102:
80:
66:
50:
37:
416:(he suggested that his vehicle had been sabotaged) and hospitalised at Limoges. He was released in April 1945 after a long convalescence. In May 1945, Guingouin was elected mayor of Limoges. His relations with the communist party rapidly deteriorated. He was not proposed for a seat on the central committee, nor appointed to the deputation. At the assembly of communist elected officials of France on the 12 November 1945, he was subjected to an attack by Auguste Gillot (who was close to
447:
disobeyed party orders in not taking
Limoges by force in June 1944. His outspokenness with those high in the party, including LĂ©on Mauvais, did not help. At the 12th party congress, 27 of the 84 central committee members were not reelected, among them some of those closest to Guingouin. Guingouin himself was eventually affected; ordered to submit to party decisions, he gave up his "permanent" status and asked for reinstatement in education. In a public meeting in September 1952 at
230:, he secretly went back to his activities as a communist fighter, and wrote in 1940 a "call to the struggle". In September 1940, recalled from his teaching functions, he got back in contact with the underground communist party machinery and became federal secretary of Haute-Vienne. However, he decided not to circulate the 9th issue of the "Life of the party" communist party bulletin, which declared "We must be without hate towards the German soldiers. We are against
482:
war. The instigator of the plot was the police commissaire known as "C." who once in 1943 had been against
Guingouin when the Bussy-Varache viaduct was destroyed. A police inspector, "A.", who had led an enquiry about the disappearance of explosives from the Saint-LĂ©onard mine. "A." had declared to an intern who was being transferred "It will be no-one other than me who brings down
424:); Gillot criticised him for having raised the price of tram travel in Limoges, a false accusation. However, Guingouin was not given the opportunity to respond, since the meeting ended immediately (see for an anecdote relating the atmosphere in the party at the time). The following month, he was released from his functions in the communist party of Haute-Vienne.
393:(cleansing) of Limoges and Limousin. According to Henri Amouroux, Guingouin had "45 people tried and sentenced to death in a week, of whom only one escaped", and that the first to be accused did not have anyone represent them in defense, and "worked from six to twelve hours per day, including Saturday and Sunday."
446:
In
February 1950, Guingouin seemed to have returned to favour with the communist party, having benefited from "permanent" status on becoming secretary of the communist section in Limoges. This was illusory, however, as he was still the subject of sly attacks; he was always being criticised for having
498:
to be assessed by three doctors. In their report, they testified to traces of the abuse which
Guingouin had undergone, and wrote that Gungouin's state evoked real concern for his life. Guingouin was finally freed on 13 November 1959, at Lyon; with the magistrate Thomas, charged with making enquiries
764:
Jean Le Bail (1904-1965) was the
Limoges deputy from 1946 to 1958, and senator of Haute-Vienne 1958-1959. A former pupil of the école normale supérieure, associate of philosophy, he was assigned to Limoges in 1929. He became the secretary of the socialist federation of Haute-Vienne. Anti-communist
519:
years, the former as
Foreign Secretary, the latter as the man who abolished the death penalty in 1981), Guingouin was released on bail, but the investigations continued until 1959. Only then did the public prosecutor conclude that: "in all conscience, I cannot understand why proceedings were taken
489:
Imprisoned in Tulle, Guingouin was beaten in his cell by warders at Brive prison. Injured and unconscious, he was transferred by night to
Toulouse where he arrived in poor psychological and physical condition. As the press reported a suicide attempt, the former resistance fighters of Haute-Garonne
481:
of Tulle concerning a murder of two villagers in which members of the resistance who had been under
Guingouin's authority were accused. According to the historian Michel Taubmann, this marked the beginning of a conspiracy by police officers and magistrates who had been against Guingouin during the
317:
was sabotaged in
Limousin. Following this operation, the Germans demanded that serious measures be enforced in what they called "little Russia". Under the command of General Bois 15 guard squadrons, 12 squadrons of the GMT and residual gendarmerie forces were sent in to "maintain order", without
799:
A notable example from the proceedings "The bad faith of the author results unmistakable from the set of incriminated terms and dishonorable nature of the attacks in a clear desire to ruin prestige." The punishment was severe: a fine of 10,000 Francs, plus 500,000 Frans worth of damages and
209:
observed that rural communism was in a vigorous state at that time, thanks to the country leaders of the PCF, Renaud Jean and Marius
Vazeilles, and that it made a good showing in the 1936 vote, with many rural candidates elected. Lagarrigue adds that Guingouin, as leader of the campaign in
535:
of Auguste Lecoeur and Pierre Hervé. In 1961, he entered into discussions with the party with the aim of being reaccepted. He affirmed that he had been offered reacceptance on condition of silence. Refusing this offer, he dedicated himself to his job as a teacher, and retired in 1969.
318:
significant success. In August 1943, Guingouin undertook anew to prevent wheat deliveries to the Germans by destroying the combines. As "prefect of the maquis", he regulated agricultural sales as well as boltage rates for bread manufacturing in order to counter the
374:, an important communist party official and head of the FTP in the zone Sud. Guingouin refused, considering the operation premature and dangerous for the general population. In support of his decision he cited the tragic example of the premature liberation of
528:, Guingouin described the events: "arrested on Christmas eve 1953, held in Brive prison, I underwent such abuse that two times I ran the road of those sufferers who see their entire life before them in their last moments before the dazzling light."
263:
had not yet been created. In March 1942, when the communists joined the armed struggle in earnest, Roucaute ordered him to stop his operations. Guingouin refused, and relations with the party became strained. After this, he joined with the FTPF.
279:. Certain types of operations under his command led to him being titled "prefect" of the maquis: in December 1942, he attempted to put a stop to hay and wheat requisitioning by blowing up the baler at Eymoutiers. He formed a fixed unit, the 1st
330:. During January 1944, he brought together 120 volunteers at the château de Ribérie for military training. Shortly afterward, the German General Walter Brehmer attacked Guingouin's territory; Guingouin refused battle and dispersed his units.
347:
the structures of the armed resistance remained confused, so that in spite of the unification, the FTPF retained the possibility of acting autonomously. Photos of the maquis and its leader were taken at this time by the photographer
455:
relating to "war booty" which Guingouin had allegedly used to his advantage. In October, the communist authorities asked Guingouin's local association to exclude him. The cell membership refusing, Guingouin was reassigned by
309:, thereby halting the production of France's second largest rubber factory for five months. While returning, the commando narrowly missed an ambush by the police. On 14 July 1943, the subterranean cable linking the Bordeaux
897:
represented the communist party in making an address of homage to Guingouin. She referred to Guingouin's exclusion from the party, calling it "unacceptable", and emphasised that she had paid homage to Guingouin on his 90th
385:
On 21 August, Guingouin encircled Limoges, and received from Jean d'Albis the surrender of General Gleiniger's men, with minimal bloodshed. Guingouin was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the French Forces of the Interior.
439:, who was despised by all the "genuine" members of the resistance, became deputy for Haute-Vienne. On 19 May the same year, the appeals court of Grenoble gave a judgment condemning in particularly strong terms the paper
777:, in his house when Cavaillès was being sought by the police. Cavaillès was one of the founders in 1940 of the resistance movement Libération; he had been arrested by the Gestapo in 1943 and shot the following year.
382:, 99 men had been hanged from balconies on the main road of the city, and 101 others deported. Guingouin's refusal would have grave consequences for relations between Guingouin and the communist party hierarchy.
1106:
765:
and pacifist, he kept his distance from all the resistance movements during the war. A vicious grudge drove him to pursue Guingouin, going as far as to sign in 1954 vindictive articles in
355:
At the start of July 1944, Guingouin was warned that a German offensive was being prepared against his maquis. On the 17th, the 1st brigade was attacked by the German brigade of General
363:. The maquis lost 97 men (38 dead, 5 missing, 54 wounded) against 342 killed and wounded on the German side. It was one of the rare occasions when the resistance fought against the
1121:
248:, breaking with the official party line. In April 1941 he joined the maquis, which astonished Gabriel Roucaute, one of the party leadership's representatives in the
252:. During the night of 30 September to 1 October, Guingouin organised the first armed requisitioning of ration cards, which would earn him a forced labour sentence
340:
293:
on 13 March 1943; the viaduct was not reconstructed until after the war. On the night of May 9, 1943, at the request of the English, Guingouin personally led a
870:
Although there were many summary executions and local settlings of accounts in Limousin, it was not thought that Guingouin could be held primarily responsible.
1116:
1111:
499:
about him, declared that neither his soul nor his conscience could believe that anyone had envisaged prosecuting Guingouin. This episode was described in
925:
Speech of Georges Guingouin at the conference/discussion bringing together history teachers in the Aube department, presided over by the inspector of the
817:, the national seat of the PCF in Paris, Guingouin did not hide his disquiet in the face of "Stalinist deviations" by the Party, the personality cult of
659:
555:
which had taken place in the Limoges region. Guingouin brought a complaint, and this time received the support of members of the general council of
957:
1101:
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against Guingouin. In 1947, a "jury of honour" had absolved Le Bail of suspicion of having refused to shelter his former classmate from the
838:
former head of the FTPF, and Guingouin. In these three cases LĂ©on Mauvais himself played the role of prosecutor in building the case files.
389:
Following this, Guingouin would be accused of being directly or indirectly responsible for extortion which accompanied the liberation and
724:
286:
In February 1943, he carried out a solo operation to break into a German ammunition warehouse disguised as a woman to hide his identity.
1041:
551:
took up some of the accusations which had been previously leveled at Guingouin, alleging that he had been responsible for some of the
218:
Guingouin was mobilised in the rank of second class in 1939. He sustained an eyebrow injury on 18 June 1940, and was cared for in the
1052:
1021:
1096:
95:
821:, the "trials" directed against members suspected of "deviance" and forced to humiliated themselves publicly or be removed, etc.
586:
601:, refusant le miroir déformant qu'on leur offre, retrouvent leur patrimoine historique!" (May the people of Limousin, the
578:
344:
333:
In May 1944, Haute-Vienne had about 8,000 armed men, the most of any department in France. After the amalgamation of the
327:
260:
570:
Guingouin died in Troyes on the 27 October 2005, and was buried at Saint-Gilles-les-ForĂŞts according to his wishes.
633:
276:
227:
184:
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156:
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It was the beginning of the "purges" which would lead to the exclusion of significant party figures including
210:
Haute-Vienne, earned himself the nomination to the federal committee, then to the regional office of the PCF.
656:
1067:
958:
https://web.archive.org/web/20061125124235/http://www.reforme.net/archive/article.php?num=3150&ref=1012
566:
It's a problem the Party has with itself. It doesn't concern me any more. I've reached the age of serenity.
490:
who had been part of a resistance committee in the department spoke out, and under pressure from them, the
689:
618:
516:
432:
130:
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859:
562:
In 1998, the Communist Party officially "rehabilitated" Guingouin. Guingouin's response was phlegmatic:
272:
244:(Limousin worker) underground journal. He later wrote that he held off from attacking de Gaulle or the
1091:
1086:
605:, refuse the distorted mirror that is on offer, and regain their historic heritage) - Discourse at
302:
223:
143:
884:
C’est un problème du parti avec lui-même, ça ne me concerne plus, j’ai atteint l’âge de la sérénité.
1042:
https://web.archive.org/web/20110716085558/http://crdp.ac-reims.fr/cddp10/actions/CNRD/2002/Bio.doc
894:
359:
with a strength of 500 vehicles, supported by various reinforcements. This triggered the battle of
101:
65:
36:
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79:
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138:
451:, Jaqcues Duclos personally associated himself with some of the charges previously reported in
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728:
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623:
552:
290:
231:
198:
134:
191:"Comme beaucoup d’autres, ce jeune instituteur est très préoccupé par l’engagement politique"
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in 1914. His mother was the daughter of a ceramics worker; she was the headmistress of a
141:. He was controversial as a result of extortion committed under his authority during the
1033:
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831:
818:
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to a more compliant local cell, which excluded him from the party the following month.
421:
417:
326:. At the same time he received the first parachute drops of armaments from the British
310:
245:
206:
164:
126:
474:, his wife Henriette's original department. Guingouin had married in 1945 in Limoges.
1080:
495:
379:
468:
At this stage Guingouin was granted a request to be transferred as a teacher to the
226:, which he left voluntarily in order to avoid being taken prisoner. On returning to
963:
556:
508:
413:
319:
235:
122:
118:
43:
289:
Guingouin's unit sabotaged and destroyed the Bussy-Varache viaduct on the Limoges-
360:
847:
Quoted by Guingouin himself in the biographical notice which he wrote for the
396:
Guingouin was also accused of acquiring loot from a former youth work camp at
249:
194:
500:
397:
813:
In private, and his words would certainly be brought to high places in the
947:
L'affaire Guingouin, la véritable histoire du premier maquisard de France
606:
602:
598:
431:, who had been mayor of Limoges before the war, while his old rival, the
294:
956:, article appearing on the Reforme.net website on Guingouin's death <
370:
At the beginning of June 1944, Guingouin was ordered to take Limoges by
690:
https://arkheia-revue.org/La-France-sous-l-Occupation.html?artsuite=099
448:
306:
193:. Guingouin belonged to the communist party, becoming secretary of the
180:
160:
524:
On 21 November 2001, at a conference before history professors of the
755:, éd. Lucien Souny 1994 : «L'affaire de Chamberet», pp. 160–171.
573:
In June 2005, Guingouin was promoted to the rank of commander of the
443:
which 17 months previously had accused Guingouin of terrible crimes.
314:
298:
259:
He named his first armed groups "Francs Tireurs", at a time when the
172:
73:
933:
675:
Cited by Guingouin himself in the biography which he wrote for the
400:
which would result in 6 executions, including three members of the
375:
323:
800:
interest, a large amount at the time. (Cité par Michel Taubmann,
427:
In 1947, Guingouin lost the mayorship of Limoges to a socialist,
1064:
470:
201:. He wrote articles about foreign politics in the party weekly,
183:. After his military service, he was appointed as a teacher at
1001:
Fouché Jean-Jacques, Juchereau Francis, Monédiaire Gérard,
725:"ASMP - la justice du Peuple en 1944 par M. Henri Amouroux"
240:
In January 1941 Guingouin published the first issue of the
412:
On 20 November 1944, Guingouin was seriously injured in a
271:(the Great) by the locals, Guingouin organised his first
283:, and mobile "flying" units with varying effectiveness.
1065:
Association of friends of the Limoges resistance museum
1050:
http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_compagnon/445.html
968:
Dictionnaire biographique du mouvement ouvrier français
234:
and the capitalist clan whose interests are linked to
477:
On 24 December 1953, Guingouin was called before the
1107:
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
1034:
Guingouin: call to battle, given to fighters in 1940
88:
58:
29:
18:
256:at the hands of a military court in January 1942.
133:(PCF) militant who played a leading role in the
1005:, Ă©ditions Lucien Souny, Cercle Gramsci Limoges
564:
505:
920:Georges Guingouin, premier maquisard de France
581:(by decree of 19 October 1945), bearer of the
503:' obituary of Guingouin in the following way:
533:Mouvement communiste démocratique et national
8:
929:, Jacques Marchal, Troyes, 21 November 2001
657:questions.... La France durant l'Occupation
343:and FTPF resistance movements into the new
1122:Communist members of the French Resistance
589:and the British King's Medal for Courage.
100:
78:
64:
48:
35:
15:
167:. Guingouin was initially a pupil at the
1003:Georges Guingouin, chemin de résistances
918:Georges Guingouin et Gérard Monédiaire,
975:Histoire intérieure du parti communiste
954:Georges Guingouin ou la geste du Grand
913:Quatre ans de lutte sur le sol limousin
645:
539:In 1985, the extreme-right publication
915:, Hachette-Littérature, 287 pp., 1974.
860:The Times, Nov.15 2005, available here
747:
745:
706:
695:
587:médaille de la Résistance with rosette
989:Journal d'un préfet sous l'Occupation
651:
649:
197:section which encompassed five rural
7:
531:In March 1957, Guingouin joined the
507:Defended now by two young lawyers,
297:which sabotaged the boilers at the
1117:Commanders of the Legion of Honour
1112:Recipients of the Resistance Medal
977:, Tomes 2 & 4, Fayard, 1980–84
949:, éditions Lucien Souny, 1994–2004
515:(both known to any student of the
14:
934:http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr
96:Commander of the Legion of Honour
175:, and was then admitted to the
634:The Oradour-sur-Glane massacre
1:
922:, Ă©ditions Lucien Souny, 1983
906:Writings of Georges Guingouin
408:Pariah of the Communist Party
345:French Forces of the Interior
155:Guingouin's father, a career
1102:Companions of the Liberation
994:Faligot Roger, Kaufer RĂ©mi,
486:" (referring to Guingouin).
352:who had also taken up arms.
328:Special Operations Executive
177:Ă©cole normale d'instituteurs
125:, France – 27 October 2005,
982:L'Ă©puration sauvage 1944-45
679:, of which he was a member.
520:against Georges Guingouin".
281:Brigade de Marche Limousine
261:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
179:teacher training school at
1138:
834:"the black sea mutineer",
579:compagnon de la Libération
583:Croix de Guerre with palm
169:école primaire supérieure
147:in Limousin during 1944.
25:
1097:People from Haute-Vienne
597:"Que les Limousins, les
203:Le Travailleur du Centre
157:non-commissioned officer
815:carrefour de Châteaudun
609:on the 22 August 1982.
228:Saint-Gilles-les-ForĂŞts
185:Saint-Gilles-les-ForĂŞts
849:Ordre de la Libération
767:Le Populaire du Centre
677:Ordre de la Libération
619:French Communist Party
568:
522:
433:French Socialist Party
131:French Communist Party
970:, Editions ouvrières.
222:military hospital in
214:Prefect of the maquis
62:27 October 2005
33:2 February 1913
494:ordered Guingouin's
303:le Palais-sur-Vienne
277:Châteauneuf-la-Forêt
242:Travailleur limousin
980:Bourdrel Philippe,
973:Robrieux Philippe,
911:Georges Guingouin,
895:Marie-George Buffet
882:, 30 October 2005.
753:L'affaire Guingouin
1070:2009-12-27 at the
1055:2005-10-15 at the
1024:2005-10-15 at the
662:2011-07-23 at the
629:Maquis du Limousin
553:summary executions
492:juge d’instruction
479:juge d'instruction
464:Guingouin in exile
139:Maquis du Limousin
117:(2 February 1913,
991:, Gallimard, 1964
987:Trouillé Pierre,
952:Taubmann Michel,
945:Taubmann Michel,
786:Michel Taubmann,
751:Michel Taubmann,
705:Missing or empty
624:French resistance
435:(SFIO) socialist
144:Ă©puration sauvage
135:French resistance
115:Georges Guingouin
112:
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20:Georges Guingouin
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655:Max Lagarrigue,
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577:. He was also a
575:LĂ©gion d'honneur
367:in open battle.
205:. The historian
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996:Les RĂ©sistants
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422:Jacques Duclos
418:Maurice Thorez
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311:submarine base
246:United Kingdom
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207:Max Lagarrigue
165:primary school
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127:Troyes, France
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731:on 2007-04-23
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666:, CNDP, 2007.
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429:LĂ©on Betoulle
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402:Armée secrète
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51:
45:
38:
32:
28:
24:
17:
1002:
995:
988:
981:
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967:
964:Jean Maitron
953:
946:
926:
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733:. Retrieved
729:the original
719:
707:|title=
684:
671:
596:
572:
569:
565:
561:
557:Haute-Vienne
546:
540:
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509:Roland Dumas
506:
491:
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469:
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457:
452:
445:
440:
437:Jean Le Bail
426:
414:car accident
411:
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395:
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388:
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378:, where, in
372:LĂ©on Mauvais
369:
364:
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320:black market
288:
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123:Haute-Vienne
119:Magnac-Laval
114:
113:
98:(2005)
44:Magnac-Laval
1092:2005 deaths
1087:1913 births
1062:(in French)
1047:(in French)
1039:(in French)
1031:(in French)
1016:(in French)
832:André Marty
391:"Ă©puration"
361:Mont Gargan
301:factory in
254:in absentia
1081:Categories
932:Biography
804:, p. 183.)
735:2009-10-15
640:References
517:Mitterrand
267:Nicknamed
250:zone libre
195:Eymoutiers
1019:Biography
898:birthday.
790:, p. 192.
771:rue d'Ulm
501:The Times
398:Chamberet
380:reprisals
365:Wehrmacht
232:de Gaulle
187:in 1935.
70:(aged 92)
1068:Archived
1053:Archived
1022:Archived
927:académie
880:Le Monde
698:cite web
660:Archived
613:See also
607:Le Vigen
603:Occitans
599:Occitans
484:le Grand
453:L'Époque
441:L'Époque
295:commando
269:Lo Grand
129:) was a
449:Nantiat
307:Limoges
220:Moulins
199:cantons
181:Limoges
161:Bapaume
593:Quotes
585:, the
548:Minute
315:Berlin
299:rubber
273:maquis
224:Allier
173:Bellac
89:Awards
76:
74:Troyes
46:
802:Ibid.
788:Ibid.
376:Tulle
324:fraud
313:with
305:near
291:Ussel
236:Vichy
151:Youth
960:>
711:help
526:Aube
511:and
471:Aube
458:fiat
420:and
322:and
59:Died
30:Born
341:ORA
171:at
121:in
1083::
773:,
744:^
702::
700:}}
696:{{
648:^
559:.
404:.
339:,
738:.
713:)
709:(
692:.
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