413:
898:’s prose translation of the Georgics into Dutch (1646). English farmers too attempted to imitate what they thought were genuine Virgilian agricultural techniques. In 1724 the poet William Benson wrote, "There is more of Virgil's husbandry in England at this instant than in Italy itself". Among those translators who aimed to establish Virgil's up-to-date farming credentials was James Hamilton, whose prose translation of Virgil's work was "published with such notes and reflexions as make him appear to have wrote like an excellent Farmer” (Edinburgh, 1742). This aspiration was supported by the assertion that, to make a proper translation, agricultural experience was a prerequisite—and for the lack of which, in the view of William Benson, Dryden's version was disqualified. That
244:
634:. Not only is Octavian addressed in the poem both directly and indirectly, but the poem also contains several passages that include references and images that could be interpreted as political, such as the description of the plague in Book 3 and Virgil's famous description of bee society in Book 4. It is impossible to know whether or not these references and images were intended to be seen as political in nature, but it would not be inconceivable that Virgil was in some way influenced by the years of civil war. Whether they were intentional or not, if we believe Suetonius, these references did not seem to trouble
340:
597:
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792:
40:
972:(Care for the earth) and makes its appeal to current ecological concerns. "For me as a translator", he explains in his preface, "I find today’s tragic paradigm in relation to the earth being addressed to the future through the ancient work. In other words, the past is entering into dialogue with the future right now." And in part, as in Virgil's time, this ecological crisis has come as a result of a loss of focus, preoccupation in the past with foreign wars and civil conflict.
1102:
advice on gardening. Attributed to an unidentified Master John, "The Feate of
Gardeninge" dates from the first half of the 15th century and provides instructions for sowing, planting and growing fruits, herbs and flowers through the course of the year. The poem’s 98 couplets are of irregular line-length and are occasionally imperfectly rhymed; the work was never printed, although annotated manuscript copies give evidence of its being studied and put to use.
1310:
861:
city and country were interdependent. Those who created specialised georgics of their own considered the commodities about which they wrote as items of trade that contributed to both local and national prosperity. For Roman citizens, farming was carried out in the service of the capital; for
Britons the empire was consolidated as the result of mercantile enterprise and such commodities contributed to the general benefit.
319:. It consists of two principal parts, the first half is devoted to the selection of breed stock and the breeding of horses and cattle. It concludes with a description of the furore induced in all animals by sexual desire. The second half of the book is devoted to the care and protection of sheep and goats and their by-products. It concludes with a description of the havoc and devastation caused by a plague in
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2939:
502:, who, along with Lucretius, naturalized hexameter verse in Latin. Virgil often uses language characteristic of Ennius to give his poetry an archaic quality. The intriguing idea has been put forth by one scholar that Virgil also drew on the rustic songs and speech patterns of Italy at certain points in his poem, to give portions of the work a distinct, Italian character. Virgil draws on the
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however, interest in the georgic, or the choice of it as a model for independent works, was “profoundly political”, recognising an affinity with Virgil's treatment of rural subjects after the social and political disruptions through which he had lived. The tone of Virgil's work represented a longing for the “creation of order out of disorder” to which the
1427:(1730). The poem has been described as "the supreme British achievement in the georgic genre, even though it has little to do with agriculture per se," and is more descriptive than didactic. Nevertheless, the Classical inspiration behind the work was so obvious that Thompson was pictured as writing it with "the page of Vergil literally open before him".
1394:(Edinburgh, 1809). His work was on a different plan, however, proceeding month by month through the agricultural year and concentrating on conditions in Scotland, considering that "the British Isles differ in so many respects from the countries to which Virgil's Georgics alluded". Jacques Delille had already preceded him in France with a similar work,
299:. The olive tree is then presented in contrast to the vine: it requires little effort on the part of the farmer. The next subject, at last turning away from the vine, is other kinds of trees: those that produce fruit and those that have useful wood. Then Virgil again returns to grapevines, recalling the myth of the battle of the
1383:(1764) a "West-India georgic", spreading the scope of this form into the Caribbean with the British colonial enterprise. Unlike most contemporary translations of Virgil, many of these practical manuals preferred Miltonic blank verse and the later examples stretched to four cantos, as in the Virgilian model.
623:, became firmly established as the new leader of the Roman world. Under Octavian, Rome enjoyed a long period of relative peace and prosperity. However, Octavian's victory at Actium also sounded the death knell of the Republic. With Octavian as the sole ruler of the Roman world, the Roman Empire was born.
748:
epic similes. This is fitting, as the stuff of many epic similes is rooted in the natural and domestic worlds from which epic heroes are cut off. Virgil shows his technical expertise by recontextualising identical lines to produce meanings that are different or inverted from their initial meaning in the
860:
emerged from the social ferment and civil strife of the 17th century. The cultured of a later age were quick to see the parallel, but there was also an altered emphasis. Whereas for Virgil there was an antithesis between town life and country simplicity, in the view of the gentry of the 18th century,
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vary in their length and degree of alteration. Some of the less exact, single-line reduplications may very well show a nodding Virgil or scribal interpolation. The extended repetitions, however, show some interesting patterns. In about half the cases, technical, agrarian descriptions are adapted into
1101:
Virgil’s work addressed itself to far more than simple farming and later poems of a didactic tendency often dealt with, and elaborated on, individual subjects mentioned in the course of the
Georgics. What has been described as "the earliest English georgic on any subject" limited itself to practical
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saw his own translation as making a patriotic statement. As he commented later: "More and more I was buoyed up by a feeling that
England was speaking to me through Virgil, and that the Virgil of the Georgics was speaking to me through the English farmers and labourers with whom I consorted." Among a
864:
A critic has pointed out that "the
British Library holds no fewer than twenty translations of the Georgics from period; of these, eight are separately published translations of the Georgics alone. Several of these translations, such as Dryden's, were reprinted regularly throughout the century. Also
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published his “Essay on Virgil’s
Georgics”. In his eyes Virgil's poem seemed the principal model for this genre, which he defined as “some part of the science of husbandry, put into a pleasing dress and set off with all the beauties and embellishments of poetry”. In the context of the 18th century,
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means "praises of Gallus" in Latin), has spurred much scholarly debate. Servius tells us that after Gallus had fallen out of favour, Virgil replaced the praises of Gallus with the
Orpheus episode. Those supporting Servius see the Orpheus episode as an unpolished, weak episode, and point out that it
291:. Next comes the care of vines, culminating in a vivid scene of their destruction by fire; then advice on when to plant vines, and therein the other famous passage of the second book, the Praises of Spring. These depict the growth and beauty that accompany spring's arrival. The poet then returns to
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Vida's poem was just one among several contemporary Latin works on exotic subjects that have been defined by Yasmin
Haskell as 'recreational georgics', a group which "usually comprises one or two short books, treats self-consciously small-scale subjects, is informed by an almost pastoral mood" and
587:
came from a dialogue with
Lucretius." Likewise, David West remarks in his discussion of the plague in the third book, Virgil is "saturated with the poetry of Lucretius, and its words, phrases, thought and rhythms have merged in his mind, and become transmuted into an original work of poetic art."
226:
and the current age of man are crafted with deliberate tension. Of chief importance is the contribution of labour to the success or failure of mankind's endeavours, agricultural or otherwise. The book comes to one climax with the description of a great storm in lines 311–350, which brings all of
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would have been finished a number of years before the disgrace and suicide of Gallus, and so one would expect more evidence of an alternative version of the end of the poem—or at least more sources mentioning it. Instead, the
Orpheus episode is here understood as an integral part of the poem that
689:
articulates or encapsulates its ethos by reinforcing many ideas or reintroducing and problematizing tensions voiced throughout the text. The range of scholarship and interpretations offered is vast, and the arguments range from optimistic or pessimistic readings of the poem to notions of labour,
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had practical experience as a farmer was a qualification he considered the guarantee of his 1825 blank verse translation of the first book of the Georgics; and even in modern times it was made a commendation of Peter Fallon's 2004 version that he is "both a poet and a farmer, uniquely suited to
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mode that we see throughout, rendering it an illogical, awkward insertion. Indeed, the features of the episode are unique; it is an epyllion that engages mythological material. The episode does not further the narrative and has no immediately apparent relevance to Virgil's topic. The difficult,
351:
Book four, a tonal counterpart to book two, is divided approximately in half; the first half (1–280) is didactic and deals with the life and habits of bees, as a model for human society. Bees resemble man in that their labour is devoted to a king and they give their lives for the sake of the
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Besides the 18th century examples already mentioned, English poets wrote other Virgilian styled georgics and country themed pieces manifesting an appreciation of the rustic arts and the happiness of life on the country estate. Among them were poems directed to such specialised subjects as
1244:(London, 1735). The preface to the last of these notes with disapproval that one "might indeed have expected to have seen it treated more at large by Virgil in his third Georgick, since it is expressly Part of his Subject. But he has favoured us only with ten Verses."
379:, and force him to reveal which divine spirit he angered and how to restore his bee colonies. After binding Proteus (who changes into many forms to no avail), Aristaeus is told by the seer that he angered the nymphs by causing the death of the nymph Eurydice, wife of
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multiplicity of earlier translations, his new version would be justified by avoiding "that peculiar kind of Latin-derived pidgin-English which infects the style of so many classical scholars" and making its appeal instead through an approachable, down-to-earth idiom.
274:, trees, and the olive. In the next hundred lines, Virgil treats forest and fruit trees. Their propagation and growth are described in detail, with a contrast drawn between methods that are natural and those that require human intervention. Three sections on
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debunked this view, and it is now generally believed that there were not Laudes Galli and that the Orpheus episode is original. Generally, arguments against the view above question Servius' reliability, citing the possibility that he confused the end of the
1402:, and in the USA in 1804. Both works, however, though they bear the name of georgics, have more of a celebratory than a didactic function. They are a different sort of work that, while paying homage and alluding to Virgil's poem, have another end in view.
331:, as well as his lofty poetic aspirations and the difficulty of the material to follow. Many have observed the parallels between the dramatic endings of each half of this book and the irresistible power of their respective themes of love and death.
278:
are of particular interest: presented as marvels of man's alteration of nature. Also included is a catalogue of the world's trees, set forth in rapid succession, and other products of various lands. Perhaps the most famous passage of the poem, the
1343:(1716) "a full-scale mock Georgic". The poem is dependent on the method and episodes in Virgil's poem and may be compared with the contemporary renewal of classical genres in the mock epic and the introduction of urban themes into the
1153:(Bees, 1542) restricts itself to the subject of the fourth book of the Georgics and is an early example of Italian blank verse. A Latin treatment of the subject figured as the fourteenth book of the original Paris edition of
1137:(Gardens, or the art of beautifying landscape, 1782). Like Mason, he gave his preference for landscaped over formal garden design and his work was several times translated into English verse over the following two decades.
1117:(Of Gdns, 1665). The latter was a four-canto work in Latin hexameters, dealing respectively with flowers, disposition of trees, water and orchards, and was followed by two English versions shortly afterwards, translated by
2882:
824:, on which Virgil relied as a source—a fact already recognized by the commentator Servius. Virgil's scholarship on his predecessors produced an extensive literary reaction by the following generations of authors.
952:, T. F. Royds argued that "just as the Latin poet had his pedigree, Virgil is here an adopted English poet, and his many translators have made for him an English pedigree too". So too, living in Devon as
2571:
at the University of Cincinnati. An interactive text of the poem with plant names linked to their translations into English, German, French, and Italian, modern Latin scientific names, and pictures.
728:
is probably an intentional move made by Virgil, a poet given to a highly allusive style, not, evidently, to the exclusion of his own previous writings. Indeed, Virgil incorporates full lines in the
903:
translating this poem". However, Hoblyn could only support his stance at this date by interpolation and special pleading. Throughout Europe, Virgilian-style farming manuals were giving way to the
875:'s (1709), had primarily poetic aims. Other translators were clergymen amateurs (Thomas Nevile, Cambridge 1767) or, translating into prose, had school use in mind (Joseph Davidson, London 1743).
490:
serves as Virgil's primary Latin model in terms of genre and meter. Many passages from Virgil's poetry are indebted to Lucretius: the plague section of the third book takes as its model the
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as the wise ruler directing the new territory's welfare. The inference is also there that Voulgaris himself (now archbishop of Novorossiya and Azov) has become thus the imperial Virgil.
283:
or Praises of Italy, is introduced by way of a comparison with foreign marvels: despite all of those, no land is as praiseworthy as Italy. A point of cultural interest is a reference to
828:
account that "Virgil ... aimed, not to teach the farmer, but to please the reader," underlines that Virgil's poetic and philosophic themes were abounding in his hexameters (Sen.,
1417:. Its intention was to praise country living in the course of describing its seasonal occupations. A similar approach to the beauties of the countryside in all weathers was taken by
412:
206:, but differs from it in important ways. Numerous technical passages fill out the initial half of the first book; of particular interest are lines 160–175, where Virgil describes the
712:. There is some debate whether these repetitions are (1) intrusions within the text of later scribes and editors, (2) indications pointing toward the level of incompleteness of the
619:
in 31 BCE, Rome had been engaged in a series of almost constant civil wars. After almost 15 years of political and social upheaval, Octavian, the sole surviving member of the
2830:
1145:
In the case of many of these didactic manuals, the approach of the Georgics served as a model but the information in them is updated or supplements Virgil’s account. Thus
894:
Dutch influence on English farming also paved a way for the poem's rebirth, since Roman farming practices still prevailed in the Netherlands and were sustained there by
295:
with yet more on vines, emphasizing their fragility and laboriousness. A warning about animal damage provides occasion for an explanation of why goats are sacrificed to
1173:, had already appeared in London in 1740, prefaced with an apology to Virgil for trespassing on his ancient territory while bringing "some new Discov'ries to impart".
352:
community, but they lack the arts and love. In spite of their labour, the bees perish and the entire colony dies. The restoration of the bees is accomplished by
915:
The overtly political element in Virgil's poem attracted some translators, who applied it to their own local circumstances. The translation of the Georgics into
1544:
307:
in a passage known as the Vituperation of Vines. The remainder of the book is devoted to extolling the simple country life over the corruptness of the city.
262:
Prominent themes of the second book include agriculture as man's struggle against a hostile natural world, often described in violent terms, and the ages of
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4. Virgil's extensive knowledge and skilful integration of his models is central to the success of different portions of the work and the poem as a whole.
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sparked a renewed interest in agricultural poetry and country life amongst the more educated classes during the 18th century. In the same year, the young
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may also be an important influence. Virgil used other Greek writers as models and sources, some for technical information, including the Hellenistic poet
924:
1105:
Master John's poem heads the line of later gardening manuals in verse over the centuries. Included among them were poems in Latin like Giuseppe Milio's
1293:(Vegetables, 1698), section 9. Two English clergymen poets later wrote poems more or less reliant on one or other of these sections. Joshua Dinsdale's
736:, although the number of repetitions is much smaller (only eight) and it does not appear that any one line was reduplicated in all three of his works.
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1460:(1926), which also pursued the course of the seasons through its four books and balanced rural know-how with celebratory description in the mode of
872:
883:(London, 1827). There it was accompanied by versions in Italian by Gian-Francesco Soave (1765), in Spanish by Juan de Guzmán (1768), in French by
879:
went on to place his acclaimed literary version of 1800 in the context of others across Europe when he reissued it in the sumptuous folio edition
865:
noteworthy is the fact that the brisk rate of new translations continued into the early decades of the nineteenth century, with 1808 as a kind of
1192:(1527) written in Latin hexameters, which had been preceded by two poems in Italian on the same subject. Vida's work was followed in England by
779:. With a single line or two, Virgil links (or distances), expands (or collapses) themes of various texts treating various subjects to create an
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2055:
716:, or (3) deliberate repetitions made by the poet, pointing toward meaningful areas of contact between the two poems. As a careful study by
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with the end of the Eclogues, which does make mention of Gallus. Further, they question its validity based on chronological evidence: the
135:
is agriculture; but far from being an example of peaceful rural poetry, it is a work characterized by tensions in both theme and purpose.
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In Britain there was a tendency to grant Virgil honorary citizenship. In the introduction to his turn of the century translation for the
752:. Additionally, some of these reproduced lines are themselves adapted from works by Virgil's earlier literary models, including Homer's
2258:
1974:
Frans De Bruyn, "From Georgic Poetry to Statistics and Graphs: Eighteenth-Century Representations and the 'State' of British Society,"
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reached its completest version in 1730. Integrated into its sixteen sections were several once issued as separate works. They included
930:
by encouraging Greek settlement there. Virgil’s theme of taming the wilderness was further underlined in an introductory poem praising
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1668:
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De Bruyn, Frans, “Eighteenth-Century Editions of Virgil's Georgics: From Classical Poem to Agricultural Treatise”, Lumen XXIV 2005,
92:
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man's efforts to nothing. After detailing various weather-signs, Virgil ends with an enumeration of the portents associated with
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1943:
243:
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356:, spontaneous rebirth from the carcass of an ox. This process is described twice in the second half (281–568) and frames the
344:
327:. The poems invoke Greek and Italian gods and address such issues as Virgil's intention to honour both Caesar and his patron
2199:
1444:(1800). The latter proceeds through the farming year season by season and a partial translation into Latin was described by
596:
2653:
2581:
2253:
Claudia Schindler, "Persian Apples, Chinese Leaves, Arab Beans: encounters with the East in Neo-Latin didactic poetry", in
1509:
2942:
1992:
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270:. Like the first book, it begins with a poem addressing the divinities associated with the matters about to be discussed:
1781:
1255:(Fishing, 1683), ultimately section 15, in which the author informs the reader (in the words of his English translator):
1954:
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339:
1844:
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Other works in this vein moved further from the Virgilian didactic mode. William Cowper’s discursive and subjective
1204:, contained a wealth of Classical stories and has been mentioned as "one of the earliest of English georgic poems".
1165:
published from London in 1799, and later reprinted in the United States in 1808. But an earlier partial adaptation,
166:
verses divided into four books. The yearly timings by the rising and setting of particular stars were valid for the
154:. The poem draws on a variety of prior sources and has influenced many later authors from antiquity to the present.
1521:
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1413:(1483), which he composed to be recited as an introduction to his lectures on the didactic poems of Hesiod and the
396:
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985:
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2085:
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31:
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1650:(1979). "Two plagues: Virgil, Georgics 3.478–566 and Lucretius 6.1090–1286", in D. West and T. Woodman, edd.,
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1398:(Strasbourg, 1800), a translation of which by John Maunde had been published in London the following year as
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775:
178:
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2007:
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817:
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203:
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Miscellanea Virgiliana: In Scriptis Maxime Eruditorum Virorum Varie Dispersa, in Unum Fasciculum Collecta
1828:
1868:
1133:, having already translated the Latin Georgics, now published his own four-canto poem on the subject of
923:
was published from St Petersburg in 1786 and had as one aim the support of Russia’s assimilation of the
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39:
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in 1673 and James Gardiner in 1706. Where those versions were written in rhyming couplets, however,
1007:
198:, then a summary of the four books, followed by a prayer to various agricultural deities as well as
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2814:
2804:
2786:
1611:
Smiley, Charles, N. (1931). "Vergil. His Philosophic Background and His Relation to Christianity",
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1177:
1161:(The Rural Estate) in 1696, but was to have a separate English existence in a verse translation by
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545:
445:
the themes of man's relationship to the land and the importance of hard work. The Hellenistic poet
416:
267:
2533:
Buckham, Philip Wentworth; Spence, Joseph; Holdsworth, Edward; Warburton, William; Jortin, John,
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920:
825:
620:
372:
263:
1022:
2437:
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1881:
1437:
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1237:
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on also serves as an important source for Virgil's use of mythological detail and digression.
183:
2226:
375:, where he is given instructions on how to restore his colonies. He must capture the seer,
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It was during this period, and against this backdrop of civil war, that Virgil composed the
616:
491:
63:
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with Virgil scholar Richard Thomas and poet David Ferry, who recently translated Virgil's
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1531:
1478:
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1432:
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1130:
1012:
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876:
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1924:(Cambridge Univ. Press, 1969). For argument see pages 299–309 and for quote see page 307.
1301:(quoted above), which was an adaptation written in the 1750s but unpublished until 1809.
1129:(1772–81), an original work that took the Georgics as its model. His French contemporary
630:. While not containing any overtly political passages, politics are not absent from the
1040:
654:, that the middle to the end of the fourth book contained a large series of praises for
607:
Beginning with Caesar's assassination in 44 BCE and ending with Octavian's victory over
399:
or seal in which Virgil contrasts his life of poetry with that of Octavian the general.
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1379:
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1358:
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717:
676:
437:
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118:
109:
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for astronomy and meteorology, Nicander for information about snakes, the philosopher
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1517:
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1110:
1089:
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1027:
935:
916:
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612:
292:
1347:
by other Augustan poets at that period. Later examples of didactic georgics include
1247:
The most encyclopaedic of the authors on country subjects was Jacques Vanière whose
2555:
1322:
1221:
1084:
1054:
957:
953:
853:
690:
537:
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371:. Aristaeus, after losing his bees, descends to the home of his mother, the nymph
47:
2627:
1715:"Servius in G. 1.1, 317–86; W. B. Anderson (1933) "Gallus and the Fourth Georgic"
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and their use was supplanted by scientific data, technical graphs and statistics.
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The Georgic: A contribution to the study of the Vergilian type of didactic poetry
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The Georgic: A Contribution to the Study of the Vergilian Type of Didactic Poetry
2023:
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1797:
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on the cultivation of saffron (Rome 1510). There were also works on hunting like
2050:(trad. Frédéric Boyer), "Le souci de la terre", Paris, Gallimard, 2019, 254 p. (
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994:
981:
840:
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The two predominant philosophical schools in Rome during Virgil's lifetime were
511:
466:
428:
271:
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211:
1216:
on the cultivation of citrus fruits (Venice 1505) and Pier Franceso Giustolo's
708:, there are some 51 lines that are recycled, either whole or in part, from the
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beginning at line 315. The tone of the book changes from didactic to epic and
2765:
1181:
1036:
223:
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translated by Henry Rushton Fairclough in 1916 for the Loeb Classical Library
2140:
1058:
871:, when three new versions appeared." Some among these, like Dryden's and the
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2753:
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2737:
2733:
2729:
1406:
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for poetic and stylistic considerations. The Greek literary tradition from
383:. Proteus describes the descent of Orpheus into the underworld to retrieve
1285:(Doves, 1684), mentioned in the lines above and ultimately section 13; by
600:
Virgil teaching, a miniature from a 15th-century French manuscript of the
515:
very likely had a large impact on the epyllion of Aristaeus that ends the
2724:
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1405:
This descriptive genre of writing had an equally Renaissance pedigree in
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in line 176, which an ancient reader would have known as the hometown of
275:
232:
199:
144:
1208:
deals with products for the aristocratic luxury market. Others included
1200:(1599), a subject that he had studied in Italy. The poem was written in
1987:
Sophia Papaioannou, "Eugenios Voulgaris' translation of the Georgics",
1473:
1344:
380:
376:
364:
353:
320:
300:
219:
17:
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Playing the Farmer. Representations of Rural Life in Vergil's Georgics
1920:
The quote and the argument in general are taken from L.P. Wilkinson's
2883:
Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta Appraised by Dante and Virgil
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540:. Of these two, the Epicurean strain is predominant not only in the
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288:
215:
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114:
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Loyola's Bees: Ideology and Industry in Jesuit Latin Didactic Poetry
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Fishing, a translation from the Latin of Vanier, Book XV. Upon Fish
2237:
Yasmin Haskell, "Latin Georgic Poetry of the Italian Renaissance",
1817:
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Book II, line 1, "Thus far of tillage, and of heav'nly signs" from
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The Poetics of Empire: A Study of James Grainger's The Sugar Cane
1594:
Richard F. Thomas, "Vestigia Ruris: Urbane Rusticity in Virgil's
1031:
207:
132:
2682:
315:
The third book is chiefly and ostensibly concerned with animal
1778:
Scotland and the Caribbean, C.1740-1833: Atlantic Archipelagos
1510:
122:
117:, likely published in 29 BCE. As the name suggests (from the
672:
open-ended conclusion seems to confirm this interpretation.
72:
1728:
For a full listing of all the repetitions found within the
1386:
Later still there were poems with a broader scope, such as
1400:
The Rural Philosopher: or French Georgics, a didactic poem
559:
The philosophical text with the greatest influence on the
75:
69:
2678:
548:, a close friend of Virgil and the man who published the
78:
1184:
direction with his poem on the breeding and care of the
720:
goes a long way to show, the repetition of lines in the
569:. G. B. Conte notes, citing the programmatic statement "
367:
in this epyllion, which contains within it the story of
142:
is considered Virgil's second major work, following his
2875:
Dante, led by Virgil, Consoles the Souls of the Envious
2614:
816:
was launched when agriculture had become a science and
202:
himself. It takes as its model the work on farming by
1545:"Georgics, By Virgil, translated by Kimberly Johnson"
544:
but also in Virgil's social and intellectual milieu.
465:
for botany, and others, such as the Hellenistic poet
93:
84:
81:
2171:
Library List, National Agricultural Library (U.S.),
2109:
The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature
1750:
Narrative and Simile from the Georgics in the Aeneid
2858:
2823:
2797:
2716:
1448:
as being rendered 'in the manner of the Georgics' (
1340:
Trivia, or the art of walking the streets of London
984:(1649), first complete Virgil in English including
552:after Virgil's death, had Epicurean tastes, as did
323:. Both halves begin with a short prologue called a
170:of Virgil's time, and so are not always valid now.
131:, i.e. "agricultural (things)") the subject of the
66:
2658:: A Source of Inspiration of Quotations in Wilanów
2539:, Cambridge : Printed for W. P. Grant; 1825.
2123:Mason discusses his choice in the preface to his
1857:La Buccolica e le Georgiche di P. Virgilio Marone
391:, and at last Orpheus' death at the hands of the
1776:Michael Morris, “Archipelagic Poetics”, ch.2 in
1762:The Works of the Right Honourable Joseph Addison
1736:, see Briggs, W. Ward, "Lines Repeated from the
1680:Octavian received the name "Augustus" in 27 BCE.
1396:L'Homme des champs, ou les Géorgiques françaises
1268:Now more improved since first they gave me fame;
1272:From hence to tend the doves and vine I taught,
693:, and the relationship between man and nature.
395:women. Book four concludes with an eight-line
2568:"Virgil's Garden" or the "Hortus Vergilianus"
1276:And whate’er else my riper years have wrought.
968:'s French version of the Georgics is retitled
387:, the backward look that caused her return to
30:"Georgic" redirects here. For other uses, see
2694:
2255:Early Encounters between East Asia and Europe
1295:The Dove Cote, or the art of breeding pigeons
1236:which were the ultimate Italian ancestors of
1214:De Hortis Hesdperidum sive de cultu citriorum
1135:Les Jardins, ou l'Art d’embellir les paysages
638:, to whom Virgil is said to have recited the
8:
194:Virgil begins his poem with a dedication to
2098:"A Fifteenth Century Treatise on Gardening"
1436:(1785) has sometimes been included, as has
1063:Peter Fallon (Oxford World Classics, 2006)
881:Georgica Publii Virgilii Maronis Hexaglotta
182:One of four Polish frieze paintings in the
2701:
2687:
2679:
2578:. Berkeley: University of California Press
2020:Living in Time: The Poetry of C. Day Lewis
1452:). It was followed in the 20th century by
347:, Vaticanus Palatinus lat. 1632, fol. 51v.
2596:The Georgics of Virgil: A Critical Survey
2432:Bruce Graver, "Pastoral and Georgic", in
2212:The Georgics of Virgil: A Critical Survey
1748:77: 130–147, 1982; also Briggs, W. Ward,
1125:later chose Miltonic blank verse for his
572:Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas
563:as a whole was Lucretius' Epicurean epic
1264:Now add the labours of my younger years…
1127:The English Garden: A Poem in Four Books
431:in hexameters is the archaic Greek poet
343:Fourth book of Virgil’s Georgics in ms.
2434:The Encyclopedia of Romantic Literature
1652:Creative Imitation and Latin Literature
1489:
1337:(1713). Gay then went on to compose in
843:’s 1697 poetic translation of Virgil's
650:A comment by the Virgilian commentator
2926:
2006:, J. M. Dent & Sons, London 1907,
1732:and corresponding line numbers in the
1600:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
1297:appeared in 1740; and John Duncombe’s
1260:Of fish I sing, and to the rural cares
667:in that it radically departs from the
739:The repetitions of material from the
461:for zoology, and Aristotle's student
108:
7:
2914:
2528:Vergil, Georgica: Eine Bibliographie
2497:The Dictionary of National Biography
704:Within Virgil's later epic work the
2069:The Eclogues and Georgics of Virgil
583:1.78–9, "the basic impulse for the
2981:Works based on classical mythology
1289:(Vines, 1689), section 10; and by
25:
2418:Memoirs of Angelus Politianus etc
1450:in morem Latini Georgice redditum
2937:
2925:
2913:
2663:
1839:An extensive review appeared in
1543:Tonkin, Boyd (January 4, 2010).
1023:“a literal translation” in prose
1021:Musgrave Wilkins (London, 1873)
976:Selected translations in English
675:In a highly influential article
423:– Walters W40016V – Open Reverse
62:
46:Book III, shepherd with flocks,
2332:Marcus Walsh's introduction to
2125:final corrected version of 1783
2096:Hon. Alicia M. Tyssen Amherst,
1171:The Modern Art of Breeding Bees
856:succeeded, much as the British
663:is unlike anything else in the
427:Virgil's model for composing a
2483:The Farmer’s Boy: a rural poem
2257:, Taylor & Francis, 2017,
1978:, 17, 1, Spring 2004, 107–139.
1198:The Silkwormes and their Flies
345:Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana
235:offers any hope of salvation.
1:
2976:1st-century BC books in Latin
2831:Christian interpretations of
2084:, Johns Hopkins Press, 1919,
1976:The Yale Journal of Criticism
1373:(1757). Shortly afterwards,
1147:Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai
836:Reception in the 18th century
783:that is richly intertextual.
498:. Virgil is also indebted to
421:Eclogues, Georgics and Aeneid
2660:at the Wilanów Palace Museum
2038:, Jonathan Cape 1940, pp.7-8
1421:in the four sections of his
579:2.490–502, which draws from
214:, whose model is ultimately
2671:public domain audiobook at
2613:The original Latin text at
2552:, OUP/British Academy, 2003
2466:"Cowper’s Spontaneous Task"
2151:Yasmin Haskell, 2003, p.42)
1639:Latin Literature: A History
1626:Latin Literature: A History
1498:Georgics Vol.I: Books I–II.
1041:quantitative verse couplets
162:The work consists of 2,188
2997:
2347:Poems on Several Occasions
2318:Poems on Several Occasions
1796:, The Athlone Press 2000,
1706:Cambridge, 1988. pp 13–16.
1511:
820:had already published his
732:of his earliest work, the
123:
113:) is a poem by Latin poet
29:
2909:
2845:The Virgilian Progression
2574:Thibodeau, Philip. 2011.
2472:, Palgrave Macmillan 2005
2436:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012,
2196:Virgil in the Renaissance
1870:Las Georgicas de Virgilio
1377:went on to create in his
1072:(Penguin Classics, 2009)
887:(1769), and in German by
556:and his patron Maecenas.
2867:Dante and Virgil in Hell
2562:. Yale University Press.
2334:John Gay: selected poems
1933:De Bruyn 2005, pp.154-5)
1092:'s Latin poem on gardens
222:and its relation to the
184:King's palace at Wilanów
32:Georgic (disambiguation)
2623:Perseus Digital Library
2448:Quoted in M. L. Lilly,
2416:William Parr Greswell,
2239:Humanistica Lovaniensia
1965:De Bruyn 2005, pp.255-9
1955:Oxford University Press
1669:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
1663:The other members were
1527:A Greek–English Lexicon
1335:Rural Sports: A Georgic
1232:(Hunting with dogs) of
1190:De Bombycum cura ac usu
1119:John Evelyn the Younger
905:agricultural revolution
787:Reception and influence
776:On the Nature of Things
158:Description and summary
2675:(in English and Latin)
2362:University of Michigan
2036:The Georgics of Virgil
1922:The Georgics of Virgil
1641:. Baltimore. pp. 271–2
1317:
1316:'s specialised georgic
1093:
808:Reception in antiquity
804:
604:
424:
348:
259:
229:Caesar’s assassination
191:
105:
51:
2080:Marie Loretto Lilly,
2071:, Everyman 1907, p.xv
2004:Eclogues and Georgics
1752:(Leiden: Brill, 1980)
1637:Conte, G. B. (1994).
1624:Conte, G. B. (1994).
1518:Liddell, Henry George
1312:
1281:That was followed by
1087:
986:a translation of the
964:In the 21st century,
911:Contemporary readings
794:
762:Apollonius of Rhodes'
599:
528:Philosophical context
415:
342:
246:
181:
42:
1841:The Quarterly Review
1808:De Bruyn 2005, p.152
1392:The British Georgics
1180:struck out in a new
1088:The frontispiece of
970:Le Souci de la terre
896:Joost van den Vondel
889:Johann Heinrich Voss
506:poets at times, and
369:Orpheus and Eurydice
231:and civil war; only
110:[ɡeˈoːrɡɪka]
2899:The Barque of Dante
2815:Vergilius Vaticanus
2805:Vergilius Augusteus
2787:Appendix Vergiliana
2470:The Work of the Sun
2452:(Baltimore, 1919),
1702:Thomas, Richard F.
1628:. Baltimore. p. 258
1615:26: 660–675. p. 663
1500:Cambridge, 1988. I.
1496:Thomas, Richard F.
1454:Vita Sackville-West
1234:Pietro degli Angeli
1178:Marco Girolamo Vida
1109:(Brescia 1574) and
943:Catherine the Great
795:Author portrait of
697:Repetitions in the
417:Cristoforo Majorana
252:The Works of Virgil
2840:Sortes Vergilianae
2495:"William Clubbe",
1896:Ländliche Gedichte
1780:, Routledge 2015,
1654:. Cambridge. p. 77
1602:97 (1995): 201–202
1318:
1155:fr:Jacques Vanière
1094:
1065:quantitative verse
1059:quantitative verse
1017:in heroic couplets
1008:in heroic couplets
999:in heroic couplets
921:Eugenios Voulgaris
873:Earl of Lauderdale
854:Roman Augustan age
805:
621:Second Triumvirate
605:
425:
349:
293:didactic narrative
260:
212:succession of ages
192:
148:and preceding the
52:
2953:
2952:
2810:Vergilius Romanus
2560:Virgil’s Georgics
2210:L. P. Wilkinson,
2194:L. P. Wilkinson,
2056:978-2-07-284033-3
1746:Classical Journal
1613:Classical Journal
1438:Robert Bloomfield
1349:Christopher Smart
1249:Praedium Rusticum
1238:William Somervile
1159:Praedium Rusticum
1115:Hortorum Libri IV
1080:European georgics
1048:(New York, 1934)
801:Vergilius Romanus
773:, and Lucretius'
592:Political context
523:Cultural contexts
16:(Redirected from
2988:
2966:Poetry by Virgil
2944:Wikisource texts
2941:
2929:
2928:
2917:
2916:
2891:Dante and Virgil
2703:
2696:
2689:
2680:
2667:
2666:
2619:Tufts University
2588:, on Thoughtcast
2548:Yasmin Haskell,
2514:
2509:
2503:
2493:
2487:
2479:
2473:
2462:
2456:
2446:
2440:
2430:
2424:
2414:
2408:
2406:Internet Archive
2403:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2381:
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2370:
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2353:
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2337:
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2113:Volume 2, p.1528
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2100:
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2026:
2016:
2010:
2001:
1995:
1991:Vol. 54 (2008),
1985:
1979:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
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1940:
1934:
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1829:Internet Archive
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1704:Georgics Vol. I.
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1586:
1581:Compare Hesiod,
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1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1540:
1534:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1494:
1442:The Farmer’s Boy
1305:English Georgics
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1210:Giovanni Pontano
1188:, the two-canto
1107:De Hortorum Cura
1097:Gardening guides
1070:Kimberly Johnson
950:Everyman edition
941:and the Empress
932:Grigory Potemkin
656:Cornelius Gallus
494:that closes the
492:plague of Athens
441:shares with the
168:precession epoch
126:
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2902:(1858 painting)
2894:(1850 painting)
2886:(1835 painting)
2878:(1835 painting)
2870:(1822 painting)
2854:
2819:
2793:
2712:
2707:
2664:
2642:Standard Ebooks
2605:
2592:L. P. Wilkinson
2522:
2520:Further reading
2517:
2510:
2506:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2476:
2464:Ted Underwood,
2463:
2459:
2447:
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2411:
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2349:, London 1745,
2344:
2340:
2336:, Carcanet 1979
2331:
2327:
2320:, London 1745,
2316:
2312:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2290:
2283:, London 1809,
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2241:XLVIII (1999),
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1764:, London 1854,
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1549:The Independent
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1532:Perseus Project
1508:
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1495:
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1479:Prosody (Latin)
1470:
1462:Georgian Poetry
1307:
1279:
1275:
1274:
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1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1228:(1551) and the
1167:Joshua Dinsdale
1143:
1131:Jacques Delille
1099:
1082:
1074:irregular verse
1057:(London, 1940)
1039:(London, 1912)
1030:(London 1881),
1015:(London, 1871)
1013:R. D. Blackmore
1006:(London, 1800)
1004:William Sotheby
997:(London, 1697)
978:
913:
885:Jacques Delille
877:William Sotheby
868:annus mirabilis
838:
810:
789:
702:
648:
594:
581:De rerum natura
566:De rerum natura
530:
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496:De Rerum Natura
487:De Rerum Natura
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2603:External links
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2565:Parker, Holt.
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2540:
2531:
2525:Bibliography:
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2137:Garden History
2135:Pater Hayden,
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2060:
2058:), pp. 11 - 46
2040:
2034:C. Day Lewis,
2027:
2018:Albert Gelpi,
2011:
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1900:
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1883:Les Géorgiques
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1792:John Gilmore,
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1667:(Anthony) and
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1585:1–201, 383–659
1583:Works and Days
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1481:
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1446:William Clubbe
1380:The Sugar Cane
1375:James Grainger
1359:Robert Dodsley
1354:The Hop-Garden
1306:
1303:
1257:
1218:De Croci Cultu
1176:For his part,
1142:
1141:Rural pursuits
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2652:
2651:
2648:Other sources
2647:
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2557:
2556:Lembke, Janet
2554:
2551:
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2489:
2486:at Gutenberg]
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2180:
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2162:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:18.2 (1990),
2138:
2132:
2129:
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2110:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2093:
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2057:
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2031:
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2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:London 1825,
1939:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1917:
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1911:
1910:
1909:Lantgedichten
1904:
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1546:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1522:Scott, Robert
1519:
1515:
1506:
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1499:
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1490:
1484:
1480:
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1471:
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1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
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1428:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1419:James Thomson
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:James Grahame
1384:
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1215:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:Thomas Muffet
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:entomological
1179:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:Arthur Murphy
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:William Mason
1120:
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1103:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1079:
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1056:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1046:J. W. Mackail
1044:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1028:James Rhoades
1026:
1024:
1020:
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955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
937:
933:
929:
926:
925:newly annexed
922:
918:
917:Ancient Greek
910:
908:
906:
901:
900:Robert Hoblyn
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
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468:
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460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:
435:, whose poem
434:
430:
429:didactic poem
422:
418:
414:
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402:
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277:
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245:
238:
236:
234:
230:
225:
221:
218:, the age of
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
189:
186:illustrating
185:
180:
173:
171:
169:
165:
157:
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136:
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116:
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103:
99:
98:
89:
59:
58:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2943:
2931:
2919:
2897:
2889:
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2873:
2865:
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2785:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2723:
2655:
2635:
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2567:
2559:
2535:
2527:
2507:
2496:
2491:
2482:
2477:
2469:
2460:
2449:
2444:
2433:
2428:
2417:
2412:
2401:
2395:Google Books
2390:
2384:Google Books
2379:
2373:Google Books
2368:
2357:
2346:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2317:
2313:
2307:Google Books
2302:
2296:Google Books
2291:
2280:
2276:
2270:Google Books
2265:
2254:
2249:
2238:
2233:
2222:
2214:, CUP 1969,
2211:
2206:
2198:, CUP 2010,
2195:
2190:
2184:Google Books
2179:
2167:
2161:Google Books
2156:
2147:
2136:
2131:
2119:
2111:, CUP 1971,
2108:
2104:
2092:
2081:
2076:
2068:
2063:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2030:
2022:, OUP 1998,
2019:
2014:
2003:
1999:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1961:
1950:
1938:
1929:
1921:
1916:
1908:
1903:
1895:
1890:
1882:
1877:
1869:
1864:
1856:
1851:
1840:
1835:
1824:
1813:
1804:
1793:
1788:
1777:
1772:
1766:vol.1, p.155
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1716:
1711:
1703:
1698:
1691:Vita Vergili
1690:
1685:
1676:
1659:
1651:
1646:
1638:
1633:
1625:
1620:
1612:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1564:
1552:. Retrieved
1548:
1538:
1525:
1505:
1497:
1492:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1362:
1352:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1323:John Philips
1319:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1229:
1226:De venatione
1225:
1222:Natale Conti
1217:
1213:
1206:
1197:
1189:
1175:
1170:
1158:
1150:
1144:
1134:
1126:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1055:C. Day-Lewis
987:
969:
963:
958:C. Day Lewis
956:progressed,
954:World War II
947:
914:
893:
880:
866:
863:
858:Augustan Age
844:
839:
830:Moral Letter
829:
822:Res rusticae
821:
813:
812:The work on
811:
780:
774:
770:
764:
757:
753:
749:
744:
740:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
713:
709:
705:
703:
698:
691:Epicureanism
685:
681:
674:
668:
664:
660:laudes Galli
659:
649:
646:Laudes Galli
639:
631:
627:
625:
606:
601:
584:
580:
576:
570:
564:
560:
558:
549:
546:Varius Rufus
541:
538:Epicureanism
531:
516:
510:
495:
485:
480:
463:Theophrastus
450:
442:
436:
426:
420:
419:– Leaf from
350:
314:
280:
261:
251:
247:
193:
190:Book I, 1683
187:
161:
149:
143:
139:
137:
128:
56:
55:
53:
48:Roman Virgil
43:
36:
2798:Manuscripts
2608:Online text
2227:Text online
2067:T.F.Royds,
1689:Suetonius,
1568:See Varro,
1554:December 6,
1424:The Seasons
1365:(1753) and
1363:Agriculture
1329:(1708) and
1230:Cynegeticon
1202:Ottava rima
1113:'s popular
1032:blank verse
995:John Dryden
990:in couplets
982:John Ogilby
936:philhellene
841:John Dryden
766:Argonautica
718:Ward Briggs
642:in 29 BCE.
467:Callimachus
272:viticulture
256:John Dryden
2960:Categories
2859:Portrayals
2790:(spurious)
2615:Wikisource
2598:, CUP 1969
2501:Wikisource
2351:pp.133-195
2345:John Gay,
2024:pp.82 – 90
1993:pp. 97-123
1818:Wikisource
1485:References
1371:The Fleece
1111:René Rapin
1090:René Rapin
1037:Arthur Way
769:, Ennius'
311:Book Three
224:golden age
164:hexametric
2971:Geoponici
2932:Wikiquote
2582:Interview
2544:pp.149-63
2512:Gutenberg
1989:Vergilius
1944:pp.vi-vii
1845:pp.358-77
1719:27: 36–45
1693:, ch. 27.
1367:John Dyer
1314:John Dyer
1242:The Chace
988:Georgicks
803:Folio 14
613:Cleopatra
512:Carmen 64
508:Catullus'
482:Lucretius
459:Aristotle
358:Aristaeus
335:Book Four
317:husbandry
210:. In the
2773:Georgics
2725:Eclogues
2673:LibriVox
2669:Georgics
2656:Georgics
2637:Georgics
2629:Georgica
2586:Georgics
2422:pp.37-43
2420:(1805),
2322:pp. 3-24
2259:pp.125-9
2141:pp.195-7
1843:vol.38,
1738:Georgics
1734:Georgics
1596:Georgics
1512:γεωργικά
1468:See also
1458:The Land
1433:The Task
1415:Georgica
1411:Rusticus
1409:'s poem
1407:Politian
1357:(1752),
1331:John Gay
1283:Columbae
1186:silkworm
939:Maecenas
891:(1789).
845:Georgics
832:86.15).
826:Seneca's
814:Georgics
750:Georgics
741:Georgics
734:Eclogues
730:Georgics
724:and the
722:Georgics
710:Georgics
686:Georgics
682:Georgics
677:Anderson
669:didactic
665:Georgics
640:Georgics
636:Octavian
632:Georgics
628:Georgics
602:Georgics
585:Georgics
577:Georgics
561:Georgics
542:Georgics
534:Stoicism
517:Georgics
504:neoteric
451:Georgics
449:'s lost
447:Nicander
443:Georgics
397:sphragis
393:Ciconian
389:Tartarus
385:Eurydice
361:epyllion
329:Maecenas
305:Centaurs
276:grafting
248:Georgics
239:Book Two
233:Octavian
200:Augustus
196:Maecenas
188:Georgics
174:Book One
145:Eclogues
140:Georgics
129:geōrgiká
124:γεωργικά
106:Georgica
57:Georgics
44:Georgics
2920:Commons
2833:Eclogue
2558:(2006)
2048:Virgile
1740:in the
1572:1.1.4–6
1530:at the
1474:Bugonia
1345:eclogue
1299:Fishing
758:Odyssey
743:in the
652:Servius
609:Anthony
403:Sources
381:Orpheus
377:Proteus
365:elegiac
354:bugonia
321:Noricum
301:Lapiths
297:Bacchus
268:Jupiter
220:Jupiter
18:Georgic
2780:Aeneid
2710:Virgil
2054:
2008:p. xiv
1742:Aeneid
1730:Aeneid
1253:Stagna
1151:Le Api
928:Crimea
797:Virgil
781:Aeneid
771:Annals
745:Aeneid
726:Aeneid
714:Aeneid
706:Aeneid
699:Aeneid
617:Actium
554:Horace
550:Aeneid
500:Ennius
455:Aratus
433:Hesiod
373:Cyrene
289:Hesiod
264:Saturn
258:(1709)
216:Hesiod
151:Aeneid
115:Virgil
2717:Works
2468:, in
2454:p.174
2438:p.987
2243:p.140
2216:p.292
1327:Cyder
1287:Vites
1050:prose
934:as a
818:Varro
754:Iliad
575:" in
477:Roman
471:Homer
408:Greek
325:proem
285:Ascra
204:Varro
121:word
119:Greek
102:Latin
97:-jiks
2654:The
2617:and
2200:p.85
2173:p.82
2086:p.77
2052:ISBN
1798:p.28
1782:p.71
1570:R.R.
1556:2016
1291:Olus
756:and
611:and
536:and
303:and
266:and
208:plow
138:The
133:poem
54:The
2640:at
2621:'s
2285:p.5
1744:",
1598:,"
1456:'s
1440:’s
1390:'s
1369:'s
1361:'s
1351:'s
1333:'s
1325:'s
1240:'s
1224:'s
1212:'s
1196:'s
1169:'s
1157:'s
1149:'s
919:by
615:at
95:JOR
73:ɔːr
2962::
2766:10
2764:,
2760:,
2756:,
2752:,
2748:,
2744:,
2740:,
2736:,
2732:,
2594:,
2499:,
1717:CQ
1547:.
1524:;
1520:;
1516:.
1464:.
799:,
760:,
484:'
127:,
104::
100:;
76:dʒ
70:dʒ
2835:4
2768:)
2762:9
2758:8
2754:7
2750:6
2746:5
2742:4
2738:3
2734:2
2730:1
2728:(
2702:e
2695:t
2688:v
1671:.
1558:.
658:(
88:/
85:s
82:k
79:ɪ
67:ˈ
64:/
60:(
50:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.