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179:, to parents who had been freed from slavery when their master, John Downing, a prominent planter, converted to Methodism. The couple took his surname and were also Methodists. The local Methodist congregation named their meeting house in Oak Hill after Downing because of his acts. Downing hired Thomas' parents to serve as caretakers at the meeting house, and provided a tutor for Thomas. Thomas grew up learning about refined tastes from guests hosted by John Downing at his own house, near the land his parents were given. His son George, having heard accounts from his successful father in New York, later described these guests as
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322:, likely through connections of his father, who gave him two lots of land. In New York, de Grasse met and married Maria van Surley (also known as van Salee) of New York. She was the daughter of John and Margaret van Surley (the surname was also recorded as Van Salee). Her mother was a German immigrant, and John was a veteran of the Revolution. His immigrant ancestor was Abraham Janzsoon van Salee, an early Moorish-Dutch settler in
31:
521:. The meeting was widely opposed by many in Boston, and the mayor attempted to dissuade Martin and Downing from holding the meeting. A mob gathered at Tremont Temple, and they were forced to adjourn. The next day they met at Joy Street Church, protected by the Boston police and militia. The meeting was highly visible, with Brown's son, John Brown, Jr., and
307:, a career French naval officer who was in the city intermittently, and an Indian woman. De Grasse took Azar back to Paris for his education and adopted him, naming him George de Grasse. The senior de Grasse was promoted to admiral in 1781, and commanding the French fleet in the west, was a naval hero of the
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Late in his life, Downing was given a commission as captain of a colored company of the Rhode Island militia. Downing refused the honor, protesting against the designation of the company as colored. The governor sent the commission again after deleting the discriminatory qualifier. Also late in his
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In 1847 he began working for equal education for black children. That year he became a member of the first board of trustees of the New York
Society for the Promotion of Education of Colored Children. As he became more involved in life in Rhode Island, he also started working to achieve integration
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In 1849 Downing purchased a
Bellevue Avenue estate in Newport from Charles Sherman. In 1850 he moved to Providence, Rhode Island, continuing to work in Newport during the summer. In 1854 he built the Sea Girt Hotel, which burned to the ground on December 15, 1860, after suspected arson. He replaced
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The senior
Downing at first cultivated oyster beds in the Jersey flats, but by 1825 he purchased an eating establishment in the basement at 5 Broad Street in Manhattan. He gradually expanded into other spaces on that block, and developed a refined oyster house with dishes to appeal to the powerful
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in 1867, Downing contrasted the issues of
African-American and women's rights, asking whether those attending would be willing to support the vote for black men before women. While this tension doomed that organization, the issue remained one of interest to Downing. At the National Convention of
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Downing and his family were directly involved in integration of
Washington, D.C., society, opening the Senate gallery to blacks. They were the first blacks to occupy a box in a theater in the capital. With the help of Sumner, he worked to integrate the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad line between
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Thomas
Downing left Virginia as a young man and went north to Philadelphia, where he met and married Rebecca West, a free black. He worked for a time at an oyster bar. By 1819 they had moved to New York. The couple had five children: George, twins Thomas and Henry, Jane, and Peter William.
136:(December 30, 1819 – July 21, 1903) was an abolitionist and activist for African-American civil rights while building a successful career as a restaurateur in New York City; Newport, Rhode Island; and Washington, D.C. His father had been an oyster seller and caterer in
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The parents stressed education for advancement, and
Downing and his twin brothers, Thomas and Henry, were educated in New York City, while the younger Peter studied for several years in Paris. Their sister died while young. Henry's son,
148:, using his restaurant as a rest station for refugees on the move. He built a summer season business in Newport, and made it his home. For more than 10 years, he worked to integrate Rhode Island public schools. During the
587:. Sumner quoted Downing in his argument for passage of the Civil Rights Bill in 1872, arguing for the right of citizens to have equal access to public facilities. Downing was at Sumner's bedside with Sumner died in 1874.
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Downing had long thought of
Newport, Rhode Island as home. He continued to be politically active there. Downing was a Republican for much of his life, but he became more independent during the candidacy for president of
364:. His success allowed him to establish a summer business in Newport, Rhode Island. He moved in 1848 to Catherine and Fir streets, and in 1850 to State Street and what was later named in his honor as Downing Street.
463:, he excused himself rather than shake the former president's hand, as he did not wish to touch the hand that signed that bill. He was a member of the committee which greeted the arrival of Hungarian rebel leader
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at meetings and conventions, Downing supported the cause of blacks migrating from the South to the North for more opportunities, especially as voter suppression of blacks increased in the South. Douglass thought
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when the patriot toured the states during
Downing's boyhood. When he was 14, Downing organized a literary society of his peers; their discussion topics included resolving to refrain from celebrating the
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life, Downing became an important benefactor to
Newport. He was a large contributor to the purchase of the land which became Touro Park in the city, making the second-largest contribution after that of
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to argue for Burns' cause. Downing also pushed the Rhode Island legislature to integrate public schools, first financing a campaign of protest starting in 1857, which was finally successful in 1866.
242:. As a child, Downing was known to lead other black students to chase off whites who harassed them. His father's prominence in New York afforded George many unique experiences; for instance, he met
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described him as "the foremost colored man in the country", praising his work for human liberty; it said in an editorial that "Narrowness was never safe where George T. Downing was present."
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to push for the support of freedmen and free blacks against postwar violence and repression in the South. While organizing the delegation, he traveled throughout the South. On his way to
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In 1842, Downing started his own catering business on Fourth and Broadway, moving in 1845 to 690 Broadway. His work brought him in touch with many of the elite of the city, including the
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the building with Downing Block, part of which he rented to the government to serve as a hospital for the Naval Academy, which was temporarily operating in Newport at the Naval Station.
659:'s estate. He also helped organize the politics behind the expansion of Newport's Bellevue Avenue. He declined an offer to be appointed as customs collector for the port of Newport.
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Downing and Serena had the following children: Serena Anne Miller, George Isaiah, Thomas, Cordelia, Irene Dow, Rebecca Medora, Mary, Georgenia Frances, Philip Bell, and Peter John.
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In October 1864, Downing was a prominent delegate to the Syracuse Colored Convention. Over the previous decade, Downing had been a critic of nationalist-emigrationists such as
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gain an appointment as Minister Resident and Consul General for the United States to Haiti; it was the first appointment of a black man to a position in the Diplomatic Corps.
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was imprisoned in Boston in 1854, prior to being shipped back to the South, Downing took part in the protests against his being forced back into slavery. He met with attorney
647:, whom he felt was soft on civil rights. He supported a Democratic candidate for alderman of Newport; in exchange, the alderman arranged for the African American candidate,
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388:, helping him keep the paper afloat. To some degree in return, the paper supported Downing's business and politics during Bennett's life and that of his son,
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should not be celebrated by blacks; it was a mockery until they had achieved legal equality in the United States. Classmates involved in the society included
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and was with the legislator when he died. Late in his life he returned to Rhode Island, where he continued as a community leader and civil rights activist.
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in West Africa. Downing and his allies argued instead for equal rights for blacks in the United States. In 1841 Downing was beaten by agents of the
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By 1799, George de Grasse had immigrated from France and settled in New York City, where in 1804 he became a naturalized citizen. He had worked for
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George Thomas Downing was born in New York City on December 30, 1819, to Thomas Downing and Rebecca (West). His father Thomas was born in 1791 in
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was chosen as president of the convention, and made some effort to keep the peace between factions which arose around Downing and Garnet.
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The first school George attended was held by Charles Smith on Orange Street; he next studied at Mulberry Street School, also known as the
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651:, to be elected to the school committee. Downing was active in attempting repeal of laws against racial inter-marriage in Rhode Island.
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as a union to organize former slaves working in New York City. He was also a member of the Committee of Thirteen, which resisted the
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white men of business and finance in that area of the city. Over time, his business attracted notable foreign visitors, including
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As the Civil War approached, Downing was central in the movement for African American civil rights. He was president of the
211:, the first African-American Episcopal church in the city. Thomas became one of its wealthiest members; it was a center for
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We Will be Satisfied with Nothing Less: The African American Struggle for Equal Rights in the North During Reconstruction
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in 1850 and aided refugees from slavery pass through the city. His distaste for that bill was such that when he once met
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Downing had moved to Washington, D.C., at the war's end and became intimate with many politicians, particularly Senator
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540:, and got from him written assurance that black troops would be treated with equality, upon which he took up the work.
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345:'s medical school; he was the first man of color (African American) to gain a medical degree in the United States.
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Hewitt, John H. "Mr. Downing and His Oyster House: The Life and Good Works of an African American Entrepreneur",
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375:. He managed the House Refectory for twelve years. In 1877 he moved back to Newport, where he retired in 1879.
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In the late 1870s, Downing found himself opposing Frederick Douglass on an important issue. Together with
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Colored Men in Washington, D.C., in January 1869, Downing was prominent in his support of women's rights.
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275:. Among his first works was to help "Little Henry", a slave who was jailed in New York. Downing attended
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Protest and Progress: New York's First Black Episcopal Church Fights Racism], Taylor & Francis, 2000
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On November 24, 1841, Downing married Serena Leanora de Grasse. Serena had attended Clinton Seminary in
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Downing was an important leader in abolitionism in New York. He was active in the organization of the
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After the war Downing moved to Washington, D.C., where for a dozen years he ran the Refectory for the
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Grossman, Lawrence. "George T. Downing and Desegregation in Rhode Island Public Schools, 1855–1866",
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Four Steeples over the City Streets: Religion and Society in New York's Early Republic Congregations
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helped organize a meeting in Boston to celebrate the first anniversary of the death of abolitionist
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271:, all of whom became leaders as adults. Also as a youth, Downing began to work as an agent for the
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Lord, Please Don't Take Me in August: African Americans in Newport and Saratoga Springs, 1870–1930
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George and Maria stressed education for all three of their children. Serena's eldest brother was
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After the Civil War, in 1865 Downing moved to Washington, D.C., encouraged by US Representative
299:, India, about 1780 and originally named Azar Le Guen. He is believed to have been the natural,
203:, in recognition of which she sent a gold chronometer watch to Thomas in the care of Commodore
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and worked to join the efforts of women's rights and black rights. He became close to senator
571:: The National Colored Convention in Session at Washington, D.C. – Sketched by Theo. R. Davis
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All Bound Up Together: The Woman Question in African American Public Culture, 1830–1900
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Leslie Fishl, "George Thomas Downing", in Kwame Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
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in the 1830s and 1840s; it proposed to relocate free American blacks to the colony of
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and others should stay in place and work to develop the area where they were born.
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in about 1847. Douglass and Downing were close associates throughout their careers.
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Downing died in Newport, Rhode Island on July 21, 1903, and buried in Newport's
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532:(1861–1865), Downing was encouraged to help enroll African Americans into the
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The Myth of Seneca Falls: Memory and the Women's Suffrage Movement, 1848–1898
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Downing was also active in Rhode Island and New England. When fugitive slave
1300:, Newport, RI: Milne Printery (1910); full text online at Internet Archive.
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Protest and Progress: New York's First Black Episcopal Church Fights Racism
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The Underground Railroad: An Encyclopedia of People, Places, and Operations
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Protest and Progress: New York's First Black Episcopal Church Fights Racism
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In 2003 Downing was inducted into the Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame.
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and was Grand Master of the group for some years. He was also involved in
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In New York, Downing was an agent of the Underground Railroad, along with
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Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience
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P. Kanakamedala, "George DeGrasse a South Asian in Early African America"
807:
Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience
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295:, through whom she met Downing. Her father was George de Grasse, born in
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868:, ed. by Anupama Arora & Rajender Kaur; Springer, 2017, pp. 228–243
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215:. Thomas died on April 10, 1866, several years after his wife Rebecca.
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337:) and became a Protestant Episcopal minister. Her second brother was
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1328:"5 Rhode Islanders who laid the groundwork for later activists"
152:(1861–1865), Downing helped recruit African-American soldiers.
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which threatened his life. Downing used his influence to help
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and Alexander Crummell, Downing was a noted opponent of the
16:
American restaurateur, abolitionist and activist (1819–1903)
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Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas after Reconstruction
199:. Downing was known to have sent some American oysters to
235:, became a noted sailor, consul, author, and playwright.
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1013:. Vol. 82. University of Illinois Press, 1999. pp. 32–33
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In June 1850, Downing together with Frederick Douglass,
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that led to the British surrender in 1781 at Yorktown.
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George Thomas Downing: Sketch of His Life and Times
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George Thomas Downing: Sketch of His Life and Times
513:in Boston on August 1, 1859. In 1860, Downing with
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men and families who were ambitious and hardworking
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551:. At the convention, this animosity came through.
825:. Oxford University Press on Demand, 1989. p. 17
805:Appiah, Anthony, and Henry Louis Gates Jr, eds.
989:Underground Railroad in New Jersey and New York
834:Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner.
602:, he led a delegation that met with president
838:. GM Rewell & Company, 1887. pp. 995–1002
333:, who graduated from Newark College (now the
8:
1442:19th-century African-American businesspeople
1103:. Univ of North Carolina Press, 2009. p. 146
956:, Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 399–441
866:India in the American Imaginary, 1780s–1880s
836:Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising
1382:Activists for African-American civil rights
770:, Newport, RI: Milne Printery (1910), p. 3
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823:: A Study of Civilization and Discontent
360:, Kernochans, leRoys, Schermahorns, and
1215:. Newport, Rhode Island. Archived from
1157:. WW Norton & Company, 1992. p. 247
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809:. Oxford University Press, 2005. p. 444
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384:, Downing's father had loaned money to
291:, and was friends with the daughter of
1066:. Cornell University Press, 2011. p. 2
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536:. He met with Massachusetts governor
396:Civil rights and community leadership
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1447:20th-century African-American people
1437:19th-century American businesspeople
1259:, Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame
575:In the second annual meeting of the
941:. Taylor & Francis, 2000. p. 88
687:. Obituaries were published in the
598:politics as well. With the help of
567:February 6, 1869 illustration from
453:American League of Colored Laborers
341:, who was educated in Paris and at
159:. He was a prominent member in the
436:for attempting to ride the train.
14:
1407:Suffragists from New York (state)
1377:People from Newport, Rhode Island
898:Washington (1910) pp. 3–4, and 11
669:Grand United Order of Odd Fellows
577:American Equal Rights Association
610:, he received a letter from the
181:the leading families of Virginia
741:. NYU Press. pp. 149–150.
311:, conducting a blockade in the
1387:African-American abolitionists
1326:Davis, Paul (24 August 2013).
1088:. UNC Press Books, 2014. p. 19
991:. Stackpole Books, 2006. p. 92
511:Convention of Colored Citizens
305:François Joseph Paul de Grasse
207:. The Downing family attended
1:
1457:Suffragists from Rhode Island
1422:Washington, D.C., Republicans
1303:Obituaries of G. T. Downing:
426:American Colonization Society
418:American Anti-Slavery Society
209:St. Philip's Episcopal Church
1417:New York (state) Republicans
1372:People from New York (state)
889:Washington (1910), pp. 21–22
675:and was a Royal Arch Mason.
161:Colored Conventions Movement
1452:20th-century American women
1412:Underground Railroad people
1166:Washington (1910) pp. 18–19
1144:Washington (1910) pp. 15–16
1112:Washington (1910) pp. 10–15
253:Declaration of Independence
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1432:African Free School alumni
1392:African-American feminists
1044:Washington (1910) pp. 9–11
1009:Armstead, Myra Beth Young.
1000:Washington (1910) pp. 9–10
735:Bulthuis, Kyle T. (2014).
591:Washington and Baltimore.
969:. Routledge, 2015. p. 168
880:Washington (1910) pp. 7–8
751:– via Google Books.
594:Downing played a role in
390:James Gordon Bennett, Jr.
386:James Gordon Bennett, Sr.
378:In the early days of the
251:as a holiday and why the
28:
1427:Rhode Island Republicans
1282:, 1993, pp. 229–252
847:Washington (1910) p. 6–7
818:Moses, Wilson Jeremiah.
451:, and others formed the
339:John van Salee de Grasse
157:House of Representatives
1275:, 1977, pp. 99–105
1273:Rhode Island History 36
1180:Washington (1910) p. 20
1135:Washington (1910) p. 15
1126:Washington (1910) p. 16
1075:Davis (2011), pp. 23–24
1053:Washington (1910) p. 11
1022:Washington (1910) p. 19
965:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen.
907:Washington (1910) p. 18
667:He helped organize the
440:in its public schools.
420:in 1833. Together with
289:Oneida County, New York
226:which Downing attended.
85:, Newport, Rhode Island
1402:American restaurateurs
1198:Washington (1910) p. 4
1031:Brown, William Wells.
978:Washington (1910) p. 9
919:Washington (1910) p. 8
796:Washington (1910) p. 6
782:Washington (1910) p. 5
765:Washington, S. A. M.,
638:Return to Rhode Island
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488:James W. C. Pennington
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335:University of Delaware
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177:Chincoteague, Virginia
1295:Washington, S. A. M.
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549:Henry Highland Garnet
467:to New York in 1851.
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401:Anti-slavery activism
279:in upstate New York.
269:Henry Highland Garnet
233:Henry Francis Downing
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71:Newport, Rhode Island
1311:— 22, 23 July 1903;
1189:Washington 1910 p. 9
1153:Painter, Nell Irvin.
987:Switala, William J.
623:John Mercer Langston
273:Underground Railroad
146:Underground Railroad
1280:New York History 74
1035:. 1863. pp. 250–253
928:Moses (1989), p. 63
309:American Revolution
240:African Free School
224:African Free School
1397:American feminists
1338:on 27 October 2021
1332:Providence Journal
1255:2017-02-25 at the
1240:– 22, 23 July 1903
821:Alexander Crummell
627:Richard T. Greener
573:
559:Reconstruction era
553:Frederick Douglass
538:John Albion Andrew
530:American Civil War
457:Fugitive Slave Law
422:Frederick Douglass
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410:Frederick Douglass
373:Nathan F. Dixon II
265:James McCune Smith
261:Alexander Crummell
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150:American Civil War
1313:Cleveland Gazette
1250:George T. Downing
1209:"Island Cemetery"
705:(see below). The
702:Cleveland Gazette
525:making speeches.
134:George T. Downing
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48:December 30, 1819
23:George T. Downing
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604:Andrew Johnson
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63:July 21, 1903
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52:New York City
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1340:. Retrieved
1336:the original
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1309:Boston Globe
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1238:Boston Globe
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1217:the original
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293:Gerrit Smith
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197:Lord Morpeth
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138:Philadelphia
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132:
112:restaurateur
108:entrepreneur
104:Abolitionist
65:(1903-07-21)
1367:1903 deaths
1362:1819 births
1213:RIP Newport
673:freemasonry
657:Judah Touro
608:New Orleans
528:During the
445:Samuel Ward
257:Philip Bell
1356:Categories
716:References
632:Exodusters
534:Union Army
519:John Brown
320:Aaron Burr
301:mixed-race
171:Early life
126:Republican
44:1819-12-30
1342:3 January
1033:Black Man
244:Lafayette
1253:Archived
1223:29 March
362:Kennedys
297:Calcutta
1266:Sources
430:Liberia
303:son of
116:caterer
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699:, and
358:Astors
283:Family
267:, and
864:, in
1344:2024
1225:2022
743:ISBN
625:and
547:and
195:and
140:and
73:, US
60:Died
54:, US
38:Born
1358::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
