855:(History of the East. In 6 volumes. Volume 2. Moscow, publishing house of the Russian Academy of sciences «East literature»): The polyethnic population of Albania left-bank at this time is increasingly moving to the Persian language. Mainly this applies to cities of Aran and Shirvan, as begin from 9–10 centuries named two main areas in the territory of Azerbaijan. With regard to the rural population, it would seem, mostly retained for a long time, their old languages, related to modern Daghestanian family, especially Lezgin. (russian text: Пестрое в этническом плане население левобережной Албании в это время все больше переходит на персидский язык. Главным образом это относится к городам Арана и Ширвана, как стали в IX-Х вв. именоваться два главные области на территории Азербайджана. Что касается сельского населения, то оно, по-видимому, в основном сохраняло еще долгое время свои старые языки, родственные современным дагестанским, прежде всего лезгинскому.
46:
61:
827:وابرشهر، وهی نیسابور، وهراة ومرو وغیر ذلك من بلاد خراسان وسجستان وكرمان وفارس والأهواز، وما اتصل بذلك من أرض الأعاجم فی هذا الوقت وكل هذه البلاد كانت مملكة واحدة ملكها ملك واحد ولسانها واحد، إلا أنهم كانوا یتباینون فی شیء یسیر من اللغات وذلك أن اللغة إنما تكون واحدة بأن تكون حروفها التی تكتب واحدة وتألیف حروفها تألیف واحد، وإن اختلفت بعد ذلك فی سائر الأشیاء الأخر كالفهلویة والدریة والآذریة وغیرها من لغات الفرس. English: "The Persians are a people whose borders are the Mahat Mountains and Azarbaijan up to Armenia and Aran, and Bayleqan and
907:(Olivier Roy. "The new Central Asia", I.B. Tauris, 2007. Pg 7) "The mass of the Oghuz Turkic tribes who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian plateau, which remained Persian, and established themselves more to the west. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter were to keep the name "Turkmen" for a long time: thus creating a new identity based on Shiism. These are the people today known as Azeris".
514:
260:
399:
234:), the original and correct pronunciation of the name was Sharvān. So all etymologies relating this name to sher/shir (lion in Persian) or Anushiravan are most probably folk etymology and not based on historical facts. The form Shervān or Shirvān are from later centuries. According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, Shirwan proper comprised the easternmost spurs of the Caucasus range and the lands which sloped down from these mountains to the banks of the
1323:
835:, and Sejistan and Kerman and Fars and Ahvaz...All these lands were once one kingdom with one sovereign and one language...although the language differed slightly. The language, however, is one, in that its letters are written the same way and used the same way in composition. There are, then, different languages such as Pahlavi, Dari, Azari, as well as other Persian languages."
286:
889:
cut back the territory and numbers of the Tats. In 1886 they numbered more than 120,000 in
Azerbaijan and 3,600 in Daghestan. According to the census of 1926 the number of Tats in Azerbaijan (despite the effect of natural increase) had dropped to 28,500, although there were also 38,300 "Azerbaijanis" with Tat as their native language."
888:
Natalia G. Volkova "Tats" in
Encyclopedia of World Culture, Editor: David Publisher, New York: G.K. Hall, Prentice Hall International, 1991–1996).: "In the nineteenth century the Tats were settled in large homogeneous groups. The intensive processes of assimilation by the Turkic-speaking Azerbaijanis
826:
Al Mas'udi, Kitab al-Tanbih wa-l-Ishraf, De Goeje, M.J. (ed.), Leiden, Brill, 1894, pp. 77–8). Original Arabic from www.alwaraq.net: فالفرس أمة حد بلادها الجبال من الماهات وغیرها وآذربیجان إلى ما یلی بلاد أرمینیة وأران والبیلقان إلى دربند وهو الباب والأبواب والری وطبرستن والمسقط والشابران وجرجان
788:
Willem Floor, Hasan Javadi(2009), "The
Heavenly Rose-Garden: A History of Shirvan & Daghestan by Abbas Qoli Aqa Bakikhanov, Mage Publishers, 2009. pg 5: "The country of Shirvan to the east borders on the Caspian Sea, and to the south on the river Kur, which separates it from the provinces of
425:
had succeeded in restoring the unity of Persia, the sons of the Khan were no more able to maintain their independence like the other
Caucasian chiefs and had to choose between Russia and Persia. The Khan of Shirwan, Mustafa, who had already entered into negotiations with Zubov, submitted to the
293:
Shirvanshah also spelled as Shīrwān Shāh or Sharwān Shāh, was the title in medieval
Islamic times of a Persianized dynasty of Arabic origin. They ruled the area independently or as a vassal of larger empires from 809 A.D. up to 1607 A.D. when Safavid rule became firmly established.
789:
Moghan and
Armenia" "Thus, present day Shirvan with Saliyan, Sheki, Baku, Qobbeh, Darband, Tabarasan and Kur and the region of the Samuriyeh and some parts of lower Ilisu is part of that and constitutes the largest and the best part of this country."
581:, and especially in the proximity of the passes, must have played an important role in absorbing and pushing back the aboriginal inhabitants. Such names as Sharvan, Layzan, Baylaqan, etc., suggest that the Iranian immigration proceeded chiefly from
254:. In mediaeval Islamic times, and apparently in pre-Islamic Sāsānid ones also, Shirwan included the district of Layzan, which probably corresponds to modern Lahidj, often ruled as a separate fief by a collateral branch of the Yazidi Shirwan Shahs.
762:
Minorsky, Vladimir. "A History of
Sharvan and Darband in the 10th–11th Centuries", Cambridge, 1958. Excerpt: Such names as Sharvan, Layzan, Baylaqan, etc., suggest that the Iranian immigration proceeded chiefly from
474:
of 1828 officially ratified the forced ceding of these
Iranian territories to Imperial Russia, while it would also mark the official end of millennia long intertwined Iranian hegemony, rule, and influence over the
450:, while giving up all claims on them as well. Nevertheless, Mustafa continued to have secret dealings with Persia. It was not until 1820 that his territory was occupied by Russian troops; the Khan fled to
601:
people (who claim to be descendants of
Sassanid era Persian settlers), however due to their similar culture and religion with the Turkic-speaking Azerbaijanis, this population was partly assimilated.
577:
era. However it was during the
Sassanid era that the influence really increased and Persian colonies were set up in the region. According to Vladimir Minorsky: "The presence of Iranian settlers in
517:
Shirvan Tatar (i.e. Azerbaijani). Engraving from book of Jean Baptiste Benoît Eyriès. Voyage pittoresque en Asie et en Afrique: résumé général des voyages anciens et modernes... T. I, 1839
521:
The term Shirvani/Shirvanli is still in use in Azerbaijan to designate the people of Shirvan region, as it was historically. In ancient times, the bulk of the population of Shirvan were
45:
271:
defines it as: "The country of Shirvan to the east borders on the Caspian Sea, and to the south on the river Kur, which separates it from the provinces of Moghan and Armenia".
593:
historian states Persian presence in Aran, Bayleqan, Darband, Shabaran, Masqat and Jorjan. From the 9th century, the urban population of Shirwan increasingly spoke
1247:
988:
1257:
1923:
1029:
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597:, while the rural population seems to mostly have retained their old Caucasian languages. Up to the nineteenth century, there was still a large number of
1472:
1995:
207:
Shervan in Persian means cypress tree (the same as 'sarv' in Middle Persian and in New Persian, as well as in Arabic). It is also used as a male name.
353:
2005:
1555:
462:. Iranian anger while being dissatisfied with losing swaths of its integral territories in the North and South Caucasus subsequently sparked the
1951:
831:, and Ray and Tabaristan and Masqat and Shabaran and Jorjan and Abarshahr, and that is Nishabur, and Herat and Marv and other places in land of
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1449:
1429:
959:
1916:
1267:
1042:
352:, which was occupied by the Russians, was separated from the rest of Shirvan, which was left to the Ottomans. It was only when Nader Shah
466:, which resulted in another Iranian loss, as well as the ceding of its last remaining territories in the Caucasus comprising what is now
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1375:
1226:
463:
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872:
852:
341:
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1797:
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1022:
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438:(12/24 October 1813) following the end of the 1804–1813 war, Persia was forced to cede its territories and regions comprising
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1303:
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238:. But its rulers strove continuously to control also the western shores of the Caspian Sea from Ḳuba (the modern town of
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era, although the area in parallel maintained its Persian culture under the Persianized Shirvanshah until the
246:
in the south. To the north of all these lands lay Bab al-Abwab or Derbend, and to the west, beyond the modern
332:. Shirvan was taken by the Ottomans in 1578; however, Safavid rule was restored by 1607. In 1722, during the
200:) which means "the governor". The word "Shahrban" has been used since Achaemenian Dynasty as "Xshathrapawn" (
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1815:
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1513:
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865:Дьяконов, Игорь Михайлович. Книга воспоминаний. Издательство "Европейский дом", Санкт-Петербург, 1995., 1995
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92:
372:, and the area became part of the Afsharid Empire, by which century long Iranian rule was restored.
328:, Shirwan formed a province of the Safavids and was usually governed by a Khan, who is often called
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and Islamic times. Today, the region is an industrially and agriculturally developed part of the
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era. From the Safavid era onwards, the Turkification of the region accelerated with new wave of
898:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples (Peter B. Golden. Otto Harrasowitz, 1992).
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1937:
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182:
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believes that names such as Sharvān (Shirwān), Lāyzān and Baylaqān are Iranian names from the
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144:
108:
38:
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1308:
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72:
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1692:
1130:
1120:
643:
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434:, but soon afterwards he made overtures to the Persians and sought help from them. By the
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369:
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337:
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between the Russian and Ottoman Empires in the year 1724, the coast of the territory of
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459:
361:
357:
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132:
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The original population were Paleo-Caucasians and spoke Caucasian languages, like the
537:, although there are also smaller Caucasian-speaking and Iranian-speaking minorities.
1984:
1277:
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1151:
876:
618:
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since the Seljuq era occurred. The bulk of the population today are Turkic-speaking
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37:
For the history of the area prior to the late Sassanid and early Islamic era, see
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1166:
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186:
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17:
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1966:
1953:
1176:
970:
586:
329:
325:
235:
211:
64:
Shirvan from map of the Caucasus by Johann Christoph Matthias Reinecke. 1804
476:
455:
356:
that the Russians ceded back the coastal land and the other areas in the
311:
307:
112:
230:'s poems, where Khaqani contrasts his home town with kheyrvān (Persian:
196:
Shirvan or Sharvan are corrupted forms of the word "Shahrbān" (Persian:
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610:
504:
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227:
152:
1007:
746:
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era, however there are no unambiguous references to settlements. The
470:, and southern parts of the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan. The
451:
201:
344:
forced the Iranian king to recognise the Russian annexation. By the
590:
582:
415:
411:
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258:
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443:
349:
243:
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712:
1001:
A History of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries
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and other regions on the southern coast of the Caspian."
364:
as conquered in 1722–1723 from Safavid Iran conform the
767:
and other regions on the southern coast of the Caspian.
549:. Today, other Daghestani Caucasian languages such as
805:(New York: Columbia University Press, 1995. pg 10, 16
426:
Russians in 1805, who occupied the Persian cities of
86:
845:История Востока. В 6 т. Т. 2. Восток в средние века.
775:
773:
1871:
1806:
1669:
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1240:
1144:
1058:
1049:
320:When the Shirvanshah Shah dynasty was ended by the
922:
803:Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition
123:that stretches between the western shores of the
750:
609:Turkic penetration in the region started in the
192:There are several explanations about this name:
204:) to refer to different states of the kingdom.
1023:
336:, the Khan of Quba, Husayn Ali, submitted to
267:The 19th century native historian and writer
242:) in the district of Maskat in the north, to
8:
921:Barthold, W. & Bosworth, C. E. (1997).
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987:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
946:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
716:, vol. II (1st ed.), Edinburgh:
954:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 487–488.
529:of this native population and subsequent
430:and Baku the next year (1806) during the
30:For other places with the same name, see
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587:Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn Al-Masudi
512:
284:
59:
44:
1003:. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd.
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340:and was accepted as his dignitary. The
27:Historical Iranian region in Azerbaijan
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569:Iranian penetration started since the
7:
1258:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
975:Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition
231:
197:
76:
847:М., «Восточная литература», 2002.
263:Traditional pile carpet of Shirvan
52:between the young Ismail and Shah
25:
342:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723)
1996:Historical regions in Azerbaijan
1321:
565:Iranian influence and population
561:are still spoken in the region.
458:was irrevocably incorporated in
376:Qajar Iran to the Azerbaijan SSR
298:Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar eras
115:, as known in both pre-Islamic
2006:Medieval history of Azerbaijan
1304:History of the name Azerbaijan
1263:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
289:Map showing Shirvan circa 1100
1:
1227:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
617:of the region started in the
464:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
432:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
386:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
382:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
334:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
226:points out that according to
210:It is connected popularly to
751:Barthold & Bosworth 1997
354:defeated the Ottomans (1735)
1288:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
1217:Russo-Persian War (1804–13)
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479:region, including Shirvan.
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2001:Historical regions of Iran
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29:
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573:era and continued in the
509:Languages of the Caucasus
1458:Administrative divisions
1248:Armenian–Tatar massacres
1202:Khanates of the Caucasus
969:Bosworth, C. E. (2011).
713:Encyclopaedia Britannica
32:Shirvan (disambiguation)
1091:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
1086:Khojaly–Gadabay culture
1283:Independent Azerbaijan
879:. The book of memoirs.
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121:Republic of Azerbaijan
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1967:39.93194°N 48.92028°E
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799:Tadeusz Swietochowski
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472:Treaty of Turkmenchay
402:19th century Shirvan
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394:Treaty of Turkmenchay
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1473:World Heritage Sites
541:Caucasian population
269:Abbasgulu Bakikhanov
185:of the coast of the
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1071:Bronze and Iron age
779:Dehkhoda dictionary
753:, pp. 487–488.
547:Caucasian Albanians
408:Museo Poldi Pezzoli
157:Great Seljuq Empire
1991:Historical regions
1972:39.93194; 48.92028
1647:Telecommunications
1642:Petroleum industry
1222:Treaty of Gulistan
1106:Leyla-Tepe culture
1101:Jar-Burial Culture
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983:cite encyclopedia
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460:Russian territory
366:Treaties of Resht
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1427:
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1420:National parks
1417:
1412:
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1385:
1383:Extreme points
1380:
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1359:Climate change
1351:
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1096:Mughan culture
1093:
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933:van Donzel, E.
916:
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489:Turkic peoples
484:
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446:, Shirwan and
377:
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362:South Caucasus
299:
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279:Main article:
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54:Farrukh Yassar
26:
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1278:Black January
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1197:Afsharid Iran
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
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1152:Sajid dynasty
1150:
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919:
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885:
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878:
877:Igor Diakonov
874:
873:5-85733-042-4
870:
866:
861:
858:
854:
853:5-02-017711-3
850:
846:
841:
838:
834:
830:
823:
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815:Minorsky 1958
811:
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795:
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719:
715:
714:
709:
702:
699:
692:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
662:also spelled
659:
656:
649:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
632:
630:
629:settlements.
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:Turkification
612:
604:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:Transcaucasia
576:
572:
564:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
540:
538:
536:
532:
531:Turkification
528:
524:
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490:
482:
480:
478:
473:
469:
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417:
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371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
317:
316:Qajar dynasty
313:
309:
305:
297:
295:
287:
282:
274:
272:
270:
261:
257:
256:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
229:
225:
217:
213:
209:
206:
203:
195:
194:
193:
190:
188:
184:
180:
173:
170:
169:Qajar dynasty
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
138:
136:
134:
133:Shirvan Plain
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
83:
74:
70:
62:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
33:
19:
1948:
1924:Bibliography
1808:Demographics
1688:Architecture
1607:Central Bank
1524:Human rights
1509:Constitution
1450:Subdivisions
1207:Zand dynasty
1192:Safavid Iran
1182:Kara Koyunlu
1167:Shirvanshahs
1135:
1000:
974:
951:
944:
903:
894:
884:
860:
840:
822:
817:, p. ?.
810:
802:
794:
784:
758:
711:
701:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
608:
568:
544:
535:Azerbaijanis
520:
497:Azerbaijanis
420:
319:
304:Shirvanshahs
292:
281:Shirvanshahs
275:Shirvanshahs
266:
255:
221:
191:
177:
165:Zand dynasty
104:
68:
67:
42:
1970: /
1846:LGBT rights
1788:Tea culture
1602:Agriculture
1371:Environment
1366:Earthquakes
1349:Caspian Sea
1145:Middle Ages
977:. New York.
941:Lecomte, G.
924:"S̲h̲īrwān"
527:Iranization
224:Said Nafisi
187:Caspian Sea
149:Shirvanshah
125:Caspian Sea
93:Azerbaijani
56:of Shirvan.
1985:Categories
1958:48°55′13″E
1955:39°55′55″N
1836:Healthcare
1743:Literature
1627:Metallurgy
1496:Government
1253:March Days
1212:Qajar Iran
1187:Aq Qoyunlu
1172:Eldiguzids
1162:Shaddadids
1039:Azerbaijan
950:Volume IX:
693:References
571:Achaemenid
380:See also:
212:Anushirvan
143:See also:
129:Kura River
50:The battle
1841:Languages
1816:Education
1758:Mythology
1683:Animation
1657:Transport
1612:Companies
1576:Migration
1566:President
1514:Elections
1425:Orography
1408:Mountains
1332:Geography
1177:Ilkhanate
1066:Stone Age
421:When the
330:Beylerbey
326:Tahmasp I
236:Kur river
222:However,
174:Etymology
82:romanized
1933:Category
1773:Religion
1738:Language
1728:Holidays
1723:Folklore
1561:Politics
1546:Military
1487:Politics
1440:Wildlife
1297:By topic
1043:articles
999:(1958).
971:"Šervān"
943:(eds.).
833:Khorasan
633:See also
627:Turkoman
575:Parthian
477:Caucasus
456:Shemakha
312:Afsharid
308:Safavids
216:Sasanian
127:and the
117:Sasanian
113:Caucasus
1910:Outline
1873:Symbols
1798:Wedding
1793:Theatre
1703:Cuisine
1671:Culture
1652:Tourism
1590:Economy
1504:Cabinet
1463:Borders
1398:Geology
1354:Climate
1136:Shirvan
1051:History
952:San–Sze
915:Sources
829:Darband
708:Chirvan
684:Chirvan
676:Sherwan
672:Shervan
668:Shirwan
664:Sharvān
623:Safavid
595:Persian
555:Lezgian
505:Lezgins
468:Armenia
440:Darband
428:Derbend
322:Safavid
248:Goychay
228:Khaqani
153:Safavid
139:History
107:) is a
88:Shirvān
84::
73:Persian
69:Shirvan
1938:Portal
1851:People
1831:Health
1713:Dances
1698:Cinema
1617:Energy
1468:Cities
1376:issues
1241:Modern
1041:
958:
939:&
871:
851:
720:, 1771
682:, and
680:Šervān
619:Seljuq
611:Khazar
507:, and
452:Persia
423:Qajars
404:carpet
392:, and
346:treaty
314:, and
232:خیروان
214:, the
202:satrap
198:شهربان
167:, and
105:Şirvan
97:Şirvan
77:شیروان
71:(from
1917:Index
1863:Women
1783:Sport
1753:Music
1748:Media
1718:Dress
1415:Lakes
1403:Caves
1393:Flora
1388:Fauna
1059:Early
927:. In
765:Gilan
650:Notes
639:Arran
583:Gilan
416:Italy
412:Milan
370:Ganja
358:North
324:Shah
252:Shaki
218:King.
1881:Flag
1856:list
1707:wine
1529:LGBT
989:link
956:ISBN
869:ISBN
867:. –
849:ISBN
591:Arab
559:Avar
557:and
454:and
448:Baku
444:Quba
368:and
360:and
350:Baku
244:Baku
240:Quba
1778:Rug
1693:Art
710:",
599:Tat
551:Udi
101:Tat
1987::
985:}}
981:{{
973:.
948:.
935:;
931:;
801:,
772:^
727:^
678:,
674:,
670:,
666:,
553:,
503:,
499:,
495:,
491:,
442:,
414:,
410:,
406:.
388:,
384:,
310:,
306:,
189:.
163:,
159:,
155:,
151:,
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135:.
103::
99:;
95::
91:;
79:,
75::
1709:)
1705:(
1031:e
1024:t
1017:v
991:)
964:.
722:.
706:"
34:.
20:)
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