 2096: 2094: 2020:"George Church Toasts the 2017 Time 100 Gala" 1251:Promega Biotechnology Research Award and the 8: 2210:Church, G M; Sussman, J L; Kim, S H (1977). 2134:, June 7, 2010. Retrieved February 26, 2015. 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1377:scientific and ethical advisory commission. 3588:"This Protein Could Change Biotech Forever" 1555: 1553: 482:As Peter Miller reported on Church for the 4997:. Franklin Institute. 2011. Archived from 4949:. National Academies. 2011. Archived from 4406:Genomics Research from Technology Networks 3219: 3217: 3215: 1637: 1635: 1592:"Multiplex genome sequencing and analysis" 1056:(SolarFuels, 2007, with Noubar Afeyan and 493:week—that he neglected his other classes . 42: 31: 4516: 4118: 4100: 3976: 3966: 3884: 3835: 3825: 3755: 3643: 3554: 3494: 3434: 3351: 3249: 3165: 3098: 3088: 3047: 2888: 2836: 2826: 2777: 2767: 2388: 2378: 2253: 2235: 1746: 1736: 4856:"When George Church met Stephen Colbert" 3187: 3185: 2613:"HLTH – The Global Healthcare Ecosystem" 830:Synthetic biology and genome engineering 633:National Human Genome Research Institute 411:100 most influential people in the world 5290:"The Enhanced Olympics: Drugs welcome!" 5035:"International Steven Hoogendijk Award" 3456: 3454: 3409:Link AJ, Phillips D, Church GM (1997). 1679:from the original on September 24, 2022 1505: 606:University of California, San Francisco 429:Church was born on August 28, 1954, on 4188:Michael Greshko (September 13, 2021). 2691:from the original on February 14, 2022 2650:"BGI Launches George Church Institute" 2535:from the original on February 14, 2022 2488:Weintraub, Karen (November 17, 2018). 2469:from the original on February 14, 2022 2415:site (online), December 25, 2014, see 1827:DeFrancesco, Laura (January 1, 2020). 1454:site (online), December 25, 2014, see 1120:Rapid Deployment Vaccine Collaborative 1114:Rapid Deployment Vaccine Collaborative 909:Gene therapy, ageing, and age reversal 449:, from 1968 to 1972. He then attended 301:(born August 28, 1954) is an American 5391:American scientists with disabilities 5227:"The Creative Sweet Spot of Dreaming" 4549:"Personal Genetics Education Project" 4493:"Let us go forth and safely multiply" 3605: 3603: 3383:Tangermann, Victor (April 21, 2022). 3271: 3269: 2801:Saluz HP, Jiricny J, Jost JP (1986). 2723:from the original on January 18, 2022 2568:from the original on December 3, 2020 2521:Molteni, Megan (September 19, 2019). 2060:from the original on January 13, 2023 1966:from the original on January 13, 2023 1937:from the original on January 13, 2023 1822: 1820: 1805:from the original on January 13, 2023 807:) in 1994. Church was co-inventor of 768:Church and the foundation of genomics 339:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 185:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 7: 5225:French, Kristen (January 25, 2023). 5166:Church, George (February 12, 2019). 4368:"Biofuel startup raises $ 5 million" 4265:Dickinson, Boonsri (June 10, 2010). 3859:Chan, Ying Kai; et al. (2021). 1327:George identifies as a sentientist. 875:Weakly interacting massive particles 776:, Church published the first direct 515:Church returned to graduate work at 5426:Howard Hughes Medical Investigators 4572:. November 11, 2010. Archived from 4315:Luke Timmerman (January 11, 2016). 4211:Zimmer, Carl (September 13, 2021). 3702:Robert Lee Hotz (August 16, 2012). 3328:"How scientists are embracing NFTs" 3012:from the original on April 27, 2021 2998:Srikanth, Anagha (April 19, 2021). 1107:Personal Genetics Education Project 649:Church was elected a member of the 124:, Woolly Mammoth Revival Project $ 5185:Herper, Matthew (April 27, 2009). 4738:"The top 10 science books of 2012" 4675:Gary J. Remal (January 22, 2013). 3779:John Markoff (February 17, 2013). 2554:Quinn, Kevin (November 21, 2019). 2502:from the original on March 3, 2021 1564:(PhD thesis). Harvard University. 1516:. February 4, 2014. Archived from 949:Church is a faculty member in the 387:space biology & space genetics 25: 5381:21st-century American biochemists 5376:20th-century American biochemists 5251:Harmon, Amy (November 13, 2017). 3586:Matthew Herper (March 19, 2013). 3125:. October 3, 2012. Archived from 2283:(5), November 2013, 227–230, see 2101:Brock, David C. (March 3, 2008). 2053:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 1400:Brock, David C. (March 3, 2008). 1249:American Society for Microbiology 1201:. He is a regular contributor to 1052:), EnEvolv (Genome Engineering), 694:, which has been designated as a 602:Life Sciences Research Foundation 419:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 3704:"Future of Data: Encoded in DNA" 3687:Belle Dumé (February 17, 2012). 3427:10.1128/jb.179.20.6228-6237.1997 3192:Ian L. Marpuri (April 8, 2013). 1649:. The H. W. Wilson Company. 2010 1373:. As of 2023, he is part of the 1197:, as well as at PopSci, EG, and 945:Space biology and space genetics 563: 3326:Jones, Nicola (June 18, 2021). 1443:(online), October 1, 2011. see 1245:National Academy of Engineering 1216:wrote an article on Church for 760:(respectively, human genomics, 728:and interpreting such data, in 651:National Academy of Engineering 604:postdoctoral fellowship at the 341:, and a founding member of the 5466:Scientists from Tampa, Florida 5421:Harvard Medical School faculty 5098:Zealley, Ben (March 7, 2013). 4491:Church G (November 24, 2005). 4455:. July 8, 2010. Archived from 4341:Duncan, David (June 7, 2010). 4269:. Smart Planet. Archived from 4168:Sarah Fecht (March 24, 2014), 3865:Science Translational Medicine 3689:"DNA nanorobot delivers drugs" 2446:. Retrieved February 26, 2015. 2324:. Retrieved February 26, 2015. 2312:. Retrieved February 26, 2015. 1930:Harvard Molecular Technologies 1829:"One year, 1 lab, 16 spinouts" 1798:Harvard Molecular Technologies 1613:Cohen, Jon (October 7, 2020). 1496:. Retrieved February 10, 2016. 1447:. Retrieved February 26, 2015. 1436:. Retrieved February 26, 2015. 915:Science Translational Medicine 331:Health Sciences and Technology 1: 5416:Harvard Medical School alumni 5316:Kamath, Amit (July 9, 2023). 5204:Thomas Goetz (July 8, 2008). 4933:"The Church of George Church" 4427:"Open, Affordable Sequencing" 3300:. NGS Leaders. Archived from 3142:"The Personal Genome Project" 2742:Church GM, Gilbert W (1984). 2187:. Retrieved 26 February 2015. 1903:10.1089/genbio.2022.29021.gch 1713:"Profile of George M. Church" 1132:Jeffrey Epstein VI Foundation 864:non-proteinogenic amino acids 764:, and solar fuel companies). 637:National Institutes of Health 4854:Harley, Liz (May 18, 2016). 4373:San Francisco Business Times 4292:Julia Karow (July 6, 2010). 3877:10.1126/scitranslmed.abd3438 3827:10.1371/journal.pone.0043876 3748:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.006 3032:"Capitalizing on the genome" 2934:10.1016/0888-7543(89)90042-6 2807:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 2112:Chemical Heritage Foundation 1770:George Church's publications 1673:Harvard Alumni Entrepreneurs 1411:Chemical Heritage Foundation 1267:(on synthetic biology) with 1241:National Academy of Sciences 1096:, picture by Steve Jurvetson 951:Consortium of Space Genetics 813:Oxford Nanopore Technologies 3224:Angrist M (November 2009). 2293:. Retrieved March 21, 2014. 1247:(in 2012). He received the 1022:In 2014, I asked my friend 1016:Laetitia Garriott de Cayeux 656:In 2018, Church co-founded 512:and β-ribbons of proteins. 477:National Science Foundation 245:Other notable students 5502: 4975:. National Academies. 2012 4823:. Retrieved March 4, 2015. 4783:. Retrieved March 4, 2014. 4771:. Retrieved March 4, 2014. 4759:. Retrieved March 4, 2014. 3353:10.1038/d41586-021-01642-3 2434:. Retrieved March 2, 2015. 2413:BetaBoston, a Boston Globe 2353:Martin G (December 1981). 2198:"Dear Mr. Church ..." 2166:. Retrieved March 2, 2015. 2124:David Ewing Duncan, 2010, 1458:. Retrieved March 2, 2015. 1452:BetaBoston, a Boston Globe 1425:. Retrieved March 2, 2015. 1118:Church is a member of the 783:Next-Generation Sequencing 700:U.S. Department of Defense 683: 4716:. New York: Basic Books. 3277:"Personal Genome Project" 3146:Molecular Systems Biology 3090:10.1186/s13059-016-1103-0 2085:Science History Institute 2079:Center for Oral History. 1957:"George M. Church, Ph.D." 1845:10.1038/s41587-019-0369-7 1393:Science History Institute 1387:Center for Oral History. 1357:Church collaborated with 1166:Church authored the 2012 1101:Support of open education 926:Wyss Institute at Harvard 796:Genome Therapeutics Corp. 726:the sequencing of genomes 629:U.S. Department of Energy 488:series, "The Innovators": 270: 155: 41: 5471:Scientists with dyslexia 4796:"Charlie Rose - History" 1776:bibliographic database. 1647:Biography Reference Bank 1544:publications indexed by 1286:SENS Research Foundation 980:, in an article titled " 437:, and grew up in nearby 425:Early life and education 5456:Phillips Academy alumni 5396:American transhumanists 4102:10.1073/pnas.2121499119 3968:10.1073/pnas.1910073116 3708:The Wall Street Journal 3636:10.1126/science.1205822 3487:10.1126/science.1232033 3415:Journal of Bacteriology 2977:10.1126/science.3353714 2890:10.1126/science.1117389 2828:10.1073/pnas.83.19.7167 2380:10.1073/pnas.78.12.7634 1778:(subscription required) 1738:10.1073/pnas.1204148109 1560:Church, George (1984). 1489:Harvard Design Magazine 1080:Support of open consent 820:Personal Genome Project 666:whole-genome sequencing 635:(NHGRI), a part of the 624:at Harvard University. 537:mobile genetic elements 402:magazine listed him in 345:at Harvard University. 5461:Scientists from Boston 5451:People with narcolepsy 5406:Duke University alumni 5037:. 2010. Archived from 4712:Church George (2012). 4200:on September 13, 2021. 2769:10.1073/pnas.81.7.1991 2359:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2308:July 12, 2018, at the 2289:April 2, 2015, at the 2237:10.1073/pnas.74.4.1458 2147:, April 17, 2009, see 1675:. September 20, 2020. 1421:, April 17, 2009, see 1325: 1232: 1097: 1029: 990: 955:Harvard Medical School 935: 853:Emmanuelle Charpentier 713: 664:company that offers a 617:Harvard Medical School 495: 453:, where he obtained a 447:Andover, Massachusetts 431:MacDill Air Force Base 327:Harvard Medical School 299:George McDonald Church 75:MacDill Air Force Base 58:George McDonald Church 4888:on September 22, 2011 4254:. September 13, 2021. 4149:on September 25, 2022 3673:MIT Technology Review 3230:Personalized Medicine 2719:. February 18, 2020. 2465:. February 18, 2020. 1462:Peter Miller (2015). 1226:", where she states: 1091: 1072:, Noubar Afeyan, and 1012:with mammoth traits. 421:' Board of Sponsors. 351:developmental biology 5486:Synthetic biologists 5386:American geneticists 5079:on September 2, 2010 5061:. December 19, 2008. 5053:"The Power of Ideas" 4862:on December 27, 2016 4802:on December 19, 2013 4576:on October 14, 2013. 4459:on October 14, 2013. 3929:. February 12, 2021. 3915:. February 10, 2021. 2744:"Genomic sequencing" 2335:"Stem cell rat race" 2156:on February 28, 2015 2110:. Philadelphia, PA: 1833:Nature Biotechnology 1432:, June 7, 2010, see 1409:. Philadelphia, PA: 1263:"top science book", 1173:"top science book", 1004:, with entrepreneur 1002:Colossal Biosciences 881:The BRAIN initiative 787:Human Genome Project 48:Church in April 2023 5147:on January 18, 2013 5129:. February 7, 2013. 4701:. January 23, 2013. 4664:. January 18, 2013. 4509:2005Natur.438..423C 4194:National Geographic 4093:2022PNAS..11921499J 4087:(20): e2121499119. 4063:. February 6, 2020. 3959:2019PNAS..11623505D 3953:(47): 23505–23511. 3818:2012PLoSO...743876Z 3628:2011Sci...333..348I 3547:10.1038/nature03151 3539:2004Natur.432.1050T 3479:2013Sci...339..823M 3389:Neoscope ― Futurism 3344:2021Natur.594..481J 3129:on August 25, 2013. 2969:1988Sci...240..185C 2881:2005Sci...309.1728S 2819:1986PNAS...83.7167S 2760:1984PNAS...81.1991C 2495:Scientific American 2371:1981PNAS...78.7634M 2333:Elie Dolgin, 2009, 2228:1977PNAS...74.1458C 2182:National Geographic 2048:"Board of Sponsors" 1933:. August 11, 2021. 1729:2012PNAS..10911893N 1723:(30): 11893–11895. 1468:National Geographic 1445:Charting the Course 1243:(in 2011), and the 977:National Geographic 804:Helicobacter pylori 545:yeast mitochondrial 508:of double-stranded 485:National Geographic 439:Clearwater, Florida 27:American geneticist 5481:Systems biologists 5436:Life extensionists 5323:The Indian Express 5257:The New York Times 4636:. December 8, 2019 4347:The New York Times 4273:on August 14, 2010 4217:The New York Times 4003:. October 5, 2021. 3785:The New York Times 3158:10.1038/msb4100040 3140:Church GM (2005). 2131:The New York Times 2081:"George M. Church" 2056:. March 30, 2017. 1494:Artificial Natures 1430:The New York Times 1389:"George M. Church" 1259:. He authored the 1257:Franklin Institute 1199:The Colbert Report 1098: 778:genomic sequencing 734:genome engineering 615:Church joined the 523:, and completed a 517:Harvard University 335:Harvard University 307:molecular engineer 180:Harvard University 104:Harvard University 5431:Human geneticists 5401:Biogerontologists 5288:(June 29, 2023). 5187:"Going To Church" 5073:"All-Star Awards" 5001:on March 26, 2011 4834:"Church Lab News" 4821:on April 2, 2015. 4723:978-0-465-02175-8 4376:. March 12, 2007. 4240:. August 6, 2021. 3421:(20): 6228–6237. 3338:(7864): 481–482. 3242:10.2217/pme.09.48 2963:(4849): 185–188. 2875:(5741): 1728–32. 2008:. April 26, 2017. 1962:. July 20, 2022. 1891:Gen Biotechnology 1711:Nair, P. (2012). 1514:"Bower Laureates" 1367:supercentenarians 1235:Awards and honors 1214:Jeneen Interlandi 899:synthetic biology 746:synthetic biology 742:personal genomics 730:synthetic biology 662:personal genomics 594: 593: 533:molecular biology 323:synthetic biology 319:personal genomics 317:, and pioneer in 296: 295: 224:Doctoral students 157:Scientific career 122:Synthetic Biology 16:(Redirected from 5493: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5143:. 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Physics World. 3684: 3678: 3677: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3647: 3622:(6040): 348–53. 3607: 3598: 3597: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3558: 3533:(7020): 1050–4. 3524: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3498: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3438: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3355: 3323: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3273: 3264: 3263: 3253: 3221: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3196:. 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Archived from 2150:"The Phillipian" 2141: 2135: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2109: 2098: 2089: 2088: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2016: 2010: 2009: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1882: 1873: 1872: 1824: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1789: 1780: 1779: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1750: 1740: 1708: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1665: 1659: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1643:"Church, George" 1639: 1630: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1557: 1548: 1539: 1530: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1510: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1470:. Archived from 1414: 1408: 1396: 1191:Faces of America 895:microelectronics 887:BRAIN Initiative 847:, discovered by 696:Chinese military 644:Veritas Genetics 589: 586: 567: 559: 443:Phillips Academy 363:medical genetics 292: 289: 287: 285: 283: 281: 213:Doctoral advisor 207: 71: 67: 65: 46: 32: 21: 18:George M. Church 5501: 5500: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5356: 5355: 5347:"George Church" 5343: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5300: 5298: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5235: 5233: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5150: 5148: 5141:"George Church" 5139: 5138: 5134: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5051: 5050: 5046: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5023:. June 8, 2009. 5019: 5018: 5014: 5004: 5002: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4978: 4976: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4956: 4954: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4935:. May 27, 2015. 4931: 4930: 4926: 4916: 4914: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4813: 4805: 4803: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4634:www.cbsnews.com 4628: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4518:10.1038/438423a 4490: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4433:on May 21, 2013 4425: 4424: 4420: 4410: 4408: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4325: 4323: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4176:Popular Science 4167: 4166: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4013: 4012: 4008: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3727: 3726: 3715: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3676:. July 2, 2012. 3666: 3665: 3661: 3609: 3608: 3601: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3522: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3473:(6121): 823–6. 3460: 3459: 3452: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3325: 3324: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3304:on July 5, 2013 3296: 3295: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3267: 3223: 3222: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3200:on May 27, 2013 3191: 3190: 3183: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3036:Nature Genetics 3030: 3029: 3025: 3015: 3013: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2813:(19): 7167–71. 2800: 2799: 2795: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2684:Washington Post 2676: 2675: 2671: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2569: 2561:Nebula Genomics 2553: 2552: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2505: 2503: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2427: 2425: 2416: 2410: 2406: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2332: 2328: 2320: 2316: 2310:Wayback Machine 2301: 2297: 2291:Wayback Machine 2275: 2271: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2195: 2191: 2179: 2170: 2159: 2157: 2148: 2142: 2138: 2123: 2119: 2107: 2100: 2099: 2092: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2063: 2061: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2018: 2017: 2013: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1969: 1967: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1884: 1883: 1876: 1826: 1825: 1818: 1808: 1806: 1791: 1790: 1783: 1777: 1772:indexed by the 1768: 1764: 1710: 1709: 1692: 1682: 1680: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1652: 1650: 1641: 1640: 1633: 1623: 1621: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1559: 1558: 1551: 1540: 1533: 1523: 1521: 1520:on July 6, 2017 1512: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1477: 1475: 1474:on June 4, 2014 1461: 1406: 1399: 1386: 1383: 1381:Further reading 1294: 1237: 1219:Popular Science 1161:citizen science 1153: 1151:Popular science 1128: 1116: 1103: 1082: 1054:Joule Unlimited 1046:Joseph Jacobson 1034: 1010:Asian elephants 963: 947: 911: 883: 849:Jennifer Doudna 832: 770: 762:green chemistry 758:Joule Unlimited 722: 698:company by the 688: 682: 658:Nebula Genomics 590: 584: 581: 574:needs expansion 568: 557: 451:Duke University 427: 359:info processing 329:, Professor of 278: 266: 240: 205: 189: 151: 113: 94:Duke University 87:Alma mater 82: 72: 69: 68:August 28, 1954 63: 61: 60: 59: 49: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5499: 5497: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5358: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5342: 5341:External links 5339: 5337: 5336: 5308: 5286:Bailey, Ronald 5277: 5243: 5217: 5196: 5177: 5158: 5132: 5112: 5090: 5064: 5044: 5026: 5012: 4986: 4964: 4938: 4924: 4899: 4873: 4846: 4825: 4785: 4773: 4761: 4749: 4729: 4722: 4704: 4686: 4667: 4647: 4621: 4600: 4579: 4561: 4540: 4483: 4462: 4444: 4418: 4393: 4379: 4359: 4333: 4307: 4284: 4257: 4243: 4229: 4203: 4180: 4160: 4134: 4066: 4052: 4038: 4024: 4019:Rejuvenate Bio 4006: 3992: 3932: 3918: 3913:Fierce Biotech 3900: 3851: 3790: 3771: 3742:(6): 970–974. 3713: 3694: 3679: 3659: 3599: 3578: 3510: 3450: 3401: 3375: 3315: 3289: 3265: 3236:(6): 691–699. 3211: 3181: 3132: 3114: 3077:Genome Biology 3063: 3023: 2990: 2947: 2928:(3): 661–663. 2912: 2855: 2793: 2734: 2702: 2669: 2655: 2641: 2629: 2604: 2579: 2546: 2513: 2480: 2448: 2436: 2404: 2365:(12): 7634–8. 2345: 2326: 2314: 2295: 2269: 2202: 2189: 2184:(online), see 2168: 2145:The Phillipian 2136: 2117: 2090: 2071: 2039: 2036:. May 9, 2022. 2025: 2011: 1991: 1977: 1948: 1916: 1897:(2): 127–132. 1874: 1816: 1793:"Newcos GClab" 1781: 1762: 1690: 1660: 1631: 1619:Science | AAAS 1605: 1583: 1549: 1546:Google Scholar 1531: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1492:(online), see 1484: 1459: 1448: 1437: 1426: 1419:The Phillipian 1415: 1397: 1382: 1379: 1375:Enhanced Games 1293: 1290: 1236: 1233: 1157:open education 1152: 1149: 1127: 1124: 1115: 1112: 1102: 1099: 1081: 1078: 1033: 1030: 984:", reported, 967:woolly mammoth 962: 959: 946: 943: 910: 907: 882: 879: 831: 828: 774:Walter Gilbert 769: 766: 721: 718: 681: 678: 642:He co-founded 610:Gail R. Martin 592: 591: 571: 569: 562: 556: 553: 551:genes (1984). 549:immunoglobulin 521:Walter Gilbert 519:in 1977 under 465:in two years. 435:Tampa, Florida 426: 423: 409:, the list of 383:bioengineering 294: 293: 276: 272: 271: 268: 267: 265: 264: 259: 257:Fina Kurreeman 254: 248: 246: 242: 241: 239: 238: 233: 227: 225: 221: 220: 218:Walter Gilbert 215: 209: 208: 197: 191: 190: 188: 187: 182: 176: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 153: 152: 150: 149: 142: 140: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 119: 118:Known for 115: 114: 112: 111: 101: 90: 88: 84: 83: 79:Tampa, Florida 73: 57: 55: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5498: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5371:Living people 5369: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5340: 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1441:The Scientist 1438: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1405: 1404: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363:James Clement 1361:entrepreneur 1360: 1359:transhumanist 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1338: 1332: 1330: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1292:Personal life 1291: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1170: 1169:New Scientist 1164: 1162: 1158: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1135: 1133: 1126:Controversies 1125: 1123: 1121: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1038:Preston Estep 1031: 1028: 1025: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 989: 985: 983: 979: 978: 972: 968: 960: 958: 956: 952: 944: 942: 940: 934: 930: 927: 923: 922: 916: 908: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 880: 878: 876: 872: 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