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However, Buffon also challenged Carl
Linnaeus' conceptualization of the fixed division of race. In this sense, Buffon expands his perspective on monogenism that associating these dissimilar traits and features into one larger category rather than in a fixed division. This brought to his conceptualization on distinguishing race in a broad and narrow sense; in a broad sense, race means larger groups of people who inhabit a huge region known as a continent; while in a narrow sense, it denotes equivalently with "nation". With this, he implies his ambivalence in defining race by looking at specific traits to differenciate them but at the same time he rejects the idea of categorizing race in a specific fixed division. Therefore, because Buffon seems to favor in working on gerealization and marking the similarities rather than the difference in the race categorization.
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812:: "Passing over ... Buffon, with whose writings I am not familiar". Then, from the fourth edition onwards, he amended this to say that "the first author who in modern times has treated it in a scientific spirit was Buffon. But as his opinions fluctuated greatly at different periods, and as he does not enter on the causes or means of the transformation of species, I need not here enter on details". Buffon's work on degeneration, however, was immensely influential on later scholars but was overshadowed by strong moral overtones.
787:, the concept that all humanity has a single origin, and that physical differences arose from adaptation to environmental factors, including climate and diet. He speculated on the possibility that the first humans were dark-skinned Africans, but did not pinpoint the area of human origin beyond delineating it as “the most temperate climate lies between the 40th and 50th degree of latitude.” This geophysical band encompasses portions of Europe, North America, North Africa, Mongolia, and China.
53:
834:. More than anyone else, he was responsible for the acceptance of a long-time scale for the history of the earth. He was one of the first to imply that you get inheritance from your parents, in a description based on similarities between elephants and mammoths. And yet, he hindered evolution by his frequent endorsement of the immutability of species. He provided a criterion of species, fertility among members of a species, that was thought impregnable.
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410:. Included were a series of tests to compare the properties of small specimens with those of large members. After carefully testing more than a thousand small specimens without knots or other defects, Buffon concluded that it was not possible to extrapolate to the properties of full-size timbers, and he began a series of tests on full-size structural members.
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Buffon thought that skin color could change in a single lifetime, depending on the conditions of climate and diet. Clarence
Glacken suggests that "The environmental changes through human agency described by Buffon were those which were familiar and traditional in the history of Western civilization".
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Controversially for a
European of his era, Buffon did not believe that Europe was the cradle of human civilization. Instead he stated that Japanese and Chinese culture were “of a very ancient date,” and that Europe “only much later received the light from the East…it is thus in the northern countries
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with the help of
Maurepas; he held this position to the end of his life. Buffon was instrumental in transforming the Jardin du Roi into a major research center and museum. He also enlarged it, arranging the purchase of adjoining plots of land and acquiring new botanical and zoological specimens from
319:
There are persistent but completely undocumented rumors from this period about duels, abductions and secret trips to
England. In 1732 after the death of his mother and before the impending remarriage of his father, Georges left Kingston and returned to Dijon to secure his inheritance. Having added
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In 1752 Buffon married Marie-Françoise de Saint-Belin-Malain, the daughter of an impoverished noble family from
Burgundy, who had been enrolled in the convent school run by his sister. Madame de Buffon's second child, a son born in 1764, survived childhood; she herself died in 1769. When in 1772
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His glory lies in what he prepared for his successors: bold and seminal views on the common characters of life’s origin, laws of geographical distribution, a geological record of the earth’s evolution, extinction of old species, the successive appearance of new species, the unity of the human
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ended up being limited to the animal and mineral kingdoms, and the animals covered were only the birds and quadrupeds. "Written in a brilliant style, this work was read ... by every educated person in Europe". Those who assisted him in the production of this great work included
449:
Buffon became seriously ill and the promise that his son (then only 8) should succeed him as director of the Jardin became clearly impracticable and was withdrawn, the King raised Buffon's estates in
Burgundy to the status of a county – and thus Buffon (and his son) became a
823:
He was not an evolutionary biologist, yet he was the father of evolutionism. He was the first person to discuss a large number of evolutionary problems, problems that before Buffon had not been raised by anybody ... he brought them to the attention of the scientific world.
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Georges attended the Jesuit
College of Godrans in Dijon from the age of ten onwards. From 1723 to 1726 he then studied law in Dijon, the prerequisite for continuing the family tradition in civil service. In 1728 Georges left Dijon to study mathematics and medicine at the
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factory, giving rise to porcelain services called Buffon. The name of the different species, faithfully reproduced, is inscribed on the back of each piece. Several "Buffon services" were produced during the reign of Louis XVI; the first was intended for the
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In the course of his examination of the animal world, Buffon noted that different regions have distinct plants and animals despite similar environments, a concept later known as Buffon's Law. This is considered to be the first principle of
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attempted “to convince him of his error,” noting that “the reindeer could walk under the belly of our moose.” Buffon, who was “absolutely unacquainted” with the moose, asked for a specimen. Jefferson dispatched twenty soldiers to the
405:
had asked the
Academy of Sciences to do research on wood for the construction of ships in 1733. Soon afterward, Buffon began a long-term study, performing some of the most comprehensive tests to date on the mechanical properties of
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435:("Discourse on Style"), pronounced before the Académie française, he said, "Writing well consists of thinking, feeling and expressing well, of clarity of mind, soul and taste ... The style is the man himself" ("
850:. Commenting on Buffon's views, Darwin stated, "If Buffon had assumed that his organic molecules had been formed by each separate unit throughout the body, his view and mine would have been very closely similar."
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Bell, Whitfield J., and
Charles Greifenstein, Jr. Patriot-Improvers: Biographical Sketches of Members of the American Philosophical Society. 3 vols. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1997, 3:569–572.
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Gaedike, R.; Groll, E. K. & Taeger, A. 2012: Bibliography of the entomological literature from the beginning until 1863 : online database - version 1.0 - Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut.
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may have facilitated the worldwide spread of species from their centers of origin. Still, interpreting his ideas on the subject is not simple, for he returned to topics many times in the course of his work.
5100:
599:'s taxonomical approach to natural history, outlined a history of the Earth with little relation to the Biblical account, and proposed a theory of reproduction that ran counter to the prevailing theory of
464:, his tomb was broken into and the lead that covered the coffin was ransacked to produce bullets. His son, George-Louie-Marie Buffon (often called Buffonet) was guillotined on July 10, 1794. Buffon's
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for Buffon as proof of the "stature and majesty of American quadrupeds". According to Jefferson, the specimen “convinced Mr. Buffon. He promised in his next volume to set these things right."
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603:. The early volumes were condemned by the Faculty of Theology at the Sorbonne. Buffon published a retraction, but he continued publishing the offending volumes without any change.
324:(at the time, worth nearly 27 kilograms of gold), Buffon set himself up in Paris to pursue science, at first primarily mathematics and mechanics, and the increase of his fortune.
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wrote that "Truly, Buffon was the father of all thought in natural history in the second half of the 18th century". Credited with being one of the first naturalists to recognize
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Buffon originally held that “the animals common both to the old and new world are smaller in the latter,” ascribing this to environmental conditions. Upon meeting Buffon,
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292:. In 1714 Blaisot died childless, leaving a considerable fortune to his seven-year-old godson. Benjamin Leclerc then purchased an estate containing the nearby village of
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611:. He made the suggestion that species may have both "improved" and "degenerated" after dispersing from a center of creation. In volume 14 he argued that all the world's
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320:'de Buffon' to his name while traveling with the Duke, he repurchased the village of Buffon, which his father had meanwhile sold off. With a fortune of about 80,000
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1024:. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome VII (1758), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2011. 1 vol., 544 p. (
316:, who was on his grand tour of Europe, and traveled with him on a large and expensive entourage for a year and a half through southern France and parts of Italy.
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1009:. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome VI (1756), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2011. 1 vol., 504 p. (
979:. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome IV (1753), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2010. 1 vol., 864 p. (
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994:. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome V (1755), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2010. 1 vol., 536 p. (
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561:(1749–1788: in 36 volumes; an additional volume based on his notes appeared in 1789) was originally intended to cover all three "kingdoms" of nature but the
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1039:. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome VIII (1760), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2014, 640 p. (
1099:. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XII (1764), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2018, 810 p. (
964:. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome III (1749), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2009, 776 p. (
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1114:. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XIII (1765), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2019, 887 p.
1084:. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XI (1764), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2018, 724 p. (
1054:. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome IX (1761), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2016, 720 p. (
934:. Tome I (1749). Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière, Paris: Honoré Champion, 2007, 1376 p. (
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1121:. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XIV (1768), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2020, 605 p.
1069:. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome X (1763), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2017, 814 p. (
1128:. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XV (1767), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2021, 764 p.
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Mason, P.H. (2010) Degeneracy at multiple levels of complexity, Biological Theory: Integrating Development, Evolution and Cognition, 5(3), 277-288.
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949:. Tome II. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt, avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière, Paris: Honoré Champion, 2008, 808 p. (
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during his lifetime, with additional volumes based on his notes and further research being published in the two decades following his death.
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Otis E. Fellows and Stephen F. Milliken, Buffon, Twayne's World Authors Series; TWAS 243 (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1972), 40-50.
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Otis E. Fellows and Stephen F. Milliken, Buffon, Twayne's World Authors Series; TWAS 243 (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1972), 41-43.
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441:"). Unfortunately for him, Buffon's reputation as a literary stylist also gave ammunition to his detractors: the mathematician
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He brought the idea of evolution into the realm of science. He developed a concept of the "unity of type", a precursor of
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was translated into many different languages, making him one of the most widely read authors of the day, a rival to
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had developed from an original set of just thirty-eight quadrupeds. On this basis, he is sometimes considered a "
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and Anne-Christine Marlin, also from a family of civil servants. Georges was named after his mother's uncle (his
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Buffon's works influenced the next two generations of naturalists, including two prominent French scientists
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Except for Aristotle and Darwin, no other student of organisms has had as far-reaching an influence.
570:, Philibert Guéneau de Montbeillard, and Gabriel-Léopold Bexon, along with numerous artists. Buffon's
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Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du cabinet du roy, suppl. vol. 5.
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Science as a Process: An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science
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1808:(1935). "The Inheritance of Acquired Characters and the Provisional Hypothesis of Pangenesis".
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1679:"From "Nation"to "Race": The Origin of Racial Classification in Eighteenth- Century Thought"
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Thanks to his talent as a writer, he was invited to join Paris's second great academy, the
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A collection of high-resolution scans of animal illustrations from several books by Buffon
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https://www.monnuage.fr/point-d-interet/la-rue-buffon-a104424%20rue%20Buffon,%20Dijon
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L'Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi
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He was buried in a chapel adjacent to the church of Sainte-Urse Montbard; during the
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1580:, ed. Roland Mortier and Hervé Hasquin. Brussels: Université de Bruxelles. pp 113–24
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Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière avec la participation du Cabinet du Roy
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Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi
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Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi
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Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi
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Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi
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Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi
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Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi
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Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi
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Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi
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Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi
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Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi
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Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi
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Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi
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Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roy
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Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roy
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and animal evolution because they contradicted the biblical narrative of Creation.
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in France. At Angers in 1730 he made the acquaintance of the young English
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to Benjamin François Leclerc, a minor local official in charge of the
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Mr. Jefferson and the Giant Moose: Natural History in Early America
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Buffon's American Degeneracy, from The Academy of Natural Sciences
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341:
331:
297:
288:) Georges Blaisot, the tax-farmer of the Duke of Savoy for all of
187:
109:
5102:
An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
1846:
From Voltaire to la Nouvelle Critique: Problems and Personalities
364:. He first made his mark in the field of mathematics and, in his
679:
407:
4216:
3542:
2564:
2345:
2307:
2096:
300:
acquiring various offices there as well as a seat in the Dijon
1748:
Zirkle, Conway (25 April 1941), "Natural Selection before the
1640:"Count Buffon on Cultural Changes of the Physical Environment"
356:, first apothecary of the King, professor of chemistry at the
2079:
Mémoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences —- Année 1743
674:
much earlier than 4004 BC, the date determined by Archbishop
1934:
595:
Buffon questioned the usefulness of mathematics, criticized
4988:
An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People
543:"Preuves de la théorie de la Terre", in the Buffon Museum,
921:, ed. S. Schmitt and C. Crémière, Paris: Gallimard, 2007.
637:
Supplement to Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière
272:
Georges Louis Leclerc (later Comte de Buffon) was born at
1485:
Biographies Plus Illustrated, H.W. Wilson Company, 2001.
881:, a secondary school in the 15th arrondissement of Paris.
505:
was also a source of inspiration for the painters of the
1920:
Works by or about Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
1349:
Ecology of the Northern Lowland Bogs and Conifer Forests
1216:
Table of contents page of a 1792 English translation of
256:, he was later forced by the theology committee at the
5070:
The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy
670:'s collision with the Sun. He also suggested that the
488:
had commissioned in his honor in 1776, located at the
666:, speculating that the planets had been created by a
445:, for example, called him "the great phrase-monger".
5264:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
480:
remains, as it is kept in the base of the statue by
5120:
4979:
4548:
4446:
4302:
4259:
4169:
4074:
3904:
3752:
3658:
3585:
3576:
3462:
3364:
3321:
3300:
3247:
3216:
3200:
3147:
3081:
3033:
2997:
2964:
2883:
2842:
2686:
2575:
1628:
Harris, Rise of Anthropological Theory, 2001, p. 86
697:Buffon knew of the existence of extinct species as
390:is named after him. In 1734 he was admitted to the
169:
155:
145:
117:
98:
65:
41:
5294:National Museum of Natural History (France) people
2007:William Smellie's English Translation of Buffon's
1958:Buffon's Hypothesis about the Origin of the Earth
453:. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the
5284:Founder fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1755:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1644:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
791:of Asia that the stem of human knowledge grew."
201:; 7 September 1707 – 16 April 1788) was a French
27:French naturalist of the 18th century (1701-1788)
1905:Works by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
1896:Works by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
1576:Jean Stengers 1974. "Buffon et la Sorbonne" in
1430:Fellows, Otis E. and Stephen F. Milliken 1972.
859:
821:
425:in 1753 and then in 1768 he was elected to the
413:In 1739 he was appointed head of the Parisian
5014:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
4228:
3554:
2319:
2108:
2072:"Dissertation sur les couleurs accidentelles"
8:
5249:Contributors to the Encyclopédie (1751–1772)
2448:
2419:
2405:
1932:
1201:Title page of a 1792 English translation of
1173:Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière
1158:Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière
1143:Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière
901:Rue Buffon (Dijon) Rue Buffon], a street in
846:which was similar to Darwin's hypothesis of
815:The paradox of Buffon is that, according to
729:Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére
722:Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére
678:. Basing his figures on the cooling rate of
571:
558:Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière
529:
500:
476:), but was later lost. Today, only Buffon's
436:
430:
365:
4092:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
2514:
2050:Histoire naturelle des époches de la nature
1554:(University of Chicago Press, 2019), p. 99
1526:The Writings of Thomas Jefferson: 1816–1826
662:(1778) Buffon discussed the origins of the
5006:Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question
4235:
4221:
4213:
3582:
3561:
3547:
3539:
2572:
2561:
2353:
2342:
2326:
2312:
2304:
2115:
2101:
2093:
1481:Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de",
1301:
1299:
1297:
1231:Preface for a 1792 English translation of
468:was initially saved, as it was guarded by
51:
38:
5244:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
5030:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
1593:(Paris, L’Imprimerie Royale, 1775), p 564
348:and other intellectuals. He lived in the
3743:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes
1986:"Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon"
1617:Buffon’s Natural History (Barr’s Buffon)
1401:. Cornell University Press. p. 15.
374:), introduced differential and integral
2009:Natural History, General and Particular
1991:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
1450:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1445:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B"
1271:
1171:Table of contents of a 1774 edition of
1131:
457:in 1782. Buffon died in Paris in 1788.
5229:University of Angers (pre-1793) alumni
4621:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
2064:in 1778) - digital facsimile from the
1890:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
1878:Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon
1787:. University of Chicago Press. p. 86.
1515:(Boston, Wells and Lilly, 1829), p. 47
1500:Buffon: un philosophe au Jardin du Roi
1472:(New York, Random House, 2024), p. 263
2219:François-Auguste Parseval-Grandmaison
2187:George-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon
1848:(Geneva, Libraire Droz, 1970), p. 25
1721:, An historical sketch: 3rd edition.
455:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
196:
7:
1606:(New York, W.W. Norton, 1996), p. 71
1539:A Short History of Nearly Everything
1346:Larsen, James A. (22 October 2013).
1319:Brody, David Eliot (6 August 2013).
908:An asteroid was named (7420) Buffon.
344:, where he made the acquaintance of
5173:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
3970:The Naturalist on the River Amazons
1638:GLACKEN, CLARENCE J. (March 1960).
1619:, (London, J.S. Barr, 1792), p. 213
1591:Supplemément a l’Histoire Naturelle
898:in the 5th arrondissement of Paris.
30:For other people named Buffon, see
5279:18th-century French mathematicians
1656:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1960.tb00325.x
1615:Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de,
1528:(G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1899), p. 331
1322:The Science Class You Wish You Had
1156:Frontispiece of a 1774 edition of
838:Buffon wrote about the concept of
635:Volumes 1–12 of a 1774 edition of
198:[ʒɔʁʒlwiləklɛʁkɔ̃tdəbyfɔ̃]
25:
5239:Members of the Académie Française
5078:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
4998:The Outline of History of Mankind
1398:Buffon: A Life in Natural History
724:. Title page of volume 10 (1763).
5274:18th-century French male writers
5046:Heredity in Relation to Eugenics
4160:
3522:
3521:
1912:
1883:
1871:
1541:. New York: Broadway Books. p 81
1307:The Growth of Biological Thought
1224:
1209:
1194:
1179:
1164:
1149:
1134:
175:
5289:French male non-fiction writers
4202:List of natural history dealers
3870:The Natural History of Selborne
2081:: 147–158. 1746. Archived from
1677:Hudson, Nicholas (March 1996).
18:Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon
5219:18th-century French zoologists
5038:Race Life of the Aryan Peoples
4244:Historical definitions of race
4104:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
1963:Buffon's View of Domestic Cats
1764:American Philosophical Society
1513:Notes on the State of Virginia
1483:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences.
1288:Johns Hopkins University Press
591:In the opening volumes of the
427:American Philosophical Society
236:. Buffon published thirty-six
1:
5234:Proto-evolutionary biologists
5062:The Passing of the Great Race
1968:Digital text Kyoto University
1434:. New York: Twayne. pp 149–54
682:tested at his Laboratory the
260:to recant his theories about
5269:Fellows of the Royal Society
4961:Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
2451:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
2227:Narcisse-Achille de Salvandy
2179:Jean-Joseph Languet de Gergy
1489:(Accessed December 26, 2005)
1186:1792 English translation of
4676:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt
4641:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
4591:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
3860:Bernard Germain de Lacépède
2420:
1911:(public domain audiobooks)
1578:Études sur le XVIIIe siecle
1309:. Cambridge: Harvard. p 330
842:. He developed a system of
799:Relevance to modern biology
438:Le style c'est l'homme même
367:Sur le jeu de franc-carreau
5310:
3882:A History of British Birds
1931:The Buffon project :
1683:Eighteenth-Century Studies
568:Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton
392:French Academy of Sciences
372:On the game of fair-square
213:. He held the position of
29:
4771:Georges Vacher de Lapouge
4250:
4197:Natural History Societies
4158:
4065:The Royal Natural History
3917:Ornithological Dictionary
3826:Johan Christian Fabricius
3508:
2571:
2560:
2465:Methodological skepticism
2356:
2352:
2341:
2155:Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux
2133:
2060:, (this ed. published as
1589:Buffon, George-Louis de,
894:, a street bordering the
490:Museum of Natural History
174:
165:
138:
50:
5143:History of anthropometry
4911:Charles Gabriel Seligman
4736:Frederick Ludwig Hoffman
4424:Sinodonty and Sundadonty
4043:The Naturalist's Library
3946:On the Origin of Species
2203:François-Urbain Domergue
1996:University of St Andrews
1718:On the Origin of Species
1233:Buffon's Natural History
1218:Buffon's Natural History
1203:Buffon's Natural History
1188:Buffon's Natural History
809:On the Origin of Species
660:Les époques de la nature
623:. He also asserted that
528:Statue of Buffon in the
296:and moved the family to
4601:Daniel Garrison Brinton
4177:Natural history museums
3779:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1811:The American Naturalist
1783:Hull, David L. (1988).
1502:Paris: Fayard. pp 434–5
1395:Roger, Jacques (1997).
1284:Finding Order in Nature
779:Anthropological studies
443:Jean le Rond d'Alembert
354:Gilles-François Boulduc
186:Georges-Louis Leclerc,
129:Buffon's needle problem
59:François-Hubert Drouais
32:Buffon (disambiguation)
5259:French science writers
5224:French Roman Catholics
4946:Thomas Griffith Taylor
4701:Reginald Ruggles Gates
4029:William Jackson Hooker
3977:Alexander von Humboldt
3894:Philosophie zoologique
3677:Pinax theatri botanici
2515:
2449:
2415:Enlightened absolutism
2406:
2147:Claude Bazin de Bezons
2056:21 August 2020 at the
2037:6 October 2020 at the
1973:1 October 2011 at the
1945:The same, in English:
1933:
1888:Quotations related to
1725:. 4th edition of 1866
1715:Darwin, Charles 1861.
864:
840:struggle for existence
836:
725:
639:
572:
552:
536:
530:
501:
437:
431:
366:
358:Royal Garden of Plants
350:Faubourg Saint-Germain
337:
43:Georges-Louis Leclerc,
5214:French ornithologists
5086:Annihilation of Caste
4990:in Different Climates
4941:William Graham Sumner
4921:Samuel Stanhope Smith
4866:James Cowles Prichard
4498:Racial discrimination
4115:The Study of Instinct
4054:Kunstformen der Natur
3958:The Malay Archipelago
3953:Alfred Russel Wallace
3889:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
2381:Counter-Enlightenment
2020:Discours sur le Style
1695:10.1353/ecs.1996.0027
1604:The Mismeasure of Man
1498:Roger, Jacques 1989.
1487:vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com
1256:Scientific Revolution
720:
651:woods to find a bull
634:
619:" and a precursor of
542:
527:
432:Discours sur le style
335:
276:, in the province of
254:ecological succession
230:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
70:Georges-Louis Leclerc
5204:People from Montbard
5138:Great chain of being
4856:Ludwig Hermann Plate
4821:Samuel George Morton
4636:Samuel A. Cartwright
4486:in the United States
4034:Joseph Dalton Hooker
3987:The Birds of America
2335:Age of Enlightenment
2243:Charles de Freycinet
2211:Ange-François Fariau
2171:Marc-René d'Argenson
2022:– at athena.unige.ch
1982:Robertson, Edmund F.
1948:L'histoire naturelle
1935:L'histoire naturelle
1880:at Wikimedia Commons
1550:Dugatkin, Lee Alan,
731:, 1749–1767. Paris:
418:all over the world.
340:In 1732 he moved to
310:University of Angers
5094:The Races of Europe
5022:The Races of Europe
4801:Dominick McCausland
4751:Thomas Henry Huxley
4696:Stanley Marion Garn
4576:Robert Bennett Bean
4304:Historical concepts
4082:Martinus Beijerinck
3625:De Natura Animalium
3341:Feijóo y Montenegro
3292:Vorontsova-Dashkova
1980:O'Connor, John J.;
1762:(1), Philadelphia:
1537:Bryson, Bill 2004.
1524:Jefferson, Thomas,
1511:Jefferson, Thomas,
832:comparative anatomy
783:Buffon believed in
362:Academy of Sciences
336:Buffon's microscope
258:University of Paris
5209:French naturalists
4966:Alexander Winchell
4896:Henric Sanielevici
4756:Calvin Ira Kephart
4726:Hans F. K. Günther
4711:Arthur de Gobineau
4611:Alice Mossie Brues
4508:Racial stereotypes
4187:Parson-naturalists
4019:Philip Henry Gosse
3982:John James Audubon
3965:Henry Walter Bates
3853:Histoire Naturelle
3841:Historia Plantarum
3729:Avium Praecipuarum
3713:Historia animalium
3614:Historia Plantarum
3602:History of Animals
2480:Natural philosophy
2124:Académie française
2066:Linda Hall Library
2043:Linda Hall Library
1602:Gould, Stephen J,
1470:Every Living Thing
1305:Mayr, Ernst 1981.
1251:Rejection sampling
896:Jardin des Plantes
885:Rue Buffon (Paris)
726:
640:
593:Histoire naturelle
573:Histoire naturelle
563:Histoire naturelle
553:
537:
532:Jardin des plantes
519:Histoire Naturelle
502:Histoire naturelle
423:Académie Française
388:probability theory
380:probability theory
338:
262:geological history
243:Histoire Naturelle
223:Jardin des plantes
217:(director) at the
160:Académie Française
133:Rejection sampling
123:Histoire Naturelle
5181:
5180:
5110:The Race Question
4956:John H. Van Evrie
4881:William Z. Ripley
4851:Charles Pickering
4796:Felix von Luschan
4766:Robert E. Kuttner
4666:Charles Davenport
4535:Whiteness studies
4261:Color terminology
4253:Scientific racism
4210:
4209:
4156:
4155:
3774:Marcello Malpighi
3668:Ulisse Aldrovandi
3648:De Materia Medica
3536:
3535:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3499:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2529:Scientific method
2386:Critical thinking
2301:
2300:
2195:Félix Vicq-d'Azyr
1900:Project Gutenberg
1876:Media related to
1750:Origin of Species
1408:978-0-8014-2918-7
1105:978-2-7453-4732-9
1090:978-2-7453-4730-5
1075:978-2-7453-3456-5
1060:978-2-7453-2994-3
1045:978-2-7453-2615-7
1030:978-2-7453-2239-5
1015:978-2-7453-2150-3
1000:978-2-7453-2057-5
985:978-2-7453-1928-9
970:978-2-7453-1730-8
955:978-2-7453-1729-2
940:978-2-7453-1601-1
867:Eponyms of Buffon
733:Imprimerie Royale
707:continental drift
462:French Revolution
382:; the problem of
221:, now called the
183:
182:
140:Scientific career
92:Kingdom of France
16:(Redirected from
5301:
5254:Counts of Buffon
4989:
4936:Lothrop Stoddard
4931:Morris Steggerda
4906:Ilse Schwidetzky
4901:Heinrich Schmidt
4886:Alfred Rosenberg
4846:Isaac La Peyrère
4651:Carleton S. Coon
4626:Charles Caldwell
4581:François Bernier
4464:in Latin America
4237:
4230:
4223:
4214:
4164:
4137:The Dancing Bees
4061:Richard Lydekker
4009:Jean-Henri Fabre
3994:William Buckland
3799:Regnier de Graaf
3693:Andrea Cesalpino
3583:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3540:
3525:
3524:
2573:
2562:
2520:
2454:
2425:
2411:
2354:
2343:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2305:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2259:Louis de Broglie
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2094:
2089:
2088:on 14 June 2015.
2087:
2076:
2017:
1998:
1938:
1930:
1924:Internet Archive
1916:
1915:
1887:
1875:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1818:(724): 417–445.
1802:
1796:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1600:
1594:
1587:
1581:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1496:
1490:
1479:
1473:
1468:Roberts, Jason,
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1449:
1441:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1392:
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1374:
1368:
1367:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1316:
1310:
1303:
1292:
1291:
1276:
1228:
1213:
1198:
1183:
1168:
1153:
1141:1774 edition of
1138:
893:
857:wrote in 1970.
672:Earth originated
644:Thomas Jefferson
575:
535:
504:
440:
434:
369:
360:, member of the
314:Duke of Kingston
200:
195:
179:
105:
80:7 September 1707
79:
77:
55:
39:
21:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5116:
5054:Castes in India
4975:
4971:Ludwig Woltmann
4926:Herbert Spencer
4816:Lewis H. Morgan
4786:Cesare Lombroso
4661:Jan Czekanowski
4646:Sonia Mary Cole
4586:Renato Biasutti
4544:
4523:Nazism and race
4442:
4419:Proto-Mongoloid
4298:
4255:
4246:
4241:
4211:
4206:
4165:
4152:
4133:Karl von Frisch
4070:
4039:William Jardine
3929:Le Règne Animal
3900:
3848:Comte de Buffon
3809:Systema Naturae
3748:
3720:Frederik Ruysch
3698:Valerius Cordus
3688:Hieronymus Bock
3654:
3636:Natural History
3631:Pliny the Elder
3588:
3578:
3572:
3570:Natural history
3567:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3518:
3496:
3458:
3360:
3317:
3296:
3243:
3212:
3208:Carvalho e Melo
3196:
3143:
3077:
3029:
2993:
2960:
2879:
2838:
2682:
2567:
2548:
2534:Spanish America
2408:Encyclopédistes
2371:Civil liberties
2348:
2337:
2332:
2302:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2085:
2074:
2070:
2058:Wayback Machine
2039:Wayback Machine
2015:
1979:
1975:Wayback Machine
1928:
1913:
1868:
1863:
1856:
1852:
1844:Fellows, Otis,
1843:
1839:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1782:
1778:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1714:
1710:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1588:
1584:
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1558:
1549:
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1519:
1510:
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1497:
1493:
1480:
1476:
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1463:
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1409:
1394:
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1389:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1261:Suites à Buffon
1246:Buffon's needle
1242:
1235:
1229:
1220:
1214:
1205:
1199:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1169:
1160:
1154:
1145:
1139:
915:
887:
873:Buffon (crater)
869:
801:
781:
715:
522:
512:Count of Artois
384:Buffon's needle
330:
270:
240:volumes of his
193:
150:Natural history
131:
127:
113:
107:
103:
94:
81:
75:
73:
72:
71:
61:
46:
45:comte de Buffon
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5307:
5305:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5186:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5106:
5098:
5090:
5082:
5074:
5066:
5058:
5050:
5042:
5034:
5026:
5024:(Ripley, 1899)
5018:
5010:
5002:
4994:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4916:Giuseppe Sergi
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4876:Gustaf Retzius
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4826:Josiah C. Nott
4823:
4818:
4813:
4811:Ashley Montagu
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4791:Bertil Lundman
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4741:Earnest Hooton
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4706:George Gliddon
4703:
4698:
4693:
4691:Francis Galton
4688:
4683:
4681:Anténor Firmin
4678:
4673:
4671:Joseph Deniker
4668:
4663:
4658:
4656:Georges Cuvier
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4528:Racial hygiene
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4495:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4461:
4452:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4411:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4319:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4217:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4184:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4143:Ronald Lockley
4140:
4130:
4118:
4111:Niko Tinbergen
4108:
4096:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4058:
4046:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3979:
3974:
3962:
3950:
3941:Charles Darwin
3938:
3933:
3924:Georges Cuvier
3921:
3912:George Montagu
3908:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3886:
3874:
3862:
3857:
3845:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3801:
3796:
3794:Jan Swammerdam
3791:
3786:
3784:William Derham
3781:
3776:
3771:
3758:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3736:
3725:William Turner
3722:
3717:
3708:Conrad Gessner
3705:
3703:Leonhart Fuchs
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3673:Gaspard Bauhin
3670:
3664:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3640:
3628:
3618:
3606:
3593:
3591:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2678:Wollstonecraft
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2455:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2417:
2412:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2275:François Furet
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2163:Jean d'Estrées
2159:
2151:
2143:
2139:Pierre Séguier
2134:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2068:
2045:
2029:
2024:
2013:
2004:
1999:
1977:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1940:
1939:
1926:
1917:
1902:
1893:
1881:
1867:
1866:External links
1864:
1862:
1861:
1850:
1837:
1824:10.1086/280617
1806:Zirkle, Conway
1797:
1776:
1740:
1731:
1708:
1689:(3): 247–264.
1669:
1630:
1621:
1608:
1595:
1582:
1569:
1556:
1543:
1530:
1517:
1504:
1491:
1474:
1461:
1436:
1423:
1414:
1407:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1362:
1338:
1331:
1311:
1293:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1093:
1078:
1063:
1048:
1033:
1018:
1003:
988:
973:
958:
943:
925:Complete works
914:
911:
910:
909:
906:
899:
882:
876:
868:
865:
804:Charles Darwin
800:
797:
780:
777:
714:
711:
684:Petit Fontenet
625:climate change
521:
516:
474:Jacques Necker
470:Suzanne Necker
401:His protector
396:Gabriel Cramer
329:
326:
269:
266:
234:Georges Cuvier
181:
180:
172:
171:
167:
166:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
136:
135:
119:
118:Known for
115:
114:
108:
106:(aged 80)
100:
96:
95:
82:
69:
67:
63:
62:
56:
48:
47:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5306:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5148:Miscegenation
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4951:Paul Topinard
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4891:Benjamin Rush
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4861:Alfred Ploetz
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4841:Oscar Peschel
4839:
4837:
4836:Roger Pearson
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4806:John Mitchell
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4781:Carl Linnaeus
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4746:Julian Huxley
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4731:Ernst Haeckel
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4716:Madison Grant
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4686:Eugen Fischer
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4631:Petrus Camper
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4556:Louis Agassiz
4554:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4387:Mediterranean
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4233:
4231:
4226:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4126:On Aggression
4122:
4121:Konrad Lorenz
4119:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4087:Abbott Thayer
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4049:Ernst Haeckel
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4014:Louis Agassiz
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3999:Charles Lyell
3997:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:William Smith
3934:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3877:Thomas Bewick
3875:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3865:Gilbert White
3863:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3816:Georg Steller
3814:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3804:Carl Linnaeus
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3754:Enlightenment
3751:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:Otto Brunfels
3681:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3528:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3507:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3464:United States
3461:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
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2011:, 3rd Edition
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601:pre-existence
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102:16 April 1788
101:
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68:
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60:
54:
49:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5128:Ethnogenesis
5109:
5101:
5096:(Coon, 1939)
5093:
5085:
5077:
5069:
5061:
5053:
5045:
5037:
5029:
5021:
5013:
5005:
4997:
4987:
4980:Publications
4831:Karl Pearson
4721:John Grattan
4620:
4616:Halfdan Bryn
4481:in Singapore
4448:Sociological
4146:
4136:
4124:
4114:
4102:
4099:Hugh B. Cott
4090:
4075:20th century
4064:
4052:
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3968:
3956:
3944:
3927:
3915:
3905:19th century
3892:
3880:
3868:
3851:
3847:
3839:
3831:James Hutton
3821:Joseph Banks
3807:
3767:Micrographia
3765:
3762:Robert Hooke
3742:
3732:
3728:
3711:
3676:
3646:
3634:
3624:
3612:
3609:Theophrastus
3600:
3512:
3257:Catherine II
2778:
2709:Beaumarchais
2539:Universality
2510:Reductionism
2457:
2434:Human rights
2267:Michel Debré
2251:Émile Picard
2235:Émile Augier
2186:
2083:the original
2078:
2061:
2049:
2019:
2008:
1989:
1947:
1892:at Wikiquote
1853:
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1477:
1469:
1464:
1452:. Retrieved
1439:
1431:
1426:
1417:
1397:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1348:
1341:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1283:
1280:Farber, Paul
1274:
1232:
1217:
1202:
1187:
1172:
1157:
1142:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1096:
1081:
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1051:
1036:
1021:
1006:
991:
976:
961:
946:
931:
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923:
918:
916:
879:Lycée Buffon
860:
855:Otis Fellows
852:
837:
829:
826:
822:
814:
807:
802:
793:
789:
782:
728:
727:
721:
713:Publications
701:or European
696:
676:James Ussher
664:Solar System
659:
657:
641:
636:
617:transformist
609:biogeography
605:
592:
590:
562:
556:
554:
518:
498:
459:
447:
420:
412:
400:
371:
339:
318:
306:
271:
248:
241:
227:
218:
214:
185:
184:
156:Institutions
139:
121:
104:(1788-04-16)
57:Painting by
36:
5199:1788 deaths
5194:1707 births
5168:Pre-Adamite
5158:Multiracial
4761:Robert Knox
4571:John Beddoe
4518:Master race
4474:in Colombia
4362:East Baltic
4147:Shearwaters
4004:Mary Anning
3789:Hans Sloane
3739:John Gerard
3733:New Herball
3660:Renaissance
3643:Dioscorides
3579:naturalists
3514:Romanticism
3336:Charles III
3177:Poniatowski
3114:Leeuwenhoek
3094:de la Court
3082:Netherlands
2926:Mendelssohn
2921:Lichtenberg
2799:Montesquieu
2517:Sapere aude
2500:Rationalism
2495:Rationality
2485:Objectivity
2283:René Rémond
2041:, from the
2016:(in French)
1929:(in French)
1650:(1): 1–22.
1325:. Penguin.
888: [
578:Montesquieu
514:, in 1782.
211:cosmologist
126:(1749–1804)
5188:Categories
5163:Polygenism
5153:Monogenism
4871:Otto Reche
4776:Fritz Lenz
4606:Paul Broca
4596:Franz Boas
4566:Erwin Baur
4561:John Baker
4455:By region
4312:Australoid
3577:Pioneering
3356:Villarroel
3351:Jovellanos
3287:Radishchev
3234:Micu-Klein
3172:Niemcewicz
3139:Swammerdam
3129:Nieuwentyt
3119:Mandeville
2974:Farmakidis
2860:Burlamaqui
2769:La Mettrie
2744:Fontenelle
2699:d'Argenson
2694:d'Alembert
2618:Harrington
2544:Utopianism
2444:Liberalism
2401:Empiricism
2376:Classicism
2366:Capitalism
1766:: 71–123,
1267:References
848:pangenesis
817:Ernst Mayr
785:monogenism
735:. Volumes
613:quadrupeds
478:cerebellum
268:Early life
250:Ernst Mayr
203:naturalist
76:1707-09-07
4540:Négritude
4469:in Brazil
4414:Mongoloid
4322:Caucasoid
3597:Aristotle
3589:antiquity
3587:Classical
3477:Jefferson
3419:Hutcheson
3308:Obradović
3277:Lomonosov
3272:Kheraskov
3182:Śniadecki
2946:Weishaupt
2941:Thomasius
2931:Pufendorf
2774:Lavoisier
2759:d'Holbach
2754:Helvétius
2734:Descartes
2729:Condorcet
2724:Condillac
2658:Priestley
2475:Modernity
2396:Democracy
2047:Buffon's
1703:1086-315X
1664:0004-5608
1124:Vol. 15.
1117:Vol. 14.
1110:Vol. 13.
1095:Vol. 12.
1080:Vol. 11.
1065:Vol. 10.
905:, France.
555:Buffon's
549:Côte-d'Or
486:Louis XVI
472:(wife of
429:. In his
302:Parlement
286:godfather
215:intendant
190:de Buffon
170:Signature
5133:Eugenics
4513:Colorism
4459:in India
4367:Ethiopid
4347:Atlantid
4337:Armenoid
4024:Asa Gray
3836:John Ray
3527:Category
3472:Franklin
3439:Playfair
3409:Ferguson
3366:Scotland
3313:Mrazović
3267:Kantemir
3262:Fonvizin
3201:Portugal
3167:Krasicki
3162:Konarski
3157:Kołłątaj
3109:Koerbagh
3058:Genovesi
3043:Beccaria
3005:Berkeley
2936:Schiller
2901:Humboldt
2875:Saussure
2870:Rousseau
2834:Voltaire
2789:Maréchal
2764:Jaucourt
2719:Châtelet
2714:Chamfort
2663:Reynolds
2566:Thinkers
2470:Midlands
2459:Lumières
2429:Humanism
2422:Haskalah
2054:Archived
2035:Archived
1971:Archived
1909:LibriVox
1832:84729069
1354:Elsevier
1282:(2000).
1240:See also
1050:Vol. 9.
1035:Vol. 8.
1020:Vol. 7.
917:Buffon,
844:heredity
699:mammoths
692:Sorbonne
688:Montbard
586:Voltaire
582:Rousseau
551:, France
545:Montbard
403:Maurepas
376:calculus
346:Voltaire
282:salt tax
278:Burgundy
274:Montbard
112:, France
88:Burgundy
84:Montbard
5121:Related
4549:Writers
4493:Passing
4436:Negrito
4431:Negroid
4402:Turanid
4397:Semites
4372:Hamites
4357:Dinaric
4352:Caspian
3482:Madison
3454:Stewart
3394:Burnett
3389:Boswell
3374:Beattie
3346:Moratín
3331:Cadalso
3282:Novikov
3217:Romania
3192:Wybicki
3187:Staszic
3134:Spinoza
3104:Huygens
3099:Grotius
3053:Galvani
3048:Galiani
2998:Ireland
2979:Feraios
2951:Wieland
2916:Lessing
2911:Leibniz
2884:Germany
2865:Prévost
2850:Abauzit
2814:Quesnay
2804:Morelly
2794:Meslier
2779:Leclerc
2739:Diderot
2628:Johnson
2603:Collins
2598:Bentham
2583:Addison
2576:England
2524:Science
2361:Atheism
1922:at the
1454:28 July
1005:Vol 6.
990:Vol 5.
975:Vol 4.
960:Vol 3.
945:Vol 2.
930:Vol 1.
352:, with
194:French:
5112:(1950)
5104:(1943)
5088:(1936)
5080:(1930)
5072:(1920)
5064:(1916)
5056:(1916)
5048:(1911)
5040:(1907)
5032:(1899)
5016:(1855)
5008:(1849)
5000:(1785)
4992:(1744)
4503:Racism
4392:Nordic
4382:Iranid
4332:Arabid
4327:Alpine
4317:Capoid
4274:Bronze
4170:Topics
3621:Aelian
3434:Newton
3424:Hutton
3404:Cullen
3301:Serbia
3249:Russia
3239:Șincai
3149:Poland
3089:Bekker
3063:Pagano
3025:Toland
2989:Korais
2984:Kairis
2966:Greece
2896:Herder
2891:Goethe
2855:Bonnet
2843:Geneva
2829:Turgot
2819:Raynal
2809:Pascal
2749:Gouges
2687:France
2673:Tindal
2668:Sidney
2643:Newton
2638:Milton
2613:Godwin
2608:Gibbon
2505:Reason
2347:Topics
2293:(2008)
2285:(1998)
2277:(1997)
2269:(1988)
2261:(1944)
2253:(1924)
2245:(1890)
2237:(1857)
2229:(1835)
2221:(1811)
2213:(1810)
2205:(1803)
2197:(1788)
2189:(1753)
2181:(1721)
2173:(1718)
2165:(1711)
2157:(1684)
2149:(1643)
2141:(1635)
2127:seat 1
1830:
1791:
1772:984852
1770:
1701:
1662:
1432:Buffon
1405:
1360:
1329:
1103:
1088:
1073:
1058:
1043:
1028:
1013:
998:
983:
968:
953:
938:
919:Œuvres
703:rhinos
621:Darwin
584:, and
507:Sèvres
328:Career
322:livres
294:Buffon
290:Sicily
238:quarto
209:, and
146:Fields
4409:Malay
4377:Indid
4342:Aryan
4294:White
4284:Olive
4279:Brown
4269:Black
3492:Paine
3487:Mason
3449:Smith
3399:Burns
3384:Blair
3379:Black
3323:Spain
3229:Maior
3124:Meyer
3068:Verri
3035:Italy
3020:Swift
3015:Burke
3010:Boyle
2956:Wolff
2784:Mably
2704:Bayle
2653:Price
2633:Locke
2623:Hooke
2593:Bacon
2391:Deism
2086:(PDF)
2075:(PDF)
1828:S2CID
1768:JSTOR
1448:(PDF)
913:Works
903:Dijon
892:]
862:race.
668:comet
653:moose
494:Paris
484:that
482:Pajou
466:heart
451:count
378:into
342:Paris
298:Dijon
188:comte
110:Paris
4191:List
4181:List
3444:Reid
3429:Mill
3414:Hume
3073:Vico
2906:Kant
2824:Sade
2648:Pope
1789:ISBN
1727:xiii
1723:xiii
1699:ISSN
1660:ISSN
1456:2014
1403:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1327:ISBN
1101:ISBN
1086:ISBN
1071:ISBN
1056:ISBN
1041:ISBN
1026:ISBN
1011:ISBN
996:ISBN
981:ISBN
966:ISBN
951:ISBN
936:ISBN
680:iron
499:His
408:wood
232:and
99:Died
66:Born
4289:Red
1907:at
1898:at
1820:doi
1752:",
1691:doi
1652:doi
771:,
767:,
763:,
755:,
751:,
739:,
686:at
658:In
492:in
386:in
5190::
3731:,
2077:.
1994:,
1988:,
1984:,
1826:.
1816:69
1814:.
1760:84
1758:,
1697:.
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1685:.
1681:.
1658:.
1648:50
1646:.
1642:.
1356:.
1352:.
1296:^
890:fr
819::
775:.
773:15
769:14
765:13
761:11
759:,
757:10
747:,
743:,
709:.
588:.
580:,
547:,
496:.
398:.
304:.
225:.
205:,
90:,
86:,
4236:e
4229:t
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4193:)
4189:(
4183:)
4179:(
4149:)
4145:(
4139:)
4135:(
4129:)
4123:(
4117:)
4113:(
4107:)
4101:(
4095:)
4089:(
4067:)
4063:(
4057:)
4051:(
4045:)
4041:(
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3984:(
3973:)
3967:(
3961:)
3955:(
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3943:(
3932:)
3926:(
3920:)
3914:(
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3891:(
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3879:(
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3867:(
3856:)
3850:(
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3838:(
3812:)
3806:(
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3745:)
3741:(
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3727:(
3716:)
3710:(
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3675:(
3651:)
3645:(
3639:)
3633:(
3627:)
3623:(
3617:)
3611:(
3605:)
3599:(
3562:e
3555:t
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3516:→
2327:e
2320:t
2313:v
2116:e
2109:t
2102:v
1834:.
1822::
1729:.
1705:.
1693::
1666:.
1654::
1458:.
1411:.
1366:.
1335:.
1107:)
1092:)
1077:)
1062:)
1047:)
1032:)
1017:)
1002:)
987:)
972:)
957:)
942:)
753:7
749:6
745:5
741:4
737:3
370:(
192:(
78:)
74:(
34:.
20:)
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