Ground source heat pump

391:, is dug and U-shaped or slinky coils are spread out inside the same trench. Shallow 3–8-foot (0.91–2.44 m) horizontal heat exchangers experience seasonal temperature cycles due to solar gains and transmission losses to ambient air at ground level. These temperature cycles lag behind the seasons because of thermal inertia, so the heat exchanger will harvest heat deposited by the sun several months earlier, while being weighed down in late winter and spring, due to accumulated winter cold. Systems in wet ground or in water are generally more efficient than drier ground loops since water conducts and stores heat better than solids in sand or soil. If the ground is naturally dry, soaker hoses may be buried with the ground loop to keep it wet. 588:. Standard ARI 330 ratings were intended for closed-loop ground-source heat pumps, and assume secondary loop water temperatures of 25 °C (77 °F) for air conditioning and 0 °C (32 °F) for heating. These temperatures are typical of installations in the northern US. Standard ARI 325 ratings were intended for open-loop ground-source heat pumps, and include two sets of ratings for groundwater temperatures of 10 °C (50 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F). ARI 325 budgets more electricity for water pumping than ARI 330. Neither of these standards attempts to account for seasonal variations. Standard ARI 870 ratings are intended for direct exchange ground-source heat pumps. 2969: 605:(~ 0.1 m) and the associated time is on the order of 1 hr, during which the effect of the heat capacity of the backfilling material is significant. The second important space dimension is the half distance between two adjacent boreholes, which is on the order of several meters. The corresponding time is on the order of a month, during which the thermal interaction between adjacent boreholes is important. The largest space scale can be tens of meters or more, such as the half-length of a borehole and the horizontal scale of a GHE cluster. The time scale involved is as long as the lifetime of a GHE (decades). 1167:, Germany which seems the cause of considerable damage to historical buildings there. In 2008, the city centre was reported to have risen 12 cm, after initially sinking a few millimeters. The boring tapped a naturally pressurized aquifer, and via the borehole this water entered a layer of anhydrite, which expands when wet as it forms gypsum. The swelling will stop when the anhydrite is fully reacted, and reconstruction of the city center "is not expedient until the uplift ceases". By 2010 sealing of the borehole had not been accomplished. By 2010, some sections of town had risen by 30 cm. 1333:

for 25 to 50 years and are expected to last at least 50 to 200 years. Ground-source heat pumps use electricity for heating the house. The higher investment above conventional oil, propane or electric systems may be returned in energy savings in 2–10 years for residential systems in the US. The payback period for larger commercial systems in the US is 1–5 years, even when compared to natural gas. Additionally, because geothermal heat pumps usually have no outdoor compressors or cooling towers, the risk of vandalism is reduced or eliminated, potentially extending a system's lifespan.

1227:, particularly for open-loop systems, so they are more cost-effective for larger commercial buildings and harsher climates. The initial cost can be two to five times that of a conventional heating system in most residential applications, new construction or existing. In retrofits, the cost of installation is affected by the size of the living area, the home's age, insulation characteristics, the geology of the area, and the location of the property. Proper duct system design and mechanical air exchange should be considered in the initial system cost. 400: 1329:

plants have larger loads during summer months and idle capacity in the winter, this increases electrical sales during the winter months. Heat pumps also lower the load peak during the summer due to the increased efficiency of heat pumps, thereby avoiding the costly construction of new power plants. For the same reasons, other utility companies have started to pay for the installation of ground-source heat pumps at customer residences. They lease the systems to their customers for a monthly fee, at a net overall saving to the customer.

433:(mini-HDD). This technique can lay piping under yards, driveways, gardens or other structures without disturbing them, with a cost between those of trenching and vertical drilling. This system also differs from horizontal & vertical drilling as the loops are installed from one central chamber, further reducing the ground space needed. Radial drilling is often installed retroactively (after the property has been built) due to the small nature of the equipment used and the ability to bore beneath existing constructions. 325:. These heat pumps are also preferred for pool heating. Heat pumps typically only heat water to about 55 °C (131 °F) efficiently, whereas boilers typically operate at 65–95 °C (149–203 °F) . The size of radiators designed for the higher temperatures achieved by boilers may be too small for use with heat pumps, requiring replacement with larger radiators when retrofitting a home from boiler to heat pump. When used for cooling, the temperature of the circulating water must normally be kept above the 1181: 339:) output forced air, and are most commonly used to replace legacy forced air furnaces and central air conditioning systems. There are variations that allow for split systems, high-velocity systems, and ductless systems. Heat pumps cannot achieve as high a fluid temperature as a conventional furnace, so they require a higher volume flow rate of air to compensate. When retrofitting a residence, the existing ductwork may have to be enlarged to reduce the noise from the higher air flow. 1132:

electricity infrastructure, a residential heat pump may save 5 tons of carbon dioxide per year relative to an oil furnace, or about as much as taking an average passenger car off the road. But in cities like Beijing or Pittsburgh that are highly reliant on coal for electricity production, a heat pump may result in 1 or 2 tons more carbon dioxide emissions than a natural gas furnace. For areas not served by utility natural gas infrastructure, however, no better alternative exists.

760: 46: 4635: 4869: 1360: 468: 521:), Geothermal Exchange Organization (GEO), Canadian GeoExchange Coalition and Ground Source Heat Pump Association maintain listings of qualified installers in the US, Canada and the UK. Furthermore, detailed analysis of soil thermal conductivity for horizontal systems and formation thermal conductivity for vertical systems will generally result in more accurately designed systems with a higher efficiency. 4894: 4884: 1388: 1374: 348: 1092: 1340:), despite reductions in thermal efficiency due to ground temperature. (The ground source is warmer in climates that need strong air conditioning, and cooler in climates that need strong heating.) The financial viability of these systems depends on the adequate sizing of ground heat exchangers (GHEs), which generally contribute the most to the overall capital costs of GSHP systems. 89:(CoP) which is typically in the range 3 – 6, meaning that the devices provide 3 – 6 units of heat for each unit of electricity used. Setup costs are higher than for other heating systems, due to the requirement to install ground loops over large areas or to drill bore holes, and for this reason, ground source is often suitable when new blocks of flats are built. Otherwise 547:(COP). The conversion factor is 3.41 BTU/hr/watt. Since a heat pump moves three to five times more heat energy than the electric energy it consumes, the total energy output is much greater than the electrical input. This results in net thermal efficiencies greater than 300% as compared to radiant electric heat being 100% efficient. Traditional combustion furnaces and 1216:

everywhere in the world. Natural gas is the only fuel with competitive operational costs, and only in a handful of countries where it is exceptionally cheap, or where electricity is exceptionally expensive. In general, a homeowner may save anywhere from 20% to 60% annually on utilities by switching from an ordinary system to a ground-source system.

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systems. Their overall economic benefit depends primarily on the relative costs of electricity and fuels, which are highly variable over time and across the world. Based on recent prices, ground-source heat pumps currently have lower operational costs than any other conventional heating source almost

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The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has called ground source heat pumps the most energy-efficient, environmentally clean, and cost-effective space conditioning systems available. Heat pumps offer significant emission reductions potential, particularly where they are used for both heating and

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for thermal storage. In summer, the greenhouse is cooled with cold ground water. This heats the water in the aquifer which can become a warm source for heating in winter. The combination of cold and heat storage with heat pumps can be combined with water/humidity regulation. These principles are used

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The main questions that engineers may ask in the early stages of designing a GHE are (a) what the heat transfer rate of a GHE as a function of time is, given a particular temperature difference between the circulating fluid and the ground, and (b) what the temperature difference as a function of time

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has adapted this approach to calculate typical seasonally adjusted HSPFs for ground-source heat pumps in Canada. The NRC HSPFs ranged from 8.7 to 12.8 BTU/hr/watt (2.6 to 3.8 in nondimensional factors, or 255% to 375% seasonal average electricity utilization efficiency) for the most populated regions

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the system over time and require periodic acid cleaning. This is much more of a problem with cooling systems than heating systems. A standing column well system is a specialized type of open-loop system where water is drawn from the bottom of a deep rock well, passed through a heat pump, and returned

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In an open-loop system (also called a groundwater heat pump), the secondary loop pumps natural water from a well or body of water into a heat exchanger inside the heat pump. Since the water chemistry is not controlled, the appliance may need to be protected from corrosion by using different metals in

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A vertical system consists of a number of boreholes some 50 to 400 feet (15–122 m) deep fitted with U-shaped pipes through which a heat-carrying fluid that absorbs (or discharges) heat from (or to) the ground is circulated. Bore holes are spaced at least 5–6 m apart and the depth depends on

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A challenge in predicting the thermal response of a ground heat exchanger (GHE) is the diversity of the time and space scales involved. Four space scales and eight time scales are involved in the heat transfer of GHEs. The first space scale having practical importance is the diameter of the borehole

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to a depth of about 8–20 metres depending on soil type, the thermal mass of the ground causes temperature variation to decrease exponentially with depth until it is close to the local annual average air temperature; it also lags behind the surface temperature, so that the peak temperature is about 6

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The lifespan of the system is longer than conventional heating and cooling systems. Good data on system lifespan is not yet available because the technology is too recent, but many early systems are still operational today after 25–30 years with routine maintenance. Most loop fields have warranties

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Capital costs may be offset by government subsidies; for example, Ontario offered $ 7000 for residential systems installed in the 2009 fiscal year. Some electric companies offer special rates to customers who install a ground-source heat pump for heating or cooling their building. Where electrical

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to transfer heat to or from the ground, taking advantage of the relative constancy of temperatures of the earth through the seasons. Ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs) – or geothermal heat pumps (GHP), as they are commonly termed in North America – are among the most energy-efficient technologies for

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Ground source heat pumps employ a ground heat exchanger in contact with the ground or groundwater to extract or dissipate heat. Incorrect design can result in the system freezing after a number of years or very inefficient system performance; thus accurate system design is critical to a successful

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Soil without artificial heat addition or subtraction and at depths of several metres or more remains at a relatively constant temperature year round. This temperature equates roughly to the average annual air temperature of the chosen location, usually 7–12 °C (45–54 °F) at a depth of 6

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As of 2004, there are over a million units installed worldwide, providing 12 GW of thermal capacity with a growth rate of 10% per year. Each year (as of 2011/2004, respectively), about 80,000 units are installed in the US and 27,000 in Sweden. In Finland, a geothermal heat pump was the most

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Because of the technical knowledge and equipment needed to design and size the system properly (and install the piping if heat fusion is required), a GSHP system installation requires a professional's services. Several installers have published real-time views of system performance in an online

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Ground-source heat pumps always produce fewer greenhouse gases than air conditioners, oil furnaces, and electric heating, but natural gas furnaces may be competitive depending on the greenhouse gas intensity of the local electricity supply. In countries like Canada and Russia with low emitting

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Pipe pairs in the hole are joined with a U-shaped cross connector at the bottom of the hole or comprises two small-diameter high-density polyethylene (HDPE) tubes thermally fused to form a U-shaped bend at the bottom. The space between the wall of the borehole and the U-shaped tubes is usually

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The short-term hourly temperature response of the ground is vital for analyzing the energy of ground-source heat pump systems and for their optimum control and operation. By contrast, the long-term response determines the overall feasibility of a system from the standpoint of the life cycle.

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used to support the building. Vertical systems rely on migration of heat from surrounding geology, unless recharged during the summer and at other times when surplus heat is available. Vertical systems are typically used where there is insufficient available land for a horizontal system.

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metres (20 ft) in the northern US. Because this temperature remains more constant than the air temperature throughout the seasons, ground source heat pumps perform with far greater efficiency during extreme air temperatures than air conditioners and air-source heat pumps.

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Efficient compressors, variable speed compressors and larger heat exchangers all contribute to heat pump efficiency. Residential ground source heat pumps on the market today have standard COPs ranging from 2.4 to 5.0 and EERs ranging from 10.6 to 30. To qualify for an

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Also the efficiency of existing small heat pump installations can be improved by adding large, cheap, water-filled solar collectors. These may be integrated into a to-be-overhauled parking lot, or in walls or roof constructions by installing one-inch

1087:{\displaystyle {\text{GHG Savings}}=\mathrm {HL} \left({\frac {\mathrm {FI} }{\mathrm {AFUE} \times 1000{\frac {\mathrm {kg} }{\mathrm {ton} }}}}-{\frac {\mathrm {EI} }{\mathrm {COP} \times 3600{\frac {\mathrm {sec} }{\mathrm {hr} }}}}\right)} 1162:

Before drilling, the underground geology needs to be understood, and drillers need to be prepared to seal the borehole, including preventing penetration of water between strata. The unfortunate example is a geothermal heating project in

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Governments that promote renewable energy will likely offer incentives for the consumer (residential), or industrial markets. For example, in the United States, incentives are offered both on the state and federal levels of government.

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A closed pond loop consists of coils of pipe similar to a slinky loop attached to a frame and located at the bottom of an appropriately sized pond or water source. Artificial ponds are used as heat storage (up to 90% efficient) in some

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and interseasonal heat transfer. Heat captured and stored in thermal banks in the summer can be retrieved efficiently in the winter. Heat storage efficiency increases with scale, so this advantage is most significant in commercial or

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label, heat pumps must meet certain minimum COP and EER ratings which depend on the ground heat exchanger type. For closed-loop systems, the ISO 13256-1 heating COP must be 3.3 or greater and the cooling EER must be 14.1 or greater.

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can never exceed 100% efficiency. Ground source heat pumps can reduce energy consumption – and corresponding air pollution emissions – up to 72% compared to electric resistance heating with standard air-conditioning equipment.

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Kavanaugh SK, Rafferty K. Ground-source heat pumps: Design of geothermal systems for commercial and institutional buildings. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.;

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Note: contrary to air-source conventions, the NRC's HSPF numbers are in units of BTU/hr/watt. Divide these numbers by 3.41 BTU/hr/watt to arrive at non-dimensional units comparable to ground-source COPs and air-source

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Commercial systems maintenance costs in the US have historically been between $ 0.11 to $ 0.22 per m per year in 1996 dollars, much less than the average $ 0.54 per m per year for conventional HVAC systems.

375:). Monopropylene glycol has the least damaging potential when it might leak into the ground, and is, therefore, the only allowed anti-freeze in ground sources in an increasing number of European countries. 1463:

Kalogirou, Soteris & Florides, Georgios. (2004). Measurements of Ground Temperature at Various Depths, conference paper 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies, Nottingham, UK,

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GSHPs have unsurpassed thermal efficiencies and produce zero emissions locally, but their electricity supply includes components with high greenhouse gas emissions unless the owner has opted for a 100%

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Li M, Li P, Chan V, Lai ACK. Full-scale temperature response function (G-function) for heat transfer by borehole ground heat exchangers (GHEs) from sub-hour to decades. Appl Energy 2014; 136: 197-205.

572:(HSPF) to account for the impact of seasonal variations on air source heat pumps. These numbers are normally not applicable and should not be compared to ground source heat pump ratings. However, 1336:

Ground source heat pumps are recognized as one of the most efficient heating and cooling systems on the market. They are often the second-most cost-effective solution in extreme climates (after

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transitioned to ISO 13256–1 in 2001, which replaces ARI 320, 325 and 330. The new ISO standard produces slightly higher ratings because it no longer budgets any electricity for water pumps.

1147:. Open-loop systems (i.e. those that draw ground water as opposed to closed-loop systems using a borehole heat exchanger) need to be balanced by reinjecting the spent water. This prevents 496:(DX) is the oldest type of geothermal heat pump technology where the refrigerant itself is passed through the ground loop. Developed during the 1980s, this approach faced issues with the 3126: 826:

Annual greenhouse gas (GHG) savings from using a ground source heat pump instead of a high-efficiency furnace in a detached residence (assuming no specific supply of renewable energy)

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The fluids used in closed loops may be designed to be biodegradable and non-toxic, but the refrigerant used in the heat pump cabinet and in direct exchange loops was, until recently,

262:, ground source heat pumps became popular in Sweden and have been growing slowly in worldwide acceptance since then. Open loop systems dominated the market until the development of 4413: 1759:

Li M, Lai ACK. Review of analytical models for heat transfer by vertical ground heat exchangers (GHEs): A perspective of time and space scales, Applied Energy 2015; 151: 178-191.

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is often performed to make a deterministic analysis of ground thermal conductivity to optimize the loopfield size, especially for larger commercial sites (e.g., over 10 wells).

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is highly variable. The rapid escalation in system price has been accompanied by rapid improvements in efficiency and reliability. Capital costs are known to benefit from

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The "penetration depth" is defined as the depth at which the temperature variable is less than 0.01 of the variation at the surface, and this depends on the type of soil:

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Van Passel, Willy; Sourbron, Maarten; Verplaetsen, Filip; Leroy, Luc; Somers, Yvan; Verheyden, Johan; Coupé, Koen. Organisatie voor Duurzame Energie Vlaanderen (ed.).

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For the sake of comparing heat pump appliances to each other, independently from other system components, a few standard test conditions have been established by the

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grouted completely with grouting material or, in some cases, partially filled with groundwater. For illustration, a detached house needing 10 kW (3

4586: 3951: 3200: 3115: 1426: 4727: 744:) being a function of time, analytical models exclusively decompose it into a time-independent part and a time-dependent part to simplify the analysis. 2467: 239:

in the late 1940s; sources disagree, however, as to the exact timeline of his invention The first successful commercial project was installed in the

4453: 4385: 240: 2759: 236: 1471: 1139:, which is an ozone-depleting substance. Although harmless while contained, leaks and improper end-of-life disposal contribute to enlarging the 4777: 4772: 3150: 101:

Ground-source heat pumps take advantage of the difference between the ambient temperature and the temperature at various depths in the ground.

4258: 2620:"Editors' message: The housing crisis from underground—damage to a historic town by geothermal drillings through anhydrite, Staufen, Germany" 2387: 2314: 451:

to the top of the well. A growing number of jurisdictions have outlawed open-loop systems that drain to the surface because these may drain

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Williams G. and Gold L. Canadian Building Digest 180m 1976. National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Research in Construction.

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supply. Their environmental impact, therefore, depends on the characteristics of the electricity supply and the available alternatives.

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is, given a required heat exchange rate. In the language of heat transfer, the two questions can probably be expressed as

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The GHG emissions savings from a heat pump over a conventional furnace can be calculated based on the following formula:

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Hellstrom G. Ground heat storage – thermal analysis of duct storage systems I. Theory. Lund: University of Lund; 1991.

1735: 2537:"DAMAGE TO THE HISTORIC TOWN OF STAUFEN (GERMANY) CAUSED By GEOTHERMAL DRILLING THROUGH ANHYDRITE-BEARING FORMATIONS" 2301:. EEA Report. Vol. 6/2008. Luxemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. p. 83. 2079: 4918: 4873: 4813: 4757: 4657: 4448: 4329: 4036: 3801: 3645: 544: 530: 399: 225: 86: 2137: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4667: 4662: 4572: 4501: 4360: 4324: 4126: 3756: 3711: 3639: 3491: 3434: 1406: 360: 2707: 2002: 4548: 4370: 4066: 3666: 3445: 3336: 3321: 2841: 2192: 573: 1211:

Ground source heat pumps are characterized by high capital costs and low operational costs compared to other

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common heating system choice for new detached houses between 2006 and 2011 with market share exceeding 40%.

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Environmental Protection Agency (1993). "Space Conditioning: The Next Frontier – Report 430-R-93-004". EPA.

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Various models for the time-independent and time-dependent R can be found in the references. Further, a

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Orio, Carl D.; Johnson, Carl N.; Rees, Simon J.; Chiasson, A.; Deng, Zheng; Spitler, Jeffrey D. (2004).

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30500372_Measurements_of_Ground_Temperature_at_Various_Depths

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A horizontal closed loop field is composed of pipes that are arrayed in a plane in the ground. A long

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is the central unit for the building's heating and cooling. It usually comes in two main variants:

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wells. This forces the use of more environmentally sound injection wells or a closed-loop system.

45: 4619: 4484: 4428: 4365: 4142: 4021: 4016: 3806: 3617: 3602: 3184: 3008: 2600: 2490: 2405: 2051:. Vol. 18, no. 2. Klmath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology. pp. 1–11. 1713: 1657:. Vol. 25, no. 3. Klmath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology. pp. 1–10. 1451:"Heat pumps are hot items. But for people living in condos, getting one presents some challenges" 1224: 1152: 1115: 616: 480:

plants, which later extract the heat (similar to ground storage) via a large heat pump to supply

318: 314: 127:, the temperature is effectively constant, rising about 0.025 °C per metre according to the 35: 2352: 1192:. The reason given is: probably needs to say more about larger systems such as district heating. 4634: 4609: 4595: 4056: 4011: 3766: 3761: 3691: 3587: 3423: 3226: 3003: 2868: 2459: 2393: 2383: 2320: 2310: 2052: 1691:"Geothermal – The Energy Under Our Feet: Geothermal Resources Estimates for the United States" 1658: 1586: 1520: 1393: 1148: 1120:

COP = heat pump coefficient of performance ≈ 3.2 seasonally adjusted for northern US heat pump

736:) is often an unknown variable that needs to be determined by heat transfer analysis. Despite 501: 368: 3169: 2494: 421:) of heating capacity might need three boreholes 80 to 110 m (260 to 360 ft) deep. 17: 4808: 4732: 4624: 4523: 4278: 4273: 3856: 3562: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3367: 3018: 3013: 2960: 2639: 2592: 2451: 2302: 1254: 1105: 859: 819: 779: 481: 364: 39: 2568:

Butscher, Christoph; Huggenberger, Peter; Auckenthaler, Adrian; Bänninger, Dominik (2010).

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Capital costs and system lifespan have received much less study until recently, and the

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/ft/?id=386ddf88-fe8d-45dd-aabb-0a55be826f3f

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to a depth of about 1 metre, the temperature is very sensitive to sunlight and weather,

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Addressing the complete spectrum of time scales require vast computational resources.

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ground and building characteristics. Alternatively, pipes may be integrated with the

310: 71: 2713:. Klamath Falls, OR: Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology. Archived from 2665:

Keine Entwarnung in der Fauststadt – Risse in Staufen: Pumpen, reparieren und hoffen

2060: 1666: 1594: 543:(EER), while heating performance is typically reduced to dimensionless units as the 467: 4798: 4528: 4206: 4106: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4001: 3936: 3816: 3786: 3726: 3721: 3696: 3607: 3486: 3402: 3326: 3311: 3296: 3072: 1548: 802: 263: 104:

The thermal properties of the ground near the surface can be described as follows:

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HL = seasonal heat load ≈ 80 GJ/yr for a modern detached house in the northern US

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Payback period for installing a ground source heat pump in a detached residence

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This article is about one type of heat pump. For more general information, see

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National Inventory Report 1990–2006:Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada

1956:"White House Executive Order on Sustainability Includes Geothermal Heat Pumps" 1833: 1646:

Lund, J.; Sanner, B.; Rybach, L.; Curtis, R.; Hellström, G. (September 2004).

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is the heat transfer rate of the GHE per unit time per unit length (W/m), and

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The efficiency of ground source heat pumps can be greatly improved by using

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systems that carry heating or cooling through the building through pipes to

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Cooling performance is typically expressed in units of BTU/hr/watt as the

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cooling and where the electricity is produced from renewable resources.

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had patented the idea of using it to draw heat from the ground in 1912.

3746: 3418: 2988: 2978: 2353:"Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases, Electricity Emission Factors" 1978:"Energy Savers: Selecting and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump System" 1810:. Natural Resources Canada, Office of Energy Efficiency. Archived from 1780:

ASHRAE. ASHRAE handbook: HVAC applications. Atlanta: ASHRAE, Inc; 2011.

1620:"Ground-Water Heat Pumps – Home Heating and Cooling from Your Own Well" 789: 452: 447: 329:

to ensure that atmospheric humidity does not condense on the radiator.

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History of Heat Pumps Swiss Contributions and International Milestones

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After experimenting with a freezer, Robert C. Webber built the first

139:

Penetration depth in metres of diurnal and annual temperature cycles

4564: 2792:"Geothermal heat pumps: alternative energy heating and cooling FAQs" 2442:. Vol. 2, no. 4. UK: IOP Publishing. pp. 044001 8pp. 1856:. Vol. 11, no. 4. ASHRAE. pp. 637–655. Archived from 74:, using far less energy than can be achieved by burning a fuel in a 2351:

Energy Information Administration, US Department of Energy (2007).

1547:. International Ground Source Heat Pump Association. Archived from 255:

built the first residential open loop version in his home in 1948.

4438: 3871: 2924: 2306: 1469:

https://ktisis.cut.ac.cy/bitstream/10488/870/3/C55-PRT020-SET3.pdf

1156: 1144: 758: 466: 398: 346: 282: 44: 2706:

Lienau, Paul J.; Boyd, Tonya L.; Rogers, Robert L. (April 1995).

1933: 1847:"A Survey of Standing Column Well Installations in North America" 1515:, 9th International IEA Heat Pump Conference, Zürich, Switzerland 3946: 3866: 2920: 2795: 1626:, vol. 212, no. 2, Bonnier Corporation, pp. 78–82 1212: 1111: 248: 67: 4568: 3173: 1955: 61:) is a heating/cooling system for buildings that use a type of 2217:"Schematic of similar system of aquifers with fans-regulation" 1174: 418: 2888:

Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency

2111:"Energy Star Program Requirements for Geothermal Heat Pumps" 2708:"Ground-Source Heat Pump Case Studies and Utility Programs" 266:

pipe in 1979 made closed loop systems economically viable.

2945: 471:

12-ton pond loop system being sunk to the bottom of a pond

429:

As an alternative to trenching, loops may be laid by mini

351:

A horizontal slinky loop prior to being covered with soil.

2935: 2864:

Geothermal Energy, Heat Exchange Systems and Energy Piles

2681: 1648:"Geothermal (Ground Source) Heat Pumps, A World Overview" 714:

is the effective, undisturbed temperature of the ground,

1576:"Geothermal Heat Pumps, Four Plus Decades of Experience" 1123:

EI = emissions intensity of electricity ≈ 200–800 ton(CO

1883:"Seasonal pit heat storage: Cost benchmark of 30 EUR/m" 2097:"AHRI Directory of water-to-air geothermal heat pumps" 788:

have been used to heat and cool a greenhouse using an

363:

pipe and contains a mixture of water and anti-freeze (

1104:)/GJ for natural gas, 73 for heating oil, 0 for 100% 943: 763:

A heat pump in combination with heat and cold storage

707:

is the average temperature of the circulating fluid,

619: 49:

A heat pump in combination with heat and cold storage

1728:"GSHC Viability and Design – Carbon Zero Consulting" 513:

community of recent residential installations. The

4827: 4786: 4642: 4602: 4511: 4477: 4404: 4308: 4156: 3659: 3345: 3207: 2819:. Apps1.eere.energy.gov. 2009-02-24. Archived from 2238:"Capture, storage and release of Renewable Cooling" 2570:"Risikoorientierte Bewilligung von Erdwärmesonden" 1918:. sec. 4 PTES (Pit Thermal Energy Storage), p. 99. 1108:such as wind, hydro, photovoltaic or solar thermal 1086: 690: 504:in 1989 and DX systems now are infrequently used. 359:Pipework for the ground loop is typically made of 2941:International Ground Source Heat Pump Association 1804:"Ground Source Heat Pumps (Earth Energy Systems)" 1422:International Ground Source Heat Pump Association 797:and renewable cooling to all kinds of buildings. 515:International Ground Source Heat Pump Association 245:National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark 38:. For electricity generation from hot rocks, see 2618:Goldscheider, Nico; Bechtel, Timothy D. (2009). 1999:"Horizontal & Vertical Thermal Conductivity" 1100:FI = emissions intensity of fuel = 50 kg(CO 500:and oil management system, especially after the 1907:Kallesøe, A.J.; Vangkilde-Pedersen, T. (eds.). 2491:Spiegel.de report on recent geological changes 2001:. Carbonzeroco.com. 2016-03-23. Archived from 1485: 1483: 586:International Organization for Standardization 403:Drilling of a borehole for residential heating 4580: 3185: 3151: 2434:Hanova, J; Dowlatabadi, H (9 November 2007). 2177: 2175: 1798: 1796: 8: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2429: 2427: 1569: 1567: 1565: 2842:"Benefits of a Geothermal Heat Pump System" 2676: 2674: 2035: 2033: 2031: 1909:"Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES)" 1902: 1900: 4587: 4573: 4565: 3952:High efficiency glandless circulating pump 3201:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 3192: 3178: 3170: 3158: 3144: 3116:Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy 2951: 2786: 2784: 1525:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1427:Glossary of geothermal heating and cooling 27:System to transfer heat to/from the ground 2643: 1755: 1753: 1066: 1055: 1053: 1036: 1027: 1025: 1006: 998: 996: 976: 967: 965: 952: 944: 942: 671: 662: 640: 624: 618: 120:months after the surface peak temperature 34:. For direct heating from hot rocks, see 4386:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation 1932:. www.igshpa.okstate.edu. Archived from 1229: 1114:= furnace efficiency ≈ 95% for a modern 824: 241:Commonwealth Building (Portland, Oregon) 137: 2959: 2861:Craig, William; Gavin, Kenneth (2018). 2025:. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 1641: 1639: 1574:Bloomquist, R. Gordon (December 1999). 1442: 237:direct exchange ground source heat pump 2867:. London: ICE Publishing. p. 79. 2817:"Energy Savers: Geothermal Heat Pumps" 2741: 2730: 2682:"Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, Inc" 2413: 2403: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2272: 2261: 1518: 1501: 1499: 4259:Programmable communicating thermostat 1893:from the original on 2 February 2020. 1159:or other compounds from underground. 7: 4381:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing 2509:"Geothermal probe sinks German city" 2295:European Environment Agency (2008). 1808:Heating and Cooling with a Heat Pump 1767: 1765: 570:Heating Seasonal Performance Factors 494:direct exchange geothermal heat pump 2946:Ground Source Heat Pump Association 1980:. Apps1.eere.energy.gov. 2008-12-30 1309:Highly variable with energy prices. 243:in 1948, and has been designated a 4242:Minimum efficiency reporting value 2507:Pancevski, Bojan (30 March 2008). 2382:. Government of Canada. May 2008. 2298:Energy and environment report 2008 2185:Warmtepompen voor woningverwarming 2049:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin 1655:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin 1583:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin 1319:Climate differences not evaluated. 1314:Government subsidies not included. 1070: 1067: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1031: 1028: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1002: 999: 986: 983: 980: 977: 971: 968: 956: 953: 725:is the total thermal resistance (m 25: 4284:Standard temperature and pressure 3997:Packaged terminal air conditioner 3533:Passive daytime radiative cooling 3262:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle 2086:of this article in February 2001. 564:Standards ARI 210 and 240 define 4892: 4882: 4868: 4867: 4633: 3353:Absorption-compression heat pump 2967: 1618:Gannon, Robert (February 1978), 1386: 1372: 1358: 1179: 566:Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio 97:Thermal properties of the ground 4248:Normal temperature and pressure 3628:Vapor-compression refrigeration 3127:Topics by country and territory 2936:Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium 775:seasonal thermal energy storage 769:Seasonal thermal energy storage 584:(ARI) and more recently by the 431:horizontal directional drilling 2440:Environmental Research Letters 2040:Rafferty, Kevin (April 1997). 685: 679: 668: 652: 646: 633: 582:American Refrigerant Institute 425:Radial or directional drilling 1: 4396:Testing, adjusting, balancing 4340:Building information modeling 4335:Building services engineering 3912:Ground-coupled heat exchanger 3440:Demand controlled ventilation 3388:Building insulation materials 2159:"Interseasonal Heat Transfer" 1402:Ground-coupled heat exchanger 1239:Payback period for replacing 442:the heat exchanger and pump. 18:Geothermal exchange heat pump 3957:High-pressure cut-off switch 3508:Ice storage air conditioning 3429:Dedicated outdoor air system 2764:Capital Electric Cooperative 2456:10.1088/1748-9326/2/4/044001 2191:. p. 28. Archived from 1881:Epp, Baerbel (17 May 2019). 805:pipes into the outer layer. 251:. Professor Carl Nielsen of 4845:Energy return on investment 4300:Thermostatic radiator valve 4102:Thermostatic radiator valve 3613:Underfloor air distribution 3548:Radiant heating and cooling 3466:Energy recovery ventilation 3378:Automobile air conditioning 3242:Domestic energy consumption 3132:Marketing and policy trends 1714:"Choosing a heating system" 1506:Zogg, M. (20–22 May 2008), 691:{\displaystyle q_{l}=/R(t)} 4950: 4814:Enhanced geothermal system 4449:Institute of Refrigeration 4330:Architectural technologist 3802:Electrostatic precipitator 2897:. US Department of Energy. 2219:. Zonneterp.nl. 2005-11-11 766: 545:coefficient of performance 531:Coefficient of performance 528: 226:Peter Ritter von Rittinger 87:coefficient of performance 29: 4863: 4631: 4502:Volatile organic compound 4361:Environmental engineering 4325:Architectural engineering 4127:Ultra-low particulate air 3712:Automatic balancing valve 3640:Variable refrigerant flow 3492:Heat recovery ventilation 3435:Deep water source cooling 2663:, 15. Oktober 2010, hcw: 2645:10.1007/s10040-009-0458-7 2597:10.1007/s00767-010-0154-5 1407:Deep water source cooling 1302: 1238: 1235: 1188:This section needs to be 843: 833: 830: 600:Analysis of heat transfer 361:high-density polyethylene 287:Liquid-to-water heat pump 224:in 1853 and developed by 85:Efficiency is given as a 4934:Sustainable technologies 4549:Template:Home automation 4371:Kitchen exhaust cleaning 4067:Solar-assisted heat pump 3667:Air conditioner inverter 3446:Displacement ventilation 3337:Vapour pressure of water 3322:Thermal destratification 2550:(2): 233. Archived from 844:GHG savings relative to 755:Seasonal thermal storage 574:Natural Resources Canada 335:heat pumps (also called 301:heat pumps (also called 93:are often used instead. 4544:World Refrigeration Day 4391:Refrigerant reclamation 4320:Architectural acoustics 4264:Programmable thermostat 4196:Clean air delivery rate 4092:Thermal expansion valve 4007:Pressurisation ductwork 3917:Ground source heat pump 3358:Absorption refrigerator 2760:"Geothermal Heat Pumps" 1432:Uniform Mechanical Code 1366:Renewable energy portal 541:energy efficiency ratio 535:Energy Efficiency Ratio 502:ban of CFC refrigerants 78:or by use of resistive 55:ground source heat pump 4534:Glossary of HVAC terms 4496:Sick building syndrome 4376:Mechanical engineering 4087:Smoke exhaust ductwork 3518:Mixed-mode ventilation 3093:Tidal stream generator 2740:Cite journal requires 2271:Cite journal requires 1155:or surface water with 1088: 764: 692: 472: 404: 352: 311:conventional radiators 288: 50: 4554:Template:Solar energy 4232:Intelligent buildings 4191:Carbon dioxide sensor 3578:Room air distribution 3398:Central solar heating 2910:Geothermal Heat Pumps 2659:badische-zeitung.de, 2535:FORMACIJE, A (2010). 2075:The author issued an 2023:Geothermal Heat Pumps 1958:. www.geoexchange.org 1412:Solar thermal cooling 1153:contamination of soil 1137:chlorodifluoromethane 1089: 786:Geosolar combisystems 762: 749:Thermal response test 693: 478:central solar heating 470: 402: 350: 343:Ground heat exchanger 286: 253:Ohio State University 91:air-source heat pumps 48: 4924:Building engineering 4356:Duct leakage testing 4346:Deep energy retrofit 4290:Thermographic camera 4227:Infrared thermometer 3702:Air source heat pump 3651:Water heat recycling 3217:Air changes per hour 3053:Marine current power 2999:Crosswind kite power 2624:Hydrogeology Journal 2493:(in German, partial 1221:return on investment 941: 809:Environmental impact 617: 488:Direct exchange (DX) 279:Internal arrangement 59:geothermal heat pump 4615:Geothermal gradient 4222:HVAC control system 4212:Home energy monitor 4186:Building automation 3972:Inverter compressor 3634:Variable air volume 3543:Passive ventilation 3513:Kitchen ventilation 3413:Constant air volume 3383:Autonomous building 3083:Sustainable biofuel 2994:Carbon-neutral fuel 2955:Part of a series on 2636:2009HydJ...17..491G 2589:2011Grund..16...13B 2448:2007ERL.....2d4001H 2118:Partner Commitments 2066:on 17 February 2012 1854:ASHRAE Transactions 1232: 1165:Staufen im Breisgau 840:Emissions Intensity 827: 525:Thermal performance 319:baseboard radiators 258:As a result of the 140: 129:geothermal gradient 123:Below that, in the 4620:Geothermal heating 4485:Indoor air quality 4429:ASTM International 4366:Hydronic balancing 4143:Wood-burning stove 4022:Radiator reflector 3807:Evaporative cooler 3618:Underfloor heating 3603:Thermal insulation 3009:Geothermal heating 2915:2009-04-01 at the 2893:2008-02-22 at the 2668:(17. Oktober 2010) 2082:2013-02-17 at the 1834:Hard water#Indices 1474:2022-10-05 at the 1230: 1225:economies of scale 1116:condensing furnace 1084: 825: 765: 688: 473: 405: 387:, deeper than the 353: 315:underfloor heating 289: 138: 51: 36:geothermal heating 4919:Energy conversion 4906: 4905: 4610:Geothermal energy 4603:Geothermal energy 4596:Geothermal energy 4562: 4561: 4478:Health and safety 4057:Scroll compressor 4012:Process duct work 3767:Convection heater 3762:Condensing boiler 3692:Air-mixing plenum 3588:Solar combisystem 3424:Cross ventilation 3227:Building envelope 3168: 3167: 3004:Geothermal energy 2661:Lokales, Breisgau 2389:978-1-100-11176-6 2316:978-92-9167-980-5 2138:definition of GHE 1887:Solarthermalworld 1394:Technology portal 1326: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1209: 1208: 1149:aquifer depletion 1077: 1074: 1020: 1017: 947: 933: 932: 369:denatured alcohol 220:was described by 209: 208: 16:(Redirected from 4941: 4898:Renewable energy 4896: 4886: 4871: 4870: 4809:District heating 4637: 4625:Geothermal power 4589: 4582: 4575: 4566: 4524:Building science 4279:Smart thermostat 4274:Room temperature 3857:Fireplace insert 3563:Radon mitigation 3461:Electric heating 3456:District heating 3451:District cooling 3368:Air conditioning 3194: 3187: 3180: 3171: 3160: 3153: 3146: 3024:Run-of-the-river 3019:Hydroelectricity 3014:Geothermal power 2971: 2961:Renewable energy 2952: 2931:Cost calculation 2898: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2848: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2828: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2794:. Archived from 2788: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2775: 2766:. Archived from 2756: 2750: 2749: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2719: 2712: 2703: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2688: 2678: 2669: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2574: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2544:Acta Carsologica 2541: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2504: 2498: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2478: 2472: 2466:. Archived from 2431: 2422: 2421: 2415: 2411: 2409: 2401: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2348: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2331: 2292: 2281: 2280: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2245: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2224: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2197: 2190: 2179: 2170: 2169: 2167: 2166: 2155: 2149: 2146: 2140: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2125: 2115: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2093: 2087: 2074: 2072: 2071: 2065: 2059:. Archived from 2046: 2037: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2010: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1985: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1913: 1904: 1895: 1894: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1862: 1851: 1842: 1836: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1819: 1800: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1772: 1769: 1760: 1757: 1748: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1738:on 27 March 2015 1734:. Archived from 1732:carbonzeroco.com 1724: 1718: 1717: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1678: 1677: 1671: 1665:. Archived from 1652: 1643: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1606: 1605: 1599: 1593:. 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4047:Run-around coil 4042:Reversing valve 3987:Mechanical room 3977:Kerosene heater 3967:Infrared heater 3897:Gasoline heater 3837:Fan filter unit 3752:Condensate pump 3737:Centrifugal fan 3655: 3558:Radiant heating 3553:Radiant cooling 3528:Passive cooling 3523:Microgeneration 3393:Central heating 3341: 3317:Thermal comfort 3209: 3203: 3198: 3164: 2917:Wayback Machine 2906: 2901: 2895:Wayback Machine 2886: 2882: 2875: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2826: 2824: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2801: 2799: 2790: 2789: 2782: 2773: 2771: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2739: 2729: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2705: 2704: 2695: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2679: 2672: 2657: 2653: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2554: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2514:Telegraph.co.uk 2506: 2505: 2501: 2489: 2485: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2433: 2432: 2425: 2412: 2402: 2390: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2350: 2349: 2338: 2329: 2327: 2317: 2294: 2293: 2284: 2270: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2243: 2241: 2236: 2235: 2231: 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3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3742:Ceramic heater 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3583:Solar air heat 3580: 3575: 3573:Renewable heat 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3489: 3484: 3482:Forced-air gas 3479: 3474: 3469: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3437: 3432: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3332:Thermodynamics 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3302:Psychrometrics 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3257:Gas compressor 3254: 3252:Fluid dynamics 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3213: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3197: 3196: 3189: 3182: 3174: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3155: 3148: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3096: 3095: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3028: 3027: 3026: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2973: 2972: 2964: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2905: 2904:External links 2902: 2900: 2899: 2880: 2873: 2853: 2833: 2808: 2780: 2751: 2742:|journal= 2693: 2670: 2651: 2630:(3): 491–493. 2610: 2560: 2557:on 2012-08-13. 2527: 2499: 2483: 2423: 2414:|journal= 2388: 2367: 2336: 2315: 2282: 2273:|journal= 2250: 2229: 2208: 2171: 2150: 2141: 2130: 2102: 2088: 2027: 2015: 1990: 1969: 1947: 1921: 1896: 1873: 1837: 1826: 1792: 1782: 1773: 1761: 1749: 1719: 1705: 1682: 1635: 1610: 1561: 1532: 1495: 1479: 1456: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1417:Renewable heat 1414: 1409: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1383: 1369: 1353: 1350: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1207: 1206: 1200:September 2023 1187: 1185: 1178: 1172: 1169: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1109: 1101: 1098: 1082: 1072: 1069: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1033: 1030: 1024: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1004: 1001: 995: 992: 988: 985: 982: 979: 973: 970: 963: 958: 955: 951: 931: 930: 927: 924: 921: 918: 914: 913: 910: 907: 904: 901: 897: 896: 893: 890: 887: 884: 880: 879: 876: 873: 870: 867: 863: 862: 857: 852: 846: 845: 842: 835: 834:Electricity CO 832: 810: 807: 795:renewable heat 767:Main article: 756: 753: 717: 711: 704: 687: 684: 681: 678: 674: 670: 665: 661: 657: 654: 651: 648: 643: 639: 635: 632: 627: 623: 601: 598: 526: 523: 509: 506: 490: 489: 465: 464: 439: 438: 427: 426: 397: 396: 381: 380: 344: 341: 303:water-to-water 280: 277: 275: 272: 213: 210: 207: 206: 203: 200: 196: 195: 192: 189: 185: 184: 181: 178: 174: 173: 170: 167: 163: 162: 159: 156: 152: 151: 148: 145: 133: 132: 121: 113: 98: 95: 76:boiler/furnace 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4946: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4778:United States 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4585: 4583: 4578: 4576: 4571: 4570: 4567: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407:organizations 4403: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4351:Duct cleaning 4349: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4307: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4202:Control valve 4200: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4122:Turning vanes 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4097:Thermal wheel 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4062:Solar chimney 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3832:Fan coil unit 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3777:Cooling tower 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3623:Vapor barrier 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3598:Solar heating 3596: 3594: 3593:Solar cooling 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3568:Refrigeration 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3538:Passive house 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3408:Chilled water 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3307:Sensible heat 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3287:Noise control 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3267:Heat transfer 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3149: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3111: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3068:Osmotic power 3066: 3064: 3063:Ocean thermal 3061: 3059: 3058:Marine energy 3056: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2884: 2881: 2876: 2874:9780727763983 2870: 2866: 2865: 2857: 2854: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2823:on 2009-04-01 2822: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2798:on 2007-09-03 2797: 2793: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2770:on 2008-12-06 2769: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2752: 2747: 2734: 2720:on 2009-10-07 2716: 2709: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2683: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2652: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2564: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2531: 2528: 2516: 2515: 2510: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2484: 2473:on 2016-04-06 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2354: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2308: 2307:10.2800/10548 2304: 2300: 2299: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2265: 2254: 2251: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2198:on 2009-03-18 2194: 2187: 2186: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2134: 2131: 2120:. Energy Star 2119: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2098: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2043: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2005:on 2015-03-27 2004: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1979: 1973: 1970: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1936:on 3 May 2015 1935: 1931: 1925: 1922: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1874: 1863:on 2010-06-26 1859: 1855: 1848: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1830: 1827: 1814:on 2009-04-03 1813: 1809: 1805: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1786: 1783: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1672:on 2014-02-01 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1625: 1621: 1614: 1611: 1600:on 2012-10-31 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1551:on 2009-04-04 1550: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1533: 1528: 1522: 1511: 1510: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1460: 1457: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1389: 1384: 1381: 1380:Energy portal 1375: 1370: 1367: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1338:co-generation 1334: 1330: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1234: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1214: 1203: 1191: 1186: 1177: 1176: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1080: 1050: 1047: 1022: 993: 990: 961: 949: 936: 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 915: 911: 908: 905: 902: 899: 898: 894: 891: 888: 885: 882: 881: 877: 874: 871: 868: 865: 864: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 847: 841: 829: 823: 821: 815: 808: 806: 804: 798: 796: 791: 787: 783: 781: 776: 770: 761: 754: 752: 750: 745: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 724: 720: 710: 703: 698: 682: 676: 672: 663: 659: 655: 649: 641: 637: 630: 625: 621: 610: 606: 599: 597: 593: 591: 587: 583: 578: 575: 571: 567: 562: 559: 553: 550: 546: 542: 536: 532: 524: 522: 520: 516: 507: 505: 503: 499: 495: 487: 486: 485: 483: 479: 469: 462: 461: 460: 458: 454: 449: 445: 436: 435: 434: 432: 424: 423: 422: 420: 414: 411: 401: 394: 393: 392: 390: 386: 378: 377: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 357: 349: 342: 340: 338: 334: 333:Liquid-to-air 330: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 294: 285: 278: 273: 271: 267: 265: 261: 256: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 211: 204: 201: 198: 197: 193: 190: 187: 186: 182: 179: 176: 175: 171: 168: 165: 164: 160: 157: 154: 153: 149: 146: 143: 142: 136: 130: 126: 122: 118: 117:shallow layer 114: 111: 110:surface layer 107: 106: 105: 102: 96: 94: 92: 88: 83: 81: 77: 73: 72:water heating 69: 64: 60: 56: 47: 41: 37: 33: 19: 4879: 4872: 4819:Hot dry rock 4804:Desalination 4799:Binary cycle 4787:Technologies 4529:Fireproofing 4313:and services 4309:Professions, 4207:Gas detector 4107:Trickle vent 4082:Smoke damper 4077:Smoke canopy 4072:Space heater 4002:Plenum space 3937:Heating film 3916: 3817:Exhaust hood 3787:Dehumidifier 3727:Blast damper 3722:Barrier pipe 3697:Air purifier 3608:Thermosiphon 3487:Free cooling 3403:Chilled beam 3327:Thermal mass 3312:Stack effect 3297:Particulates 3277:Infiltration 3208:Fundamental 3073:Solar energy 2883: 2863: 2856: 2845:. Retrieved 2836: 2825:. Retrieved 2821:the original 2811: 2800:. Retrieved 2796:the original 2772:. Retrieved 2768:the original 2754: 2733:cite journal 2722:. Retrieved 2715:the original 2685:. Retrieved 2664: 2660: 2654: 2627: 2623: 2613: 2583:(1): 13–24. 2580: 2576: 2563: 2552:the original 2547: 2543: 2530: 2518:. Retrieved 2512: 2502: 2486: 2475:. Retrieved 2468:the original 2439: 2379: 2370: 2359:. Retrieved 2328:. Retrieved 2297: 2264:cite journal 2253: 2242:. Retrieved 2240:. Icax.co.uk 2232: 2221:. Retrieved 2211: 2200:. Retrieved 2193:the original 2184: 2163:. Retrieved 2161:. Icax.co.uk 2153: 2144: 2133: 2122:. Retrieved 2117: 2105: 2091: 2068:. Retrieved 2061:the original 2048: 2018: 2007:. Retrieved 2003:the original 1993: 1982:. Retrieved 1972: 1960:. Retrieved 1950: 1938:. Retrieved 1934:the original 1924: 1916:heatstore.eu 1915: 1886: 1876: 1865:. Retrieved 1858:the original 1853: 1840: 1829: 1816:. Retrieved 1812:the original 1807: 1785: 1776: 1740:. 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Retrieved 1549:the original 1544: 1535: 1508: 1459: 1445: 1346: 1342: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1218: 1210: 1197: 1189: 1161: 1134: 1130: 937: 934: 929:12.8 ton/yr 912:10.3 ton/yr 816: 812: 799: 784: 772: 746: 741: 737: 733: 729: 726: 722: 715: 708: 701: 699: 611: 607: 603: 594: 579: 563: 554: 538: 511: 508:Installation 491: 474: 440: 428: 415: 406: 382: 358: 354: 337:water-to-air 336: 332: 331: 302: 298: 297: 290: 268: 264:polybutylene 257: 234: 215: 134: 125:deeper layer 124: 116: 109: 103: 100: 84: 58: 54: 52: 4794:Aquaculture 4743:Philippines 4738:New Zealand 4678:El Salvador 4539:Warm Spaces 4181:Blower door 4159:and control 4157:Measurement 4138:Windcatcher 4112:Trombe wall 4052:Sail switch 4032:Refrigerant 4027:Recuperator 3902:Grease duct 3862:Freeze stat 3847:Fire damper 3717:Back boiler 3687:Air ionizer 3682:Air handler 3646:Ventilation 3498:Hybrid heat 3363:Air barrier 3282:Latent heat 3088:Tidal power 3078:Solar power 3046:Small hydro 3036:Micro hydro 2577:Grundwasser 2495:translation 1250:heating oil 1245:natural gas 946:GHG Savings 923:−1.6 ton/yr 920:839 ton/GWh 906:−0.5 ton/yr 903:676 ton/GWh 895:5.4 ton/yr 886:351 ton/GWh 878:3.4 ton/yr 869:223 ton/GWh 855:heating oil 850:natural gas 793:to provide 577:of Canada. 568:(SEER) and 558:Energy Star 498:refrigerant 457:contaminate 274:Arrangement 222:Lord Kelvin 4929:Heat pumps 4913:Categories 4643:By country 4295:Thermostat 4217:Humidistat 4148:Zone valve 4117:TurboSwing 3992:Oil heater 3962:Humidifier 3892:Gas heater 3842:Fan heater 3812:Evaporator 3797:Economizer 3772:Compressor 3677:Air filter 3660:Components 3477:Forced-air 3373:Antifreeze 3346:Technology 3292:Outgassing 3232:Convection 3105:Wind power 3100:Wave power 3041:Pico hydro 3031:Hydropower 2847:2011-11-21 2827:2009-06-08 2802:2007-10-19 2774:2008-10-05 2724:2009-03-26 2687:2007-10-19 2477:2009-03-22 2361:2009-03-22 2330:2009-03-22 2244:2011-03-30 2223:2011-03-30 2202:2009-03-23 2165:2011-09-16 2124:2009-03-24 2070:2009-03-21 2009:2016-03-23 1984:2009-06-08 1867:2009-03-25 1818:2009-03-24 1699:2011-03-30 1676:2009-03-21 1630:2009-11-01 1604:2009-03-21 1555:2009-03-24 1438:References 1141:ozone hole 926:1.0 ton/yr 909:2.2 ton/yr 892:4.4 ton/yr 889:1.8 ton/yr 875:5.3 ton/yr 872:2.7 ton/yr 389:frost line 379:Horizontal 66:providing 4835:Base load 4728:Lithuania 4703:Indonesia 4653:Australia 4405:Industry 4254:OpenTherm 3932:Heat pump 3927:Heat pipe 3877:Fume hood 3852:Fireplace 3757:Condenser 3707:Attic fan 3503:Hydronics 2605:129598890 2464:1748-9326 2416:ignored ( 2406:cite book 2398:1706-3353 2376:"annex 9" 2325:1725-9177 2057:0276-1084 1663:0276-1084 1591:0276-1084 1541:"History" 1171:Economics 1048:× 1023:− 991:× 782:systems. 656:− 444:Limescale 437:Open loop 327:dew point 293:heat pump 228:in 1855. 218:heat pump 150:Year (m) 144:Soil Type 63:heat pump 32:heat pump 4880:Portals: 4874:Category 4748:Portugal 4683:Ethiopia 4512:See also 4237:LonWorks 4171:Aquastat 4037:Register 4017:Radiator 3672:Air door 3472:Firestop 3272:Humidity 3247:Enthalpy 3237:Dilution 3222:Bake-out 3210:concepts 2913:Archived 2891:Archived 2520:19 March 2080:Archived 1930:"IGSHPA" 1891:Archived 1742:19 March 1545:About Us 1521:citation 1472:Archived 1352:See also 1298:2 years 1292:net loss 1284:4 years 1278:12 years 1270:6 years 1264:13 years 1151:and the 453:aquifers 395:Vertical 373:methanol 356:system 307:hydronic 199:Dry sand 188:Dry clay 177:Wet sand 166:Wet clay 4768:Ukraine 4753:Romania 4723:Lebanon 4698:Iceland 4693:Hungary 4688:Germany 4673:Denmark 4649:Armenia 4311:trades, 3882:Furnace 3747:Chiller 3419:Coolant 2989:Biomass 2979:Biofuel 2948:(GSHPA) 2632:Bibcode 2585:Bibcode 2444:Bibcode 1295:8 years 1289:Germany 1281:5 years 1267:3 years 1236:Country 1190:updated 831:Country 790:aquifer 212:History 147:Day (m) 115:In the 108:In the 4888:Energy 4763:Turkey 4758:Russia 4733:Mexico 4658:Canada 4464:SMACNA 4424:ASHRAE 4244:(MERV) 4198:(CADR) 4176:BACnet 4129:(ULPA) 3982:Louver 3907:Grille 3782:Damper 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