856:(GPI), based in North London, with the aim of "continuing the traditions which shaped his life: independent, radical vision and outlook connecting the Caribbean, Africa, Europe, North America and Asia." Educational and cultural activities, including talks and readings, take place at the GPI, which occasionally publishes relevant materials. It is an archive, educational resource and research centre housing materials relating to the black community of Caribbean, African and Asian descent in Britain and continental Europe. La Rose also founded the George Padmore Supplementary School in 1969.
793:...eight countries sent delegations to his funeral in London. But it was in Ghana that his ashes were interred and everyone says that in this country, famous for its political demonstrations, never had there been such a turnout as that caused by the death of Padmore. Peasants from far-flung regions who, one might think, had never even heard his name, managed to find their way to Accra to pay a final tribute to the West Indian who spent his life in their service.
389:.... Even after he had renounced Communism in the mid-1930s, Padmore continued until his death in 1959 to cite the trial of Robinson's assailants as evidence that the USSR was the only country that had effectively eradicated racial discrimination. --Meredith L. Roman, "Robert Robinson (1930s)", in Beatriz Gallotti Mamigonian and Karen Racine (eds),
197:, were classified as "democratic-imperialisms"—a lower priority than the category of "fascist-imperialist" powers, in which Japan and Germany fell. This shift fell into direct contradiction with Padmore's prioritization of African independence, as Germany and Japan had no colonies in Africa. Padmore broke instantly with the
584:', and have had our minds clouded and confused by the continued propaganda for imperialism that we may be almost shocked by this bare and courageous exposure of the great myth of the civilizing mission of western democracies in Africa." The Biographical Note on the cover describes Padmore as European correspondent for the
809:, in the neighbourhood of Ridge, Accra, Ghana, is named after him. Kwame Nkrumah spoke at the opening of the building dedicated to Padmore as a memorial library on 30 June 1961. Nkrumah ranked Padmore as "one of the greatest architects of the African liberation movement ... dedicated to African union and liberty."
579:
wrote: "George
Padmore has performed another great service of enlightenment in this book. The facts he discloses so ruthlessly are undoubtedly unpleasant facts, the story which he tells of the colonization of Africa is sordid in the extreme, but both the facts and the story are true. We have, so many
737:
in London. A few days later, responding to rumours that the activist had been poisoned, his companion Pizer typed out a detailed statement about his death. She said that his liver condition had worsened in the previous nine months, before he sought treatment from a longtime physician friend. Due to
451:
in favour of the Soviet Union's pursuit of diplomatic alliances with the colonial powers, Padmore abruptly severed his connection with the ITUCNW late in the summer of 1933. The
Comintern's disciplinary body, the International Control Commission (ICC), asked him to explain his unauthorized action.
667:(1954). Before Wright left the Gold Coast, he gave a confidential report on Nkrumah to the American consul; later he reported on Padmore to the American Embassy in Paris. According to the embassy's account, Wright said that Nkrumah was relying heavily on Padmore as he made plans for independence.
651:, a white English writer and his domestic partner and co-worker, shared a flat that became a center for African nationalists. Padmore maintained connections across the world, sending articles to international newspapers and keeping up a correspondence with American writers and activists
295:. He had recently married, on 10 September that year, and his wife Julia Semper would later join him in America. She left behind their daughter Blyden, who was born in 1925 (and died in 2012). According to Nurse's instruction, she was named in honour of the African nationalist
685:
As independence neared for the Gold Coast, the London community had splintered. In 1956, James had returned from the United States, but
Padmore and Pizer referred to him with condescension in letters to Wright. Meanwhile, former Padmore ally Peter Abrahams published a
427:
In 1931, Padmore moved to
Hamburg and accelerated his writing output, continuing to produce the ITUCNW magazine and writing more than 20 pamphlets in a single year. This German interlude came to an abrupt close by the middle of 1933, however, as the offices of the
699:
But
Padmore's alliance with Nkrumah held firm. From the time of Nkrumah's return to the Gold Coast in 1947 to lead its independence movement, Padmore advised him in long detailed letters. He also wrote dozens of articles for Nkrumah's newspaper, the
725:
Padmore accepted
Nkrumah's invitation to move to Ghana, but his time there as Nkrumah's advisor on African affairs was difficult. Padmore was talking with friends about leaving Ghana to settle elsewhere when he returned to London for treatment of
710:(1953). With Dorothy Pizer (who was a writer and secretary), Padmore encouraged the leader to write his autobiography. Nkrumah published his autobiography in 1957, the year the Gold Coast became independent Ghana. Padmore deputized for Nkrumah as
323:(CPUSA). When engaged in party business, he adopted the name George Padmore (compounding the Christian name of his father-in-law, Constabulary Sergeant-Major George Semper, and the surname of the friend who had been his best man, Errol Padmore).
747:
After
Padmore's death, Nkrumah paid tribute to him in a radio broadcast: "One day, the whole of Africa will surely be free and united and when the final tale is told, the significance of George Padmore's work will be revealed." In the
38:
545:—saw publishing as a strategy for political change. They published small periodicals, which were sometimes seized by authorities when they reached the colonies. They published articles in other people's periodicals, for instance, the
632:. James gave Nkrumah a letter of introduction to Padmore. When Nkrumah arrived in London in May 1945 intending to study law, Padmore met him at the station. It was the start of a long alliance. Padmore was then organizing the 1945
1034:
1240:
Russian State
Archive for Socio-Political History (RGASPI), Moscow, fond 515, opis 1, delo 1600, list 33. Available on microfilm as "Files of the Communist Party of the USA in the Comintern Archives," IDC Publishers, reel
471:, Padmore remained a socialist. He sought new ways to work for African independence from imperial rule. Relocating to France, where Garan Kouyaté was an ally from his Comintern days, Padmore began to write a book:
830:). In it, James omitted any reference to Padmore's own 1953 book on the Gold Coast revolution; his correspondence has numerous references to his idea that Padmore did not understand the revolution.
280:
for two years (1914 and 1915). He transferred to
Pamphylian High School, graduating from there in 1918. After that, he worked for several years as a reporter with the Trinidad Publishing Company.
801:. She began research for a biography of Padmore. However, as she told Nancy Cunard, she was frustrated by his habit of having destroyed his personal papers and not having talked about his past.
822:. James also began collecting material for a biography but eventually produced only a slim manuscript, "Notes on the Life of George Padmore." For years James tried to publish his book
2182:
696:(1956), which contained unflattering portrayals of the members of this London political community. George Padmore was identified by many as the model for the character "Tom Lanwood".
483:, known to be sympathetic to communists. Publication of books by black men at that time was rare in the United Kingdom. A Swiss publisher distributed a German translation in Germany.
833:
Ras
Makonnen, who understood so well the importance of books about the African nationalist movement, published his own intimate account of the London-based community around Padmore,
2177:
2167:
891:
in London, were drafted at the dining table of 22 Cranleigh Street. It was also the venue at which George Padmore organised the 5th Pan-African Conference in Manchester in 1945."
2107:
411:
1640:
2172:
277:
107:
1605:
2142:
1683:
887:: "Many of the statements and pamphlets, as well as the correspondence with which leaders of the British colonies in Africa combated the policies of the
1091:
506:(IASB), which became a centre for African and Caribbean intellectuals' anti-colonial activity. Padmore was chair of IASB, the Barbadian trade unionist
1916:
495:
459:
and Germany, Padmore was barred from re-entry into the United States. He was a non-citizen and the government did not want to admit known communists.
452:
When he refused to do so, the ICC expelled him from the Communist movement on 23 February 1934. A phase of Padmore's political journey was at an end.
189:, where he was active in the party, and working on African independence movements. He also worked for the party in Germany but left after the rise of
2152:
2117:
2162:
2157:
1399:
265:, where his grandfather was born. His father, James Hubert Alfonso Nurse, was a local schoolmaster who had married Anna Susanna Symister of
2112:
1815:
1162:
503:
179:
2147:
2102:
2007:
1989:
1981:
1921:
1910:
1870:
1149:
1057:
617:
In 1941, Padmore argued that the British Empire should be transformed into "federated commonwealths based upon Socialist principles."
362:
1418:
2132:
2097:
1952:
1586:
625:
2012:
Weiss, Holger. "The Road to Hamburg and Beyond: African American Agency and the Making of a Radical African Atlantic, 1922-1930."
1791:
1194:
1712:
663:. At Padmore's urging, Wright travelled to the Gold Coast in 1953 to explore the buildup to independence, and he wrote his book
490:, where he became the centre of a community of writers dedicated to pan-Africanism and African independence. His boyhood friend
2127:
1999:
1882:
806:
633:
479:, he found a London agent and, eventually, a publisher (Wishart). It published the book in 1936, the year the publisher became
361:(Comintern) later in 1929. Following his presentation, Padmore was asked to stay on in Moscow to head the Negro Bureau of the
398:
1304:
440:
seizure of power. Padmore was deported to England by the German government, while the Comintern placed the ITUCNW and its
335:
982:"History of the Pan-African Congress (Colonial and Coloured Unity: A Programme of Action)" (editor) (1947). Reprinted in
221:
758:
said Padmore's writings had been "an inspiration to the men who dreamed of a free Africa". Padmore's physician friend,
1973:
734:
242:
62:
1602:
674:
in 1954, Padmore was finishing a book that he hoped would be both a history and blueprint for African independence:
967:
The Voice of Coloured Labour (Speeches and Reports of Colonial Delegates to the World Trade Union Conference, 1945)
860:
499:
386:
288:
193:
in the 1930s. In 1935, the USSR made a decisive shift in foreign policy: Britain and France, colonial powers with
2122:
2053:
1833:
640:, the American organizer of earlier Pan-African conferences. The Manchester conference helped set the agenda for
581:
537:
Padmore and his allies in the 1930s and 1940s—among them C. L. R. James, Kenya's Jomo Kenyatta, the Gold Coast's
2137:
1902:
1897:
1687:
868:
853:
546:
354:
1528:
1512:
410:, Germany. It launched a Comintern-backed international organization of black labour organizations called the
338:. In March 1929 he was a fraternal (non-voting) delegate to the 6th National Convention of the CPUSA, held in
1088:
682:
suspicions in Western nations that the African independence movements were fundamentally communist-inspired.
624:, James left for the United States, where he met Kwame Nkrumah, a student from the Gold Coast who studied at
1962:
656:
447:
Disillusioned by what he perceived as the Comintern's flagging support for the cause of the independence of
358:
636:(designated the Fifth Pan-African Congress), attended not only by the inner circle of the IASB but also by
1632:
727:
194:
2027:
Weiss, Holger. "The Hamburg Committee, Moscow and the Making of a Radical African Atlantic, 1930-1933."
759:
380:. He was also used periodically as a courier of funds from Moscow to various foreign Communist Parties.
20:
769:
describing Padmore as a writer who wrote books and studied them. Jamaican pan-Africanist and diplomat
555:. They published pamphlets. They wrote letters to the editor; and, thanks to the support of publisher
385:
As a deputy of the Moscow soviet, Padmore had served on the commission to investigate the assault on
2092:
2087:
1933:
960:
596:
480:
1734:
1137:
1892:
1636:
576:
560:
345:
Padmore, an energetic worker and prolific writer, was tapped by Communist Party trade union leader
320:
304:
254:
175:
66:
1944:
1941:
George Padmore and Decolonization from Below: Pan-Africanism, the Cold War, and the End of Empire
1800:
1739:
750:
702:
692:
586:
527:
1621:
953:
The White Man's Duty: An Analysis of the Colonial Question in the Light of the Atlantic Charter
2003:
1985:
1977:
1948:
1906:
1866:
1395:
1145:
1053:
880:
872:
827:
507:
433:
394:
346:
331:
308:
121:
2068:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2017:
2013:
995:
652:
637:
420:
1795:
1716:
1609:
1422:
1415:
1095:
987:
940:
888:
770:
755:
610:
572:
556:
515:
284:
117:
1898:
The Practice of Diaspora: Literature, Translation, and the Rise of Black Internationalism
1753:
1788:
1167:
641:
542:
519:
491:
418:, Austria, during this time, where he edited the monthly publication of the new group,
327:
258:
198:
171:
132:
2081:
2072:
2049:
1878:
1709:
976:
884:
813:
797:
Staying on in Accra, Dorothy Pizer wrote a preface for a French edition of Padmore's
648:
551:
538:
523:
339:
296:
273:
217:
1008:
The Gold Coast Revolution: The Struggle of an African People from Slavery to Freedom
406:
In July 1930, Padmore was instrumental in organizing an international conference in
1133:
956:
849:
715:
629:
621:
494:, also from Trinidad, was already there, writing and publishing. James had started
476:
456:
186:
1389:
973:
How Russia Transformed Her Colonial Empire: A Challenge to the Imperialist Powers
777:: "He was truly international and the entire colonial world has suffered a loss."
876:
864:
780:
After a funeral service at a London crematorium, Padmore's ashes were buried at
448:
875:
of Trinidad & Tobago, the High Commissioner of Ghana, the Mayor of Camden,
455:
As a result of his membership in the Communist Party and working for it in the
1766:
1309:
818:
781:
719:
283:
In late 1924, he travelled to the United States to take up medical studies at
96:
983:
764:
468:
292:
246:
238:
37:
1930:
Black Revolutionary: George Padmore's Path from Communism to Pan-Africanism
1077:
Black Revolutionary: George Padmore's Path from Communism to Pan-Africanism
2062:
711:
679:
373:
366:
262:
250:
178:
in 1924 to study medicine in the United States, where he also joined the
738:
his failing liver, he suffered haemorrhages that resulted in his death.
1035:
The Black Jacobins: Toussaint Louverture and the San Domingo Revolution
895:
407:
300:
266:
1109:
American Africans in Ghana: Black Expatriates and the Civil Rights Era
567:(1937), as well as books by both Kenyatta and James. In a foreword to
326:
Padmore officially joined the Communist Party in 1927 (when he was in
913:
Magazine for the International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers
487:
415:
376:
and contributed articles to Moscow's English-language newspaper, the
350:
205:
190:
84:
841:(1967). Padmore is the central figure featured in Carol Polsgrove's
784:
in Ghana on 4 October 1959. The ceremony was broadcast in the US by
372:
As head of the Profintern's Negro Bureau, Padmore helped to produce
859:
On 28 June 2011 – 98 years to the day since Padmore was born – the
319:
During his college years in the US, Nurse became involved with the
1050:
Living with Nkrumahism: Nation, State, and Pan-Africanism in Ghana
925:
The Negro Workers and the Imperialist War Intervention in the USSR
660:
647:
Padmore used London as his base for more than two decades. He and
213:
209:
1163:"Blyden-Cowart: George Padmore’s daughter dies, February 3, 2012"
437:
510:
was its organising secretary, and James edited its periodical,
19:
For the Liberian ambassador George A. Padmore (1915–2005), see
1996:
The Cry was Unity: Communists and African-Americans, 1917–1936
1226:
The Cry was Unity: Communists and African-Americans, 1917–1936
785:
894:
George Padmore Road and George Padmore Lane, in Hurlingham,
1816:"Blue Plaque pays tribute to Pan-Africanist George Padmore"
1195:"Edward Wilmot Blyden, Grandfather of African Emancipation"
1014:
Pan-Africanism or Communism? The Coming Struggle for Africa
208:, England, in 1934. Toward the end of his life he moved to
155:
Pan-Africanism or Communism? The Coming Struggle for Africa
1016:(Foreword by Richard Wright. London: Dennis Dobson, 1956)
883:(related to Padmore's in-laws), and others. According to
535:
Ending British Rule in Africa: Writers in a Common Cause,
1970:
Ending British Rule in Africa: Writers in a Common Cause
1391:
Ending British Rule in Africa: Writers in a Common Cause
1337:
Ending British Rule in Africa: Writers in a Common Cause
1228:, Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1998; p. 60.
867:
at Padmore's former address, 22 Cranleigh Street in the
843:
Ending British Rule in Africa: Writers in a Common Cause
261:
warrior who was taken prisoner and sold into slavery at
2039:
Comintern Working Papers, Ă…bo Akademi University, 2010.
2024:
Comintern Working Papers, Ă…bo Akademi University, 2007.
722:, who was one of Nkrumah's closest allies at the time.
563:), they published books. Warburg brought out Padmore's
393:, p. 142, Rowman & Littlefield (16 November 2009),
204:
Padmore lived for a time in France, before settling in
837:(1973). James R. Hooker wrote a biography of Padmore,
816:, Trinidad, wrote a series of articles on Padmore for
1587:"A Tribute to George Padmore, A Great Pan-Africanist"
522:
handled the business end. Other key members included
949:(London: International African Service Bureau, 1938)
412:
International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers
391:
The Human Tradition in the Black Atlantic, 1500–2000
272:
Nurse attended Tranquillity Intermediate College in
1883:"George Padmore , Father Of The African Revolution"
1834:"George Padmore commemorated with plaque in London"
1767:"BBC London News - George Padmore Plaque unveiling"
1754:"Anti-colonial campaigner commemorated with plaque"
1052:. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. p. 14.
138:
127:
113:
103:
92:
73:
44:
28:
992:The 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress Revisited
2073:Princeton University Library. Special Collections
1961:. Kenneth King (ed.), Nairobi, London, New York:
1539:
1537:
237:Malcolm Ivan Meredith Nurse, better known by his
16:Trinidadian Pan-Africanist and writer (1903–1959)
975:(in collaboration with Dorothy Pizer) (London:
733:Padmore died on 23 September 1959, aged 56, at
383:
2183:Trinidad and Tobago people of Ghanaian descent
943:; London: Martin Secker and Warburg Ltd, 1937)
2178:Trinidad and Tobago people of Ashanti descent
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
580:of us, been brought up in the atmosphere of '
174:, journalist, and author. He left his native
8:
2168:Trinidad and Tobago male non-fiction writers
1612:, Caribbean Community (Caricom) Secretariat.
1220:
1218:
1216:
911:(London: Red International of Labour Unions
353:to deliver a report on the formation of the
241:George Padmore, was born on 28 June 1903 in
2108:20th-century Trinidad and Tobago historians
1932:. London: Pall Mall Press, 1967. New York:
1861:Baptiste, Fitzroy, and Rupert Lewis (eds),
1394:. Manchester University Press. p. 58.
475:. With the help of former American heiress
2033:Part Two: The ISH, the IRH and the ITUCNW.
1686:. George Padmore Institute. Archived from
1569:Dudley J. Thompson, "Mr. George Padmore",
969:(editor) (Manchester: Panaf Service, 1945)
826:; the book was published in 1977 (London:
36:
25:
2065:, London. www.georgepadmoreinstitute.org/
1865:. Kingston: Ian Randle Publishers, 2009.
1863:George Padmore: Pan-African Revolutionary
1581:
1579:
1556:George S. Schuyler, "Views and Reviews",
1236:
1234:
1098:, George Padmore Institute, 27 June 2011.
1071:
1069:
496:International African Friends of Ethiopia
166:(28 June 1903 – 23 September 1959), born
1721:Chronicle World - Changing Black Britain
1374:Sir Stafford Cripps KC, MP, "Foreword",
257:. His paternal great-grandfather was an
216:, where he helped shape the politics of
1025:
909:The Life and Struggles of Negro Toilers
502:. That organization developed into the
1531:, Making Britain, The Open University.
1197:, Cameron Duodu Blogspot, 8 July 2011.
201:, but continued to support socialism.
1144:, Manchester University Press, 2003,
1089:"George Padmore commemorative plaque"
7:
1142:West Indian Intellectuals in Britain
788:television. As C. L. R. James wrote,
504:International African Service Bureau
365:(Profintern). He was elected to the
2173:Trinidad and Tobago pan-Africanists
2037:Part Three: The LAI and the ITUCNW.
714:when Sir Stafford Cripps' daughter
303:. Nurse subsequently registered at
2143:Members of the Communist Party USA
2029:Part One: The RILU and the ITUCNW.
363:Red International of Labour Unions
349:as a rising star. He was taken to
14:
1647:, Vols 1–6, OUP USA, 2012, p. 75.
871:, in a ceremony addressed by the
762:, wrote the obituary that ran in
334:targeted to black Americans, the
1756:, BBC News London, 28 June 2011.
1305:"An Open Letter to Earl Browder"
824:Nkrumah and the Ghana Revolution
773:wrote of Padmore in a letter to
659:. The latter was then living in
533:As Carol Polsgrove has shown in
2163:Trinidad and Tobago journalists
2050:George Padmore Internet Archive
2000:University Press of Mississippi
1735:"The flat that changed history"
1733:Dan Carrier (28 October 2021).
1645:Dictionary of African Biography
1111:, UNC Press Books, 2006; p. 27.
919:Haiti, an American Slave Colony
807:George Padmore Research Library
634:Manchester Pan-African Congress
2158:Trinidad and Tobago communists
2058:—Selected writings by Padmore.
1710:"Life experience with Britain"
1002:Africa: Britain's Third Empire
678:It was his attempt to counter
1:
1901:. Cambridge, MA, and London:
1814:Josie Hinton (30 June 2011).
1138:"Chapter Six: George Padmore"
1010:(London: Dennis Dobson, 1953)
1004:(London: Dennis Dobson, 1949)
933:(London: Wishart Books, 1936)
718:married the anti-colonialist
512:International African Opinion
336:American Negro Labor Congress
2063:The George Padmore Institute
1789:"Toast to slayer of empires"
676:Pan-Africanism or Communism?
500:Italy's invasion of Ethiopia
2153:People from Tunapuna–Piarco
2118:Anti–World War II activists
2113:African diaspora literature
1974:Manchester University Press
947:Hands Off the Protectorates
799:Pan-Africanism or Communism
735:University College Hospital
414:(ITUCNW). Padmore lived in
185:From there he moved to the
168:Malcolm Ivan Meredith Nurse
49:Malcolm Ivan Meredith Nurse
2199:
2148:New York University alumni
1959:Pan-Africanism from Within
861:Nubian Jak Community Trust
835:Pan-Africanism from Within
486:In 1934, Padmore moved to
444:on hiatus in August 1933.
289:historically black college
18:
2103:20th-century male writers
2069:George Padmore collection
2054:Marxists Internet Archive
1684:"Who was George Padmore?"
1639:, Steven J. Niven (eds),
1622:"George Padmore Library".
1560:, 31 October 1959, p. 12.
1388:Polsgrove, Carol (2012).
708:The Gold Coast Revolution
706:, and wrote a history of
321:Workers (Communist) Party
222:Convention People's Party
35:
2133:Howard University alumni
2098:20th-century journalists
1903:Harvard University Press
1715:20 February 2005 at the
1608:14 December 2010 at the
1416:"Padmore and CLR James".
931:How Britain Rules Africa
869:London Borough of Camden
854:George Padmore Institute
644:in the post-war period.
547:Independent Labour Party
473:How Britain Rules Africa
467:Although alienated from
355:Trade Union Unity League
330:) and was active in its
307:but soon transferred to
145:How Britain Rules Africa
1963:Oxford University Press
1922:International Socialism
1794:1 November 2011 at the
1573:, 9 October 1959, p. 2.
1313:, October 1935, p. 302.
1048:Jeffrey Ahlman (2017).
359:Communist International
2128:Fisk University alumni
1915:Høgsbjerg, Christian.
1633:Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
1558:The Pittsburgh Courier
1376:Africa and World Peace
937:Africa and World Peace
898:, are named after him.
795:
728:cirrhosis of the liver
670:When Wright published
582:the white man's burden
569:Africa and World Peace
565:Africa and World Peace
403:
150:Africa and World Peace
2056:, www.marxists.org./
1928:Hooker, James Ralph.
1917:"A forgotten fighter"
961:W. H. Allen & Co.
791:
782:Christiansborg Castle
760:Cecil Belfield Clarke
97:Christiansborg Castle
21:George Arthur Padmore
1934:Frederick A. Praeger
1893:Edwards, Brent Hayes
1777:– via YouTube.
1658:Ending British Rule,
1593:77, 26 January 2014.
1545:Ending British Rule,
1500:Ending British Rule,
1474:Ending British Rule,
1107:Kevin Kelly Gaines,
845:, published in 2009.
812:James, relocated to
597:African Morning Post
592:Gold Coast Spectator
561:Secker & Warburg
481:Lawrence and Wishart
436:gangs following the
131:Journalist, author,
1874:—Essays on Padmore.
1690:on 28 February 2021
1671:Ending British Rule
1637:Emmanuel Akyeampong
1585:Christophe Wondji,
1487:Ending British Rule
1461:Ending British Rule
1448:Ending British Rule
1435:Ending British Rule
1363:Ending British Rule
1350:Ending British Rule
1208:Black Revolutionary
1182:Black Revolutionary
1122:Black Revolutionary
839:Black Revolutionary
577:Sir Stafford Cripps
541:and South Africa's
374:pamphlet literature
305:New York University
255:British West Indies
253:, then part of the
67:Trinidad and Tobago
1968:Polsgrove, Carol.
1945:Palgrave Macmillan
1801:Camden New Journal
1740:Camden New Journal
1421:2008-05-09 at the
1252:The Cry Was Unity,
1171:, 9 February 2012.
1094:2020-09-19 at the
921:(Centrizdat, 1931)
751:Pittsburgh Courier
703:Accra Evening News
693:A Wreath for Udomo
626:Lincoln University
606:Belize Independent
587:Pittsburgh Courier
528:Amy Ashwood Garvey
432:were ransacked by
367:Moscow City Soviet
276:, before going to
195:colonies in Africa
2059:
1925:, no. 124 (2009).
1889:, 26 August 2017.
1875:
1437:, pp. 45, 70, 75.
1401:978-0-7190-8901-5
1339:(2009), pp. 1–15.
1335:Carol Polsgrove,
1324:The Cry Was Unity
1292:The Cry Was Unity
1272:The Cry Was Unity
1075:James R. Hooker,
939:(Foreword by Sir
881:Nina Baden-Semper
873:High Commissioner
828:Allison and Busby
508:Chris Braithwaite
434:ultra-nationalist
378:Moscow Daily News
347:William Z. Foster
332:mass organization
309:Howard University
278:St Mary's College
161:
160:
122:Howard University
108:St Mary's College
77:23 September 1959
2190:
2123:Comintern people
2057:
1984:. Reprint 2012,
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1603:"George Padmore"
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996:New Beacon Books
653:W. E. B. Du Bois
638:W. E. B. Du Bois
449:colonial peoples
421:The Negro Worker
269:, a naturalist.
170:, was a leading
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1994:Solomon, Mark.
1957:Makonnen, Ras.
1939:James, Leslie,
1858:
1856:Further reading
1853:
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1844:
1840:, 30 June 2011.
1832:Cameron Duodu,
1831:
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1796:Wayback Machine
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526:from Kenya and
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1982:978-0719077678
1972:. Manchester:
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34:
27:
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1995:
1969:
1958:
1940:
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1920:
1896:
1887:Modern Ghana
1886:
1862:
1845:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1809:
1799:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1761:
1749:
1738:
1728:
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1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1688:the original
1678:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1628:
1617:
1598:
1590:
1571:The Guardian
1570:
1565:
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1517:The Guardian
1516:
1515:(obituary),
1507:
1499:
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1365:, pp. 23–42.
1362:
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957:Nancy Cunard
952:
946:
936:
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924:
918:
912:
908:
852:founded the
850:John La Rose
842:
838:
834:
823:
817:
798:
796:
792:
775:The Guardian
774:
763:
749:
732:
724:
707:
701:
698:
691:
688:roman Ă clef
687:
684:
675:
671:
669:
664:
646:
630:Pennsylvania
622:World War II
619:
616:
609:
605:
601:
595:
591:
585:
568:
564:
550:
534:
532:
516:Ras Makonnen
511:
485:
477:Nancy Cunard
472:
466:
457:Soviet Union
454:
446:
442:Negro Worker
441:
430:Negro Worker
429:
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405:
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236:
203:
187:Soviet Union
184:
167:
163:
162:
154:
149:
144:
140:Notable work
79:(1959-09-23)
59:28 June 1903
2093:1959 deaths
2088:1902 births
2022:Part Three.
1998:, Jackson:
1773:10 November
1669:Polsgrove,
1660:pp. 163–65.
1656:Polsgrove,
1591:New Afrikan
1547:pp. 162–63.
1543:Polsgrove,
1502:pp. 151–54.
1498:Polsgrove,
1485:Polsgrove,
1472:Polsgrove,
1459:Polsgrove,
1446:Polsgrove,
1433:Polsgrove,
1361:Polsgrove,
1348:Polsgrove,
1254:pp. 177–78.
959:) (London:
877:Selma James
865:blue plaque
863:unveiled a
672:Black Power
665:Black Power
575:politician
233:Early years
2082:Categories
1310:The Crisis
819:The Nation
720:Joe Appiah
552:New Leader
399:0742567303
245:District,
55:1903-06-28
2018:Part Two.
2014:Part One.
1694:7 October
1463:, p. 145.
1326:, p. 177.
1322:Solomon,
1294:, p. 179.
1290:Solomon,
1274:, p. 178.
1270:Solomon,
1250:Solomon,
1021:Citations
994:(London:
984:Hakim Adi
848:In 1991,
765:The Times
690:entitled
469:Stalinism
293:Tennessee
247:Tacarigua
239:pseudonym
228:Biography
104:Education
87:, England
2002:, 1998.
1976:, 2009.
1947:, 2014.
1905:, 2003.
1792:Archived
1713:Archived
1606:Archived
1419:Archived
1206:Hooker,
1180:Hooker,
1120:Hooker,
1092:Archived
712:best man
680:Cold War
387:Robinson
263:Barbados
251:Trinidad
220:and the
176:Trinidad
1965:, 1973.
1936:, 1967.
1476:p. 130.
1038:(1963).
998:, 1995)
979:, 1946)
963:, 1942)
915:, 1931)
620:Before
408:Hamburg
357:to the
301:Liberia
267:Antigua
199:Kremlin
152:(1937);
147:(1936);
99:, Ghana
2006:
1988:
1980:
1951:
1909:
1869:
1398:
1148:
1056:
955:(with
927:(1931)
742:Legacy
573:Labour
488:London
416:Vienna
397:
351:Moscow
259:Asante
243:Arouca
206:London
191:Nazism
157:(1956)
85:London
63:Arouca
2071:from
1643:, in
1140:, in
903:Works
716:Peggy
661:Paris
518:from
214:Ghana
210:Accra
2004:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1978:ISBN
1949:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1775:2021
1696:2020
1396:ISBN
1241:122.
1146:ISBN
1054:ISBN
986:and
805:The
655:and
608:and
559:(of
438:Nazi
395:ISBN
287:, a
74:Died
45:Born
786:NBC
628:in
549:'s
299:of
291:in
2084::
2052:,
2035:|
2031:|
2020:|
2016:|
1943:.
1919:,
1895:.
1885:,
1881:,
1836:,
1818:.
1798:,
1737:.
1719:,
1635:,
1589:,
1578:^
1536:^
1307:,
1279:^
1259:^
1233:^
1215:^
1165:,
1136:,
1068:^
990:,
879:,
754:,
730:.
614:.
604:,
600:,
594:,
590:,
571:,
530:.
514:.
424:.
401:.
369:.
342:.
311:.
249:,
224:.
212:,
182:.
65:,
1822:.
1743:.
1723:.
1698:.
1404:.
1152:.
1062:.
767:,
57:)
53:(
23:.
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