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826:. He left the ship on 11 March 1879, and from 1879 to 1896 was employed in the harbour department of the Board of Trade. During this period he retired from the Royal Navy, on 24 April 1886. He was promoted on the retired list twice, firstly in 1887 to rear-admiral, and secondly in 1892 to vice-admiral.
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was at Malta in 1869 the chief engineer, who was anxious not to go to sea because he wanted to attend some function on shore with his wife, asked to be given forty-eight hours to take off the cylinder covers. Captain Nares replied "By all means." The chief engineer was jubilant, but on the planned
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Not all similar expeditions had been so successful, and in particular the easy relations between the scientific gentlemen and the naval officers was a testament to the sure leadership of George Nares. It was therefore a measure of his success as the commander of a scientific expedition that he was
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was equipped to measure much of this, being loaded with specimen jars, chemical apparatus, trawls and dredges, thermometers and water sampling bottles, sounding leads and devices to collect sediment from the sea bed. Great lengths of rope were provided to allow the sounding of deep oceans, and of
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from the Royal Navy for a 3-year expedition of scientific discovery. Although much of the world was well charted, this extended only to the coastlines and to very shallow depths – largely depths significant to the safe navigation of ships. There was a widely held consensus that the oceans were in
383:. He was baptised at the church of St Bridget, Llansanffraid on 22 May. He married Mary Grant, the eldest daughter of a Portsmouth banker, on 22 June 1858. They had four sons and six daughters. His two youngest sons, George Edward Nares and John Dodd Nares entered the Royal Navy.
596:
was now first in line and that it would be impossible to pass them. Captain Nares received both an official reprimand and an unofficial vote of thanks from the
Admiralty for his actions in promoting British interests and for demonstrating such superb seamanship.
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and were hampered by inappropriate clothing and equipment. Realising that his men could not survive another winter in the ice, Nares hastily retreated southward with both his ships in the summer of 1876. Nares wrote an account of the expedition,
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over ten years previously, this was his first paddle steamer, and in a further departure, she was employed in surveying duties on the east coast of
Australia. His duties involved keeping the communications between Sydney and
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day of sailing, after the usual morning muster by division, the order was given "Hands make sail", and the ship sailed out of the harbour without the aid of the engines, much to the chagrin of the engineer staff.
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in
January 1870. They traversed the canal in both directions, taking soundings and checking the navigation. They approved the canal, subject to completion of improvements that were already under way.
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passed through it first. On the night before the canal was due to open, Nares navigated his vessel, in total darkness and without lights, through the mass of waiting ships until it was in front of
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He was born on 24 April 1831, the third son and sixth child of
Commander William Henry Nares, a British naval officer, and Elizabeth Rebecca Gould, at Llansenseld, near
700:
had been a key factor in the choice of commanding officer. His officers were all naval surveyors, and the team of civilian scientists, led by
Charles Wyville Thomson.
829:
After leaving the Board of Trade in 1896 he became a conservator of the River Mersey, a post which he held until 1910. He was a member of the ship committee for
580:. The Suez Canal opened in November 1869. On the morning of 17 November, a procession of ships entered the canal, officially headed by the French Imperial yacht
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parts very deep, but almost nothing was known of the make up of the deep oceans, the submarine landscape, nor the life contained within the deep ocean.
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696:, a recognition of his experience in this field, but also of his scientific approach to surveying and exploration. His work with William Carpenter in
331:
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on the
Australian station in 1848, during which he served as both midshipman and mate, he returned in 1851 and passed his lieutenant's exam in 1852.
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Because of his previous experience in the Arctic, he was summoned from this assignment to take charge of another Arctic voyage in search of the
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2016:
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set a new record farthest north of 83° 20' 26"N, but overall the expedition was a near-disaster. The men suffered badly from
506:, and was regarded as the best manual of its day. He was promoted to commander in 1862 and took command of the training ship
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reports this as an example of his competence under sail and that it "was a good lesson given with tact and judgement".
760:. On this expedition, Nares became the first explorer to take his ships all the way north through the channel between
451:
In 1854 Nares received his promotion to lieutenant and specialised as a gunnery officer. He joined the new battleship
358:. He was highly thought of as a leader and scientific explorer. In later life he worked for the Board of Trade and as
335:
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spent a year in the
Atlantic and after turning east in early 1874 she turned south in the Indian Ocean, visiting the
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In recognition of his work in the Gulf of Suez, Nares was promoted to the rank of captain in 1869. He commissioned
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before reaching the ice pack. In the process she became the first steam vessel to cross the
Antarctic Circle.
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in 1854, including service in the
Mediterranean during the Crimean War. During this time he was loaned to the
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780:, an ice-free region surrounding the pole, but Nares found only a wasteland of ice. A sledging party under
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in 1871 for the Red Sea, and on the outward voyage the ship conducted studies of the water currents in the
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recalled in
November 1874 to lead a similar but more arduous expedition at the opposite end of the earth.
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in the furthest north point of Queensland open. On the long journeys between he conducted surveys of the
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1981:
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279:
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2005:
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2010:
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637:, a biologist who believed that density differences between water masses generated ocean currents.
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572:, which he commissioned and took to the Mediterranean for survey work, including a survey of the
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in 1879. These scientific awards were matched by an appointment as a Knight Commander of the
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776:. Up to this time, it had been a popular theory that this route would lead to the supposed
443:, and thus gained valuable early experience of the Arctic during the 1852–1854 expedition.
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Narrative of a Voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875–6 by H.M. Ships "Alert" and "Discovery"
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required a survey and report before it would allow the canal to be used by naval vessels.
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Narrative of a Voyage to the Polar Sea During 1875–6 in H.M. Ships Alert and Discovery
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of the Royal Geographical Society in 1877 and was awarded the Gold medal from the
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Nares Mountain, in Yukon, named in 1883 by Lieutenant Schwatka of the US Army
541:, which he commanded from 1865. Although he had served in the steam-assisted
3796:
2633:
2185:
1968:
761:
564:
396:
1195:
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Italian hemp alone she carried a total length of 181 miles (291 km).
3728:
912:
604:
captained by Nares, which would survey the canal a few months later. The
4355:
3735:
2522:
2000:
1976:
1964:
1188:
The First Explorations of the Deep Sea by H.M.S. Challenger (1872–1876)
1142:
654:
429:, a future Hydrographer of the Navy, who had suggested he apply to Sir
796:
Nares was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1876, received the
2601:
1926:
1190:. From Deep Sea to Laboratory. Vol. 1. London: ISTE. Chapter 2.
1090:
1066:
852:
785:
406:, an old battleship captured from the French. Following a posting to
344:
1378:
1143:"Obituary: Vice-Admiral Sir George Strong Nares, K. C. B., F. R. S."
1130:
1987:
889:
653:
519:
793:
and published by Sampson, Low, Searle & Rivington of London.
822:, his ship from the Arctic expedition, in which he surveyed the
4503:
3178:
1420:
1382:
524:
Admiralty Chart of the Gulf of Suez, Surveyed by Nares in HMS
592:. When dawn broke the French were horrified to find that the
863:
Among others, the following features are named after Nares:
1314:
The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration from Franklin to Scott
486:
He served as a lieutenant in charge of training cadets in
399:
in south London, and in 1845 joined the Royal Navy aboard
27:
British Royal Navy officer and polar explorer (1831–1915)
1262:
535:
His next ship was the aging 4-gun wooden paddle sloop
30:
For the English barrister, judge, and politician, see
4872:
4602:
4535:
4156:
3887:
3474:
3214:
2587:
2118:
1963:
1461:
296:
272:
213:
154:
146:
138:
120:
104:
85:
65:
57:
41:
1018:
902:Nares Deep, the deepest part of the North Atlantic
498:. During this time he wrote the best-selling book
478:arrived in the Black Sea too late to see action.
5056:Collection of the Scott Polar Research Institute
1175:. London: Hollis & Carter. pp. 317–319.
1321:The Naval Cadet’s Guide, or Seaman’s Companion.
1067:"Vice-Admiral Sir George Nares, K.C.B., F.R.S."
1020:"Nares, Sir George Strong (bap. 1831, d. 1915)"
882:, part of the Churchill Mountains in Antarctica
4515:
1394:
502:, which was also republished under the title
339:(24 April 1831 – 15 January 1915) was a
8:
1120:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1029:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1247:
1245:
1186:Aitken, Frédéric; Foulc, Jean-Numa (2019).
437:. Nares was accepted as the second mate of
4522:
4508:
4500:
3188:
3175:
1430:
1417:
1401:
1387:
1379:
1362:
1348:
1061:
1059:
557:His next appointment was to the brand new
49:
38:
5071:People educated at the Royal Naval School
1089:
1017:Rudmose-Brown, R. N.; Deacon, M. (2004).
4459:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
4034:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1026:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
980:
946:
818:In 1878 he was appointed in command of
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
876:between Ellesmere Island and Greenland
847:on 15 January 1915, and was buried in
360:Acting Conservator of the River Mersey
1131:Obituary of Sir George Nares at JSTOR
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
7:
1326:Nares, G. S. Feilden, H. W. (1878).
3820:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2017:Norse colonization of North America
1224:at the Canadian Coastguard website"
492:, and from 1859, in her successor,
3349:United States Exploring Expedition
959:(21 January 1915) tells that when
600:Among the ships following was the
433:for a place on his search for Sir
25:
4423:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
3791:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
425:in 1851, Nares had met Commander
5046:British explorers of the Pacific
4317:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3710:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
1111:"Nares, Sir George Strong"
387:Education and early naval career
125:
109:
1076:(2360): 565–567. January 1915.
905:Nares Cape, on Ellesmere Island
689:Nares was given command of the
576:, accessed by the newly opened
5031:19th-century British explorers
1370:Works by or about George Nares
1282:"Nares – county (entry 23870)"
843:Nares died at home aged 83 at
840:. His wife Mary died in 1905.
718:. She reached as far south as
421:While returning to England in
1:
4530:Royal Navy Arctic exploration
3696:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3631:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
1346:Biodiversity Heritage Library
470:under the command of Captain
5066:Fellows of the Royal Society
4053:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
3869:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
3675:French Antarctic Expeditions
3605:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
3491:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
1609:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
1050:UK public library membership
3138:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
2817:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
1682:Andrée's balloon expedition
347:explorer. He commanded the
5097:
2339:Franklin's lost expedition
2039:Christian IV's expeditions
1263:Nares Family Tree Web site
733:
647:
635:William Benjamin Carpenter
464:ironclad floating battery
29:
3191:
3187:
3174:
2693:Great Northern Expedition
2369:Rae–Richardson expedition
1569:British Arctic Expedition
1433:
1429:
1416:
1268:28 September 2007 at the
1257:28 September 2007 at the
758:British Arctic Expedition
736:British Arctic Expedition
730:British Arctic Expedition
356:British Arctic Expedition
288:British Arctic Expedition
48:
5081:Royal Navy vice admirals
4544:Phipps expedition (1773)
3977:British Antarctic Survey
3971:Captain Arturo Prat Base
3216:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1146:The Geographical Journal
614:Hydrographer of the Navy
5076:People from Abergavenny
5061:Explorers of the Arctic
5051:British polar explorers
4618:Sir Alexander Armstrong
4453:Pole of inaccessibility
4116:Antarctic Treaty System
2457:2nd Grinnell expedition
1312:Coleman, E. C. (2006).
1252:Sir George Strong Nares
1117:Encyclopædia Britannica
911:, from Nares Lake past
782:Albert Hastings Markham
772:in his honour – to the
672:Royal Society of London
668:Charles Wyville Thomson
500:The Naval Cadet's Guide
417:First Arctic experience
391:He was educated at the
328:Sir George Strong Nares
4765:Sir Leopold McClintock
4558:Mackenzie River (1825)
1286:Queensland Place Names
1171:Ritchie, G.S. (1967).
1035:10.1093/ref:odnb/35185
674:obtained the corvette
664:
532:
4723:Sir Edward Inglefield
4674:Sir Richard Collinson
4572:Rae–Richardson (1848)
4123:Transglobe Expedition
4022:Operation Deep Freeze
3431:Challenger expedition
2297:Coppermine expedition
1818:Drifting ice stations
1356:Works by George Nares
1342:Works by George Nares
1319:Nares, G. S. (1860).
1290:Queensland Government
1196:10.1002/9781119610953
803:Société de Géographie
657:
650:Challenger Expedition
523:
482:Instructor and author
427:George Henry Richards
4863:Sir Henry Stephenson
4800:Sir Erasmus Ommanney
4737:Skeffington Lutwidge
4709:William Hulme Hooper
1230:on 28 September 2009
1152:(3): 255–257. 1915.
925:Nares Inlet, Ontario
845:Kingston upon Thames
631:Straits of Gibraltar
315:Grande Médaille d'Or
97:Kingston upon Thames
32:George Nares (judge)
4835:Sir John Richardson
4744:George Francis Lyon
4293:South magnetic pole
2959:Brusilov expedition
2068:Danish colonization
1506:North magnetic pole
1173:The Admiralty Chart
1082:1915Natur..94..565.
831:Robert Falcon Scott
548:Cape York Peninsula
512:in September 1863.
61:George Strong Nares
18:George Strong Nares
4821:Constantine Phipps
4772:Sir Robert McClure
4758:Sir Albert Markham
4660:Sir Edward Belcher
4632:Sir Horatio Austin
3984:Operation Windmill
3965:Operation Highjump
2940:Rusanov expedition
2845:A. E. Nordenskiöld
2589:North East Passage
2393:McClure expedition
824:Strait of Magellan
665:
552:Great Barrier Reef
533:
447:Gunnery specialist
393:Royal Naval School
139:Service years
5018:
5017:
4856:Sir Edward Sabine
4730:Sir Henry Kellett
4702:Sir John Franklin
4653:Frederick Beechey
4586:McClintock (1857)
4551:Coppermine (1819)
4497:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4488:
3951:Operation Tabarin
3813:Far Eastern Party
3659:Nimrod Expedition
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
2729:M. Pronchishcheva
2651:Siberian Cossacks
2120:Northwest Passage
1453:Research stations
1410:Polar exploration
1205:978-1-78630-374-5
1048:(Subscription or
808:Order of the Bath
324:
323:
304:Order of the Bath
16:(Redirected from
5088:
5011:
5002:
4993:
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4966:
4957:
4948:
4939:
4930:
4921:
4912:
4903:
4894:
4885:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4814:Sir Edward Parry
4809:
4802:
4795:
4793:Sir George Nares
4788:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4751:Rochfort Maguire
4746:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4681:Samuel Cresswell
4676:
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4588:
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4574:
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4524:
4517:
4510:
4501:
3998:Ronne Expedition
3483:
3477:
3341:Dumont d'Urville
3189:
3176:
2724:V. Pronchishchev
1431:
1418:
1403:
1396:
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1374:Internet Archive
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1128:
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1022:
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969:
951:
766:Ellesmere Island
721:
338:
131:
129:
128:
115:
113:
112:
100:
92:
75:
73:
53:
43:Sir George Nares
39:
21:
5096:
5095:
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5090:
5089:
5087:
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5019:
5014:
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4996:
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4969:
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4924:
4915:
4906:
4897:
4888:
4879:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4695:James Fitzjames
4693:
4688:Francis Crozier
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4646:Sir John Barrow
4644:
4639:Sir George Back
4637:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4565:Franklin (1845)
4563:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4531:
4528:
4498:
4485:
4160:
4152:
4028:McMurdo Station
3897:Modern research
3895:
3883:
3618:O. Nordenskjöld
3481:
3475:
3470:
3386:Ross expedition
3210:
3183:
3162:
2591:
2583:
2124:Northern Canada
2122:
2114:
1967:
1959:
1465:
1457:
1425:
1412:
1407:
1338:
1309:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1270:Wayback Machine
1259:Wayback Machine
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1129:
1125:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1047:
1039:
1037:
1016:
1015:
982:
978:
973:
972:
952:
948:
943:
930:County of Nares
861:
816:
798:Founder's Medal
738:
732:
719:
652:
646:
518:
484:
449:
419:
389:
373:
368:
330:
320:
309:Founder's Medal
292:
268:
209:
126:
124:
110:
108:
95:
94:
90:
89:15 January 1915
77:
71:
69:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5094:
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4922:
4913:
4904:
4895:
4886:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4842:Sir James Ross
4838:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4807:Sherard Osborn
4803:
4796:
4789:
4786:Arthur Morrell
4782:
4775:
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4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
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4705:
4698:
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4635:
4628:
4625:Pelham Aldrich
4621:
4614:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4597:
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4593:British (1875)
4589:
4582:
4579:McClure (1850)
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4445:Vostok Station
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4410:
4405:
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4396:Cherry-Garrard
4393:
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4373:
4361:
4360:
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4352:
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4337:
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4289:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4236:Southern Cross
4232:
4231:
4230:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4166:
4164:
4158:Farthest South
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4119:
4112:
4111:
4110:
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4073:
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3912:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3855:Ross Sea party
3851:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3816:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3787:
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3573:
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3549:Southern Cross
3542:Southern Cross
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3521:
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3486:
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3326:
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3306:
3305:
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3292:
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3290:
3288:Bellingshausen
3278:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3167:
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3160:
3159:
3158:
3147:
3135:
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3116:
3115:
3114:
3102:
3101:
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3088:
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3020:
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3018:
2996:
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2763:
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2654:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2597:
2595:
2593:Russian Arctic
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2475:
2474:
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2453:
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2389:
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2305:
2300:
2293:
2288:
2283:
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2281:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2035:
2030:
2028:Snæbjörn galti
2025:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
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1471:
1469:
1463:Farthest North
1459:
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1336:External links
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1108:, ed. (1911).
1106:Chisholm, Hugh
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851:churchyard in
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778:Open Polar Sea
734:Main article:
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648:Main article:
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472:Arthur Cumming
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431:Edward Belcher
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116:United Kingdom
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93:(aged 83)
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4849:Sir John Ross
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4779:George Mecham
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3955:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3576:Discovery Hut
3574:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3473:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3106:A. Sibiryakov
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3078:Glavsevmorput
3075:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2380:J. Richardson
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:M. Corte-Real
2140:
2138:
2137:G. Corte-Real
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2060:C. Richardson
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1869:Georgiy Sedov
1865:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1756:Riiser-Larsen
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:biography at
1260:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
981:
975:
967:
962:
958:
957:
950:
947:
940:
935:
931:
928:
926:
923:
920:
918:
914:
910:
907:
904:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
865:
864:
858:
856:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
837:
832:
827:
825:
821:
813:
811:
809:
805:
804:
799:
794:
792:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
756:in 1875, the
755:
754:
749:
748:
743:
737:
729:
727:
723:
717:
716:Heard Islands
713:
709:
708:Prince Edward
705:
701:
699:
695:
693:
687:
684:
679:
678:
673:
669:
663:
662:
656:
651:
643:
640:
638:
636:
632:
628:
627:
621:
619:
615:
611:
610:G.H. Richards
607:
603:
598:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:
566:
563:
561:
555:
553:
549:
544:
540:
539:
531:
527:
522:
515:
513:
511:
510:
505:
501:
497:
496:
491:
490:
481:
479:
477:
473:
469:
468:
463:
461:
456:
455:
446:
444:
442:
441:
436:
435:John Franklin
432:
428:
424:
416:
414:
412:
411:
405:
404:
398:
394:
386:
384:
382:
381:Monmouthshire
378:
370:
365:
363:
361:
357:
353:
351:
346:
342:
337:
333:
329:
326:Vice-Admiral
317:
316:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
299:
295:
289:
286:
284:
282:
278:
277:
275:
271:
265:
264:
259:
257:
256:
251:
249:
248:
243:
241:
240:
235:
233:
232:
227:
225:
224:
219:
218:
216:
212:
206:
205:
200:
198:
197:
192:
190:
189:
184:
182:
181:
176:
174:
173:
168:
166:
165:
160:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
123:
119:
107:
103:
98:
88:
84:
80:
76:24 April 1831
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5007:
4998:
4989:
4981:Investigator
4980:
4971:
4962:
4953:
4944:
4935:
4926:
4917:
4908:
4899:
4890:
4881:
4792:
4667:David Buchan
4611:Edward Adams
4451:
4439:Pole of Cold
4437:
4363:
4354:
4322:
4315:
4291:
4262:
4248:
4242:Borchgrevink
4234:
4221:
4206:
4186:
4171:
4140:
4121:
4114:
4098:
4084:
4075:
4058:
4051:
4032:
4020:
3996:
3982:
3975:
3963:
3949:
3935:
3921:
3914:
3875:
3867:
3853:
3846:
3844:
3826:
3818:
3811:
3798:
3789:
3751:
3743:
3734:
3727:
3715:
3708:
3694:
3682:Pourquoi-Pas
3681:
3673:
3665:
3657:
3652:Orcadas Base
3650:
3642:
3629:
3623:C. A. Larsen
3611:
3603:
3589:
3582:
3569:
3561:
3555:Borchgrevink
3548:
3540:
3497:
3489:
3464:C. A. Larsen
3457:
3444:
3438:
3429:
3411:
3393:
3384:
3371:
3356:
3347:
3334:
3295:
3281:
3274:
3255:
3240:
3150:
3143:
3126:
3119:
3105:
3090:
3076:
3063:
3038:
3024:
3022:
3008:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2964:
2957:
2938:
2904:
2902:
2888:
2886:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2836:
2834:
2815:
2691:
2649:
2632:
2600:
2564:
2562:
2542:
2541:
2521:
2520:
2506:
2493:
2478:
2464:
2455:
2442:
2413:
2401:Investigator
2400:
2391:
2367:
2354:
2346:
2337:
2324:
2295:
2272:
2257:
2242:
2212:
2197:
2167:
2086:
2066:
2037:
2033:Erik the Red
2015:
1993:
1986:
1943:submersibles
1940:
1934:Arktika 2007
1932:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1899:
1890:
1887:
1868:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1823:
1816:
1792:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1767:
1733:
1731:
1702:
1699:
1688:S. A. Andrée
1680:
1667:
1642:
1634:
1631:
1607:
1589:
1582:
1576:
1567:
1549:
1540:
1538:
1504:
1360:Open Library
1328:
1320:
1313:
1307:Bibliography
1293:. Retrieved
1285:
1276:
1232:. Retrieved
1228:the original
1221:
1214:
1187:
1181:
1172:
1166:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1126:
1115:
1100:
1073:
1069:
1038:. Retrieved
1024:
965:
960:
954:
953:The journal
949:
917:Bennett Lake
894:Bennett Lake
888:in southern
874:Nares Strait
870:in Greenland
862:
842:
835:
828:
819:
817:
801:
795:
790:
770:Nares Strait
768:– now named
752:
746:
739:
724:
703:
702:
697:
691:
688:
682:
676:
666:
660:
641:
625:
622:
617:
601:
599:
589:
585:
581:
574:Gulf of Suez
568:
559:
556:
542:
537:
534:
529:
525:
508:
503:
499:
494:
488:
485:
475:
466:
459:
453:
450:
439:
422:
420:
409:
402:
390:
374:
349:
343:officer and
327:
325:
314:
280:
262:
254:
246:
238:
230:
222:
203:
195:
187:
179:
171:
163:
150:Vice-Admiral
91:(1915-01-15)
36:
5041:1915 deaths
5036:1831 births
4828:Bedford Pim
4536:Expeditions
4142:Lake Vostok
4092:Tryoshnikov
4014:Schlossbach
3905:Christensen
3847:James Caird
3768:E. R. Evans
3534:Dobrowolski
3504:de Gerlache
3206:Expeditions
3092:Aviaarktika
3046:Samoylovich
2917:Kolomeitsev
2811:Middendorff
2771:Gedenshtrom
2191:I. Fyodorov
1953:Chilingarov
1841:E. Fyodorov
1448:Expeditions
1234:16 November
936:, Australia
909:Nares River
898:Tagish Lake
880:Mount Nares
849:Long Ditton
774:Lincoln Sea
489:Illustrious
377:Abergavenny
273:Expeditions
196:Illustrious
79:Llansenseld
5025:Categories
4927:Enterprise
4891:Assistance
4365:Terra Nova
4270:Shackleton
4213:J. C. Ross
4172:Resolution
4162:South Pole
3937:New Swabia
3861:Mackintosh
3833:Shackleton
3752:Terra Nova
3745:Terra Nova
3479:Heroic Age
3439:Challenger
3399:J. C. Ross
3309:Bransfield
3241:Resolution
3156:icebreaker
3120:Chelyuskin
2861:expedition
2839:Expedition
2781:Matyushkin
2739:Kh. Laptev
2734:Chelyuskin
2628:Heemskerck
2618:Chancellor
2613:Willoughby
2608:Koch boats
2551:Stefansson
2485:McClintock
2449:Inglefield
2291:J. C. Ross
2198:Resolution
2050:Cunningham
1948:Sagalevich
1637:expedition
1596:Stephenson
1556:C. F. Hall
1543:expedition
1517:J. C. Ross
1480:Heemskerck
1467:North Pole
1052:required.)
1040:22 January
976:References
934:Queensland
886:Nares Lake
868:Nares Land
838:Expedition
836:Terra Nova
814:Later life
742:North Pole
704:Challenger
698:Shearwater
694:Expedition
692:Challenger
683:Challenger
677:Challenger
661:Challenger
644:expedition
642:Challenger
626:Shearwater
594:Royal Navy
578:Suez Canal
538:Salamander
530:Shearwater
504:Seamanship
354:, and the
352:Expedition
350:Challenger
341:Royal Navy
283:Expedition
281:Challenger
255:Challenger
247:Shearwater
231:Salamander
133:Royal Navy
105:Allegiance
72:1831-04-24
58:Birth name
4990:Racehorse
4918:Discovery
4464:Tolstikov
4250:Discovery
4220:HMS
4205:HMS
4187:Adventure
4185:HMS
4170:HMS
4106:Tolstikov
3827:Endurance
3612:Antarctic
3597:Drygalski
3570:Discovery
3563:Discovery
3524:Arctowski
3437:HMS
3410:HMS
3404:Abernethy
3392:HMS
3370:USS
3357:Vincennes
3355:USS
3335:Astrolabe
3275:San Telmo
3256:Adventure
3254:HMS
3239:HMS
3234:Kerguelen
3196:Continent
3181:Antarctic
3058:Urvantsev
3016:Vilkitsky
2869:Jeannette
2867:USS
2859:Jeannette
2823:Weyprecht
2801:Pakhtusov
2751:Chichagov
2744:D. Laptev
2687:Permyakov
2662:Stadukhin
2657:Perfilyev
2634:Mangazeya
2572:H. Larsen
2537:Rasmussen
2492:HMS
2463:USS
2412:HMS
2399:HMS
2363:Collinson
2353:HMS
2345:HMS
2323:HMS
2271:HMS
2256:HMS
2241:HMS
2226:Mackenzie
2213:Discovery
2211:HMS
2196:HMS
2168:Discovery
2147:Frobisher
2110:Rasmussen
2023:Gunnbjörn
1969:Greenland
1898:USS
1889:USS
1761:Ellsworth
1703:Roosevelt
1633:Nansen's
1590:Discovery
1588:HMS
1575:HMS
1522:Abernethy
1490:Marmaduke
1316:. Tempus.
1158:0016-7398
810:in 1876.
762:Greenland
747:Discovery
712:Kerguelen
606:Admiralty
565:gunvessel
543:Conqueror
495:Britannia
454:Conqueror
397:New Cross
366:Biography
261:HMS
253:HMS
245:HMS
237:HMS
229:HMS
221:HMS
204:Britannia
202:HMS
194:HMS
188:Conqueror
186:HMS
178:HMS
170:HMS
162:HMS
142:1845–1886
4999:Resolute
4476:A. Fuchs
4433:V. Fuchs
4413:McKinley
4376:E. Evans
4335:Bjaaland
4330:Amundsen
4280:Marshall
4193:Furneaux
4045:V. Fuchs
4009:E. Ronne
4004:F. Ronne
3943:Ritscher
3797:SY
3785:Filchner
3729:Framheim
3723:Amundsen
3529:Racoviță
3514:Amundsen
3509:Lecointe
3378:Ringgold
3372:Porpoise
3262:Furneaux
3098:Shevelev
3053:Begichev
3032:Amundsen
2994:Nagórski
2972:Brusilov
2966:Sv. Anna
2880:Melville
2850:Palander
2806:Tsivolko
2766:Sannikov
2761:Billings
2704:Chirikov
2623:Barentsz
2565:St. Roch
2556:Bartlett
2530:Amundsen
2514:Sverdrup
2414:Resolute
2303:Franklin
2231:Kotzebue
2098:Sverdrup
2081:Scoresby
2055:Lindenov
1906:Plaisted
1891:Nautilus
1836:Shirshov
1810:Belyakov
1805:Baydukov
1779:Nautilus
1741:Amundsen
1701:SS
1660:Sverdrup
1655:Johansen
1625:Brainard
1620:Lockwood
1475:Barentsz
1323:Portsea.
1266:Archived
1255:Archived
913:Carcross
892:between
833:'s 1912
720:66° 40′S
670:and the
584:however
560:Philomel
516:Surveyor
509:Boscawen
440:Resolute
423:Havannah
410:Havannah
223:Boscawen
214:Commands
180:Resolute
172:Havannah
4909:Carcass
4900:Blossom
4481:Messner
4428:Hillary
4408:Balchen
4356:Polheim
4350:Wisting
4228:Crozier
4200:Weddell
4178:J. Cook
4148:Kapitsa
4129:Fiennes
4071:Klenova
4040:Hillary
3990:Ketchum
3916:BANZARE
3891:·
3736:Polheim
3702:Shirase
3688:Charcot
3498:Belgica
3417:Crozier
3329:Morrell
3324:Weddell
3302:Lazarev
3247:J. Cook
3201:History
3151:Arktika
3127:Krassin
3112:Voronin
3084:Schmidt
3070:Ushakov
3009:Vaygach
2977:Albanov
2946:Rusanov
2927:Kolchak
2922:Matisen
2896:Makarov
2875:De Long
2776:Wrangel
2756:Lyakhov
2709:Malygin
2667:Dezhnev
2494:Pandora
2465:Advance
2432:Kennedy
2427:Belcher
2420:Kellett
2407:McClure
2331:Beechey
2325:Blossom
2318:Simpson
2286:Crozier
2279:Hoppner
2236:J. Ross
2204:J. Cook
2152:Gilbert
2045:J. Hall
2011:Ingólfr
2001:Naddodd
1995:Vikings
1982:Brendan
1977:Pytheas
1965:Iceland
1919:Arktika
1911:Herbert
1876:Badygin
1846:Krenkel
1831:Papanin
1800:Chkalov
1786:Wilkins
1751:Wisting
1695:F. Cook
1601:Markham
1561:Bessels
1550:Polaris
1541:Polaris
1512:J. Ross
1495:Carolus
1443:History
1372:at the
1295:21 June
1078:Bibcode
961:Newport
618:Newport
616:joined
602:Newport
590:L'Aigle
586:Newport
569:Newport
526:Newport
476:Glatton
467:Glatton
403:Canopus
239:Newport
164:Canopus
5008:Terror
4972:Herald
4954:Griper
4936:Erebus
4603:People
4391:Bowers
4386:Wilson
4345:Hassel
4340:Helmer
4309:Mackay
4299:Mawson
4264:Nimrod
4222:Terror
4207:Erebus
4134:Burton
3929:Rymill
3805:Mawson
3799:Aurora
3778:Lashly
3763:Wilson
3666:Nimrod
3643:Scotia
3450:Murray
3425:Cooper
3412:Terror
3394:Erebus
3363:Wilkes
3314:Palmer
3282:Vostok
3229:Bouvet
3153:-class
3133:Gakkel
3001:Taymyr
2982:Konrad
2951:Kuchin
2889:Yermak
2796:Lavrov
2714:Ovtsyn
2699:Bering
2677:Ivanov
2640:Hudson
2602:Pomors
2579:Cowper
2544:Karluk
2443:Isabel
2437:Bellot
2387:Austin
2355:Terror
2347:Erebus
2243:Griper
2219:Clerke
2179:Baffin
2162:Hudson
2093:Nansen
2006:Garðar
1927:Barneo
1794:ANT-25
1770:Italia
1746:Nobile
1715:Henson
1674:Amedeo
1650:Nansen
1615:Greely
1485:Hudson
1423:Arctic
1202:
1156:
1070:Nature
1046:
966:Nature
956:Nature
859:Legacy
853:Surrey
786:scurvy
714:, and
562:-class
462:-class
371:Family
345:Arctic
297:Awards
130:
121:Branch
114:
4963:Hecla
4882:Alert
4873:Ships
4471:Crary
4418:Dufek
4381:Oates
4371:Scott
4304:David
4285:Adams
4256:Barne
4077:Mirny
4066:Somov
3876:Quest
3773:Crean
3758:Scott
3637:Bruce
3591:Gauss
3584:Gauss
3458:Jason
3445:Nares
3319:Davis
3296:Mirny
3269:Smith
3224:Roché
3144:Lenin
3064:Sadko
2989:Wiese
2934:Sedov
2905:Zarya
2828:Payer
2791:Litke
2786:Anjou
2719:Minin
2682:Vagin
2672:Popov
2645:Poole
2500:Young
2313:Dease
2258:Hecla
2249:Parry
2174:Bylot
2157:Davis
2132:Cabot
2105:Peary
2087:Jason
2074:Egede
1988:Papar
1900:Skate
1881:Wiese
1861:NP-37
1854:NP-36
1734:Norge
1722:Sedov
1710:Peary
1668:Jason
1583:Nares
1577:Alert
1532:Hayes
1500:Parry
1438:Ocean
1222:Alert
1220:"HMS
941:Notes
890:Yukon
820:Alert
753:Alert
582:Aigle
460:Aetna
334:
263:Alert
4945:Fury
4403:Byrd
4324:Fram
4275:Wild
3957:Marr
3923:BGLE
3910:Byrd
3838:Wild
3717:Fram
3519:Cook
3040:AARI
3025:Maud
2912:Toll
2837:Vega
2523:Gjøa
2508:Fram
2471:Kane
2308:Back
2273:Fury
2264:Lyon
2186:Munk
1825:NP-1
1727:Byrd
1644:Fram
1635:Fram
1527:Kane
1297:2017
1236:2008
1200:ISBN
1154:ISSN
1042:2011
896:and
764:and
750:and
659:HMS
633:for
528:and
408:HMS
401:HMS
147:Rank
99:, UK
86:Died
81:, UK
66:Born
4100:3rd
4086:2nd
4060:1st
3893:IGY
3889:IPY
2479:Fox
2375:Rae
1941:Mir
1917:NS
1358:at
1344:at
1192:doi
1086:doi
1031:doi
932:in
915:to
744:in
554:.
395:in
379:in
336:FRS
332:KCB
5027::
3005:/
1288:.
1284:.
1244:^
1198:.
1150:45
1148:.
1114:.
1084:.
1074:94
1072:.
1058:^
1023:.
983:^
855:.
710:,
612:,
474:.
362:.
4523:e
4516:t
4509:v
3482:"
3476:"
3419:)
3415:(
3406:)
3397:(
1402:e
1395:t
1388:v
1299:.
1238:.
1208:.
1194::
1160:.
1094:.
1088::
1080::
1044:.
1033::
74:)
70:(
34:.
20:)
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