396:, 35 kilometres (22 mi) distant. Starr posed as a retired Belgian mining engineer who had made a fortune in the Congo. From Castelnau, Starr began to build up a local resistance movement, called by SOE the Wheelwright Network (or Circuit). Starr was very conscious of security, communicating with his contacts only through couriers or the spoken word, never putting words to paper, and building up his network one trusted associate at a time. In January 1943, the SOE in London parachuted weapons and explosives into Castelnau. They were hidden in a medieval dungeon beneath the church in the village. Starr's ability to call on the United Kingdom to provide weapons made him a power among the nascent rural resistance organisations called
717:
588:. De Gaulle had little respect for the Resistance which had varying philosophies among its different groups of how France should be governed post-war. On meeting Starr and other resistance leaders, De Gaulle denounced them as mercenaries. He ordered Starr to leave France. Starr replied that he was in France under the authority of the allies and he did not recognise De Gaulle as his superior officer. De Gaulle threatened to arrest him but Starr stood his ground, and the meeting ended with a handshake. Nine days later, on 25 September, Starr and his wireless operator, Yvonne Cormeau, made a hasty departure from France.
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449:, who was fleeing from the Gestapo. He initially thought her to be a nuisance and contemplated her "liquidation," but learned to trust her, sending her back to the United Kingdom with an appeal for SOE assistance to his network. Starr also broke with Henri Sevenet, the Frenchman who had brought him to southwestern France and helped him become established. Among his complaints about his courier, Anne-Marie Walters, was that she wore "high Paris fashion," thus violating his principle of being inconspicuous.
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short of ammunition. Starr was ordered by SOE headquarters to attack German army units, but his pleas for air-drops of ammunition were ignored. Angered, he sent a wireless message to London saying, "I have given orders to the men under my command to manufacture bows and arrows. As soon as this is completed, we will attack and destroy these fucking divisions." The message got London's attention and ammunition supplies began arriving.
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567:, the umbrella organisation of resistance fighters. Starr and Yvonne Cormeau drove into the city, American and British flags on their car. The liberation of southwestern France was complete. However, the leader of the Armagnac Battalion, Maurice Parisot, was killed on 6 September; while an American aeroplane was landing, a propeller broke away from the motor and struck him.
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408:, an SOE agent on the run from another part of France, to Spain and hence to England with a written report (violating his own rule against written communication) requesting money and a wireless operator of his own. London's immediate answer was to send an aeroplane to hover over Castelnau to communicate with Starr by short-range
510:
However, the
Germans learned that Castelnau was Starr's base and on 21 June an estimated 1,500 soldiers of the German army attacked. Nineteen of the maquisards were killed and the Germans captured the village. A rear guard blew up the explosives left behind during the retreat, destroying most of the
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With the
Normandy Invasion on 6 June 1944, the SOE wanted the maquisards to convert from being saboteurs to armed fighters directly contesting German forces. Starr began distributing arms to resistance groups. Starr collected 300 men, one-half French and one-half Spanish, at Castelnau sur l'Auvignon
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would kill many of the 6,000 French workers at the factory. London asked Starr to try to destroy the 'factory as an alternative to bombing. In March 1944 Claude
Arnault and Anne-Marie Walters smuggled explosives to Toulouse. On 28 March, Arnault sneaked into the plant at night, placed explosives,
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All did not go smoothly, however, in the fractious world of the French
Resistance. Starr had setbacks, rivals and enemies, some of whom he managed to marginalise. The Germans arrested several of his trusted associates. Starr was accused of being a "warlord," a law unto himself, and independent of
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Sabotage successes notwithstanding, the French resistance was impatient in the early months of 1944. The French were beginning to lose confidence that the allies would ever invade France and liberate the country from German occupation. The joke circulated that "the
English will fight to the last
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The maquisards and their leaders wanted to begin harassing
Germans as resistance forces were doing elsewhere in France. In December 1943 Starr requested and received permission from SOE headquarters to begin attacking the Gestapo and railroads in his region. On New Year's Eve 1943, Starr reported
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with the
Germans. On 1 November 1944, Starr, who had returned to London, was interviewed by SOE. He recounted "with relish" an incident of torture, causing consternation in the SOE although the interviewers said that he could not be blamed for the tortures committed by the French Resistance. In
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The
Armagnac Battalion was a polyglot collection of 1,900 men of a dozen different nationalities who came together in June 1944 after the Normandy landings. After the battle of Castelnau and other conflict, the men of the various resistance groups making up the battalion, including Starr's, were
317:, as short in stature, five feet six inches in height, very nervous, a heavy cigarette smoker, and a man who took duty and responsibility seriously and would never ask a person to do anything he would not do himself. Cormeau was his closest associate, "confidante and, a few alleged, his lover."
433:" ("I doubt, therefore I survive."), and Starr is on a short list of agents who survived by paying careful attention to security. Starr's caution extended to the people he worked with. On the boat which brought him to France in 1942 he complained about being "in charge of three bloody women,"
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February 1945, a court of enquiry with testimony from Starr, Walters, and others took place. The part of the transcript of the enquiry containing Walter's testimony has disappeared from the record. On 28 February, the conclusion of the "rather perfunctory court of enquiry" (in the words of
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to determine that he was still alive. Starr affirmed his existence by greeting the pilot with a string of expletives and finally got attention from London. It was soon "raining containers" full of arms and equipment for the maquis. Starr's SOE team would expand to include explosives expert
560:, only 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Toulouse, the largest city in the region, the objective of the Armagnacs, and the stronghold of the remnants of the German army in the region. Starr, long accustomed to the shadows of the war, now donned his British uniform and led columns of men.
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airmen shot down over France, and participation as a leader in the liberation of southwestern France from German occupation. By mid-1944 Starr had more than 20 SOE agents working for him, second in numbers only to the earlier (and defunct) Prosper or
Physician network.
626:), was that "there is no justification whatever for any imputation against Lt. Col. Starr of inhumanity or cruel treatment to any prisoner at any time under his control or under the control or troops or resistance forces under his immediate command or control."
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When I got back to
England, I faced a court of enquiry for ill-treating German prisoners. Anne-Marie Walters had started it because she hated my guts because I threw her out of France and sent her home for indiscipline. Very lucky I didn't have her shot.
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firm of Mather and Coulson Ltd, manufacturers of mining equipment. He worked in several countries in Europe installing mine equipment. Starr's second wife, Pilar Canudas Ristol, who he met in Spain, worked in Spain for SOE during World War II.
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on 2 July, but was forced to abandon its positions by German bombing. On 14 July, 4,000 Germans were advancing on the Armagnac Battalion but, inexplicably, withdrew toward Toulouse. On 12 August, the Armagnacs liberated the village of
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These initial successes aside, in spring 1943, seemingly forgotten by SOE headquarters in London, Starr was suffering from a skin disease probably caused by stress and contemplating failure and the abandonment of his mission. He sent
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In late July 1944, Starr ordered his youthful courier, Anne-Marie Walters, to leave France accusing her of disobedience. When Walters returned to London, she said that Starr had countenanced torture of
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The withdrawal of the Germans from southwestern France left the area in political chaos in which "feudal barons," of whom Starr was among the most important, took control. On 16 September 1944, General
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which made parts for aeroplanes and armoured vehicles. Arnault repeated his earlier success by sneaking into the factory at night along with three other men and destroying machinery with explosives.
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region in southwestern France where a resistance movement was forming. His instincts were correct. SOE networks were more secure in rural areas which had a much smaller presence of German soldiers and
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He was born in London on 6 April 1904, one of two sons of Alfred Demarest Starr, an American bookkeeper who became a naturalised British subject, and Englishwoman Ethel Renshaw. He was a grandson of
507:. Many of them were communists. Starr was one of only a few SOE agents who was able to persuade the feuding communists and non-communists to join together to form a single resistance force.
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occupation in September 1944. The purpose of SOE was to conduct espionage, sabotage and reconnaissance in occupied Europe against the Axis powers. SOE agents in France allied themselves with
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De Gaulle's reaction to Starr and the resistance fighters reflected De Gaulle's "obsession with restoring the authority of the state and allowing no challenges to its – to his – authority."
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392:, a rural village of 300 persons, without running water or electricity. Local leaders were sympathetic to the resistance and the nearest Germans to the village were in the city of
246:, the official historian of the SOE, Starr was one of the half-dozen best agents of the SOE in France. He was one of only three SOE agents to be promoted to the rank of
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to direct the re-opening of German coal mines. He later returned to his previous employer, Mather and Coulson, as managing director before retiring to live in France.
445:, all SOE agents. He took a special dislike to Sansom, who would become one of the most honoured SOE agents. In December 1942, he was suspicious of another SOE agent,
400:(whose members were called maquisards). Also, in January 1943, Starr borrowed a wireless operator from another network to facilitate communication with SOE in London.
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He is continually making aggressive contradictions and assertions and is the worst type of know-all, namely one who is often right and can seldom be proved wrong.
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Starr's accomplishments include building up a large network of resistance groups, carrying out a number of sabotage operations in the months leading up to the
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Yes, by Christ, I was a martinet. I had to be. I laughed and joked, but if somebody made a mistake, I'd cuss them. If it was serious out they went.
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and destroyed 30 electric motors out of 31 in the 'factory which were used to grind gunpowder. The factory was out of operation for six weeks.
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that the maquisards he had trained had destroyed more than 300 locomotives by carefully placing explosives on the engines.
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village. The Germans completed the destruction. Starr and his surviving maquisards retreated all the way to the hamlet of
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with little loss and on 20–21 August surrounded and accepted the surrender of 192 Germans, including two colonels, at
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to work there, but the Lyon SOE network was penetrated in October 1942 and the agents arrested. SOE agent
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invasion on 6 June 1944, rescuing from imprisonment about 50 important resistance leaders and
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was a British mining engineer and an agent of the United Kingdom's clandestine
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M.R.D Foot said that the motto of every successful secret agent was "
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The battalion fought a battle with units of the German
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868:"BBC Historic Figures – George Starr (1904–1980)"
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421:the French Resistance to the German occupation.
184:Starr and the Wheelwright circuit were based in
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1272:British Special Operations Executive personnel
962:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 363
313:Starr was described by his wireless operator,
1257:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
810:, St. Paul, MN: MBI Publishing Company, p. 63
762:Hewson, David in Walters, Anne-Marie (2009),
582:Provisional Government of the French Republic
207:(6 April 1904 – 2 September 1980), code name
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1140:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, p. 18
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830:"CORMEAU, YVONNE BEATRICE (ORAL HISTORY)"
984:New York: Penquin Press, pp 10–11, 46–48
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911:. London: William Kimber. p. 147.
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258:. One of the French agents of the SOE,
1247:British Army personnel of World War II
857:, New York: Penguin Press, p. 8, 103.
377:persuaded Starr to go instead to the
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1227:People educated at Ardingly College
563:On 21 August, Toulouse fell to the
1252:English people of American descent
1242:British Army General List officers
997:, Minneapolis: Zenith Press, p. 66
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1232:Alumni of Imperial College London
634:After the war, Starr was sent to
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766:, Wiltshire: Moho Books, p. 22
649:, France on 2 September 1980.
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909:The German Penetration of SOE
907:Fuller, Jean Overton (1975).
607:Starr, an interview with the
565:French Forces of the Interior
1188:. Retrieved 21 December 2019
645:Starr died in a hospital in
346:, being commissioned on the
213:Special Operations Executive
107:Special Operations Executive
949:Glass, pp. 114–118, 128–133
671:Distinguished Service Order
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1185:"George Reginald Starr,"
1078:Escott, Beryl E. (2010),
281:, was also an SOE agent.
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1237:English mining engineers
1136:Jackson, Julian (2018),
390:Castelnau-sur-l'Auvignon
1091:Glass, pp. 192–196, 200
980:Glass, Charles (2018),
960:Fighters in the Shadows
958:Gildea, Robert (2015),
931:Glass, pp. 39–54, 56–57
897:Glass, pp. 10–12, 28–29
853:Glass, Charles (2018),
797:Foot, pp. 42, 311, 412.
501:Spanish Republican Army
388:Starr based himself in
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163:An SOE trainer on Starr
993:Hastings, Max (2013),
806:Hastings, Max (2014),
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242:In the estimation of
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96:United Kingdom/France
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1167:Hewson, pp. 233–235
1080:The Heroines of SOE
1015:Glass, 133–134, 141
834:Imperial War Museum
764:Moondrop to Gascony
609:Imperial War Museum
571:Starr and De Gaulle
486:Battle of Castelnau
1118:Glass, pp. 219–228
1109:Glass, pp. 202–217
1100:Glass, pp. 201–202
1033:Glass, pp. 165–167
1024:Glass, pp. 155–156
545:Das Reich Division
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326:Building a network
279:John Renshaw Starr
272:Anne-Marie Walters
264:Lawrence of Arabia
193:Lieutenant-Colonel
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1127:Foot, pp. 419–420
982:They Fought Alone
855:They Fought Alone
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743:with silver palm
578:Charles de Gaulle
505:Spanish Civil War
342:. He joined the
277:Starr's brother,
268:Charles de Gaulle
256:Francis Cammaerts
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1158:Foot, p. 436
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1051:Foot, p. 138
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888:Glass, p. 26
884:
872:. Retrieved
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849:
837:. Retrieved
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513:Lannemaignan
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482:Frenchman."
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472:
460:
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447:Denise Bloch
430:
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406:Denise Bloch
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367:Vichy France
356:
351:
348:General List
344:British Army
329:
321:World War II
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288:
276:
241:
229:
217:World War II
208:
195:
191:
173:
169:
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157:
81:(1980-09-02)
69:6 April 1904
52:
22:George Starr
15:
1222:1980 deaths
1217:1904 births
707:(Officier)
624:M.R.D. Foot
248:Lt. Colonel
244:M.R.D. Foot
221:Nazi German
188:Department.
134:Wheelwright
125:Lt. Colonel
49:Nickname(s)
1211:Categories
918:0718300645
750:References
725:with palm
584:, visited
285:Early life
93:Allegiance
65:1904-04-06
1138:De Gaulle
995:Das Reich
839:19 August
808:Das Reich
517:artillery
365:coast of
359:Port Miou
117:1940–1944
630:Post-war
586:Toulouse
463:Toulouse
453:Sabotage
425:Security
232:Normandy
209:Hilaire,
101:Service/
88:, France
638:in the
521:bombers
475:Lourdes
410:S-Phone
379:Gascony
361:on the
352:Hilaire
336:Belgium
307:Glasgow
136:Network
53:Hilaire
915:
874:18 May
712:France
694:France
653:Awards
647:Senlis
549:Estang
525:Panjas
441:, and
398:maquis
383:milice
236:allied
141:Awards
103:branch
86:Senlis
870:. BBC
636:Essen
202:
30:
913:ISBN
876:2008
841:2019
519:and
394:Agen
371:Lyon
354:.
254:and
186:Gers
130:Unit
122:Rank
76:Died
59:Born
730:USA
547:at
200:DSO
147:,
28:DSO
1213::
832:.
677:UK
660:UK
437:,
334:,
301:,
204:MC
32:MC
921:.
878:.
843:.
611:.
109:,
67:)
63:(
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