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744:, whom he saw as universal principles and planetary powers. Man, as relative of the gods, should strive towards good. Plethon believed the universe has no beginning or end in time, and being created perfect, nothing may be added to it. He rejected the concept of a brief reign of evil followed by perpetual happiness, and held that the human soul is reincarnated, directed by the gods into successive bodies to fulfill divine order. This same divine order, he believed, governed the organisation of bees, the foresight of ants and the dexterity of spiders, as well as the growth of plants, magnetic attraction, and the amalgamation of mercury and gold.
919:. References to Plethon and Sigismondo Malatesta can be found in Canto 8. Plethon is also mentioned in Cantos 23 and 26. Pound was fascinated by the effect that Plethon's conversation may have had on Cosimo de Medici and his decision to acquire Greek manuscripts of Plato and Neoplatonic philosophers. By having manuscripts brought from Greece and becoming the patron of "the young boy, Ficino," Cosimo facilitated the preservation and transmission of the Greek cultural patrimony into the modern world after the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Plethon thus played a key but hidden role in the Italian Renaissance.
632:" who would be exempt from military service. Land was to be publicly owned, and a third of all produce given to the state fund; incentives would be given for cultivating virgin land. Trade would be regulated and the use of coinage limited, barter instead being encouraged; locally available products would be supported over imports. Mutilation as a punishment would be abolished, and chain gangs introduced. Homosexuals and sexual deviants would be burnt at the stake. The social and political ideas in these pamphlets were largely derived from Plato's
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the heavenly gods is Helios, master of the heavens here and source of all mortal life on earth. The gods are responsible for much good and no evil, and guide all life towards divine order. Plethon describes the creation of the universe as being perfect and outside of time, so that the universe remains eternal, without beginning or end. The soul of man, like the gods is immortal and essentially good, and is reincarnated in successive mortal bodies for eternity at the direction of the gods.
511:, Ficino was misunderstood. In fact, communication between Plethon and Cosimo de' Medici - for whose meeting there is no independent evidence - would have been severely constrained by the language barrier. Furthermore, Ficino's "Platonic Academy" was more of an "informal gymnasium" that did not have a particularly Platonic orientation. Nevertheless, Plethon came to be considered one of the most important influences on the Italian
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also the end and final cause of existence, while
Aristotle's God is only the end of movement and change. Plethon derides Aristotle for discussing unimportant matters such as shellfish and embryos while failing to credit God with creating the universe, for believing the heavens are composed of a fifth element, and for his view that contemplation was the greatest pleasure; the latter aligned him with
683:
by these words that I hated him ever after and feared him like a poisonous viper, and I could no longer bear to see or hear him. I heard, too, from a number of Greeks who escaped here from the
Peloponnese that he openly said before he died ... that not many years after his death Muhammad and Christ would collapse and the true truth would shine through every region of the globe.
636:. Plethon touched little on religion, although he expressed disdain for monks, who "render no service to the common good". He vaguely prescribed three religious principles: belief in a supreme being; that this being has concern for mankind; and that it is uninfluenced by gifts or flattery. Manuel and Theodore did not act on any of these reforms.
42:
818:
is third in command after
Poseidon, creatress and ruler of indestructible matter, and the mother by Zeus of the heavenly gods, demi-gods and spirits. The Olympians rule immortal life in the heavens, the Tartareans mortal life below, their leader Kronos ruling over mortality altogether. The eldest of
682:
I myself heard him at
Florence ... asserting that in a few more years the whole world would accept one and the same religion with one mind, one intelligence, one teaching. And when I asked him "Christ’s or Muhammad’s?," he said, "Neither; but it will not differ much from paganism." I was so shocked
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Plethon compares
Aristotle's and Plato's conceptions of God, arguing that Plato credits God with more exalted powers as "creator of every kind of intelligible and separate substance, and hence of our entire universe", while Aristotle has God as only the motive force of the universe; Plato's God is
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in the southern
Peloponnese, which remained his home for the rest of his life. In Constantinople, he had been a senator, and he continued to fulfil various public functions, such as being a judge, and was regularly consulted by rulers of Morea. Despite suspicions of heresy from the Church, he was
783:
The political and social elements of his theories covered the creation of communities, government (he promoted benevolent monarchy as the most stable form), land ownership (land should be shared, rather than individually owned), social organisation, families, and divisions of sex and class. He
627:
to turn the peninsula into a cultural island with a new constitution of strongly centralised monarchy advised by a small body of middle-class educated men. The army must be composed only of professional native Greek soldiers, who would be supported by the taxpayers, or
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523:
and the first director of the
Accademia Platonica, paid Plethon the ultimate honour, calling him 'the second Plato', while Cardinal Bessarion speculated as to whether Plato's soul occupied his body. Plethon may also have been the source for Ficino's
716:. Theodora sent the manuscript to Scholarius, now Gennadius II, Patriarch of Constantinople, asking for his advice on what to do with it; he returned it, advising her to destroy it. Morea was under invasion from Sultan
543:, to correct the misunderstandings he had encountered. He claimed he had written it "without serious intent" while incapacitated through illness, "to comfort myself and to please those who are dedicated to Plato".
771:
measure he also supported the reconciliation of the two churches in order to secure
Western Europe's support against the Ottomans. He also proposed more practical, immediate measures, such as rebuilding the
814:, who created the heavens and rules all below, ordaining order in the universe. Zeus' other children include an array of "supercelestial" gods, the Olympians and Tartareans, all motherless. Of these
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it in 1460; however, in a letter to the Exarch Joseph (which still survives) he details the book, providing chapter headings and brief summaries of the contents. It seemed to represent a merging of
720:, and Theodora escaped with Demetrios to Constantinople where she gave the manuscript back to Gennadius, reluctant to destroy the only copy of such a distinguished scholar's work herself. Gennadius
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churches. Despite not being a theologian, Plethon was chosen to accompany John VIII on the basis of his renowned wisdom and morality. Other delegates included
Plethon's former students Bessarion,
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on the issue of unifying the Greek and Latin churches, and advised that both delegations should have equal voting power. Byzantine scholars had been in contact with their counterparts in
Western
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believed that labourers should keep a third of their produce, and that soldiers should be professional. He held that love should be private not because it is shameful, but because it is sacred.
322:
Plethon also formulated his political vision in several speeches throughout his life. The boast in one of the speeches that "We are Hellenes by race and culture" and his proposal of a reborn
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Plethon died in Mistra in 1452, or in 1454, according to J. Monfasani (the difference between the two dates being significant as to whether or not Plethon still lived to know of the
447:, but the Byzantines had many documents and interpretations that the Westerners had never seen before. Byzantine scholarship became more fully available to the West after 1438, when
2918:
1600:. Édition critique avec introduction, traduction et commentaire, Corpus Philosophorum Medii Aevi, Philosophi Byzantini 3, Athens-The Academy of Athens, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1987.
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par Michel Tardieu, Corpus Philosophorum Medii Aevi, Philosophi Byzantini 7, Athens-The Academy of Athens, Paris, Librairie J. Vrin, Bruxelles, éditions Ousia, 1995, LXXX+187 p.
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that Plato's God was more consistent with Christian doctrine than Aristotle's, and this, according to Darien DeBolt, was probably in part an attempt to escape suspicion of
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486:. Few of Plato's writings were studied in the Latin West at that time, and he essentially reintroduced much of Plato to the Western world, shaking the domination which
330:, have generated discussion about Byzantine and modern Greek identity. In this regard, Plethon has been labelled both "the last Hellene" and "the first modern Greek".
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Magika logia tôn apo Zoroastrou magôn, Georgiou Gemistou Plêthônos Exêgêsis eis ta auta logia. Oracles chaldaïques. Recension de Georges Gémiste Pléthon
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1485:, Mystras, 26–29 June 2002, ed. L.G. Benakis and Ch.P. Baloglou (Athens: Society for Peloponnesian and Byzantine Studies, 2004), pp. 211–17
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In Mystra he taught and wrote philosophy, astronomy, history and geography, and compiled digests of many classical writers. His pupils included
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Many of Plethon's other works still exist in manuscript form in various European libraries. Most of Plethon's works can be found in
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in Florence, where Italian students of Plethon continued to teach after the conclusion of the council. However, according to
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Hellenic Temples and Christian Churches: A Concise History of the Religious Cultures of Greece from Antiquity to the Present
655:, Plethon argued, and he attributed this same pleasure-seeking to monks, whom he accused of laziness. Later, in response to
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At the invitation of some Florentine humanists he set up a temporary school to lecture on the difference between Plato and
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755:. The new state religion was to be founded on a hierarchical pantheon of pagan gods, based largely upon the ideas of
1455:
Brown, Alison M., 'Platonism in fifteenth century Florence and its contribution to early modern political thought',
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Marsilio Ficino's introduction to the translation of Plotinus has traditionally been interpreted to the effect that
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as supreme sovereign, containing within himself all being in an undivided state; his eldest child, motherless, is
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and the migration of the soul. He recommended religious rites and hymns to petition the classical gods, such as
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to radically change the structure and philosophy of the Byzantine Empire in line with his interpretation of
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Harris, Jonathan, 'The influence of Plethon's idea of fate on the historian Laonikos Chalkokondyles', in:
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Merry, Bruce (2002) "George Gemistos Plethon (c. 1355/60–1452)" in Amoia, Alba & Knapp, Bettina L.,
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in 1355/1360. Raised in a family of well-educated Orthodox Christians, he studied in Constantinople and
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1261:. A paper delivered at the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, Boston, Mass. Retrieved 2008-11-20.
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708:(Νόμοι, "Book of Laws") was discovered. It came into the possession of Princess Theodora, wife of
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The Philosophy of Gemistos Plethon. Platonism in Late Byzantium, between Hellenism and Orthodoxy
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1607:. Edition critique avec introduction, traduction et commentaire par Brigitte Tambrun-Krasker.
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The Divine Arcana of the Aurum Solis: Using Tarot Talismans for Ritual & Initiation
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555:. Expatriate Byzantine scholars and later Italian humanists continued the argument.
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Monfasani, John, 'Platonic paganism in the fifteenth century', in: John Monfasani,
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Zervas, Theodore. (2010). Beginnings of a Modern Greek Identity: Byzantine Legacy.
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Viglas, Katelis, 'Alexandre Joseph Hidulphe Vincent on George Gemistos Plethon',
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411:. He produced his major writings during his time in Italy and after his return.
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Short Biographical Lexicon of Byzantine Academics Immigrants in Western Europe
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Setton, Kenneth M. 'The Byzantine background to the Italian Renaissance', in:
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Multicultural Writers from Antiquity to 1945: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook
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Byzantine Scholars in Renaissance Italy: Cardinal Bessarion and Other Émigrés
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Radical Platonism in Byzantium: Illumination and Utopia in Gemistos Plethon
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had come to exercise over Western European thought in the high and later
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in 1365, was a centre of learning modelled by Murad on the caliphates of
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1701:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 573.
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Keller, A., 'Two Byzantine scholars and their reception in Italy', in:
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Tambrun, Brigitte, "Pletho" (article) in: W.J. Hanegraaff, A. Faivre,
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Michalopoulos, Dimitris, "George Gemistos Pletho and his Legacy" in
901:. Forster also wrote an essay about Plethon, to be found in his book
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1749:"George Gemistos Plethon on God: Heterodoxy in Defense of Orthodoxy"
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The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought C. 350 – C. 1450
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Georgios Gemistos Plethon – The Byzantine and the Latin Renaissance
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The Cambridge history of medieval political thought c. 350–c. 1450,
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era. He was a chief pioneer of the revival of Greek scholarship in
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Esotericism and the Academy: Rejected Knowledge in Western Culture
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George Gemistos Plethon on God: Heterodoxy in Defence of Orthodoxy
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Proceedings of the International Congress on Plethon and his Time
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Proceedings of the International Congress of Plethon and His Time
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Portrait of Gemistos Plethon, detail of a fresco by acquaintance
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in the 14th century. Western Europe had some access to ancient
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following a utopian Hellenic system of government centered in
309:, proceeded to translate into Latin all of Plato's works, the
375:) so much that late in life he took the similar-meaning name
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also survived, among manuscripts held by his former student
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in 1453). In 1466, some of his Italian disciples, headed by
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Pléthon : le retour de Platon, Pythagore et Zoroastre
566:, stole his remains from Mistra and interred them in the
501:
attended Pletho's lectures and was inspired to found the
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appeared only shortly before Plethon's visit. (DeBolt)
1018:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 125.
989:, Volume 1, Ed. di Storia e Letteratura, 2003, p. 207.
535:
While still in Florence, Pletho wrote a volume titled
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and Plethon's enemy). He was made chief magistrate by
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The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
1411:
Mitchison, Naomi (1986) . "11: Morgan Comes to Tea".
1209:
1207:
574:, "so that the great Teacher may be among free men".
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Intelectualii Politicii si Politica Intelectuallilor
806:, affirms the existence of a pantheon of gods, with
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prevalent at the time, incorporating themes such as
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attended the Council of Ferrara, later known as the
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1543:, Editura Cetatea de Scaun, 2016, p. 448-459 (
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619:influence. In his 1415 and 1418 pamphlets he urged
266:, which he circulated only among close friends, he
193:Comparing the similarities and differences between
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1660:George Gemistos Plethon – The Last of the Hellenes
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1577:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1445:, Mystras, 26–29 June 2002, Athens-Mystras, 2003
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987:Humanism and Platonism in the Italian Renaissance
1193:. Plethon is also an archaic translation of the
1490:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
1325:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
1012:Humphreys, Sarah C.; Wagner, Rudolf G. (2013).
893:attempted a historical novel about Plethon and
804:Summary of the Doctrines of Zoroaster and Plato
680:
1625:Vassileiou, Fotis & Saribalidou, Barbara,
1321:"Cosimo de' Medici and the 'Platonic Academy'"
3158:
1785:
355:capital following its capture by the Ottoman
258:. As revealed in his last literary work, the
8:
3664:
2027:
1981:
1967:
1620:Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism
1530:Matula, Jozef and Blum, Paul Richard (ed.),
1218:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 77–8.
270:in favour of a return to the worship of the
3600:
3728:
3165:
3151:
3143:
2109:
1792:
1778:
1770:
1598:Georges Gémiste Pléthon, Traité des vertus
40:
29:
1467:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
976:, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 3.
607:, Plethon rejected Justinian's idea of a
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
776:, the ancient defensive wall across the
319:, and various other Neoplatonist works.
27:15th-century Byzantine Greek philosopher
4748:Reflections on the Revolution in France
1502:. New York: New York University Press.
1054:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
965:
293:, in a failed attempt to reconcile the
5121:People from the Despotate of the Morea
1149:. Llewellyn Publications. p. 19.
1051:, fifth Baron Terrington (1917–2001),
551:, which elicited Plethon's subsequent
537:Wherein Aristotle disagrees with Plato
343:Georgios Gemistos Plethon was born in
289:'s ideas to Western Europe during the
235:/1360 – 1452/1454), commonly known as
1764:"Secret Texts of Hellenic Polytheism"
1441:Benakis, A. G. and Baloglou, Ch. P.,
1188:
274:, mixed with ancient wisdom based on
7:
1681:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1645:, Ashgate, Farnham-Burlington, 2014
1414:You May Well Ask: A Memoir 1920–1940
1214:Burns, James Henderson, ed. (1991).
869:collection; for a complete list see
297:. There, Plethon met and influenced
4858:The End of History and the Last Man
4768:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
1609:La recension arabe des Magika logia
1057:, Oxford University Press, Jan 2005
1556:Pléthon et le platonisme de Mistra
1281:' 12th century translation of the
693:Comparatio Platonis et Aristotelis
25:
5071:15th-century Byzantine historians
5051:14th-century Byzantine scientists
5046:14th-century Byzantine historians
1692:"Gemistus Pletho, Georgius"
1672:"Georgius Gemistus Plethon"
1669:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1622:, Leiden, E.J. Brill, 2005, 2006.
929:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
419:In 1428 Plethon was consulted by
379:. Some time before 1410, Emperor
4828:The Open Society and Its Enemies
2989:The Closing of the American Mind
2909:Civilization and Its Discontents
2889:A Vindication of Natural Society
1637:, Vol. 13, No 1, 2012–2013, 1–12
5056:14th-century Greek philosophers
3635:Family as a model for the state
1187:Πλήθων: "the full", pronounced
1049:Woodhouse, Christopher Montague
603:were direct descendants of the
186:
5131:Burials at Tempio Malatestiano
4985:Separation of church and state
4883:Collectivism and individualism
4838:The Origins of Totalitarianism
1656:Woodhouse, Cristopher Montague
1570:The Last Byzantine Renaissance
1417:. London: Fontana Paperbacks.
1273:in the partial translation of
944:Polytheistic reconstructionism
586:One of Plethon's manuscripts (
392:held in high Imperial favour.
1:
5025:Category:Political philosophy
4898:Critique of political economy
2879:Oration on the Dignity of Man
1717:Mathematics Genealogy Project
1133:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1000:Marsilio Ficino and His World
913:included Plethon in his poem
895:Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta
889:Early in his writing career,
794:Plethon's own summary of the
747:Plethon drew up plans in his
588:Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana
564:Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta
285:In 1438–1439 he reintroduced
246:and one of the most renowned
229:
4923:Institutional discrimination
4918:History of political thought
3650:Negative and positive rights
2949:The Society of the Spectacle
1584:Pléthon. Le retour de Platon
1289:was available, but obscure;
611:in favour of recreating the
458:, to discuss a union of the
5136:Writers from Constantinople
5101:Greek Renaissance humanists
4933:Justification for the state
4718:Two Treatises of Government
1754:Pléthon et Cosme de Médicis
1603:Tambrun-Krasker, Brigitte,
1596:Tambrun-Krasker, Brigitte,
1496:Makrides, Vasilios (2009).
1463:Hanegraaff, Wouter (2012).
1399:Journal of Hellenic Studies
700:After his death, Plethon's
478:Plethon and the Renaissance
405:Patriarch of Constantinople
5152:
5076:15th-century Greek writers
5061:14th-century Greek writers
3603:Bellum omnium contra omnes
1378:Cambridge University Press
5096:Constantinopolitan Greeks
5020:
3127:
3019:Intellectuals and Society
2969:The Culture of Narcissism
1518:Georgius Gemistos Plethon
1457:Journal of Modern History
1255:DeBolt, Darien C. (1998)
852:
732:mysticism, and discussed
595:Reform of the Peloponnese
218:
211:Georgios Gemistos Plethon
204:
127:
39:
18:Georgios Gemistos Plethon
5081:15th-century theologians
5066:14th-century theologians
4808:The Revolt of the Masses
3009:The Malaise of Modernity
2959:The History of Sexuality
2058:Catholic social teaching
1002:, Springer, 2016, p. 42.
663:, Plethon argued in his
613:Hellenistic civilization
227:Georgius Gemistus Pletho
219:Γεώργιος Γεμιστὸς Πλήθων
4788:The Communist Manifesto
3714:Tyranny of the majority
3625:Consent of the governed
3089:Philosophy of education
1698:Encyclopædia Britannica
1373:James Henderson Burns,
1319:James, Hankins (1990).
1293:'s translations of the
1143:de Biasi, J.L. (2011).
1087:Makrides, (2009) p.136"
802:. This summary, titled
272:classical Hellenic gods
52:Palazzo Medici Riccardi
5126:Political philosophers
3665:
3615:Clash of civilizations
3601:
2028:
1982:
1968:
1096:Woodhouse, C.M. (1986)
972:Niketas Siniossoglou,
840:
831:His tomb on a side of
698:
591:
560:Fall of Constantinople
427:since the time of the
226:
178:Ancient Greek religion
136:Renaissance philosophy
97:1452/1454 (aged 92–99)
5091:Commentators on Plato
5086:Byzantine theologians
3630:Divine right of kings
3094:Philosophy of history
3084:Philosophy of culture
2979:A Conflict of Visions
1766:by John Opsopaus, PhD
1678:Catholic Encyclopedia
830:
710:Demetrios Palaiologos
585:
452:John VIII Palaiologos
339:Early life and career
268:rejected Christianity
4778:Democracy in America
4157:political philosophy
4140:political philosophy
3955:political philosophy
3784:political philosophy
3694:Separation of powers
3655:Night-watchman state
3640:Monopoly on violence
3174:Political philosophy
3099:Political philosophy
2899:Democracy in America
1586:, Paris, Vrin, 2006
1565:, (Aldershot, 1995).
1015:Modernity's Classics
949:Renaissance humanism
939:Hellenistic religion
885:In modern literature
704:(Νόμων συγγραφή) or
661:Defence of Aristotle
625:Theodore Palaiologos
549:Defence of Aristotle
472:Gennadius Scholarius
381:Manuel II Paleologos
303:new Platonic Academy
158:Byzantine philosophy
4968:Right-wing politics
4848:A Theory of Justice
4818:The Road to Serfdom
4738:The Social Contract
3445:Christian democracy
2939:One-Dimensional Man
1635:Anistoriton Journal
1618:, J.-P. Brach ed.,
1582:Tambrun, Brigitte.
1579:, 100 (1956), 1–76.
1459:58 (1986), 383–413.
1279:Henricus Aristippus
1105:Zervas, (2010). p.4
833:Tempio Malatestiano
689:George of Trebizond
599:Believing that the
568:Tempio Malatestiano
504:Accademia Platonica
456:Council of Florence
415:Council of Florence
291:Council of Florence
4980:Political violence
4975:Political theology
4958:Left-wing politics
4953:Political spectrum
3059:Cultural pessimism
3054:Cultural criticism
1953:National character
1568:Runciman, Steven,
1516:Mandilas, Kostas,
1389:Hanegraaff, p. 38.
1038:Hanegraaff p.29-31
875:Bibliotheca Graeca
841:
778:Isthmus of Corinth
592:
539:, commonly called
464:Western (Catholic)
460:Eastern (Orthodox)
389:Despotate of Morea
367:. Plethon admired
146:Western philosophy
105:Despotate of Morea
5106:Greek theologians
5033:
5032:
4943:Philosophy of law
4888:Conflict theories
4728:The Spirit of Law
4635:
4634:
3684:Original position
3140:
3139:
2856:
2855:
2001:Spontaneous order
1991:Social alienation
1840:Cultural heritage
1801:Social philosophy
1651:978-1-4094-5294-2
1572:(Cambridge, 1970)
1554:Masai, François,
1549:978-606-537-347-1
1509:978-0-8147-9568-2
1492:20 (1957), 363–70
1424:978-0-00-654193-6
1401:, Vol. 7, p. 356.
1201:("full, stuffed")
1190:[ˈpliθon]
1156:978-0-7387-2086-9
1025:978-3-642-33071-1
954:Renaissance magic
866:Patrologia Graeca
547:responded with a
545:George Scholarius
519:, the Florentine
499:Cosimo de' Medici
449:Byzantine emperor
421:Emperor John VIII
403:(later to become
401:George Scholarius
299:Cosimo de' Medici
208:
207:
16:(Redirected from
5143:
4948:Political ethics
4938:Machiavellianism
4878:Authoritarianism
4863:
4853:
4843:
4833:
4823:
4813:
4803:
4793:
4783:
4773:
4763:
4753:
4743:
4733:
4723:
4713:
4703:
4693:
4683:
4673:
4663:
4653:
3729:
3670:
3606:
3596:Balance of power
3570:Social democracy
3565:Social Darwinism
3540:Multiculturalism
3485:Environmentalism
3460:Communitarianism
3167:
3160:
3153:
3144:
3104:Social criticism
3024:
3014:
3004:
2994:
2984:
2974:
2964:
2954:
2944:
2934:
2924:
2914:
2904:
2894:
2884:
2874:
2110:
2092:Frankfurt School
2070:Communitarianism
2033:
1987:
1973:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1771:
1722:Pléthon (1858),
1713:Gemistos Plethon
1702:
1694:
1682:
1674:
1641:Vojtech Hladky,
1616:R. van den Broek
1513:
1478:
1429:
1428:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1316:
1310:
1268:
1262:
1253:
1232:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1202:
1192:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1009:
1003:
998:Sophia Howlett,
996:
990:
983:
977:
970:
934:Christian heresy
854:
696:
615:, the zenith of
609:universal Empire
605:ancient Hellenes
437:Greek philosophy
324:Byzantine Empire
295:East–West schism
237:Gemistos Plethon
234:
231:
220:
174:Plato's Republic
122:
109:Byzantine Empire
88:
75:Byzantine Empire
44:
34:Gemistos Plethon
30:
21:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5016:
5005:Totalitarianism
4866:
4861:
4851:
4841:
4831:
4821:
4811:
4801:
4791:
4781:
4771:
4761:
4751:
4741:
4731:
4721:
4711:
4701:
4691:
4681:
4678:Treatise on Law
4671:
4661:
4651:
4631:
4289:
4283:
4022:
4016:
3902:
3896:
3815:
3718:
3704:State of nature
3699:Social contract
3679:Ordered liberty
3667:Noblesse oblige
3584:
3418:
3347:
3176:
3171:
3141:
3136:
3123:
3049:Critical theory
3027:
3022:
3012:
3002:
2992:
2982:
2972:
2962:
2952:
2942:
2932:
2922:
2912:
2902:
2892:
2882:
2872:
2852:
2530:
2524:
2322:
2316:
2265:
2194:
2101:
2053:Budapest School
2041:
1830:Cosmopolitanism
1803:
1798:
1724:Traité des lois
1709:
1685:
1668:
1662:(Oxford, 1986).
1534:(Olomouc 2014)
1520:(Athens 1997)*
1510:
1495:
1475:
1462:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1372:
1368:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1277:was available;
1269:
1265:
1254:
1235:
1231:Hanegraaff p.32
1230:
1223:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1186:
1182:
1178:Hanegraaff p.31
1177:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:Hanegraaff p.41
1077:
1070:
1066:Hanegraaff p.38
1065:
1061:
1047:Richard Clogg,
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1011:
1010:
1006:
997:
993:
985:James Hankins,
984:
980:
971:
967:
962:
925:
904:Abinger Harvest
899:Naomi Mitchison
887:
825:
792:
728:philosophy and
714:despot of Morea
702:Nómōn syngraphḗ
697:
687:
679:
648:De Differentiis
644:
641:De Differentiis
597:
580:
541:De Differentiis
517:Marsilio Ficino
480:
441:Catholic Church
417:
341:
336:
307:Marsilio Ficino
305:, which, under
232:
190:
170:
160:
123:
112:
111:
98:
89:
78:
77:
68:
59:
48:Benozzo Gozzoli
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5149:
5147:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5038:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4995:Social justice
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4903:Egalitarianism
4900:
4895:
4893:Contractualism
4890:
4885:
4880:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4854:
4844:
4834:
4824:
4814:
4804:
4794:
4784:
4774:
4764:
4754:
4744:
4734:
4724:
4714:
4704:
4694:
4684:
4674:
4664:
4654:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4149:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3733:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3689:Overton window
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3520:Libertarianism
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3109:Social science
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3005:
2999:Gender Trouble
2995:
2985:
2975:
2965:
2955:
2945:
2935:
2929:The Second Sex
2925:
2915:
2905:
2895:
2885:
2875:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
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2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
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2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2318:
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2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1979:
1974:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1921:Invisible hand
1918:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1736:
1719:
1708:
1707:External links
1705:
1704:
1703:
1689:, ed. (1911).
1687:Chisholm, Hugh
1683:
1666:
1663:
1653:
1639:
1630:
1623:
1612:
1601:
1594:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
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1537:
1528:
1514:
1508:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1460:
1453:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1403:
1391:
1382:
1366:
1337:10.2307/751344
1331:(1): 144–162.
1311:
1291:Leonardo Bruni
1263:
1233:
1221:
1203:
1180:
1168:
1155:
1135:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1068:
1059:
1040:
1031:
1024:
1004:
991:
978:
964:
963:
961:
958:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
924:
921:
886:
883:
857:
856:
824:
821:
791:
786:
685:
678:
673:
643:
638:
601:Peloponnesians
596:
593:
579:
576:
479:
476:
468:Mark Eugenikos
416:
413:
357:Sultan Murad I
345:Constantinople
340:
337:
335:
332:
256:Western Europe
252:late Byzantine
206:
205:
202:
201:
191:
188:
185:
184:
182:Zoroastrianism
171:
169:Main interests
168:
165:
164:
155:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
125:
124:
99:
95:
91:
90:
71:Constantinople
69:
65:
61:
60:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5148:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5116:Neoplatonists
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
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5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
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5059:
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5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4964:
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4955:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4928:Jurisprudence
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
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4891:
4889:
4886:
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4881:
4879:
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4859:
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4809:
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4795:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4759:
4758:Rights of Man
4755:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4669:
4668:De re publica
4665:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4628:
4625:
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4380:
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4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4288:20th and 21st
4286:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
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4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
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4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
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4167:
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4158:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
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4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4021:18th and 19th
4019:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3956:
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3938:
3936:
3933:
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3928:
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3916:
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3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3877:Nizam al-Mulk
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
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3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3782:
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3780:
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3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
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3734:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3715:
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3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
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3677:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3661:
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3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:Republicanism
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
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3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
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3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:Social theory
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2768:Radhakrishnan
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2529:20th and 21st
2527:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:18th and 19th
2319:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1743:New Acropolis
1740:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
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1628:
1624:
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1613:
1610:
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1602:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1592:2-7116-1859-5
1589:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1558:(Paris, 1956)
1557:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1526:960-7748-08-5
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1474:9780521196215
1470:
1466:
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1458:
1454:
1452:
1451:960-87144-1-9
1448:
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1234:
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1120:
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1005:
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982:
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947:
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935:
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930:
927:
926:
922:
920:
918:
917:
912:
908:
906:
905:
900:
896:
892:
891:E. M. Forster
884:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:
862:
850:
846:
843:
842:
838:
834:
829:
822:
820:
817:
813:
809:
805:
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797:
790:
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781:
779:
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770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
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743:
739:
735:
731:
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723:
719:
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703:
694:
690:
684:
677:
674:
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658:
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649:
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639:
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635:
631:
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614:
610:
606:
602:
594:
589:
584:
577:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
530:natural magic
527:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:James Hankins
506:
505:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
477:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
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257:
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203:
200:
196:
192:
189:Notable ideas
183:
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96:
92:
86:
82:
76:
72:
66:
62:
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
31:
19:
5009:
4908:Elite theory
4856:
4846:
4836:
4826:
4816:
4806:
4796:
4786:
4776:
4766:
4756:
4746:
4736:
4726:
4716:
4706:
4696:
4686:
4676:
4666:
4656:
4646:
3945:Guicciardini
3901:Early modern
3886:
3724:Philosophers
3674:Open society
3610:Body politic
3480:Distributism
3470:Conservatism
3465:Confucianism
3384:Gerontocracy
3374:Dictatorship
3328:Sovereignty
3318:Ruling class
3208:Emancipation
3193:Citizenship
3017:
3007:
2997:
2987:
2977:
2967:
2957:
2947:
2937:
2927:
2917:
2907:
2897:
2887:
2877:
2867:
2287:Guicciardini
2270:Early modern
2255:
2106:Philosophers
2080:Conservatism
2075:Confucianism
2063:Distributism
1996:Social norms
1984:Sittlichkeit
1970:Ressentiment
1916:Institutions
1894:Human nature
1728:Book of Laws
1727:
1723:
1696:
1676:
1659:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1619:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1540:
1531:
1517:
1498:
1489:
1482:
1464:
1456:
1442:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1374:
1369:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1270:
1266:
1257:
1215:
1198:
1183:
1160:. Retrieved
1145:
1138:
1130:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1062:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1014:
1007:
999:
994:
986:
981:
973:
968:
914:
909:
902:
888:
874:
864:
858:
844:
803:
795:
793:
788:
782:
748:
746:
705:
701:
699:
692:
681:
675:
664:
660:
647:
645:
640:
633:
623:and his son
598:
557:
552:
548:
540:
536:
534:
502:
496:
481:
439:through the
429:Latin Empire
418:
394:
383:sent him to
376:
372:
342:
321:
310:
284:
264:Book of Laws
263:
259:
248:philosophers
236:
210:
209:
162:Neoplatonism
4782:(1835–1840)
4662:(c. 350 BC)
4652:(c. 375 BC)
4269:Tocqueville
4234:Saint-Simon
4199:Montesquieu
4050:Bolingbroke
3982:Machiavelli
3862:Ibn Khaldun
3827:Alpharabius
3820:Middle Ages
3645:Natural law
3620:Common good
3545:Nationalism
3505:Imperialism
3475:Corporatism
3450:Colonialism
3430:Agrarianism
3409:Technocracy
3389:Meritocracy
3369:Bureaucracy
3359:Aristocracy
3074:Historicism
2903:(1835–1840)
2869:De Officiis
2593:de Beauvoir
2563:Baudrillard
2515:Vivekananda
2505:Tocqueville
2420:Kierkegaard
2236:Ibn Khaldun
2206:Alpharabius
2097:Personalism
2006:Stewardship
1963:Reification
1958:Natural law
1879:Familialism
1845:Culturalism
1734:archive.org
861:J. P. Migne
853:Περὶ ἀρετῶν
823:Other works
761:rationalism
730:Zoroastrian
513:Renaissance
492:Middle Ages
409:Theodore II
301:to found a
233: 1355
5040:Categories
4990:Separatism
4798:On Liberty
4698:The Prince
4427:Huntington
3930:Campanella
3857:al-Ghazali
3806:Thucydides
3764:Lactantius
3709:Statolatry
3535:Monarchism
3515:Liberalism
3440:Capitalism
3423:Ideologies
3404:Plutocracy
3352:Government
3308:Revolution
3293:Propaganda
3243:Legitimacy
3218:Government
3079:Humanities
3039:Agnotology
2698:Kołakowski
2261:Ibn Tufayl
2241:Maimonides
2185:Thucydides
2180:Tertullian
2135:Lactantius
2030:Volksgeist
2011:Traditions
1825:Convention
1162:2023-02-16
960:References
916:The Cantos
911:Ezra Pound
845:On Virtues
774:Hexamilion
695:, fol. v63
669:heterodoxy
528:system of
349:Adrianople
4708:Leviathan
4688:Monarchia
4682:(c. 1274)
4517:Oakeshott
4462:Mansfield
4457:Luxemburg
4442:Kropotkin
4337:Bernstein
4290:centuries
4204:Nietzsche
4147:Jefferson
4075:Condorcet
4023:centuries
4002:Pufendorf
3867:Marsilius
3754:Confucius
3739:Aristotle
3732:Antiquity
3660:Noble lie
3580:Third Way
3575:Socialism
3500:Feudalism
3455:Communism
3435:Anarchism
3414:Theocracy
3399:Oligarchy
3379:Democracy
3364:Autocracy
3278:Pluralism
3263:Obedience
3228:Hierarchy
3188:Authority
3119:Sociology
3069:Historism
2778:Santayana
2748:Oakeshott
2718:MacIntyre
2703:Kropotkin
2678:Heidegger
2531:centuries
2445:Nietzsche
2410:Jefferson
2395:Helvétius
2360:Condorcet
2323:centuries
2307:Montaigne
2130:Confucius
2120:Augustine
2037:Worldview
1931:Modernity
1904:Formation
1361:186398177
1345:0075-4390
1275:Calcidius
1197:γεμιστός
871:Fabricius
800:Bessarion
753:Platonism
734:astrology
718:Mehmet II
657:Gennadius
621:Manuel II
590:, Venice)
488:Aristotle
484:Aristotle
397:Bessarion
334:Biography
276:Zoroaster
241:Byzantine
199:Aristotle
67:1355/1360
4963:Centrism
4658:Politics
4648:Republic
4617:Voegelin
4597:Spengler
4582:Shariati
4557:Rothbard
4512:Nussbaum
4412:Habermas
4387:Fukuyama
4377:Foucault
4302:Ambedkar
4279:Voltaire
4249:de Staël
4224:Rousseau
4105:Franklin
4080:Constant
4040:Beccaria
3872:Muhammad
3852:Gelasius
3837:Averroes
3811:Xenophon
3791:Polybius
3744:Chanakya
3589:Concepts
3555:Populism
3525:Localism
3510:Islamism
3495:Feminism
3394:Monarchy
3298:Property
3288:Progress
3253:Monopoly
3223:Hegemony
3132:Category
3044:Axiology
3032:See also
2823:Voegelin
2813:Spengler
2788:Shariati
2743:Nussbaum
2728:Maritain
2688:Irigaray
2668:Habermas
2633:Foucault
2618:Durkheim
2520:Voltaire
2485:de Staël
2460:Rousseau
2385:Franklin
2246:Muhammad
2231:Gelasius
2216:Avempace
2199:Medieval
2175:Polybius
2170:Plutarch
1936:Morality
1911:Ideology
1899:Identity
1808:Concepts
1307:Phaedrus
1199:gemistós
923:See also
881:), xii.
812:Poseidon
767:. As an
757:humanism
686:—
653:Epicurus
634:Republic
578:Writings
521:humanist
443:and the
433:Ottomans
371:(Greek:
317:Plotinus
278:and the
239:, was a
113:(modern
81:Istanbul
79:(modern
58:, Italy.
56:Florence
5111:Mystics
5000:Statism
4913:Elitism
4871:Related
4672:(51 BC)
4602:Strauss
4577:Scruton
4572:Schmitt
4562:Russell
4482:Michels
4477:Maurras
4472:Marcuse
4432:Kautsky
4402:Gramsci
4397:Gentile
4367:Dworkin
4357:Du Bois
4352:Dmowski
4347:Chomsky
4342:Burnham
4327:Benoist
4297:Agamben
4264:Thoreau
4254:Stirner
4244:Spencer
4189:Mazzini
4179:Maistre
4174:Madison
4169:Le Play
4100:Fourier
4065:Carlyle
4045:Bentham
4035:Bastiat
4030:Bakunin
4007:Spinoza
3997:Müntzer
3967:Leibniz
3940:Grotius
3920:Bossuet
3887:Plethon
3832:Aquinas
3801:Sun Tzu
3769:Mencius
3759:Han Fei
3530:Marxism
3490:Fascism
3323:Society
3248:Liberty
3233:Justice
3213:Freedom
2873:(44 BC)
2803:Sombart
2798:Skinner
2783:Scruton
2763:Polanyi
2738:Niebuhr
2723:Marcuse
2658:Gramsci
2653:Gentile
2613:Du Bois
2603:Deleuze
2573:Benoist
2543:Agamben
2500:Thoreau
2490:Stirner
2480:Spencer
2430:Le Play
2380:Fourier
2365:Emerson
2350:Carlyle
2335:Bentham
2312:Müntzer
2282:Erasmus
2256:Plethon
2251:Photios
2211:Aquinas
2145:Mencius
2113:Ancient
2046:Schools
1926:Loyalty
1884:History
1872:Counter
1867:Culture
1835:Customs
1745:library
1741:at the
1739:Plethon
1715:at the
1629:, 2007.
1436:Sources
1380:, 1988.
1299:Apology
1271:Timaeus
789:Summary
738:daemons
445:Muslims
387:in the
377:Plethon
365:Baghdad
353:Ottoman
328:Mystras
312:Enneads
250:of the
244:scholar
115:Mystras
101:Mystras
4862:(1992)
4852:(1971)
4842:(1951)
4832:(1945)
4822:(1944)
4812:(1929)
4802:(1859)
4792:(1848)
4772:(1820)
4762:(1791)
4752:(1790)
4742:(1762)
4732:(1748)
4722:(1689)
4712:(1651)
4702:(1532)
4692:(1313)
4622:Walzer
4612:Taylor
4567:Sartre
4532:Popper
4527:Pareto
4522:Ortega
4507:Nozick
4497:Mouffe
4447:Laclau
4407:Guénon
4392:Gandhi
4332:Berlin
4322:Bauman
4317:Badiou
4307:Arendt
4274:Tucker
4164:Le Bon
4125:Herder
4115:Haller
4110:Godwin
4095:Fichte
4090:Engels
4085:Cortés
4055:Bonald
4012:Suárez
3987:Milton
3977:Luther
3950:Hobbes
3935:Filmer
3925:Calvin
3910:Boétie
3903:period
3882:Ockham
3749:Cicero
3550:Nazism
3338:Utopia
3313:Rights
3303:Regime
3273:People
3258:Nation
3064:Ethics
3023:(2010)
3013:(1991)
3003:(1990)
2993:(1987)
2983:(1987)
2973:(1979)
2963:(1976)
2953:(1967)
2943:(1964)
2933:(1949)
2923:(1935)
2913:(1930)
2893:(1756)
2883:(1486)
2828:Walzer
2818:Taylor
2808:Sowell
2793:Simmel
2758:Pareto
2753:Ortega
2663:Guénon
2648:Gehlen
2643:Gandhi
2598:Debord
2583:Butler
2578:Berlin
2568:Bauman
2558:Badiou
2548:Arendt
2538:Adorno
2470:Ruskin
2425:Le Bon
2400:Herder
2375:Fichte
2370:Engels
2340:Bonald
2330:Arnold
2302:Milton
2297:Luther
2277:Calvin
2155:Origen
2125:Cicero
2085:Social
2021:Family
2016:Values
1977:Rights
1941:Public
1889:Honour
1820:Anomie
1815:Agency
1649:
1590:
1547:
1524:
1506:
1471:
1449:
1421:
1359:
1353:751344
1351:
1343:
1295:Phaedo
1287:Phaedo
1153:
1022:
879:Harles
837:Rimini
769:ad hoc
722:burned
630:Helots
572:Rimini
526:Orphic
425:Europe
385:Mystra
373:Plátōn
153:School
142:Region
119:Greece
85:Turkey
5011:Index
4640:Works
4627:Weber
4592:Spann
4587:Sorel
4552:Röpke
4547:Rawls
4502:Negri
4492:Mosca
4487:Mises
4452:Lenin
4422:Hoppe
4417:Hayek
4382:Fromm
4372:Evola
4362:Dugin
4259:Taine
4239:Smith
4219:Renan
4214:Paine
4135:Iqbal
4120:Hegel
4070:Comte
4060:Burke
3972:Locke
3962:James
3915:Bodin
3847:Dante
3842:Bruni
3796:Shang
3779:Plato
3333:State
3283:Power
3268:Peace
3203:Elite
3181:Terms
2861:Works
2848:Žižek
2833:Weber
2773:Röpke
2733:Negri
2713:Lasch
2683:Hoppe
2638:Fromm
2628:Evola
2608:Dewey
2588:Camus
2495:Taine
2475:Smith
2465:Royce
2455:Renan
2390:Hegel
2355:Comte
2345:Burke
2292:Locke
2226:Dante
2221:Bruni
2190:Xunzi
2165:Plato
2160:Philo
2140:Laozi
1948:Mores
1860:Multi
1850:Inter
1357:S2CID
1349:JSTOR
1303:Crito
1195:Greek
877:(ed.
849:Greek
796:Nómoi
765:logic
749:Nómoi
726:Stoic
706:Nómoi
676:Nomoi
665:Reply
617:Greek
553:Reply
369:Plato
361:Cairo
287:Plato
260:Nomoi
223:Latin
215:Greek
195:Plato
4542:Rand
4537:Qutb
4437:Kirk
4312:Aron
4229:Sade
4209:Owen
4194:Mill
4184:Marx
4152:Kant
4130:Hume
3992:More
3892:Wang
3774:Mozi
3198:Duty
2843:Zinn
2838:Weil
2708:Land
2693:Kirk
2553:Aron
2510:Vico
2450:Owen
2440:Mill
2435:Marx
2415:Kant
2405:Hume
2150:Mozi
1855:Mono
1647:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1522:ISBN
1504:ISBN
1469:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1341:ISSN
1305:and
1285:and
1283:Meno
1151:ISBN
1020:ISBN
816:Hera
808:Zeus
763:and
742:Zeus
470:and
462:and
399:and
363:and
280:Magi
197:and
94:Died
64:Born
4607:Sun
4467:Mao
3343:War
3238:Law
2673:Han
2623:Eco
1732:at
1333:doi
863:'s
646:In
570:in
315:of
262:or
132:Era
5042::
1695:.
1675:.
1658:,
1355:.
1347:.
1339:.
1329:53
1327:.
1323:.
1301:,
1297:,
1236:^
1224:^
1206:^
1171:^
1110:^
1071:^
907:.
873:,
851::
835:,
736:,
712:,
691:,
671:.
659:'
532:.
515:.
494:.
474:.
282:.
230:c.
225::
221:;
217::
180:,
176:,
117:,
107:,
103:,
83:,
73:,
54:,
50:,
3166:e
3159:t
3152:v
1793:e
1786:t
1779:v
1730:)
1726:(
1551:)
1512:.
1477:.
1427:.
1363:.
1335::
1165:.
1028:.
855:)
847:(
839:.
628:"
213:(
121:)
87:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
