72:. James' father was Tulwa Tustunugge, descended from a Scots trader Robert Grierson, who married Sin-o-gee of the Hillabee Town in the Creek Nation in the late 18th century. Grayson in his autobiography stressed his paternal heritage, noting the trader's success. By 1813 Grayson (as his name became spelled) owned a plantation and more than 70 African-American slaves. Through his mother, George Grayson was a member of the Tiger
138:, which drafted a constitution to establish a Native American state. This effort was seeking to avoid folding the Indian Territory into the proposed state of Oklahoma, but it did not gain Congressional approval. Actions continued to extinguish Native American land title and dissolve tribal governments. Oklahoma was admitted as a state in 1907.
110:(Wolf Warrior). Most of the métis among the Creek, especially the Lower Creek, were allied with the Confederacy. Nearly half the tribe, consisting more of the towns of the Upper Creek, allied with the Union. Divisions among the groups persisted after the war. In the early 1870s, Grayson was a founder of the city of
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in 1917, serving until his death in 1920. He supervised the sale of the Creek
Capitol to the county government after statehood. Perhaps feeling that tribal life had ended with the dissolution of its government, Grayson ended his autobiography with a history of the process of land allotment. This took
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Grayson's family represented both sides of the Creek Nation; his father's family from the Upper Creek and his mother's from the Lower Creek. From his early adult years, Grayson used his education and position as interpreter to become a power broker within the nation, as well as between it and white
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Creek community. They had nine children together and reportedly a happy marriage; he dedicated his autobiography to her. Their children were Orlena, Mabel, Walter, Eloise, Wash (Washington), Tsianina, Anna, Annette, and Daisy. Four of the
Grayson children survived to adulthood: Lena (although she
149:'s Bureau of Ethnography. Grayson became his primary informant for his major study of the Creek people, as the leader knew much about customs and traditions that the younger people had never learned. Stanton highlighted Grayson's contribution to his Creek study. In 1913 Grayson also met with the
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settlers, and the federal government. His widespread contacts also helped him develop "business partnerships with fellow Creeks, entrepreneurs from other Indian groups, and non-Indians." He and his brother Sam established
Grayson Brothers, which grew to own a retail outlet, rental properties, a
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He brokered "the distribution of goods, money, land, and political influence," in a sense related to the traditional role of headman in the tribe. But the dissolution of tribal government under the Curtis Act left the Creek
National Council hollowed out by the time Grayson was appointed by the
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of the 1830s and lived in
Arkansas and Indian Territory. Grayson attended an English-language Creek school, Asbury Manual Labor School, and Arkansas College (1858–60), developing a lifelong interest in history and literature. He was fluent in Muscogee and English.
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The
Graysons had relatives in the towns of both the Upper Creek and Lower Creek in the American Southeast, who were divided during the Creek War. His band of ancestors had left the American Southeast years before the formal
83:, children were considered born into the mother's clan, and inherited property and hereditary positions within her clan. Grayson was one of several children, and later went into business with his brothers Samuel and Pilot.
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after 1880, the newspaper of the Creek Nation. By 1891, they were running 4,000 head of cattle on their properties. Grayson had other partnerships with his father-in-law G. W. Stidham and also Joseph M. Perryman.
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44:, to be a Native American state. It did not gain Congressional approval. In 1917, under revised conditions after tribal governments had been dissolved, Grayson was appointed by President
68:(métis) Creek woman whose father John Wynne was of Welsh descent and mother Per-cin-ta Harrod was métis Creek, of Coweta town. His father was James Grayson, who was also of
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157:, to preserve and memorialize the Native American cultures. Grayson provided a full history of the Creek, noting the many betrayals by European Americans.
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was dissolved to prepare of
Oklahoma statehood. Of partial European ancestry, he identified as Creek and supported the nation, working for the proposed
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Grayson did not win the election for principal chief of the Creek in 1903. In 1908 he started to write his autobiography. Three years later he met
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died at 22, leaving two children), Walter, Eloise and
Tsianina, and lived near their parents with their own families.
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Working to support Creek nationalism, Grayson served as the Creek Nation's delegate to
Congress and was part of the
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as chief of the Creek Nation, serving until his death. He had previously served as the Creek delegate to
Congress.
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He married Georgeanna Annie Stidham in 1869; she was the daughter of G.W. Stidham and his wife, part of the
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380:. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
60:, or Wolf Warrior), was named for the first president of the United States; he was born in 1843 in
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363:. The Civilization of the American Indian Series. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
344:. The Civilization of the American Indian series. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
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A Creek Warrior for the Confederacy: The Autobiography of Chief G. W. Grayson,
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A Creek Warrior for the Confederacy: The Autobiography of Chief G. W. Grayson
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Warde (1998), "Grayson and the Creek Nation", pp. 240–242
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writer, and leader of the Creek Nation during the period when
32:), was a businessman, merchant, rancher, publisher of the
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George Washington Grayson and the Creek Nation, 1843-1920
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George Washington Grayson and the Creek Nation, 1843-1920
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George Washington Grayson and the Creek Nation, 1843-1920
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University of Oklahoma Press, reprint 1991, pp. 27-30
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People of Indian Territory in the American Civil War
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Transcriptions of George Washington Grayson Journals
164:, Grayson was later appointed as chief by President
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After the tribal government was dissolved under the
28:(Wolf Warrior), (May 12, 1843 - December 2, 1920) (
56:George Washington Grayson (his Muskogee name was
16:Creek Nation businessman, merchant, and writer
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324:, University of Oklahoma Press, 1999, p. 237
264:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
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298:A Creek Warrior for the Confederacy,
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136:Sequoyah Constitutional Convention
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169:place 20 years before his death.
76:and Coweta Town. Under the Creek
414:Confederate States Army officers
296:W. David Baird, "Introduction,"
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64:to Jane "Jennie" (Wynne), a
268:Oklahoma Historical Society
151:Rodman Wanamaker expedition
145:, an ethnographer with the
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240:American Indian Quarterly,
20:George Washington Grayson,
359:Warde, Mary Jane (1999).
232:Christopher L. Miller, "
338:Grayson, G. W. (1988).
147:Smithsonian Institution
419:Muscogee slave owners
409:Muscogee Confederates
173:Marriage and family
96:Military and career
102:American Civil War
319:Mary Jane Warde,
112:Eufaula, Oklahoma
42:State of Sequoyah
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100:During the
78:matrilineal
388:Categories
370:0806131608
351:0806121033
278:2010-11-28
186:References
162:Curtis Act
120:cotton gin
70:mixed-race
66:mixed-race
52:Background
236:(review)"
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179:métis
365:ISBN
346:ISBN
74:Clan
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