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was cut out of solid sandstone, leaving a curved parapet 24-metre (80 ft) long on the cliff edge about 15 metres (50 ft) above sea level. There were two embrasures or gun openings, but guns could also be fired over the parapet. The guns – four twelve-pounders and two six-pounders – were landed at
Obelisk Beach (then known as Georges Beach) and hauled up through the bush. Also in the gun pit was built a magazine for powder and shot, with stone walls three feet thick. The
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422:, located at the end of Suakin Drive, Georges Heights, two later batteries located adjacent to the corner of Middle Head Road and Best Avenue, Georges Heights, and the Beehive (or Lower) Casemate adjacent to the Armoured (or Upper) Casemate in Chowder Bay Road. The Georges Head Battery is one of three forts in the area that were built for the purpose of defending the outer harbour. The other two forts are located at
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Head. The
Georges Head Battery is in fact 1 km to the south west. This is the oldest remaining colonial fortification in Australia and was built to defend the entrance to Sydney Harbour during the Napoleonic wars. The fort was isolated from Sydney town and was abandoned a few years after construction. In July 2010 the
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The floor was originally covered in a bituminous substance, the walls were tiled with ceramic tiles not unlike those seen on the wall pictured, and the tunnel ceiling leading to the room was lined with cork. The purpose of these measures was to reduce the possibility of sparks and the potential for a
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reported on 23 October 1803 that "The new battery is compleated and the artificers and labourers recalled ... the battery mounts six guns, two long twelves on the right, two of the same size on the left and two short sixes in the centre. The first of these command the bay inwardly, those on the left
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The site has remained in government and military ownership from the earliest
British settlement and thus provides strong research potential in its structures and surface cultural deposits to demonstrate past ways of military life. The construction of fortifications on the site followed the departure
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to the batteries. They came along a rough track which later became
Military Road. The guns had been positioned so poorly that this created the risk of one gun firing upon another. Also, the guns and soldiers were visible from the harbour. In 1877 large mounds of earth were placed between the pits to
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activity began in this area of Sydney
Harbour as early as 1803 when a gun battery was installed on Georges Head. Built between 1801 and 1803 the then so called "Georges Head" battery was hewn by hand out of solid rock using a work gang of 44 convicts on what is now known as Obelisk Point near Middle
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informed the
Secretary of State for Colonies that a battery was "in forwardness opposite the entrance to the Harbour, which will completely prevent attack from without". Despite that confidence, the job took another two years to finish. With only picks, crowbars, wedges and sledgehammers, a gun pit
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from attack. Alterations to the A84 Battery show the continual evolution and development of defensive systems and the application of the most modern technology and building techniques. The buildings in the precinct illustrate the evolution of defence accommodation from the 1871 Barracks (later the
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George's Head has outstanding aesthetic values as a prominent headland. The site is valued by the local community and
Defence personnel for its role as a vantage point and as a gateway to the harbour. It is also a rare remnant of fragile natural environment, and is also valued for its historical
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In 1888 Georges Head was chosen as the best place to observe and fire underwater mines, the latest in harbour defences. Each underwater mine was attached to an electric cable that ran up the cliff to a firing post. From there, miners watched for ships entering the harbour. The miners' job was to
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Defence tactics were planned using telescopes and plotters mounted in the middle of the second gun pit. From the telephone exchange, the Port
Jackson District Commandant could communicate with all military installations on the harbour. Telephone cables ran through the tunnels, down the cliff and
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Georges
Heights and in particular the Officer's mess precinct is culturally significant for the important role it played in the strategic defence of Sydney. This commenced with the initial fortification phase in 1871(−1884) and extended through the submarine mine defence phase (1884–1922), the
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Georges Head
Battery was an outer line harbour defence fortification designed especially to attack and prevent enemy ships from infiltrating the inner harbour. The fort held a prominent position and was located high above sea level with strategic views to the entrance of
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Following the removal of the British forces from Australia in 1870, construction began in 1871 on the battery at Georges Head and was completed in 1873. The departure of British forces put the onus on colonies like New South Wales and
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left after 130 years at Georges Head. The area in which the fortifications are situated is now open to the public and the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust has restored the historic fortifications, creating a new type of lookout.
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The work of the submarine miner was secretive, technical and dangerous. During a demonstration in 1891, a crowd of several thousand watched as a terrible accident killed four miners and injured another eight.
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explode the mine closest to an approaching enemy ship. Minefields were laid across the main shipping channels of Port Jackson from 1876 to 1922 and a base was built at Chowder Bay for the submarine miners.
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The hospital was carved out of solid rock during the construction of the tunnel system in 1872, and was originally designed to provide a storage room for the black powder charge used when firing the
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and to help protect the gun crew from enemy fire. When construction of the fort was complete, there were a total of 41 gun emplacements positioned around the harbour.
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With the French threat in the east removed with the capture of Mauritius in 1810 the battery was abandoned and never used again for military purposes.
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powder explosion. The zigzag tunnel at the far end of the room was designed to act as a blast wall to contain any blast within the immediate area.
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Colonial architect James Barnet, who was one of Australia's greatest architects and designed the original barracks (now Officers' Mess); and
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The room has been modified since 1872 and was used as a casualty clearing station in 1932/33 when the battery was re-gunned with the
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Officer's Mess) to 1892 Married Quarters (now Gunshot Alley) to the 1954 separate individual rooms (Officers' Mess Accommodation).
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1182:. Vol. I, no. 34. New South Wales, Australia. 23 October 1803. p. 2 – via National Library of Australia.
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FR de Wolski, Engineer-in-Chief of Defence Works around 1890 and who contributed to the establishment of Gunshot Alley.
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Sydney Harbour National Park Georges Head Fortifications Archaeological Investigations at the Beehive Casemate (GH1)
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The command post remained until the 1930s. The area then became home to various defence bases until 2002 when the
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726:. George's Head was part of the Middle Head and George's Heights defence site listed on the (now defunct)
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command the entrance of the harbour between the heads and those in the centre point across the channel."
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1116:"Middle Head and Georges Heights, Middle Head Rd, Georges Heights, NSW, Australia (Place ID 101087)"
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federation of Australian States and thus it became part of the wider coastal network of defences.
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was installed. The boom net spanned the entire width of Sydney Harbour from Green (Laings) Point,
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1085:"Chowder Bay Barracks Group, Chowder Bay Rd, Georges Heights, NSW, Australia (Place ID 105254)"
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published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under
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Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under
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The site is part of the network of fortifications that were established to protect
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The buildings have been associated with key people in NSW history particularly;
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New South Wales places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate
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Chowder Bay Barracks Group, Chowder Bay Rd, Georges Heights, NSW, Australia
671:. Designed for emergencies only, it fortunately saw no casualties of war.
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Barracks Group, including the Georges Head Battery, was inscribed on the
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Artillery fortifications and military bases in Sydney and surrounds
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Conservation Management Plan Georges Heights Officers Mess Precinct
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of British Imperial forces in 1870 and is evidence of the British
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Exterior of gunners' barracks attached to the Georges Head Battery
1301:"Defence Site – Georges Heights and Middle Head, Georges Heights"
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A submarine mine observing station behind the gun emplacements
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The Fragile Forts : The Fixed Defences of Sydney Harbour
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The battery casualty clearing station, once storage facility
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Archaeological & Heritage Management Solutions (2000).
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National Parks & Wildlife Service Section 170 Register
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to assist in, and organize its own defences, prior to the
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Former officers' residence and barracks, now a restaurant
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Georges Head Military Fortifications was listed on the
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Commonwealth Heritage List places in New South Wales
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This Knowledge (XXG) article contains material from
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Part of the fortification tunnel complex from above
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216:Decommissioned; remnants now contained within the
1709:Coastal defences of Australia during World War II
1179:The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser
859:A tunnel leading to the former officers residence
1305:Commonwealth heritage places in New South Wales
1152:. Melbourne University Press (published 1994).
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652:Casualty clearing station and storage facility
1740:Artillery battery fortifications in Australia
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542:established a farm for Aborigines and placed
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1458:www.harbourtrust.gov.au Middle Head history.
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1387:Draft Plan Sydney Harbour Federation Trust
1246:Submarines miners and their mines (1890).
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1775:Military installations in New South Wales
1627:Lower Georges Heights Commanding Position
1581:Anti-motor torpedo boat defensive battery
1054:"Headland Park and its military heritage"
444:NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service
168:NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service
1012:Department of Planning & Environment
1770:New South Wales State Heritage Register
1439:New South Wales State Heritage Register
1394:National Parks & Wildlife Service.
1266:"7. (Middle Head), Koree (Chowder Bay)"
1007:New South Wales State Heritage Register
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716:New South Wales State Heritage Register
473:1803 Fort, looking towards Sydney Heads
459:New South Wales State Heritage Register
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1683:Sydney Harbour anti-submarine boom net
1463:Australian Bunker and Military Museum.
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1002:"Georges Head Military Fortifications"
634:Sydney Harbour anti-submarine boom net
1790:Military installations closed in 2002
1373:Eric Martin & Associates (2003).
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929:Military history of Australia portal
660:and 80-pounder guns of the battery.
452:Office of Environment & Heritage
382:Georges Head Military Fortifications
318:Georges Head Military Fortifications
150:Office of Environment & Heritage
1810:Military history of New South Wales
939:Bradleys Head Fortification Complex
1350:Eric Martin & Associates, 2003
1146:Souter, Gavin (2 September 1994).
949:Protected areas of New South Wales
571:. Other batteries were located on
442:, with other parts managed by the
407:The site consists of the original
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718:on 2 April 1999, and in 2004 the
586:Georges Head was armed with four
308:New South Wales Heritage Register
1780:1801 establishments in Australia
1760:James Barnet buildings in Sydney
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1336:(Plaque). Georges Head, Sydney:
1250:(Plaque). Georges Head, Sydney:
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883:In one of the battery's trenches
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1383:Sydney Harbour Federation Trust
1338:Sydney Harbour Federation Trust
1274:Sydney Harbour Federation Trust
1252:Sydney Harbour Federation Trust
1061:Sydney Harbour Federation Trust
728:Register of the National Estate
440:Sydney Harbour Federation Trust
163:Sydney Harbour Federation Trust
640:to Georges Heights in Mosman.
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1651:Barracks, bases and hospitals
1309:Department of the Environment
1218:Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper
954:Military history of Australia
669:6 inch breech loaded MK7 guns
599:make sure the guns could not
1795:Sydney Harbour National Park
1735:Former Barracks in Australia
1448:, accessed on 2 June 2018.
1437:, entry number 00987 in the
1121:Australian Heritage Database
1090:Australian Heritage Database
838:One of the 3 gun rooms today
724:Australian Heritage Database
448:Sydney Harbour National Park
218:Sydney Harbour National Park
1607:Garden Island Tunnel System
1590:Fortifications with tunnels
1214:"The miners of Chowder Bay"
959:Garden Island Tunnel System
450:. The property is owned by
94:Greater Metropolitan Sydney
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1637:Middle Head Fortifications
944:Middle Head Fortifications
520:On 10 March 1801 Governor
457:The site was added to the
247:Commonwealth Heritage List
1622:Illowra Battery (Hill 60)
1313:Commonwealth of Australia
1279:Commonwealth of Australia
1193:Oppenheim, Peter (2004).
795:The tunnel complex within
436:Sydney's harbour defences
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1750:Forts in New South Wales
1504:Artillery fortifications
1281:. 2003. pp. 102–135
1714:Sydney Harbour defences
1516:Ben Buckler Gun Battery
1149:Mosman : a history
561:Federation of Australia
1678:118th General Hospital
808:RML 10 inch 18 ton gun
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125:33.83639°S 151.25806°E
1226:Australian Government
1222:Department of Defence
1126:Australian Government
1095:Australian Government
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396:on Chowder Bay Road,
1612:Georges Head Battery
1248:Watching and waiting
601:fire upon each other
378:Georges Head Battery
130:-33.83639; 151.25806
86:Georges Head Battery
21:Georges Head Battery
1693:Wallgrove Army Base
1673:Ingleburn Army Camp
1663:Holsworthy Barracks
1642:Steel Point Battery
1571:Signal Hill Battery
1541:Flagstaff Hill Fort
1531:Dawes Point Battery
824:BL 6 inch Mk V guns
121: /
1745:Bunkers in Oceania
1668:Hyde Park Barracks
1617:Henry Head Battery
1526:Breakwater Battery
540:Governor Macquarie
522:Philip Gidley King
506:Australian Defence
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417:Colonial Architect
380:, also called the
339:Reference no.
278:Reference no.
36:Chowder Bay Road,
1755:History of Sydney
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1688:Victoria Barracks
1159:978-0-522-84591-4
461:on 2 April 1999.
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49:in Australia
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1597:Bankstown Bunker
1576:Smiths Hill Fort
1536:Drummond Battery
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1334:The hospital
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1316:. Retrieved
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1229:. Retrieved
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1208:Hutchinson,
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1016:. Retrieved
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822:Replaced by
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569:Port Jackson
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515:Marie Bashir
511:NSW Governor
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420:James Barnet
406:
394:Georges Head
381:
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375:
334:2 April 1999
273:22 June 2004
265:Listed place
235:James Barnet
177:Site history
92:Location in
15:
1561:Fort Philip
1511:Bare Island
1424:Attribution
1412:|work=
720:Chowder Bay
638:Watsons Bay
577:Shark Point
573:Middle Head
424:Middle Head
198:In use
128: /
116:151°15′29″E
104:Coordinates
28:Chowder Bay
1729:Categories
1546:Fort Banks
965:References
705:Government
658:68-pounder
331:Designated
270:Designated
113:33°50′11″S
1443:CC-BY 4.0
1414:ignored (
1404:cite book
1318:5 October
1285:5 October
1231:5 October
1131:10 August
1100:10 August
1066:5 October
1031:CC-BY 4.0
231:Architect
201:1801–2002
1702:See also
1385:(2002).
1014:. H00987
913:See also
590:and two
557:Victoria
544:Bungaree
538:In 1815
413:barracks
355:Category
289:Historic
156:Operator
26:Part of
1446:licence
1277:(PDF).
1034:licence
826:in 1892
810:in 1891
734:Gallery
465:History
409:battery
384:, is a
358:Defence
203: (
187: (
1212:Troy.
1156:
1018:2 June
711:uses.
432:Mosman
281:105254
47:Sydney
1269:(PDF)
1057:(PDF)
611:1880s
550:1870s
286:Class
193:–1873
182:Built
146:Owner
45:Near
1416:help
1320:2014
1287:2014
1233:2014
1154:ISBN
1133:2018
1102:2018
1068:2014
1020:2018
632:the
579:and
426:and
411:and
376:The
347:Type
323:Type
262:Type
213:Fate
205:2002
189:1801
185:1801
1210:Cpl
400:,
342:987
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207:)
191:)
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